# file3

FAUNA:
Chiffchaff and robin were recorded during the site visit. For further details on the fauna associated with the SSSI please see under the entry for CL12.

VEG:
This common lies towards the top of the western scarp of the Cotswold Hills with a north westerly aspect. It is an area of semi-natural {\it Fagus sylvatica} woodland similar to that described under CL12 where a general description of the flora of the SSSI can be found. The woodland is damp in places with {\it Lysimacchia nemorum} and {\it Holcus mollis} in the ground flora. In parts the canopy is quite open with a scrubby understorey of {\it Crataegus monogyna, Sorbus aria} and {\it S. aucuparia}.

MANAGE:
A healthy woodland with regeneration of {\it Fagus sylvatica}. There is little evidence of recent management in this woodland apart from some removal of {\it Acer pseudoplatanus} at the southern end of the common.


FAUNA:
Buzzard, swallow and red admiral and peacock butterflies were recorded during the site visit. During the 1990 Gloucestershire Wildlife Trust survey, blue tit, chaffinch, great tit, wren,  robin, lapwing and the butterflies common blue, small copper and meadow brown were recorded.

VEG:
This common lies in the Severn valley and is crossed by the Mythe Brook. The area north-east of the dismantled railway is raised above the rest sloping south-eastwards towards a stream. There is a depression running north-south across the centre of the part of the common which lies between the A38 and the dismantled railway and a high bank runs along the western bank of Mythe Brook.

The majority of the vegetation is semi-improved neutral grassland being managed either as pasture or hay meadow. The majority is species poor with {\it Lolium perenne, Agrostis stolonifera, A. capillaris, Holcus lanatus, Deschampsia cespitosa, Trifolium repens, T. pratense, Cerastium fontanum, Leontodon autumnalis, Potentilla reptans, Bellis perennis, Plantago major, P. lanceolata, Prunella vulgaris, Ranunculus repens, Taraxacum officinale} agg. and {\it Lotus corniculatus}. 

North-east of the A38 and south east of the minor road bisecting this portion of the common is an area of richer semi-improved neutral grassland currently managed as a hay meadow with {\it Arrhenatherum elatius, Lolium perenne, Anthoxanthum odoratum, Alopecurus pratensis, Holcus lanatus, Cynosurus cristatus, Ranunculus acris, Stellaria graminea, Trifolium pratense, Achillea millefolium, Geranium dissectum, Cerastium fontanum, Prunella vulgaris, Lotus corniculatus, Centaurea nigra, Leucanthemum vulgare, Cardamine pratense, Agrimonia eupatoria, Rumex acetosa, Senecio jacobaea, Conopodium majus, Cirsium arvense} and {\it C. palustre}. {\it Pimpinella saxifraga} and {\it Galium pumilum} were recorded from the eastern boundary in 1990 and There are a few {\it Malus} sp. and {\it Ulmus procera} scattered across the meadow. 
A few areas support an improved and less diverse grassland sward with frequent to abundant {\it Lolium perenne} and {\it Trifolium repens}.

At SO 882354 the grassland consists of tussocky {\it Deschampsia cespitosa} with frequent {\it Hordeum secalinum} and {\it Salix} spp. have been planted along the edge of Mythe Brook.

Along Mythe Brook and in the various ditches around the common {\it Glyceria maxima, Iris pseudacorus, Juncus effusus, Epilobium hirsutum, Filipendula ulmaria, Phlaris arundinacea} and {\it Urtica dioica} were recorded. There is also a pond to the north-eastern side of the A38 with {\it Typha latifolia} and overhanging {\it Salix fragilis}. A species of water crowfoot, {\it Epilobium palustre, Cochlearia officinalis} agg. and {\it Potentilla anserina} were recorded from a depression at the northern end of the section south-west of the A38 in 1990.

Along the south-western edge of the A38 is a narrow strip of broadleaved woodland with {\it Ulmus procera, Acer pseudoplatanus} and {\it Fraxinus excelsior} and a ground flora of {\it Alopecurus pratensis, Deschampsia cespitosa, Bromus hordaceous, Geranium dissectum, Vicia sativa, Ranunculus acris} and {\it Heracleum sphondylium}. A second small pond with overhanging {\it Salix fragilis} occurs at the northern end of this wooded strip which was dried up at the time of the site visit with a flora of {\it Juncus inflexus, Carex hirta, Cardamine pratensis} and {\it Myosotis} sp.

There is a small area of dense scrub to the east of the dismantled railway of {\it Crataegus monogyna, Rosa canina, Sambucus nigra, Clematis vitalba, Acer campestre} and {\it Fraxinus excelsior} with a very sparse ground flora of {\it Viola reichenbachiana, Arum maculatum, Glechoma hederacea} and {\it Mercurialis perennis}. 

The boundary around most of the common is species poor hedgerow of {\it Crataegus monogyna} and {\it Prunus spinosa} with hedgerow trees of {\it Ulmus procera} and {\it Salix} spp. 

There is no public access to the area west of Mythe Brook but the vegetation had the appearance of a species poor semi-improved grassland probably comparable to the vegetation covering the majority of the rest of the common. There may be some species of interest in the numerous ditches crossing this section.

Additional species of interest recorded from this common in 1990 include {\it Trifolium subterraneum} and {\it Cirsium acaule} both recorded from more species rich grassland on a south-west facing bank just along the north-eastern edge of the dismantled railway.

MANAGE:
The whole area is managed as several compartments, mostly divided by hedgerows. The area north-east of the A38 has been fenced off along the track bisecting this compartment presumably to stop stock from straying onto the main road. 

The area of the common to the east of Mythe Brook is mostly managed as pasture and is heavily grazed and species-poor. Grazing stock is predominantly cattle with some sheep and a horse was grazing the north-western part of the section north-east of the A38. The area of continuous scrub east of the dismantled railway and the gully nearby are very trampled and poached by the cattle with much bare ground underneath the scrub.

Only the area north-east of the A38 and south-east of the track bisecting this section is managed as meadow and this is the most species rich compartment of the common. This meadow may or may not be grazed. The amount of {\it Arrhenatherum elatius} suggests that the area is not grazed after the hay cut, or perhaps that the area has not been managed regularly. With continued management as a hay meadow with aftermath grazing, the quality of this sward could increase, there being a good range of meadow flora species persisting.

The area to the west of Mythe Brook appears to be managed as a hay meadow parts having recently been cut for hay, parts remaining uncut, and the remainder being grazed by sheep presumably following a hay crop. This area with the network of ditches may be of importance to breeding birds.

The area of scrub, woodland, ponds, ditches and tall hedgerows add extra dimension to this common. The scrub is unlikely to spread under the current heavy grazing regime.


FAUNA:
Rabbit and marbled white butterfly were recorded during the site visit. 30 species of butterfly have been recorded from the common since 1982 including small and chalkhill blues, brown argus and Duke of Burgundy, dark green and pearl-bordered fritillaries (Gloucestershire Butterfly Conservation Society records). In addition slow worm and the snails italian, white-lipped blonde, common or garden, round mouthed, pellucid, brown lipped, striped and white rams horn were recorded from the common in 1988. For a general description of the fauna associated with the SSSI please see under the entry for CL12.

VEG:
Sheepscombe common lies on a south-facing slope in the western cotswolds. Parts of the common have been quarried in the past. The unimproved calcareous grassland consists of {\it Bromopsis erecta, Brachypodium pinnatum, Centaurea scabiosa, C. nigra, Ononis repens, Briza media, Helianthemum nummularium, Galium verum, G. mollugo, Daucus carota, Sanguisorba minor, Arrhenatherum elatius, Anacamptis pyramidalis, Dactylis glomerata, Thymus polytrichus, Asperula cynanchica, Rhinanthus minor, Dactylorhiza fuchsii, Lotus corniculatus, Leucanthemum vulgare, Echium vulgare, Gymnadaenia conopsea, Carex flacca, Cirsium acaule, Pimpinella saxifraga, Viola hirta, Campanula glomerata, Anthoxanthum odoratum, Plantago lanceolata, Leontodon hispidus} and {\it Anthyllis vulneraria}. Species recorded less frequently include {\it Stachys officinale, Ophrys insectifera, Blackstonia perfoliata, Hippocrepis comosa} and {\it Polygala calcarea}. The nationally scarce {\it Thesium humifusum} is mentioned as being plentiful at Sheepscombe Common in the supplement to the Gloucestershire flora (1986). 

The scattered scrub throughout the grassland includes {\it Sorbus aria, Fagus sylvatica, Betula pendula, Quercus robur, Fraxinus excelsior, Cornus sanguinea} and {\it Berberis} sp. 

The area of dense scrub consists of {\it Crataegus monogyna, Quercus robur, Ulex europaeus} and {\it Rubus fruticosus} agg. There is a small area of {\it Pteridium aquilinum} on the common.

The area of woodland consists of {\it Fagus sylvatica} and occasional {\it Larix decidua, Quercus robur, Acer pseudoplatanus} and {\it Fraxinus excelsior} with an understorey of coppiced {\it Corylus avellana} with {\it Sambucus nigra} and {\it Rubus fruticosus} agg. The sparse groundflora consists of {\it Geum urbanum, Vicia cracca} and {\it Origanum vulgare}. {\it Prunus spinosa, Sorbus aucuparia, Urtica dioica} and {\it Rosa} sp. occur in more scrubby areas.

MANAGE:
The common appears to be no longer grazed and the grassland is becoming rank and invaded with scrub. There has been some scrub removal work in recent years. The common needs to be grazed to maintain the species rich sward and reduce further scrub encroachment. Further scrub removal will also be required.


FAUNA:
The common supports a rich invertebrate fauna. 31 species of butterfly have been recorded from the common since 1987 including small blue, brown argus, chalkhill blue, dark green fritillary and the nationally scarce Duke of Burgundy and pearl-bordered fritillaries (Gloucestershire Butterfly Conservation Society records). Clouded yellow and purple hairstreak have been recorded from the SSSI since 1983 but not necessarily from Leckhampton Hill. The nationally scarce hoverfly {\it Leptarthus brevirostris} has also been recorded from the SSSI. The molluscs {\it Helicella itala, Pomatia elegans} and the nationally scarce {\it Abide secale} were recorded during the 1992 Cotswold grassland inventory survey of the SSSI. 

Birds recorded from Leckhampton Hill include meadow pipit, willow, wood and grasshopper warblers, sparrowhawk, little and tawny owls, swift, yellowhammer, skylark, green and great spotted woodpeckers, tree creeper, buzzard, kestrel, redstart, lapwing and cuckoo (G. Jenkins, 1991). 

Roe and muntjac deer, fox, badger, rabbit, hedgehog, grey squirrel, weasel, grass snake, slow worm, adder and stoat occur on the common (G. Jenkins, 1991).

VEG:
Leckhampton Hill common is situated on steep westerly and northerly slopes on the western scarp of the Cotswold hills. A small cliff face runs along the slopes of the common and there are several disused quarries. There is a small stack known as the Devil's Chimney. Leckhampton Hill is of importance geologically, the quarries providing the thickest single cross section through the Middle Jurassic, Inferior Oolite strata of the Cotswolds. 

The vegetation consists of unimproved calcareous grassland mostly with scattered scrub and secondary woodland. 

Grassland species recorded include {\it Brachypodium pinnatum, Bromopsis erecta, Thymus polytrichus, Cirsium acaule, Sanguisorba minor, Helianthemum nummularium, Centaurea scabiosa, Briza media, Carex flacca, Festuca ovina, Rhinanthus minor, Asperula cynanchica, Primula veris, Lotus corniculatus, Galium verum} and {\it Prunella vulgaris} and is rank in places. Scattered scrub of {\it Crataegus monogyna, Ulex europaeus, Clematis vitalba, Fraxinus excelsior, Corylus avellana, Sorbus aria, Sambucus nigra, Prunus spinosa, Rosa} sp. and {\it Rubus fruticosus} agg. occurs through much of the grassland. 

Much of the site is covered with secondary woodland. The canopy comprises {\it Fraxinus excelsior, Betula pendula, Fagus sylvatica, Quercus robur, Acer pseudoplatanus, Pinus} sp. and {\it Larix decidua} with an understorey of {\it Corylus avellana, Ulmus glabra, Salix capraea, Ilex aquifolium, Crataegus monogyna, Taxus baccata, Rubus fruticosus} agg. and {\it Clematis vitalba}. Species recorded in the sparse groundflora include {\it Hedera helix, Dryopteris felix-mas, Sanicula europaea, Epipactis helleborine} and {\it Phyllitis scolopendrium}. There are also two areas of coniferous plantation.

The nationally scarce* {\it Herminium monorchis} and {\it Orobanche hederae} and the nationally rare** {\it Salvia pratensis} occur in the SSSI. {\it Ophrys insectivera, Cephalanthera damasonium, Platanthera chlorantha} and {\it Astragalus danicus} have also been recorded.

*Nationally scarce species are only known to occur in between 16 and 100 10km squares in Britain (Steuart, A, Pearman, D.A., and Preston, C.D., (1994) "Scarce plants in Britain", JNCC).

**Nationally rare species are those only known to occur in 15 or fewer 10km squares in Britain.

MANAGE:
There is a serious problem of scrub encroachment on this common. The secondary woodland is also encroaching up the slopes. The cliff face is becoming shaded by {\it Fraxinus excelsior} development along much of the length. Some control of {\it Ulex europaeus} by burning has been carried out. At the north-eastern end of the common are areas of mozaics of grassland and scrub which could be a valuable habitat for invertebrates and should be maintained.
The common is not grazed but large areas of grassland at the top of the steep slopes are managed by mowing which appears to be maintaining a species rich sward. 

There is serious erosion around the Devil's chimney from visitor pressure including mountain biking.


FAUNA:
Rabbit, magpie, wood pigeon and robin and the butterflies marbled white, small skipper, small tortoiseshell and dark green fritillary were recorded during the site visit. 

The common supports a similar rich invertebrate fauna as described for CL171 with which it is continuous. The only additional butterfly species that has been recorded is the silver-washed fritillary.

VEG:
Charlton Kings Common is situated on steep north and north-east facing slopes on the western scarp of the cotswolds. A small cliff face runs much of the length of the common. There are two disused quarried areas.

The vegetation consists primarily of rank CG5 {\it Bromus erectus-Brachypodium pinnatum} unimproved calcareous grassland. Typical additional species include {\it Clinopodium vulgare, Stachys officinale, Anthoxanthum odoratum, Arrhenatherum elatius, Pimpinella saxifraga, Hypericum perforatum, Viola hirta, Sanguisorba minor, Galium verum, Lotus corniculatus, Primula veris, Carex flacca, Centaurea nigra, Galium mollugo, Ononis repens, Hieracium} sp. and {\it Briza media}. {\it Chamerion angustifolium} and {\it Eupatorium cannabinum} occur locally. At (1) there is a small area of short species-rich turf with frequent {\it Helianthemum nummularium, Sanguisorba minor, Carex flacca, Brachypodium pinnatum, Festuca ovina, Bromopsis erecta, Cirsium acaule, Lotus corniculatus} and occasional {\it Polygala vulgaris, Primula veris, Leontodon saxatilis, Knautia arvensis, Plantago media, Galium verum, Thymus polytrichus, Trifolium pratense} and {\it Centaurea nigra}.
Scattered scrub of {\it Crataegus monogyna, Ulex europaeus, Rubus fruticosus} agg. and occasional {\it Fraxinus excelsior, Clematis vitalba} and {\it Rosa} sp. occurs throughout the grassland locally forming dense patches. 

There are a few pockets of secondary woodland scattered around the periphery of the common similar in composition to that described for CL171.

The nationally scarce* {\it Herminium monorchis} and {\it Orobanche hederae} and the nationally rare** {\it Salvia pratensis} occur in the SSSI. {\it Ophrys insectivera, Cephalanthera damasonium, Platanthera chlorantha} and {\it Astragalus danicus} have also been recorded.

*Nationally scarce species are only known to occur in between 16 and 100 10km squares in Britain (Steuart, A, Pearman, D.A., and Preston, C.D., (1994) "Scarce plants in Britain", JNCC).

**Nationally rare species are those only known to occur in 15 or fewer 10km squares in Britain.

MANAGE:
The common is ungrazed and rank except for a small area at (1) which is kept mown (as a picnic area?). The grassland is however species-rich. Some scrub control is carried out on the common, in particular the burning of {\it Ulex europaeus}. Scrub encroachment is quite a serious threat in places such as the area of grassland in the north of the common surrounded by secondary woodland. As on the adjoining CL171 there is some mountain bike damage around some of the disused quarry areas.


FAUNA:
Carrion crow, yellowhammer, skylark and the butterflies marbled white and dark green fritillary were recorded during the site visit. The SSSI in general suports a rich invertebrate fauna as described under the entries for CL171 and CL172.

VEG:
The main part of this common consists of a narrow strip of land on top of a small rock face and a large disused quarry. The narrow strip of land supports a rank unimproved calcareous grassland sward with {\it Brachypodium pinnatum, Campanula rotundifolium, Helianthemum nummularium, Galium verum, Centaurea scabiosa, Anthriscus sylvestris, Galium mollugo, Convolvulus arvensis, Silene dioica, Lapsana communis, Hieracium} sp. and locally {\it Ulex europaeus}. This opens out to an area of tall ruderal species {\it Urtica dioica, Rumex obtusifolius, Heracleum sphondylium, Artemisia vulgaris, Arrhenatherum elatius, Galium aparine, Anthriscus sylvestris, Rubus fruticosus} agg. and {\it Aegopodium podagraria} with scattered {\it Larix decidua} and {\it Sambucus nigra}.

The quarry consists of bare tracks and a sparse grassland of {\it Sanguisorba minor, Ononis repens, Thymus polytrichus, Rhinanthus minor, Cirsium acaule, Briza media, Festuca ovina, Bromopsis erecta, Galium verum, Hypericum perforatum, Carex flacca, Anacamptis pyramidalis, Helianthemum nummularium} and {\it Linum catharticum}. 

Around the car park at the southern end is an area of continuous scrub of {\it Clematis vitalba, Laburnum anagyroides, Crataegus monogyna, Fraxinus excelsior, Larix decidua, Acer pseudoplatanus, Sambucus nigra, Symphoricarpos albus} and {\it Carpinus betulus} with {\it Urtica dioica, Heracleum sphondylium} and {\it Galium aparine}. There is a line of planted {\it Larix decidua} along the easten edge of the quarry with a similar mixed scrub.

Part of the common is under arable cultivation.
The common also consists of a small area of unimproved calcareous grassland which forms part of Leckhampton Hill and a small section of track at the northern end of Leckhampton Hill. 

Details of the flora associated with the SSSI are given under the entries for CL171 and CL172.

MANAGE:
The common is largely unmanaged. The soil of the quarry floor is very thin and supports a short and diverse sward. Due to the harsh growing conditions on the quarry floor little management of the sward is required at present. Scrub is localized around the periphery of the quarry and probably poses little threat of encroachment into the quarry due to the thin soil and extreme growing conditions there. The area of tall ruderal vegetation is probably associated with farm tipping which occurred in this area in recent years. Motorcycling is prohibited from the common but there are a number of bare tracks crossing the quarry which are probably caused by mountain bikes.


FAUNA:
Carrion crow, roman snail and the butterflies marbled white, gatekeeper, ringlet, meadow brown, peacock, small tortoiseshell, speckled wood and painted lady were recorded during the site visit. Additional butterfly species recorded from the common in recent years include common blue, dark green and silver-washed fritillaries. Brown argus and small blue were recorded from the common in 1984.

VEG:
Another common situated on the western scarp of the cotswolds, half with a westerly and half with a northerly aspect. The north-facing slope supports unimproved calcareous grassland of {\it Arrhenatherum elatius, Brachypodium pinnatum, Bromopsis erecta, Festuca ovina, Campanula rotundifolia, Pimpinella saxifraga, Dactylis glomerata, Galium mollugo, Trifolium pratense, Galium verum, Helianthemum nummularium, Sanguisorba minor, Lotus corniculatus, Briza media, Leontondon hispidus, Succisa pratensis, Trisetum flavescens} and less frequently {\it Cruciata laevipes, Polygala vulgaris, Origanum vulgare, Pilosella officinarum, Stachys officinale, Linum catharticum, Asperula cynanchica} and {\it Cirsium acaule}. There is a good bryophyte layer with {\it Pseudoscleropodium purum, Dicranum} sp. and {\it Rhytidiadelphus squarrosus}. Scattered scrub of {\it Ulex europaeus, Corylus avellana, Sambucus nigra, Clematis vitalba, Betula pendula, Salix capraea, Fraxinus excelsior} and {\it Rubus fruticosus} agg. is present. The flatter hilltop supports semi-improved neutral grassland with {\it Cirsium arvense, Carduus nutans, Dactylis glomerata, Lolium perenne, Festuca ovina, Achillea millefolium, Trifolium repens, Geranium molle, Crepis capillaris} and {\it Arrhenatherum elatius} with local patches of {\it Urtica dioica}. The northern boundary consists of scattered {\it Fraxinus excelsior, Sorbus aria, Fagus sylvatica, Betula pendula, Picea} sp. and {\it Aesculus hippocastaneum} which broadens out for part of the length. 

The area of semi-improved calcareous grassland forming the southern spur of the common is less diverse with frequent {\it Lolium perenne}.
The narrow strip of land at the northern end of the common consists of semi-natural broadleaved woodland and scrub. The canopy comprises {\it Fraxinus excelsior} with occasional {\it Acer pseudoplatanus} and the understorey and scrub {\it Prunus spinosa, Corylus avellana, Sambucus nigra,  Salix capraea, Rubus fruticosus} agg. and {\it Clematis vitalba}. Groundflora species recorded include {\it Hedera helix, Festuca gigantea, Torilis japonica, Bromopsis ramosa, Geum urbanum, Melica uniflora, Heracleum sphondylium, Urtica dioica, Stachys sylvatica, Alliaria petiolata} and less frequently {\it Sanicula europaea, Circaea lutetiana, Carex sylvatica, Stellaria holostea} and {\it Dryopteris felix-mas}.

MANAGE:
The common currently receives a moderate level of grazing sufficient to maintain the species-rich sward. In 1984 the hill was being intensively grazed and part had had fertilizer applied (the area now supporting semi-improved calcareous grassland?). There is quite a large area of {\it Ulex europaeus} scrub which will probably spread if not managed and the strip of scattered {\it Betula pendula} and {\it Fraxinus excelsior} scrub at the top of the slope could spread into the surrounding grassland. There has been some recent clearance of blocks of scrub on the common.


FAUNA:
The butterflies meadow brown, small tortoiseshell and marbled white were recorded during the site visit. In addition small, large and dingy skippers, small, large and green-veined whites, brown argus, common and chalkhill blues, red admiral, peacock, dark green fritillary, speckled wood, gatekeeper, ringlet and small heath have all been recorded from the common since 1989 (Gloucestershire Butterfly Conservation Society records). 

The butterflies marsh and Duke of Burgundy fritillaries, the nationally scarce cistus forester moth and the very local snail {\it Abide secale} have been recorded from the SSSI and may or may not occur on this common.

VEG:
Barrow Wake is situated on a steep north-west facing slope on the western scarp of the Cotswolds. A steep-sided valley cuts into the northern end of the common. There is evidence of past quarrying on either side of the old road.

The vegetation consists predominantly of unimproved calcareous grassland with scattered scrub. The predominant grasses recorded were {\it Bromopsis erecta} and {\it Brachypodium pinnatum} with the associated species {\it Carex flacca, Sanguisorba minor, Helianthemum nummularium, Arrhenatherum elatius, Briza media, Trifolium pratense, Dactylorhiza fuchsii, Echium vulgare, Leontodon hispidus, Thymus polytrichus, Anacamptis pyramidalis, Galium mollugo} and {\it Centaurea scabiosa}. {\it Campanula glomerata, C. rotundifolia, Pimpinella saxifraga, Onobrychis viciifolia} and {\it Knautia arvensis} were also present at low frequency. {\it Brachypodium pinnatum} is more frequent in the area of grassland at the northern end of the common separated from the main area by the wooded valley. The most frequent scrub species is {\it Crataegus monogyna} with some {\it Fraxinus excelsior} and {\it Larix decidua}. The grassland is lusher and less species-rich at the edge of the woodland at the northern end of the common.

The area of semi-natural broadleaved woodland at the northern end of the common consists of a canopy of {\it Fraxinus excelsior} with occasional {\it Sorbus aria} and {\it Acer pseudoplatanus}. The understorey consists of {\it Crataegus monogyna, Sorbus aria, Sambucus nigra, Fraxinus excelsior, Clematis vitalba} and {\it Rubus fruticosus} agg.. Species recorded in the sparse groundflora were {\it Urtica dioica} and {\it Galium aparine} with {\it Chamerion angustifolium} and {\it Arrhenatherum elatius} where more open. 

The area of woodland and scrub at the southern end of the common consists of a canopy of {\it Fraxinus excelsior} and {\it Quercus robur} with an understorey of {\it Crataegus monogyna, Sambucus nigra, Corylus avellana, Rubus fruticosus} agg. and regenerating canopy species. Species recorded in the groundflora included {\it Mercurialis perennis, Geum urbanum, Hedera helix} and {\it Potentilla sterilis}. 

East of the old road are a number of areas of continuous scrub consisting of {\it Fraxinus excelsior, Quercus robur, Salix capraea, Larix decidua, Prunus spinosa, Corylus avellana, Sambucus nigra, Rubus fruticosus} agg. and {\it Betula pendula}.

There is a small disturbed area at the southern end of the portion east of the old road with tall ruderal vegetation and scattered scrub. Species recorded include {\it Urtica dioica, Rumex obtusifolius, Stachys sylvatica, Cirsium vulgare, C. arvense, Ranunculus repens, Geranium pratense, Calystegia sepium, Malus domestica, Salix capraea} and {\it Rubus fruticosus} agg. {\it Carlina vulgaris} was also present in this area.

{\it Ophrys apifera} has been recorded from the common which also supports a good colony of the nationally scarce* {\it Herminium monorchis}.

*Nationally scarce species are only known to occur in between 16 and 100 10km squares in Britain (Steuart, A, Pearman, D.A., and Preston, C.D., (1994) "Scarce plants in Britain", JNCC).

MANAGE:
Barrow Wake is managed as a view point by the local authority. The Birdlip bypass has been recently constructed across part of the common. The old route of the A417 now provides car parking for visitors to the view point. The common forms a popular recreation area, the grassland nearest the car park being well trampled but apparently not at a damaging level. The common is ungrazed and as a result the sward is fairly rank although maintaining a diverse flora. The sward may become more rank and lose diversity if left ungrazed and the quality should therefore be carefully monitored and action taken to maintain the species diversity if neccessary. The encroaching scrub will need to be monitored and controlled to protect the grassland as the site is ungrazed. The woodland areas (apparrently unmanaged  at present) should not be allowed to encroach into the grassland. The steep-sided valley at the northern end of the common is fenced off presumably to protect the public.


FAUNA:
Red admiral butterfly was recorded from the woodland during the site visit. See CL20 for the fauna associated with Cleeve Common.

VEG:
This common comprises three additional pieces of land adjoining Cleeve Common. Only the southern piece was visited as the remainder had been included in a detailed National Vegetation Classification survey in 1992. Please refer to the entry for Cleeve Common (CLU 20) for details of the vegetation relating to these parts.

The southern portion lies on the western scarp slope of the Cotswolds below Cleeve Common. A number of deep parallel trenches run down the slope. The vegetation is mostly semi-natural broadleaved woodland and adjoins woodland on both sides. Canopy species are {\it Quercus robur} and {\it Fraxinus excelsior}. {\it Fagus sylvatica} was also present at low density. The understorey consisted of {\it Crataegus monogyna, Corylus avellana, Ilex aquifolium} and {\it Rubus fruticosus} agg. The groundflora is sparse and {\it Circaea lutetiana, Dryopteris dilatata, Millium effusum, Poa nemoralis, Deschampsia cespitosa, Urtica dioica, Geum urbanum} and {\it Hedera helix} were recorded. 

The western end of the southern portion is dense scrub of {\it Prunus spinosa, Corylus avellana, Sambucus nigra} and {\it Rubus fruticosus} agg.

MANAGE:
A detailed description of the management of Cleeve Common is given under CL20 which applies to the two grassland parts of this common. In the woodland part, some clearance work had been carried out in the understorey.


FAUNA:
The butterflies meadow brown, marbled white, small skipper and gatekeeper were recorded during the site visit. In total 25 butterflies have been recorded from the common since 1988 including brown argus, chalkhill blue, Duke of Burgundy and Dark Green fritillaries. 

The Cotswold Grassland Inventory included the strip of grassland with scattered trees adjoining the common in the north and the large field adjoining the common to the west, bordering onto Nottingham Hill fort. During the survey for the Inventory the mollusc {\it Helicella itala}, hobby, spotted flycatchers and the presence of badgers were recorded.

VEG:
Longwood common is situated on a steep south-facing slope at the edge of the ancient Nottingham Hill fort on the western scarp of the Cotswolds. There has been quarrying on the common in the past.

The majority of the vegetation comprises unimproved calcareous grassland with scattered scrub. Species recorded from the grassland include {\it Bromopsis erecta, Brachypodium pinnatum, Briza media, Cynosurus cristatus, Helianthemum nummularium, Pimpinella saxifraga, Daucus carota, Campanula rotundifolia, Sanguisorba minor, Galium verum, Arrhenatherum elatius, Festuca ovina, Cirsium eriophorum, C. acaule, Carlina vulgaris, Centaurea nigra, Knautia arvensis, Trisetum flavescens} and {\it Asperula cynanchica}. {\it Thymus polytrichus} occurred locally and {\it Echium vulgare} was present at low frequency. In addition {\it Hippocrepis comosa, Blackstonia perfoliata, Ophrys apifera, Dactylorhiza fuchsii, Cynoglossum viride, Anacamptis pyramidalis, Inula conyza, Succisa pratensis, Gentianella amarella, Primula veris, Euphrasia} sp. and the nationally scarce* {\it Herminium monorchis} were recorded during the Cotswold Grassland Inventory survey (17.08.92). Scattered and continuous scrub consists predominantly of {\it Fraxinus excelsior, Corylus avellana} and {\it Crataegus monogyna}.

On either side of the road near where the car park has recently been sited are small areas of improved grassland (possibly reseeded) of {\it Lolium perenne} with {\it Trifolium repens} and {\it Reseda lutea}.

MANAGE:
The area north of the track crossing the common is fenced off probably to enable the common to be grazed. The sward was described as coarse when surveyed in 1984 by the Gloucestershire Wildlife Trust. However it is now in a much better condition supporting a rich calcareous grassland. The amount of scrub should be monitored and action taken if required. 

The area to the south of the road has largely been lost to scrub encroachment with only a few pockets of unimproved calcareous grassland surviving. 

The areas of improved grassland around the car park which has recently been constructed could be a result of parking on the grass and has possibly been reseeded. The area south of the road is now protected from parking by boulders placed along the road edge.


FAUNA:
The butterflies marbled white and ringlet were recorded during the site visit and skylark were heard in the vicinity. In addition the butterflies large and dingy skippers, orange-tip, small and common blues, small tortoiseshell, wall brown, meadow brown and small heath have been recorded from the common since 1988 (Gloucestershire Butterfly Conservation Society records).

VEG:
A level area of common land near Andoversford in the Cotswold Hills. The vegetation consists of scrub and unimproved calcareous grassland becoming invaded with scrub and tall ruderal species.

The continuous scrub consists predominantly of {\it Crataegus monogyna} with {\it Rubus fruticosus} agg., {\it Rosa} sp. and locally {\it Reynoutria japonica}. {\it Urtica dioica, Calystegia sepium} and a few {\it Primula veris} occur amongst the scrub. 

Species recorded from the unimproved calcareous grassland include {\it Arrhenatherum elatius, Bromopsis erecta, Brachypodium pinnatum, Knautia arvensis, Centaurea scabiosa, Carex flacca, Trifolium pratense, Lathyrus pratensis, Sanguisorba minor, Dactylorhiza fuchsii, Anacamptis pyramidalis, Anthyllis vulneraria, Cirsium acaule, Primula veris, Silene dioica, Vicia cracca, Leucanthemum vulgare, Heracleum sphondylium, Galium verum, Rhinanthus minor, Plantago media, Linum catharticum, Polygala vulgaris, Plantago lanceolata, Lotus corniculatus, Thymus polytrichum, Listera ovata, Briza media} and {\it Asperula cynanchica} with locally {\it Chamerion angustifolium} and {\it Aegopodium podagraria}.

The tall ruderal species are largely restricted to local patches with {\it Chamerion angustifolium, Geranium pratense, Urtica dioica, Filipendula ulmaria, Heracleum sphondylium, Cirsium arvense} and scattered {\it Rubus fruticosus} agg. and {\it Rosa} sp. scrub. A few calcareous grassland species persists in these areas.

MANAGE:
The common appears largely unmanaged, although maintaining a rich calcareous grassland flora in parts. One area had a much shorter sward and had possibly been grazed by a tethered horse. This area supported the richest flora. Rabbits also possibly graze the common helping to maintain a species-rich sward. Without grazing or at least cutting to mimick grazing the species-rich grassland will probably become overgrown with tall ruderal species and scrub as has already occurred over parts of the common.


FAUNA:
Wood pigeon, blue agrion damselfly and the butterflies small tortoiseshell, gatekeeper, meadow brown, ringlet, speckled wood and small white were recorded during the site visit. A pheasant was heard nearby. The green-veined white butterfly was also recorded from the common in 1995 (Gloucestershire Butterfly Conservation Society records).

VEG:
The common consists of land on either side of a public bridleway. The area is low-lying and situated in the valley of the River Evenlode, just to the east of the Cotswold hills.

The vegetation consists predominantly of scrub of {\it Prunus spinosa} with {\it Betula pendula, Cornus sanguinea, Acer campestre, Sambucus nigra, Ulmus procera, Rubus fruticosus} agg. and {\it Rosa} sp. and occasional {\it Salix fragilis} and {\it Fraxinus excelsior} trees. Associated with the scrub are several woodland ground flora/woodland fringe species including {\it Urtica dioica, Bromopsis ramosa, Hedera helix, Anthriscus sylvestris} and less frequently {\it Stachys sylvatica, Carex sylvatica, Geum urbanum, Brachypodium sylvaticum, Festuca gigantea, Tamus communis, Viola} sp. and {\it Alliaria petiolata}. 

In more open areas a semi-improved neutral grassland flora of {\it Lolium perenne} and {\it Agrostis stolonifera} with occasional {\it Arrhenatherum elatius, Phleum pratense, Ranunculus repens, Trifolium pratense, Lathyrus pratensis} and {\it Lotus pedunculatus}. Tall ruderal species are frequent throughout, in particular {\it Urtica dioica} which is locally dominant and {\it Anisantha sterilis, Heracleum sphondylium, Rumex crispus, Galium aparine, Anthriscus sylvestris, Torilis japonica, Arctium} sp. and {\it Cirsium vulgare}. In damper parts {\it Epilobium hirsutum, Phalaris arundinacea, Carex otrubae} and {\it Scrophularia nodosa} occur.

MANAGE:
The common appears unmanaged except for a fairly large area of {\it Prunus spinosa} which had been cleared at the northern end of the common probably to improve access for farm equipment. The main interest of the common appears to be the recreational value providing a pleasant and popular walk and ride. There does not appear to be any sign of scrub encroaching on the bridlepath.


FAUNA:
No fauna was recorded during the site visit. The butterflies small skipper, large white, comma, speckled wood, marbled white, gatekeeper, meadow brown and small heath have been recorded in the locality since 1983 (Gloucestershire Butterfly Conservation Society records).

VEG:
A small, more or less level area of common land adjoining the ancient Nottingham Hill fort. The common has recently been fenced along the eastern boundary. The vegetation is primarily an improved grassland of {\it Arrhenatherum elatius, Dactylis glomerata, Lolium perenne, Heracleum sphondylium} and {\it Taraxacum officinale} agg. There is a species-poor hedgerow of {\it Prunus spinosa} with {\it Fraxinus excelsior, Fagus sylvatica} and {\it Acer pseudoplatanus} trees.
The adjacent CL335 "Nottingham Common", registered as 5.6 ha, is now less than one hectare in size. It is largely scrubbed over with {\it Laburnum anagyroides, Fraxinus excelsior, Crataegus monogyna, Clematis vitalba, Corylus avellana, Sorbus aria, Prunus spinosa, Rubus fruticosus} agg., {\it Reynoutria japonica} and {\it Acer pseudoplatanus}. Beneath is a groundflora of {\it Heracleum sphondylium, Glechoma hederacea, Hedera helix, Arum maculatum, Galium aparine} and {\it Geum urbanum}. An unimproved calcareous grassland flora exists in places with {\it Trisetum flavescens, Festuca ovina, Centaurea scabiosa, C. nigra, Galium verum, Helianthemum nummularium, Lotus corniculatus, Ononis repens} and {\it Campanula rotundifolia}.

MANAGE:
The area had recently been cut for hay. The presence of frequent {\it Arrhenatherum elatius} suggests that the common has either not been regularly managed or received any grazing for a number of years. However, the recently erected post and rail fence may be an indication that grazing is to be reintroduced.


FAUNA:
Rabbit, magpie and meadow brown were recorded during the site visit. A total of 25 species of butterfly were recorded from the common in 1995 including brown argus, chalkhill blue, silver-washed fritillary and the nationally scarce Duke of Burgundy fritillary. Marsh fritillary, the nationally scarce cistus forester moth and the very local snail {\it Abide secale} have been recorded from the SSSI and may or may not occur on this common.

VEG:
Cold Slad common lies on a steep north-west facing slope on the western scarp of the Cotswold Hills. 

A large part of the steep slope consists of a vegetation of unimproved calcareous grassland with patches of tall ruderal species and scattered scrub. Grassland species include frequent {\it Bromopsis erecta} and {\it Brachypodium pinnatum} with occasional {\it Echium vulgare, Teucrium scorodonia, Lotus corniculatus, Succisa pratensis, Briza media, Arrhenatherum elatius, Viola hirta, Hypericum perforatum, Galium verum, Centaurea nigra, C. scabiosa, Malva moschata, Hieracium} sp. and less frequently {\it Dactylorhiza fuchsii, Anacamptis pyramidalis, Cruciata laevipes, Carlina vulgaris, Galium mollugo, Listera ovata, Picris echioides, Polygala vulgaris} and {\it Scabiosa columbaria}. The tall ruderal component consists of {\it Urtica dioica, Chamerion angustifolium} and {\it Cirsium arvense} with scattered scrub of {\it Clematis vitalba, Fraxinus excelsior, Corylus avellana, Rubus fruticosus} agg. and {\it Cornus sanguinea}. There is a small area of closely grazed unimproved calcareous grassland at the northern end of the common below the track crossing the common which supports a rich flora with frequent {\it Sanguisorba minor, Cirsium acaule, Helianthemum nummularium, Brachypodium pinnatum, Carex flacca} and {\it Festuca} sp. and less frequently {\it Thymus polytrichus, Primula veris, Succisa pratensis, Viola hirta} and {\it Leontodon hispidus}. This community was classified as a CG2a {\it Festuca ovina-Helictotrichon pratense} grassland {\it Filipendula vulgaris-Helianthemum nummularium} sub-community during the Cotswold grassland inventory survey June/July 1991.

Where the common levels out towards the hilltop a mixed vegetation of unimproved and semi-improved calcareous grassland occurs. The unimproved grassland supports {\it Agrostis capillaris, Arrhenatherum elatius, Festuca} sp. and {\it Bromopsis erectus} with occasional {\it Galium verum, Helianthemum nummularium, Carex flacca, Lotus corniculatus, Senecio jacobaea, Echium vulgare} and rarely {\it Carduus nutans, Stachys officinalis} and {\it Cruciata laevipes}. In the more semi-improved areas {\it Bromopsis erectus} is absent and {\it Holcus lanatus} locally occasional. {\it Crataegus monogyna} and {\it Rosa} sp. scrub is developing throughout.
The lower reaches of the slopes and western end of the common supports a continuous scrub of {\it Fraxinus excelsior, Crataegus monogyna, Rubus fruticosus} agg. and {\it Sambucus nigra} with a sparse groundflora supporting {\it Urtica dioica} and {\it Circaea lutetiana}. 

The nationally scarce* {\it Herminium monorchis} occurs at several locations across the SSSI but it is unknown whether it has been recorded from the common.

*Nationally scarce species are only known to occur in between 16 and 100 10km squares in Britain (Steuart, A, Pearman, D.A., and Preston, C.D., (1994) "Scarce plants in Britain", JNCC).

MANAGE:
The common appears to be suffering from lack of grazing, supporting a rank sward with extensive scrub encroachment and invasion of tall ruderal species. There has been some recent scrub clearance work. Ideally the common should be grazed and fairly soon, with continued clearance of the scattered scrub if the grassland is to recover. Grazing at a suitable level should slow the regeneration and encroachment of scrub considerably. There are very few if any grassland species persisting under the continuous scrub and soil under such a mature stand will probably have become enriched through litter decomposition. Clearance would probably only result in the development of a weedy flora. The continuous scrub would probably be best managed on a rotation and not allowed to spread further. If left to develop it could deleteriously affect the grassland through shading and enrichment through the input of litter.

There has been some erosion control on the common where people and/or bikes have been scrambling down the steep slopes. 

The semi-improved calcareous grassland along the top of the slope has probably resulted from trampling by visitors.


FAUNA:
Grey squirrel, great tit and peacock (bird) were recorded and woodpeckers heard during the site visit. There are badger setts on the common. The butterflies small, large, dingy and grizzled skippers, brimstone, large, small, green-veined and marbled whites, orange-tip, white-letter hairstreak, small, common and holly blues, brown argus, white and red admirals, painted lady, small tortoiseshell, peacock, comma, Duke of Burgundy, pearl- and small pearl-bordered, silver-washed and dark green fritillaries, speckled wood, gatekeeper, meadow brown, small heath and ringlet have all been recorded from the common since 1983 (Butterfly Conservation Society records). Breeding birds include wren, nuthatch, great spotted woodpecker, turtle dove, wood warbler, tree pipit, and chiff chaff. Other birds recorded from the common include fieldfare, redwings, siskins, redpolls, chaffinch and bramblings. Other fauna includes fallow deer, adder, slow worm, common lizard and grass snake (SSSI site file). Further information on the fauna of the Cotswolds Commons and Beechwoods SSSI can be found under the entry for CL12.

VEG:
Buckholt Wood lies at the top of the western scarp of the Cotswolds on the south facing side of the Painswick Stream valley. Two steep sided valleys cut into the common.

The entire common consists of semi-natural broadleaved woodland similar to that described for CL12 with which this common is continuous. Please refer to that entry for further detail. {\it Prunus avium} occurs locally in the canopy at the northern edge of the common.

As for CL12, {\it Alnus glutinosa} woodland occurs in the valleys, on this common situated just north of Cranham village on the south-west facing slopes. {\it Quercus robur} as well as {\it Fraxinus excelsior} also occurs in the canopy here with {\it Equisetum telmateia, Ranunculus repens, Chrysosplenium oppositifolium, Scrophularia auriculata, Angelica sylvestris, Epilobium hirsutum, Lysimmachia nemorum, Veronica montana, Carex strigosa, C. sylvatica, C. pendula, C. remota, Urtica dioica, Rumex sanguinea, Circaea lutetiana} and the bryophytes {\it Thuidium tamariscinum} and {\it Polytrichum} sp.

MANAGE:
Up to 150 years ago the area was cut as beech coppice which was used to make charcoal. Eighty years after the coppicing stopped a system of clear felling areas and allowing these to regenerate naturally was employed. No clear felling has been carried out in the last twenty years only some selective felling and thinning. The majority of the common consists of mature beech forest in contrast to CL12. At the time of the site visit, an area in the north of the common had recently been cleared. Some control of grey squirrels is carried out and some dumping of garden waste was noted at the western end of the common.


FAUNA:
Chiffchaff, willow warbler, great tit, robin, grey squirrel and the butterflies small and marbled whites, meadow brown, ringlet and painted lady were recorded during the site visit. Additional butterflies recorded from the common are small, large, dingy and grizzled skippers, large, marbled and green-veined whites, orange-tip, green and white-letter hairstreaks, brown argus, holly blue, red admiral, small tortoiseshell, peacock, comma, silver-washed fritillary, speckled wood, meadow brown and ringlet have all been recorded form the common since 1983 (Butterfly Conservation Society records). For details of the fauna associated with the SSSI, please see under the entry for CL12.

VEG:
This common lies on the western scarp of the Cotswolds. The common comprises north and west facing slopes and an area of the plateau.
The vegetation is predominantly {\it Fagus sylvatica} woodland as described for CL12. {\it Betula pendula} is also locally frequent in the canopy. A few additional species were recorded in the groundflora including {\it Campanula trachelium, Phyllitis scolopendrium, Listera ovata, Dactylorhiza fuchsii, Inula conyza, Helleborus foetidus} and {\it Primula vulgaris}. {\it Lilium martagon} was recorded from the common in 1988. This species is largely naturalised in Britain but this is one of the areas where it is thought possibly to be native. There are quite a few damp areas scattered through the woodland with species such as {\it Galium palustre, Lysimachia nemorum} and {\it Eupatorium cannabinum}. 

To the east is a grassy clearing of {\it Agrostis capillaris, Holcus lanatus, Poa trivialis, Dactylis glomerata, Hyacinthoides non-scripta, Anemone nemorosa, Cirsium arvense, Ajuga reptans, Rumex acetosa, Trifolium repens, Lotus corniculatus} and {\it Viola} sp. {\it Pteridium aquilinum} and {\it Chamerion angustifolium} are scattered through the sward.

There are two areas of broad ride in the woodland (points 1 and 2). Number 1 runs approximately north-east/south-west and is fairly damp and weedy. Species recorded include {\it Hyacinthoides non-scripta, Carex sylvatica, Lysimachia nemorum, Urtica dioica, Rumex sanguinea, Juncus effusus, Circaea lutetiana, Ranunculus repens} and {\it Carex pendula}. Number 2 runs approximately north-west to south-east and is drier with {\it Stellaria holostea, Angelica sylvestris, Galium mollugo, Mercurialis perennis, Dactylis glomerata, Hyacinthoides non-scripta, Cirsium arvense, Vicia sepium} and {\it Pteridium aquilinum} and bordered with a scrub of {\it Prunus spinosa, Clematis vitalba, Crataegus monogyna, Sambucus nigra, Fraxinus excelsior, Salix capraea} and {\it Rubus fruticosus} agg.

At the northern end of the common is an area of unimproved calcareous and semi-improved neutral grassland. The steep slope at the extreme northern end of this grassland area is used for an annual cheese rolling event. This area was fenced off at the time of the visit for erosion control. At the foot of the slope is an area of course neutral grassland with {\it Dactylis glomerata, Urtica dioica, Heracleum sphondylium, Galium aparine, Eupatorium cannabinum, Taraxacum officinale} agg. and {\it Rubus fruticosus} agg. 
The area around the top of the slope where there is a maypole and a good view is semi-improved neutral grassland. Here the sward is less coarse than at the foot of the steep slope with {\it Lolium perenne, Cynosurus cristatus, Plantago lanceolata, Festuca rubra, Trifolium repens, Agrostis sp.} and {\it Taraxacum officinale} agg. There is also an area of rank semi-improved neutral grassland with frequent {\it Arrhenatherum elatius} and the scattered tall herbs {\it Chamerion angustifolium, Heracleum sphondylium, Cirsium arvense} and {\it Eupatorium cannabinum}. 

The areas of unimproved calcareous grassland were classified as CG5a {\it Bromus erectus - Brachypodium pinnatum} grassland typical sub community during the 1991 Cotswold Grassland Inventory survey. Species recorded include {\it Brachypodium pinnatum, Bromopsis erecta, Dactylorhiza fuchsii, Helianthemum nummularia, Sanguisorba minor, Trifolium pratense, Plantago lanceolata, Cirsium acaule, Galium verum, Lolium perenne, Trisetum flavescens, Dactylis glomerata, Cynosurus cristatus, Centaurea nigra, Agrostis capillaris, Holcus lanatus, Primula veris, Onobrychis viciifolia, Carex flacca, Anacamptis pyramidalis, Galium mollugo, Cirsium eriophorum, Viola hirta, Origanum vulgare, Linum catharticum, Listera ovata, Hieracium} sp. and {\it Leontodon hispidus}. Seedlings of {\it Quercus robur} occur in parts of this grassland.

Scrub consisting of {\it Crataegus monogyna, Fraxinus excelsior, Quercus robur, Fagus sylvatica} and {\it Rubus fruticosus} agg. is encroaching around the periphery of the grassland area.

Towards the west of the common is a large quarry mostly of bare rock but being colonised by scrub comprising {\it Corylus avellana, Sorbus aria, Clematis vitalba, Fraxinus excelsior, Acer pseudoplatanus, Sambucus nigra} and {\it Betula pendula} with patches of {\it Teucrium scorodonia}.

MANAGE:
The common is managed as a Local Nature Reserve. The woodland has a diverse age structure. Management practise has been variable in the past with areas of old beech coppice and areas of beech standards. At the time of the site visit there was a notice displayed in the western portion of the common explaining that the woodland was being managed by rotational felling on a block system. There had been recent work at the southern end of this part of the common. The understorey had also been coppiced in places both recently and in the past. There are a number of old beech pollards towards the southern end of the eastern portion of the common. This area has possibly been managed as wood pasture in the past. 

The rides and clearings in the woodland add important diversity and should be maintained. Bracken present in most of these areas could become a problem and should be monitored. The scrub bordering the ride numbered 2 on the map should be maintained as a valuable habitat for invertebrates.

The grassland area at the northern end of the common is apparently unmanaged at present, has become rank in places and is becoming encroached with scrub around the edges. The quality of the grassland will decline further if left unmanaged. A mowing regime to mimic grazing, although not ideal, would be better than no management. The gradation through scrub from woodland to grassland is of importance to invertebrates but should not be allowed to encroach far at the expense of the species-rich grassland. 

Temporary fencing is currently in place on the steep slope to control erosion presumably from recreational use. The quarry is also fenced off to protect the public.


FAUNA:
Skylark, blackbird, and small tortoiseshell and meadow brown butterflies were recorded during the site visit. In addition the butterflies small, chalkhill, holly and common blues, small, large and dingy skippers, brimstone, large, small, marbled and green-veined whites, gatekeeper, ringlet, red admiral, peacock, comma, small copper, brown argus, small heath, grayling and Duke of Burgundy and dark green fritillaries  have been recorded in recent years. A wide range of other invertebrates have been recorded from the common (Drake, 1993) including the nationally rare mollusc {\it Abida secale}. The red data book listed downland robber fly {\it Machimus rusticus} has been recorded from this common (Keith Alexander).

VEG:
Selsley common lies on the western scarp of the Cotswolds overlooking the River Frome and Severn estuary. The gently sloping north-eastern end of the common has been extensively quarried in the past and has a very undulating topography. There is a quarry at the southern end which is notified for geological significance. 

Except for the flatter hill top area the common supports a large area of unimproved calcareous grassland mostly forming a mosaic of CG3 {\it Bromus erectus} grassland and CG5 {\it Bromus erectus-Brachypodium pinnatum} grassland. The CG5 communities are common on the steep sides of the old quarry pits with CG3 grassland occuring in the flatter areas (Cotswold Grassland Inventory, 1991). J. Bingham classified this community as CG5. Species recorded include {\it Cirsium acaule, Crepis capillaris, Galium verum, Plantago lanceolata, P. media, Agrostis capillaris, Briza media, Thymus polytrichus, Lotus corniculatus, Pimpinella saxifraga, Campanula rotundifolia, Anacamptis pyramidalis, Cynosurus cristatus, Centaurea nigra, Achillea millefolium, Trifolium pratense, Carex flacca, Asperula cynanchica, Primula veris, Galium mollugo, Leontodon hispidus, Leucanthemum vulgaris, Ononis repens, Hypochaeris radicata, Linum catharticum} and {\it Helianthemum nummularium}. 

The richest calcareous grassland occurs on the steep west-facing slope and equates to a CG5b {\it Bromus erectus-Brachypodium pinnatum} grassland {\it Hieracium} spp. sub-community (Cotswold Grassland Inventory, 1991). Additional species recorded here include {\it Polygala calcarea, Anthyllis vulneraria, Hippocrepis commosa, Gentianella amarella, Anthoxanthum odoratum, Pilosella officinarum, Prunella vulgaris, Sanguisorba minor, Knautia arvensis, Festuca ovina, Rhytidiadelphus} sp. and {\it Solidago virganea}. J. Bingham (1988) classified this community as CG3.

The flatter hill top area was ploughed up during the war and has had slurry applied. The grassland here and east of the B4066 (mostly outside the SSSI boundary) is MG6 {\it Lolium perenne - Cynosurus cristatus} grassland. Species recorded here include {\it Festuca rubra, Dactylis glomerata, Achillea millefolium, Bellis perennis, Plantago lanceolata, Trifolium repens, Leontodon autumnalis, Hypochaeris radicata, Holcus lanatus, Crepis capillaris, Cirsium vulgare, Carduus nutans, Prunella vulgaris, Trifolium pratense} and {\it Taraxacum officinale} agg. More calcicolous species such as {\it Circium acaule, Carex flacca, Galium verum} and {\it Plantago media} also occur.

At the foot of the scarp slope is a strip of mixed scrub of {\it Sambucus nigra, Clematis vitalba, Crataegus monogyna, Corylus avellana, Ilex aquifolium, Rosa} sp. and {\it Rubus fruticosus} agg. with trees of {\it Acer pseudoplatanus, Fagus sylvatica} and {\it Fraxinus excelsior} occurring along the boundary. 

There is a small area of tall ruderal vegetation on the eastern edge of {\it Urtica dioica} and {\it Cirsium vulgare} with scattered {\it Fraxinus excelsior} and {\it Rubus fruticosus} agg. scrub.

Other plants of note recorded from the common include {\it Juniperus communis} and the orchids {\it Spiranthes spiralis, Orchis morio, O. mascula} and {\it Gymnadenia conopsea}. Two nationally scarce* species have been recorded from this common; {\it Herminium monorchis} and {\it Galeopsis angustifolia}. 

* Nationally scarce is defined as occurring in between 16 and 100 10km squares in the United Kingdom, Steuart {\it et al}, 1994, "Scarce Plants in Britain", JNCC.

MANAGE:
This common appears to be being managed in the traditional way and is in good condition. There are a few areas of bare ground which are used for parking cars and there are measures to prevent cars from driving onto the common. Recreational use is light, mainly being restricted to the well used public footpaths and the flatter semi-improved area. Negotiations are under way to enter the common into Tier 1 of the Cotswold Hills ESA scheme aimed at maintaining the landscape and wildlife interest of the area (particularly the areas of permanent grassland) and to conserve the archaeological and historical features.


VEG:
The common is situated on level ground on the outskirts of Gloucester. To the north-east of the A4173 the vegetation consists of a fairly coarse {\it Arrhenatherum elatius} grassland with {\it Heracleum sphondylium, Pulicaria dysenterica, Trifolium pratense, Deschampsia cespitosa, Vicia cracca, Festuca rubra, Centaurea nigra} and occasional {\it Rumex obtusifolius}. {\it C. nigra} is quite frequent at the southern end.
The remainder of the vegetation is a mown amenity sward with {\it Lolium perenne, Dactylis glomerata, Holcus lanatus, Trifolium repens, Agrostis stolonifera, Ranunculus repens, Carex hirta, Plantago major, Bellis perennis, Leontodon autumnalis} and {\it Rumex crispus}.

Trees are planted along both sides of the road including {\it Quercus robur, Fraxinus excelsior} and {\it Aesculus hippocastanum}. The common is bounded on most sides with intact species poor hedgerows of {\it Prunus spinosa, Corylus avellana, Rubus fruticosus} agg. and {\it Ulmus procera} several of which are dead or dying.

MANAGE:
The grassland south west of the A4173 is regularly mown and there has been some clearance of {\it Rubus fruticosus} agg. spreading onto the common from the hedgerow. North-west of the road the grassland is cut, but not closely mown, and less frequently. It may be cut for hay. The common is no longer grazed.


FAUNA:
Jay, magpie and the butterflies gatekeeper, small tortoiseshell, ringlet, small skipper and holly blue were recorded during the site visit.
The butterflies common blue, marbled white and dingy skipper were recorded on Swellshill in 1992 (Cotswold Grassland Inventory). 

An extensive list of invertebrates was recorded during the National Trust Biological Survey in 1985 including a number of local or nationally notable species. These were the mollusc {\it Abide secale}, the Isopoda {\it Armadillidium nasatum} and {\it A. depressum}, Duke of Burgundy and marsh fritillaries, the moth {\it Adscita geryon}, the Dipteran {\it Leptarthrus breviscolor} and the Coleoptera {\it Cryptocephalus aureolus, C. hypochaeridis, C. bipunctatus} and {\it Bruchidius cisti}. {\it Macroplax preyssleri} listed on the Red data book as grade 1 (endangered) was also recorded. In addition a number of local species indicative of good quality calcareous grassland habitats were recorded. These were the molluscs {\it Cecilioides acicula} and {\it Helix pomatia}, the Isopod {\it Platyarthrus hoffmannseggi}, the Orthoptera {\it Tettigonia viridissima, Gomphocerippus rufus, Stenobothrus lineatus}, the butterflies chalkhill blue, brown argus, small blue, dark green fritillary and dingy skipper, the ants {\it Formica cunicularia} and {\it Lasius alienus} and the Dipteran {\it Dioctria atricapilla}. There are also records for the nationally notable micro moths {\it Coleophora ochrea, Bryotropha politella, Telephila schmidtiellus} and {\it Dichrorampha consortana} (from Newton, 1985).

Other fauna recorded during the National Trust survey included mole, rabbit and grey squirrel (1985) and common toad (1983). Birds recorded from the woodland and scrub areas included blackcap, chiffchaff, chaffinch, willow warbler, yellowhammer, bullfinch, magpie and blackbird. Meadow pipit was recorded from the grassland area.

VEG:
Rodborough Common lies on a hill overlying Jurassic Limestone. The hilltop is more or less flat with steep sloping sides covering 360 degrees with small spurs and dry valleys. There are two outlying portions on steep slopes to the south of the common at Swellshill and at grid reference SO 852024.

The majority of the vegetation is unimproved calcareous grassland. A National Vegetation Classification Survey was carried out in 1991 for the Cotswold Grassland Inventory. The flat hill top supports a CG3 {\it Bromus erectus} grassland, closest to the {\it Knautia arvensis-Bellis perennis} sub-community due to the presence of more mesotrophic species such as {\it Cynosurus cristatus, Dactylis glomerata, Agrostis capillaris. Prunella vulgaris} and {\it Trifolium repens} but with a high frequency of {\it Helianthemum nummularium} and {\it Hippocrepis comosa}. {\it Thymus polytrichus, Pilosella officinarum} and {\it Helictotrichon pratense} are locally frequent. 

There are a few areas of semi-improved neutral grassland on the plateau. The area nearest the car park is used for informal games with the provision of goal posts. There is also a small plantation of {\it Pinus sylvestris}.

The steep slopes around the edge of the common and parts of the southern outlying sections support a richer flora corresponding to a CG5a {\it Bromus erectus-Brachypodium pinnatum} grassland typical sub-community. Species recorded include {\it Galium mollugo, Briza media, Carex flacca, Helianthemum nummularium, Polygala calcarea, Thymus polytrichus, Hippocrepis comosa, Galium verum, Lotus corniculatus, Asperula cynanchica, Leontodon saxatile, L. hispidus, Scabiosa columbaria, Gentianella amarella, Rhinanthus minor, Centaurea nigra, C. scabiosa, Cirsium acaule, Festuca ovina, Cynosurus cristatus, Trisetum flavescens, Anthoxanthum odoratum, Sanguisorba minor, Primula veris, Origanum vulgare, Ononis repens, Campanula glomerata, C. rotundifolia, Pimpinella saxifraga, Leucanthemum vulgare, Hieracium} sp. and {\it Anthyllis vulneraria}. The additional species {\it Carlina vulgaris, Teucrium scorodonia, Aquilegia vulgaris, Blackstonia perfoliata, Carex caryophyllea} and {\it Euphrasia officinalis} agg. are given in the summary for Swellshill from the 1992 Cotswold Grassland Inventory. A number of orchids occur on the common including {\it Orchis mascula, Gymnadenia conopsea, Anacamptis pyramidalis, Dactylorhiza fuchsii, Listera ovata, Orchis morio, Ophrys apifera, Coeloglossum viride, Spiranthes spiralis} and the nationally scarce* {\it Herminium monorchis}. The nationally scarce {\it Pulsatilla vulgaris} also occurs on this common.

A semi-improved calcareous grassland sward exists in places, particularly around the ice-cream factory, on part of Swellshill and a few other scattered locations. Species such as {\it Lolium perenne, Cynosurus cristatus, Festuca rubra, Dactylis glomerata} and {\it Holcus lanatus} are more frequent in these areas but with quite a few calcareous species persisting.

Scattered scrub of {\it Betula pendula, Prunus spinosa, Quercus robur, Fraxinus excelsior, Clematis vitalba, Rosa} sp., {\it Rubus fruticosus} agg. and {\it Cotoneaster} sp. is present through much of the CG5a grassland with {\it Juniperus communis} present in places, particularly along the southern edge and on Swellshill. There are a couple of areas of dense scrub on the common (in the southwest and on Swellshill) of similar composition and a second larger {\it Pinus sylvestris} plantation in the west.

Around the periphery of much of the common is a fringe of woodland. The predominant canopy species is {\it Fagus sylvatica} with occasional {\it Fraxinus excelsior, Quercus robur, Betula pendula} and {\it Acer pseudoplatanus}. Understorey species include regenerating canopy species and  {\it Prunus spinosa, Ilex aquifolium, Crataegus monogyna, Betula pendula, Acer campestre, Sambucus nigra, Corylus avellana, Clematis vitalba} and {\it Taxus baccata} with {\it Cornus sanguinea} and {\it Ribes uva-crispa} occurring rarely. Similar woodland occurs on Swellshill and the other outlying portion of the common. The nationally scarce* {\it Carex digitata} occurs at a few localities in the woodland fringe.

The British Bryological Society visited the common in 1988. A total of 63 species were recorded including the following notable species: {\it Thuidium philbertii, Fissidens incurvus, Pleurochaete squarrosa, Tortella tortuosa, Weissia sterilis, Trichostomum crispulum, Dicranum bonjeanii, Seligeria calcarea, Eucladium verticillatum, Barbula tophacea, Tortella inflexa, Scapania aspera, Entodon concinnus} and {\it Seligeria pusilla}. The main areas of interest were identified as the steep slopes of the common, particularly at the southern end.

* A nationally scarce species is one occuring in between 16 and 100 10 km squares in Britain (A. Steuart {\it et al}, "Scarce Plants in Britain" (1994), JNCC).

MANAGE:
The National Trust as the owner, English Nature as the agency responsible for the protection of Rodborough Common SSSI and the Rodborough and Minchinhampton Commons Committee are all involved in the management of the common. The common lies within the Cotswold Hills Environmentally Sensitive Area and is subject to a management agreement under tiers 1a and 1c of the scheme. Tier 1a applies to all land within the ESA and requires all walls, hedges and banks to be retained and maintained using traditional methods, broadleaved woodlands to be retained, scrub to be managed, ponds, ditches and watercourses to be retained and any archaelogical, historical or geological features to be retained. Tier 1c applies to extensive permanent grassland and in addition to the above no mechanical operations are to be carried out between the 1st April and 8th July, the grassland must be grazed with cattle or sheep or both (horses can only be grazed with these) and only farmyard manure may be applied at existing rates but not in excess of 12.5 tonnes per hectare in any three year period. 

In general the grazing of the common is light. This allows a large proportion of the herbs to flower which is of importance to the wide range of invertebrates found on the common. The taller sward is also a preferred nesting habitat by ground nesting birds such as the meadow pipit. However, the sward is becoming coarse in places with encroaching scrub which could lead to a loss in species diversity. The outlying area at grid reference SO 852024 in particular should be carefully monitored as this area is not open to the grazing stock being surrounded by woodland. 
Some of the scrub on the common should be maintained as a valuable habitat for invertebrates and other fauna. A large proportion of the semi-improved grassland has probably arisen through recreational use (eg. around the ice-cream factory and the playing field) and possibly localized heavy grazing and not through the application of artificial fertilizers and herbicides. It is unlikely that the area of semi-improved grassland will increase.


FAUNA:
Grey squirrel, robin, song thrush, skylark, magpie and the butterflies speckled wood, small tortoiseshell, red admiral, common blue, peacock, large white, painted lady, gatekeeper, dark green fritillary, meadow brown and marbled white were recorded during the site visit. 

A number of notable invertebrates were recorded from the common during the National Trust Biological Survey (1985). For the woodland areas the ancient woodland species {\it Zenobiella subrufescens} (Mollusca), {\it Portevinia maculata} (Hymenoptera) and {\it Sinodendron cylindricum} and {\it Pyrrochroa coccinea} (Coleoptera) were recorded. The local purple hairstreak butterfly was recorded in 1982 (Meredith). A number of other invertebrates were also recorded and the birds chiffchaff, chaffinch, robin, wren and wood pigeon.

The following nationally notable invertebrates were recorded from the grassland areas {\it Abide secale} (Mollusca), {\it Armadillidium nasatum} (woodlouse), {\it Catoplatus fabricii} (bug), Duke of Burgundy fritillary butterfly, the moth {\it Adscita geryon} and the beetles {\it Cryptocephalus bipunctatus, C. aureolus, Aphthona herbigrada} and {\it Bruchidius cisti}. Additional invertebrates of interest include the butterflies marsh fritillary, chalkhill blue, brown argus, small blue and the snails {\it Helicella itala} and {\it Vertigo pygmaeum}. Bird species recorded included skylark, yellowhammer and blackbird. The dragonflies {\it Libellula depressa, Pyrrhosoma nymphula} and {\it Enallagma cyathigerum} were recorded from an area of damp grassland at the north eastern end of the common. Disused mines on Nailsworth hill and Iron Mills commons provide winter roost sites for both greater and lesser horse-shoe bats.

VEG:
Minchinhampton Common consists of a large area of common land on a flat hilltop lying between the deep steep sided valleys of the Nailsworth Stream and the River Frome in the Cotswolds. The common also includes parts of the steep sloping hillsides to the west and north east. There are a number of outlying commons registered under this unit mostly situated on the steep valley sides; Nailsworth Hill, Iron Mills Common, Watledge Hill, St. Chloe's Green, Old Common, Hyde Common and Besbury Common. Old quarries and earthworks from an ancient settlement occur across the common. Some of the old quarries are of geological importance.

The predominant vegetation type is unimproved calcareous grassland. On the plateau area this is very closely grazed by cattle and at first inspection appears semi-improved. However the following species can be found: {\it Bromopsis erecta, Festuca ovina, Briza media, Brachypodium pinnatum, Cynosurus cristatus, Trisetum flavescens, Achillea millefolium, Helianthemum nummularium, Lotus corniculatus, Sanguisorba minor, Centaurea nigra, Cirsium acaule, Galium verum, Hieracium pilosella, Hypochoeris radicata, Leontodon hispidus, Leucanthemum vulgare, Linum catharticum, Medicago lupulina, Plantago lanceolata, P. media, Primula veris, Prunella vulgaris, Rhinanthus minor, Thymus polytrichus, Trifolium pratense, T. repens, Asperula cynanchica, Euphrasia officinalis, Cirsium acaule, Carex caryophyllea} and {\it C. flacca}. {\it Lolium perenne} is locally frequent. The steeper slopes and the banks of the quarries and earthworks which receive little or no grazing have a richer flora with {\it Hippocrepis comosa, Polygala calcarea, Scabiosa columbaria, Anthyllis vulneraria, Pimpinella saxifraga, Carlina vulgaris, Blackstonia perfoliata, Campanula glomerata} and {\it Gentianella amarella}. Where the vegetation is taller {\it Origanum vulgare} and {\it Knautia arvensis} occur. The main community is CG5a {\it Bromus erectus-Brachpodium pinnatum} grassland, typical sub-community (Cotswold Grassland Inventory, 1992). CG3a and CG3b communities {\it Bromus erectus} grasslands typical and {\it Centaurea nigra} sub-communities respectively occur in places.

The common supports a large number of orchid species. {\it Listera ovata, Orchis mascula, Dactylorhiza fuchsii, Anacamptis pyramidalis, Gymnadaenia conopsea} and {\it Coeloglossom viride} have been recorded in recent years. 

Quite a large proportion of the common supports a semi-improved neutral grassland flora, particularly in the north east, with remnants of unimproved calcareous grassland. The flora consists of {\it Cynosurus cristatus, Anthoxanthum odoratum, Plantago} spp. and {\it Trifolium} spp. with occasional {\it Galium verum, Ranunculus acris, Lotus corniculatus, Prunella vulgaris} and {\it Achillea millefolium} with {\it Lolium perenne, Holcus lanatus, Dactylis glomerata} and {\it Poa trivialis} locally frequent. Damper patches occur within this area and in the north west (to the south west of Moor Court) with species such as {\it Mentha aquatica, Ranunculus flammula, R. repens, Juncus inflexus, Caltha palustris, Cardamine pratensis, Eleocharis palustris, Carex flacca, C. panicea, C. nigra, C. hirta, C. distans, Blysmus compressus} and {\it Glyceria} sp. (National Trust Survey, 1985). {\it Triglochin palustris} was recorded from the western area by NCC in 1981. There are a number of golfing greens in the southern half of the common and a couple of other areas (notably around the covered reservoir) where cars park on the common which also support a semi-improved neutral grassland sward. 

A small proportion of the common supports a semi-improved calcareous grassland sward with a mixture of mesotrophic species and a range of calcicolous herbs and grasses at low frequency.

Much of the main body of the common is largely free from scrub encroachment but most of the outlying fragments which have little or no grazing have a mixed scattered scrub of {\it Crataegus monogyna, Acer pseudoplatanus, Fraxinus excelsior, Quercus robur, Prunus spinosa} and {\it Rubus fruticosus} agg. {\it Juniperus communis} occurs locally on Jacob's Knowle. There are also a few areas of dense scrub.

Fragments of broadleaved woodland occur around the periphery of the common and on the outlying areas of common. Canopy species include {\it Fagus sylvatica} and {\it Fraxinus excelsior} with {\it Acer pseudoplatanus} in places. Understorey species include regenerating canopy species, {\it Crataegus monogyna, Ulmus glabra, Corylus avellana, Ilex aquifolium, Prunus spinosa, Acer campestre, Sambucus nigra, Clematis vitalba} and {\it Taxus baccata}. Groundflora species recorded were {\it Sanicula europaea, Urtica dioica, Hedera helix, Mercurialis perennis, Geum urbanum, Circaea lutetiana, Geranium robertianum, Dryopteris dilatata, Allium ursinum, Arum maculatum, Bromopsis ramosa, Viola} sp. and {\it Rubus fruticosus} agg. Scattered trees occur in the grassland in places, particularly in the west, including some ornamental species such as {\it Fagus sylvatica} var {\it purpurea}. {\it Buxus sempervirens} was recorded in the woodland on Iron Mills common during this survey although probably not a native record.

MANAGE:
English Nature with the responsibility of protecting SSSI's, the National Trust and the Rodborough and Minchinhampton Commons Committee are all involved in the management of this common. The common also falls within the Cotswold Hills Environmentally Sensitive Area under which there is an agreement under tiers 1a, 1b and 1c. Tier 1a applies to all land within the ESA and requires all walls, hedges and banks to be retained and maintained using traditional methods, broadleaved woodlands to be retained, scrub to be managed, ponds, ditches and watercourses to be retained and any archaelogical, historical or geological features to be retained. Tiers 1b and 1c are for improved permanent grassland and extensive permanent grassland respectively. Under tier 1b, in addition to the above, areas of improved grassland must be maintained as such with a restriction on the application of inorganic fertiliser (below 175 kg total nitrogen per hectare per year) a prohibition on the use of fungicides or insecticides and any new drainage work. If the area is managed as a hay meadow it must continue to be cut annually (not for silage and not before 8th July) the crop removed and the aftermath grazed. This section applies to the area of the common managed as a golf course. The remainder of the common falls into tier 1c (extensive permanent grassland). The criteria that apply here are that no mechanical operations are to be carried out between the 1st April and 8th July, the grassland must be grazed with cattle or sheep or both (horses can only be grazed with these) and only farmyard manure may be applied at existing rates but not in excess of 12.5 tonnes per hectare in any three year period.
At the time of the site visit the plateau area was being grazed fairly heavily by cattle. It is probably heavy grazing or trampling that has modified the vegetation in places to a semi-improved neutral grassland. Despite the heavy grazing, visitor pressure, management of part of the common as a golf course and part of the plateau area having been ploughed up during the war, the majority of the plateau area supports an unimproved calcareous grassland sward. Only the tees and greens of the golf course have been "improved" with fertilizers and herbicides, the fairways are just mown and retain most of the species diversity.

Some areas of the common, in particular the outlying portions, are suffering from lack of grazing with scrub encroachment and an increase in the coarser grasses. These areas are still very diverse and the scrub needs to be managed to prevent their loss and ideally grazed. There has been some scrub management in places. 

The provision of car parks may prevent cars from driving onto the common and damaging the grassland.


FAUNA:
Magpie and holly blue butterfly were recorded during the site visit.

VEG:
This common lies alongside the River Frome and the majority has been reseeded with a {\it Lolium perenne} and {\it Trifolium repens} mixture. Other occasional species include {\it Rumex obtusifolius, Dactylis glomerata, Ranunculus repens, Trifolium pratense} and {\it Heracleum sphondylium}. {\it Urtica dioica} occurs in places around the periphery of the common. There is a small area of semi-improved neutral grassland with {\it Festuca rubra, Dactylis glomerata, Lolium perenne, Agrostis stolonifera, Trifolium} spp. and {\it Taraxacum officinale} agg. Scattered {\it Alnus glutinosus} occurs along the river bank and scattered {\it Fraxinus excelsior} along the northern roadside. The boundary of the area to the south of the road is of {\it Crataegus monogyna} and {\it Ulmus} sp. with occasional {\it Quercus robur}.

MANAGE:
The whole area had been recently cut at the time of the site visit but was not being grazed. The area south of the road had been cut for hay. The remainder of the area may be kept more closely mown for recreation. It is unclear whether the area is still grazed.


FAUNA:
The butterflies marbled white and ringlet were recorded during the site visit. A total of 36 species of butterfly have been recorded from the common since 1985 including small blue, grayling, brown argus, clouded yellow and dark green, marsh, pearl-bordered and silver-washed fritillaries. A number of notable Coleoptera have been recorded from the common: {\it Larius planus, Cryptocepahlus bipunctatus, Pilestoma fastuosa, Omalopia ruricola, Aphanisticus pusillus} and the nationally rare {\it Cryptocephalus primarius}. Birds associated with the SSSI include blackcap, garden warbler, whitethroat, tree pipit, cuckoo and bullfinch.

VEG:
Stinchcombe hill common occupies a more or less flat hill top at the southern end of the Cotswolds. The vegetation consists of approximately equal proportions of improved grassland and unimproved calcareous grassland. The improved grassland consists of frequent {\it Lolium perenne} with {\it Agrostis stolonifera} and {\it Dactylis glomerata} with occasional {\it Plantago lanceolata} and {\it Trifolium repens}. The unimproved calcareous grassland is mostly fairly rank. Species recorded from the richer areas include {\it Bromopsis erecta, Festuca} sp., {\it Anthoxanthum odoratum, Trisetum flavescens, Rhinanthus minor, Galium verum, Sanguisorba minor, Thymus polytrichus, Helianthemum vulgare, Campanula rotundifolia, Centaurea nigra, Knautia arvensis, Galium mollugo, Arrhenatherum elatius, Plantago lanceolata, Cirsium acaule, Lotus corniculatus, Leontodon hispidus, Anthyllis vulneraria, Anacamptis pyramidalis, Brachypodium pinnatum, Trifolium pratense, Agrimonia eupatoria, Pimpinella saxifraga, Briza media, Phleum pratense, Dactylis glomerata, Cynosurus cristatus, Primula veris} and {\it Origanum vulgare}. Additional species recorded during the 1992 Cotswold Grassland Inventory survey which included the common and the SSSI (much of the latter of which lies outside the common boundary) were {\it Hippocrepis comosa, Dactylorhiza fuchsii, Blackstonia perfoliata, Stachys officinalis, Succisa pratensis, Genista tinctoria, Ophrys apifera, Orchis mascula, O. morio} and {\it Danthonia decumbens}. The majority of the unimproved calcareous grassland was classified as CG5a {\it Bromus erectus-Brachypodium pinnatum} grassland typical sub community. A few nationally scarce* species occur on the SSSI which may not include the common. These are {\it Galium pumilum, Polygonatum odoratum} and {\it Epipactis leptochila}. The nationally rare** {\it Ophrys sphegodes} has also been recorded from the SSSI but has not been recorded in recent years. 

There are also a few areas of rank semi-improved neutral grassland with frequent {\it Arrhenatherum elatius} and {\it Dactylis glomerata, Holcus lanatus, Lolium perenne} and occasionally {\it Centaurea nigra, Eupatorium cannabinum, Heracleum sphondylium, Chamerion angustifolium} and {\it Urtica dioica}.

Around the periphery of the common there are a few areas of semi-natural broadleaved woodland and scrub. At the northern end of the common the woodland consists of {\it Quercus robur} and {\it Betula pendula} with {\it Crataegus monogyna} in the understorey. To the east the woodland is predominantly young {\it Fraxinus excelsior} woodland with occasional {\it Acer pseudoplatanus}, an understorey of {\it Crataegus monogyna} and {\it Rubus fruticosus} agg. and a ground flora of {\it Geum urbanum, Hedera helix, Urtica dioica, Mercurialis perennis} and {\it Galium aparine}. 

There are a few areas with dense or scattered scrub of {\it Crataegus monogyna, Viburnum lantana, Sorbus sanguinea, Clematis vitalba, Quercus robur, Betula pendula, Fraxinus excelsior, Rosa} sp. and {\it Rubus fruticosus} agg.

Twenty species of mostly common species of fungus were recorded from the common on 31.10.92.

*Nationally scarce species are only known to occur in between 16 and 100 10km squares in Britain (Steuart, A, Pearman, D.A., and Preston, C.D., (1994) "Scarce plants in Britain", JNCC).

**Nationally rare species are those only known to occur in 15 or fewer 10km squares in Britain.

MANAGE:
The owners, Stinchcombe Hill Golf Club and English Nature (SSSI parts) are actively involved in the management of the common. The improved areas of grassland are kept mown as part of the golf course and are probably fertilized. The unimproved calcareous and semi-improved neutral grassland are areas left as "roughs" and appear to receive no management at all. As a consequence some of the areas of B31 are becoming species poor. Cutting these areas once or twice a year would be beneficial. The area of young {\it Fraxinus excelsior} woodland at the western end of the common is managed by rotational coppicing and does not show any signs of encroaching into the surrounding grassland.


FAUNA:
The butterflies gatekeeper, meadow brown and red admiral were recorded during the site visit.

VEG:
A relatively flat common situated at the edge of the Vale of Berkeley at the foot of the Cotswold Hills. 

The vegetation is predominantly semi-improved neutral grassland which varies in the composition. Many of the road verges and the north-western end of the common support a species poor and coarse sward with {\it Lolium perenne, Arrhenatherum elatius} and {\it Dactylis glomerata} with {\it Heracleum sphondylium, Trifolium repens, Lathyrus pratensis, Achillea millefolium, Vicia cracca, Convolvulus arvensis, Urtica dioica, Rumex obtusifolius, Armoracia rusticana, Prunella vulgaris, Plantago lanceolata, Lotus corniculatus, Taraxacum officinale} agg. and {\it Tragopogon pratensis} rare or occasional in the sward. 

The western part of the southern half of the common is damper, less improved and more species rich with the additional species {\it Centaurea nigra, Carex otrubae, Achillea millefolium, Galium verum, Rumex sanguinea, Hordeum secalinum, Agrostis stolonifera} and {\it Angelica sylvestris}. There is a ditch running across this area along which runs a stream with {\it Filipendula ulmaria, Juncus inflexus, Oenanthe crocata, Epilobium hirsutum, Scrophularia nodosa} and {\it Equisetum arvense}. 

To the south-east of this area is an area which was fenced off with temporary fencing at the time of the visit and was heavily grazed by sheep. The vegetation recorded included {\it Lolium perenne, Holcus lanatus, Cynosurus cristatus, Hordeum secalinum, Trifolium repens, Festuca rubra} and frequent {\it Cirsium arvense}.

Species-poor hedgerows occur around the site with {\it Sambucus nigra, Ulmus procera, Acer campestre, Crataegus monogyna, Prunus spinosa} and {\it Fraxinus excelsior}.

To the north-east of the common is an area of tall ruderal vegetation of {\it Urtica dioica, Calystegia sepium} and {\it Epilobium hirsutum} with {\it Rubus fruticosus} agg. Further north-east is a row of {\it Populus} sp. The opposite side of the road is a heavily shaded bank supporting a woodland flora of {\it Phyllitis scolopendrium, Mercurialis perennis} and {\it Hedera helix} with {\it Corylus avellana, Ribes uva-crispa} (probably a cultivar) and {\it Symphoricarpos albus}.

MANAGE:
The coarser swards had recently been cut (not closely - possibly for hay) and are probably no longer grazed. Other areas were more closely mown, particularly around properties. The only area being grazed was rather heavily grazed and invaded with {\it Cirsium arvense}. Some topsoil had been spread on the common near Corner Farm.


FAUNA:
Grey squirrel, blackbird, magpie, wood pigeon, sparrowhawk and the butterflies marbled white and dark green fritillary were recorded during the site visit. There are records for adder, fox badger, mole, hedgehog, common shrew, wood mouse, field vole, rabbit, buzzard, kestrel, tree pipit, skylark, marsh tit, crossbill, partridge, chiffchaff, goldfinch and siskin (Painswick Beacon conservation group). Thirty-two species of butterfly have been recorded from the common since 1985 including Duke of Burgundy, marsh, silver-washed and dark green fritillaries, small and chalkhill blues and brown argus (Gloucestershire Butterfly Conservation Society records).

VEG:
Painswick Hill is situated above the Painswick valley in the Western Cotswolds. There is an ancient hill fort and a number of other workings. The common supports a number of grassland and woodland types. 

The northern end of the common supports the greatest amount of unimproved calcareous grassland. Species recorded include {\it Bromopsis erecta, Brachypodium pinnatum, Sanguisorba minor, Cirsium acaule, Carex flacca, Galium verum, Helianthemum nummularium, Thymus polytrichus, Lotus corniculatus, Pimpinella saxifraga, Rhinanthus minor, Campanula rotundifolia, Leontodon hispidus, Anacamptis pyramidalis, Dactylorhiza fuchsii, Primula veris, Centaurea scabiosa, Listera ovata, Briza media, Leucanthemum vulgare, Gymnadaenia conopsea} and {\it Plantago lanceolata}. {\it Arrhenatherum elatius} is locally frequent. In places there is a scattered scrub of {\it Sorbus aria, Fraxinus excelsior, Acer pseudoplatanus, Pinus sylvestris} and {\it Fagus sylvatica}. {\it Juniperus communis} (25 bushes and several seedlings), {\it Orchis mascula, O. morio} and {\it Spiranthes spiralis} occur on this common and the nationally scarce* {\it Herminium monorchis}. 

The British Bryological Society visited part of the northern end of the common in 1988. Seventy species were recorded including the rare southern calcicole {\it Weissia sterilis}. A rich flora was recorded from the disused quarry at SO 867121 including {\it Seligera donniana} (a rare species in southern England) and {\it S. calcarea} (uncommon outside south-east England).

A large proportion of the grassland, particularly at the southern end of the common is semi-improved calcareous grassland. The sward is species-poor with frequent {\it Lolium perenne} and {\it Plantago major, Taraxacum officinale} agg. and occasional calcicolous species such as {\it Bromopsis erecta, Plantago media, Pimpinella saxifraga, Thymus polytrichus, Cirsium acaule, Helianthemum nummularium} and {\it Galium verum}. The area within the banks of the hill fort supports a mosaic of closely mown semi-improved neutral grassland on the greens with remnants of unimproved calcareous grassland.

Fringing much of the grassland are areas of semi-natural broadleaved woodland and a large area of coniferous plantation. The canopy of the former consists of {\it Fraxinus excelsior} with occasional {\it Fagus sylvatica, Betula pendula, Quercus robur, Acer pseudoplatanus} and {\it Pinus sylvestris}. The understorey comprises {\it Corylus avellana} coppice, {\it Ilex aquifolium, Prunus laurocerasus, Sorbus aria, Crataegus monogyna, Sambucus nigra, Taxus baccata, Acer campestre, Clematis vitalba, Prunus spinosa} and {\it Rubus fruticosus} agg. Groundflora species recorded include {\it Hedera helix, Dactylorhiza fuchsii, Listera ovata, Geranium robertianum, Viola} sp., {\it Hieracium} sp., {\it Mercurialis perennis, Bryonia dioica, Bromopsis ramosa, Sanicula europaea, Geum urbanum, Galium odoratum, Fragaria vesca, Poa nemoralis, Dryopteris felix-mas, Epipactis?} sp. and very occasionally {\it Hyacinthoides non-scripta, Circaea lutetiana, Aegopodium podagraria, Melica uniflora} and {\it Rumex sanguineus}. {\it Ophrys apifera} was recorded from the woodland at SO 866121. The woodland areas also support the orchids {\it Neottia nidus-avium, Cephalanthera damasonium, Epipactis leptochila} and {\it E. helleborine}. 

The coniferous plantation is of {\it Pinus sylvestris} with occasional {\it Acer pseudoplatanus} and {\it Fraxinus excelsior}. The understorey is of {\it Corylus avellana, Clematis vitalba, Rubus fruticosus} agg. {\it Fagus sylvatica} and {\it Fraxinus excelsior}. Grasses are frequent in the groundflora with {\it Arrhenatherum elatius, Holcus lanatus} and {\it Dactylis glomerata} and {\it Sanicula europaea} and {\it Hieracium} sp. There are small patches of unimproved calcareous grassland. 

At the extreme southern end of the common the grassland is unmanaged and becoming invaded by tall ruderal species such as {\it Urtica dioica, Chamerion angustifolium, Anthriscus sylvestris, Cirsium arvense, Aegopodium podagraria} and {\it Symphytum officinale}.

At Catsbrain tump there is a large disused quarry used as a base for a stone masons and building suppliers. The high quarry faces support {\it Buddleja davidii, Acer pseudoplatanus, Fraxinus excelsior} and {\it Pinus} sp.

*Nationally scarce species are only known to occur in between 16 and 100 10km squares in Britain (Steuart, A, Pearman, D.A., and Preston, C.D., (1994) "Scarce plants in Britain", JNCC).

MANAGE:
Large areas of the grassland are managed as a golf course. Frequent mowing of the sward has resulted in a loss of species diversity and an increase in more mesotrophic species over much of the area. Broadleaved herbicides and fertilisers have probably been used in places. Continued mowing of these swards will probably lead to further loss of species diversity. A lot of the remaining calcareous grassland is unmanged as "roughs" for the golf course and may become rank and less diverse in time if left unmanaged. It appears that rights of pasture are no longer practiced. The invasion of the grassland with {\it Pinus sylvestris} is of concern and there has been some removal of {\it Pinus sylvestris} particularly from the banks of the hill fort and from around some of the {\it Juniperus communis} bushes.


FAUNA:
Marbled white butterfly was recorded during the site visit. The butterflies small, large and dingy skippers, large, small, green-veined and marbled whites, green hairstreak, small copper, small, common, chalkhill and holly blues, brown argus, Duke of Burgundy and dark green fritillaries, red admiral, painted lady, small tortoiseshell, peacock, speckled wood, gatekeeper, ringlet and small heath have all been recorded from the common since 1984 (Butterfly Conservation Society records). The nationally scarce mollusc {\it Abide secale} has been recorded from the SSSI although not neccessarily from the common.

VEG:
The common lies on a north-west facing slope overlooking the Painswick valley. The vegetation of the common consists of unimproved neutral grassland with areas of scrub and semi-natural broadleaved woodland. The grassland is a rank but species rich CG5a {\it Bromus erectus - Brachypodium pinnatum} grassland, typical sub-community with associated species {\it Hypericum perforatum, Heracleum sphondylium, Knautia arvensis, Centaurea scabiosa, Origanum vulgare, Carex flacca, Galium verum, Leucanthemum vulgare, Anacamptis pyramidalis, Dactylorhiza fuchsii, Sanguisorba minor, Trifolium pratense, Lotus corniculatus, Rhinanthus minor, Briza media} and {\it Helianthemum nummularium}. In places {\it Arrhenatherum elatius} is becoming dominant. The richest area of grassland is the strip to the north west of the B4070. The nationally scarce* orchid {\it Herminium monorchis} has been recorded from the SSSI but not neccessarily from the common.

Patches of scrub of {\it Quercus robur, Fraxinus excelsior, Crataegus monogyna, Clematis vitalba, Rubus fruticosus} agg. and {\it Betula pendula} are scattered over the site, in some places quite mature. Amongst the scrub in places are {\it Chamerion angustifolium, Urtica dioica} and {\it Calystegia sepium}. The area of grassland surrounded by woodland at the western end of the common has a covering of scattered scrub. 
The woodland consists of {\it Fraxinus excelsior, Acer pseudoplatanus, Fagus sylvatica} and occasional {\it Sorbus aria} with an understorey of {\it Crataegus monogyna, Corylus avellana} and {\it Clematis vitalba} and a ground flora of {\it Hedera helix} with {\it Pteridium aquilinum} occuring locally.

There are a few small areas of scattered trees on the common of {\it Betula pendula} and {\it Quercus robur}. {\it Pteridium aquilinum} has been cleared from an area at the northern end of the common and this area currently has regrowth of {\it Brachypodium pinnatum}.

CL142 lies just west of the main body of the common lying within the SSSI. This is an area of dense {\it Faxinus excelsior} and {\it Betula pendula} woodland with occasional {\it Acer pseudoplatanus}. The understorey consists of {\it Crataegus monogyna} and regenerating tree species with a sparse groundflora of {\it Fraxinus excelsior} seedlings {\it Mercurialis perennis, Hedera helix} and {\it Tamus communis}.

*Nationally scarce species are only known to occur in between 16 and 100 10km squares in Britain (Steuart, A, Pearman, D.A., and Preston, C.D., (1994) "Scarce plants in Britain", JNCC).

MANAGE:
Apart from some scrub and bracken control there is little management on this common. It is not practical to reintroduce grazing to the common due to the number of roads which cross it. The grassland is becoming rank resulting in the loss of species diversity in places and becoming invaded with scrub and tall ruderal species. The small area of unimproved calcareous grassland with scattered scrub at the western end of the common is at high risk of being lost to scrub encroachment. Some of the areas of continuous scrub are too mature now to consider removal. The strip of trees along the north-western edge appear to have been planted.


FAUNA:
No fauna was recorded during the site visit. Coal, blue and great tits were recorded during the 1983 Gloucestershire Commons Survey.

VEG:
The common is largely situated on a steep south east facing valley side. 

The southern portion of the common consists of tall ruderal vegetation of {\it Urtica dioica, Heracleum sphondylium, Calystegia sepium} and {\it Symphytum officinale} with scattered scrub of {\it Acer pseudoplatanus, Corylus avellana} and {\it Ulmus} sp. 

The area east of the B4070 at the northern end of the common also has frequent tall ruderal species including {\it Chamerion angustifolium} in addition to the above with frequent {\it Arrhenatherum elatius} and occasional {\it Rumex crispus} and {\it Origanum vulgare}. Scattered scrub in this area includes {\it Clematis vitalba} and {\it Sambucus nigra} and there are a few large {\it Acer pseudoplatanus} trees. 
The northern end of the portion of the common west of the B4070 supports semi-improved neutral grassland with frequent {\it Dactylis glomerata, Helictotrichon pubescens} and {\it Heracleum sphondylium, Sanguisorba minor, Plantago lanceolata, Daucus carota, Knautia arvensis, Centaurea nigra, Lotus corniculatus, Achillea millefolium, Vicia cracca, Bromopsis erecta, Taraxacum officinale} agg. and {\it Galium verum}. Species occurring at very low frequency included {\it Cerastium fontanum, Geranium pratense, Onobrychis viciifolia, Centaurea scabiosa, Stachys officinalis, Lathyrus pratensis, Rhinanthus minor, Anacamptis pyramidalis, Helianthemum nummularium, Leucanthemum vulgare, Galium mollugo, Primula veris, Origanum vulgare, Campanula rotundifolia} and {\it Pimpinella saxifraga}. Most of these species were restricted to the roadside bank. {\it Viola hirta} was locally frequent under a group of {\it Quercus robur} trees. Bordering the northern edge of this area is a tall hedge of {\it Betula pendula, Acer pseudoplatanus, Fagus sylvatica, Quercus robur} and {\it Rosa} sp.
The remainder of the common consists of continuous scrub of {\it Corylus avellana, Fraxinus excelsior, Acer pseudoplatanus, Clematis vitalba, Sambucus nigra, Salix capraea, Ulmus} sp. and {\it Rubus fruticosus} agg. In more open areas {\it Galium aparine, Urtica dioica, Calystegia sepium, Heracleum sphondylium} and {\it Arrhenatherum elatius} occur.

MANAGE:
The majority of this common appears unmanaged except for the area of semi-improved grassland at the northern end west of the B4070. This area had been cut, possibly for hay with the cuttings removed. If a finer sward could be encouraged through more frequent cutting or grazing the diversity of the sward would probably increase allowing species largely restricted to the road bank to colonize this area.


FAUNA:
Kestrel, chiffchaff and the butterflies painted lady and chalkhill blue were recorded during the site visit. The butterflies large and dingy skippers, brimstone, large, marbled and small whites, orange tip, green hairstreak, small copper, brown argus, common and holly blues, Duke of Burgundy fritillary, red admiral, painted lady, small tortoiseshell, peacock, speckled wood, wall brown, gatekeeper, meadow brown, small heath and ringlet have been recorded from the common since 1982 (Gloucestershire Butterfly Conservation Society records). The nationally scarce mollusc {\it Abide secale} has been recorded from the SSSI although not neccessarily from the common.

VEG:
The common lies on a north-west facing slope overlooking the Painswick valley. The north-eastern end of the common has been quarried in the past. The northern end consists of unimproved calcareous grassland with scrub encroachment and the southern end semi-natural broadleaved woodland. The grassland area is rank with {\it Bromopsis erecta, Brachypodium pinnatum, Dactylorhiza fuchsii, Sanguisorba minor, Hypochaeris radicata, Lotus corniculatus, Cirsium acaule, Plantago lanceolata, Carex flacca, Lathyrus pratensis, Trifolium pratense, Anthoxanthum odoratum, Briza media, Primula veris, Galium verum, Centaurea nigra, C. scabiosa, Trisetum flavescens, Rhinanthus minor, Onobrychis viciifolia, Hieracium} sp., {\it Festuca ovina, Orchis mascula, Anacamptis pyramidalis, Ophrys apifera, Arabis hirsuta, Thymus polytrichus, Carlina vulgaris} and {\it Euphrasia} sp. {\it Fraxinus excelsior} seedlings were present in the sward and a scattered cover of {\it Sorbus aria, Crataegus monogyna, Fraxinus excelsior, Quercus robur, Clematis vitalba, Rubus fruticosus} agg. and {\it Rosa} sp. Between the grassland and the woodland there is a band of dense scrub. {\it Juniperus communis} has been recorded from this common although not in recent surveys and the nationally scarce* {\it Herminium monorchis}. There is some {\it Pteridium aquilinum} on the upper slopes of the quarry area. 

The woodland canopy is predominantly of {\it Fraxinus excelsior} with occasional {\it Fagus sylvatica, Acer pseudoplatanus} and {\it Sorbus aria}. The understorey comprises {\it Corylus avellana, Acer campestre, Ribes uva-crispa, Crataegus monogyna, Rubus fruticosus} agg. and {\it Ilex aquifolium} and the groundflora, {\it Mercurialis perennis, Hedera helix, Phyllitis scolopendrium, Urtica dioica, Sanicula europaea, Stachys sylvatica, Allium ursinum, Ranunculus ficaria, Brachypodium sylvaticum, Dryopteris felix-mas, Veronica montana, Geum urbanum, Dryopteris dilatata, Arum maculatum, Viola} sp. and {\it Circaea lutetiana} and the bryophytes {\it Eurynchium praelongum} and {\it Brachythecium rutabulum}.

The small areas of coarse semi-improved neutral grassland around the junction of Yokehouse and Stepping Stone Lanes consist of {\it Vicia sepium, Arrhenatherum elatius, Anthriscus sylvestris, Aegopodium podagraria} and {\it Dactylis glomerata} with {\it Prunus spinosa, Clematis vitalba, Corylus avellana, Rubus fruticosus} agg. and {\it Crataegus monogyna} scrub.

The area of tall ruderal and semi-improved neutral grassland comprises {\it Urtica dioica, Dactylis glomerata, Anthriscus sylvestris, Heracleum sphondylium, Lolium perenne, Trifolium pratense, Rumex obtusifolius, Symphytum officinale, Arrhenatherum elatius, Ranunculus repens, Galium aparine, Agrostis stolonifera, Arctium} sp. and {\it Lamium album}. There is also an area of hardstanding.

*Nationally scarce species are only known to occur in between 16 and 100 10km squares in Britain (Steuart, A, Pearman, D.A., and Preston, C.D., (1994) "Scarce plants in Britain", JNCC).

MANAGE:
The common is at present unmanaged. The species rich grassland is suffering from lack of grazing and scrub encroachment. Possible scrambling in the quarry area could result in damage to the grassland there.


FAUNA:
Skylark, great tit and the butterflies marbled white, meadow brown and chalkhill blue were recorded during the site visit. The common is considered to be one of the best areas for butterflies in the Cotswolds. Thirty-four species of butterfly have been recorded from the common since 1983 (Gloucestershire Butterfly Conservation Society records) including clouded yellow, purple hairstreak, small and chalkhill blues, brown argus and Duke of Burgundy, dark green, silver-washed, pearl-bordered and marsh fritillaries. The common supports one of the three largest populations of Duke of Burgundy fritillary in Britain.

VEG:
Rudge Hill Common is situated on an east to north-east facing slope overlooking the Painswick Valley. Deep parallel gullies occur at the northern end of the common and there are a number of areas where small scale quarrying has occurred in addition to the large quarry on the western side. 

The vegetation is predominantly unimproved calcareous grassland with scattered scrub. The grassland is fairly rank with {\it Arrhenatherum elatius, Brachypodium pinnatum, Leontodon hispidus, Centaurea scabiosa, C. nigra, Helianthemum nummularium, Anacamptis pyramidalis, Dactylorhiza fuchsii, Carex flacca, Rhinanthus minor, Sanguisorba minor, Bromopsis erecta, Primula veris, Leucanthemum vulgare, Gymnadaenia conopsea, Cirsium acaule, Galium verum, Briza media, Trisetum flavescens, Listera ovata, Plantago media, Melilotus officinale, Asperula cynanchica, Ononis repens, Anthyllis vulneraria} and {\it Hieracium} sp. {\it Onobrychis viciifolia} occurs at the southern end of the common. {\it Carlina vulgaris} was recorded from the quarried area just to the north of the large quarry, and {\it Blackstonia perfoliata} was recorded at low frequency. {\it Stachys officinale, Genista tinctoria, Cephalanthera damasonium, Campanula glomerata, Gentianella amarella} and {\it Neottia nidus-avis} have been recorded since 1987. In the ranker areas {\it Dactylis glomerata, Heracleum sphondylium, Chamerion angustifolium, Cirsium arvense} and {\it Eupatorium cannabinum} occur. {\it Lathyrus latifolius}, probably a garden escape, also occurs on the common. Scrub species include {\it Sorbus aria, Acer pseudoplatanus, Betula pendula, Fraxinus excelsior, Clematis vitalba, Crataegus monogyna, Prunus spinosa} and {\it Rosa} sp. 

Along the north-eastern side of the common is an area of young developing {\it Betula pendula} woodland. Other occasional species in the canopy include {\it Quercus robur, Acer pseudoplatanus, Fagus sylvatica} and {\it Larix decidua}. The understorey consists of {\it Betula pendula, Corylus avellana, Clematis vitalba} and {\it Crataegus monogyna}. Groundflora species recorded were {\it Arrhenatherum elatius, Listera ovata, Dactylorhiza fuchsii, Dactylis glomerata, Sanicula europaea, Hedera helix, Eupatorium cannabinum} and {\it Ranunculus repens}.

{\it Heracleum sphondylium, Urtica dioica, Fraxinus excelsior, Acer pseudoplatanus, Rubus fruticosus} agg. and {\it Salix capraea} were recorded from the quarry.

MANAGE:
The common is currently largely unmanaged. There were a few horses (probably belonging to the travellers) grazing at the southern end. In the past there has been some scrub removal from around the edge of the woodland block. This area probably poses the greatest threat of scrub encroachment. English Nature had hoped to fence the common to reintroduce grazing but this idea was opposed. Without grazing this grassland will surely lose diversity.


FAUNA:
Magpie and the butterflies meadow brown, marbled white and small skipper were recorded during the site visit. 21 species of butterfly have been recorded from the common since 1984 including small blue, brown argus and Duke of Burgundy fritillary (Gloucestershire Butterfly Conservation Society records).

VEG:
Huddinknoll Hill is a narrow strip of land on a gentle east-facing slope in the western cotswolds. There is an old quarry at the centre of the common. The vegetation is unimproved calcareous grassland with patches of tall ruderal species and semi-natural broadleaved woodland and encroaching scrub.

Species recorded form the grassland include {\it Bromopsis erecta, Dactylis glomerata, Leucanthemum vulgare, Heracleum sphondylium, Lotus corniculatus, Briza media, Helianthemum nummularium, Centaurea scabiosa, Origanum vulgare, Galium verum, Anacamptis pyramidalis, Leontodon hispidus, Rhinanthus minor} and {\it Achillea millefolium}. Species recorded at low frequency include {\it Pimpinella saxifraga, Plantago media, Cirsium acaule, Sanguisorba minor, Scabiosa columbaria, Anthyllis vulneraria} and {\it Primula veris}. The introduced {\it Geranium endressi} was recorded at the northern end of the common. Quite large patches of {\it Chamerion angustifolium} occur in the sward and there are frequent {\it Fraxinus excelsior} saplings towards the northern end. {\it Pteridium aquilinum} is locally frequent and {\it Sorbus aria, Betula pendula, Acer pseudoplatanus} and {\it Rubus fruticosus} agg. are scattered throughout. 

The woodland canopy is predominantly of {\it Fraxinus excelsior} with {\it Fagus sylvatica} frequent at the northern end and occasional {\it Acer pseudoplatanus}. Understorey species recorded were {\it Crataegus monogyna, Prunus spinosa, Clematis vitalba, Ilex aquifolium, Ribes uva-crispa} and {\it Rubus fruticosus} agg. The groundflora consists of {\it Geum urbanum, Geranium robertianum, Dactylorhiza fuchsii, Phyllitis scolopendrium, Urtica dioica} and {\it Hedera helix}. There is some beech litter in the woodland from an area of {\it Fagus sylvatica} woodland adjacent to the common.

The tall ruderal species {\it Chamerion angustifolium, Heracleum sphondylium, Urtica dioica, Anthriscus sylvestris} and {\it Eupatorium cannabinum} occur amongst scattered scrub at the southern end of the common and in parts of the woodland area. {\it Reynoutria japonica} and {\it Aegopodium podagraria} also occur at the southern end of the common. 

The presence of a number of ornamental species on the common indicates that there has been some dumping of garden rubbish in the past.

MANAGE:
The common has not been grazed for many years and the grassland is becoming rank and invaded with tall ruderal species and scrub. A large proportion of what was probably originally species-rich calcareous grassland has already been lost. The only management evident was cutting back of the road verges and a small area of unimproved calcareous grassland at the southern end of the common had also been recently cut. Unless some action is taken soon the common will quickly become completely scrubbed over. Several passing places have been cut into the common along the road edge.


FAUNA:
Meadow brown and small tortoiseshell butterflies were noted during the site visit.

VEG:
Cockshoot Common lies at the edge of Blackstable Wood NNR on a west to north-west facing slope above the Painswick Valley. 

The majority of the vegetation consists of semi-natural broadleaved woodland. The canopy consists of {\it Fagus sylvatica} with occasional {\it Quercus robur, Larix decidua, Sorbus aria} and {\it Fraxinus excelsior} and locally frequent {\it Betula pendula}. There is frequent regeneration of {\it Fraxinus excelsior} and some {\it Fagus sylvatica, Quercus robur} and {\it Acer pseudoplatanus} in the understorey. Other species recorded in the understorey include {\it Ligustrum vulgare, Corylus avellana, Acer campestre, Sambucus nigra} and {\it Ilex aquifolium}. The groundflora is sparse. Species recorded include {\it Geum urbanum, Sanicula europaea} and {\it Galium odoratum}.

There is a small area of rank species-poor calcareous grassland with {\it Arrhenatherum elatius, Bromopsis erecta, Dactylis glomerata, Heracleum sphondylium, Chamerion angustifolium, Origanum vulgare, Centaurea scabiosa} and {\it Brachypodium pinnatum}. The area is probably unimproved, the low species diversity being due to the grassland not having been managed for a number of years. The area is scattered with {\it Clematis vitalba, Corylus avellana, Quercus robur, Fraxinus excelsior, Rubus fruticosus} agg. and {\it Acer campestre}. 

A similar small area of rank calcareous grassland occurs at (1) with the additional species {\it Acer pseudoplatanus, Sanguisorba minor, Galium verum, Urtica dioica} and {\it Geranium pratense}.

MANAGE:
The woodland is healthy with plenty of regeneration but it is encroaching on the remaining grassland area which was probably much larger in the past. A strip had been recently cleared through the woodland under power cables. Scattered scrub is frequent through the grassland areas which are rank and ungrazed. With management of the calcareous grassland a richer sward would probably develop as there are a number of calcareous grassland species persisting. The area of grassland to the north of the track is kept closely mown. The diversity of habitat is probably of benefit to the fauna and should be maintained. 

There is some dumping of garden waste on the common which could introduce alien species. {\it Aegopodium podagraria} was frequent in one such area.


VEG:
The common lies on the spur of a hill adjoining Selsley common and has a generally western aspect. Notes on the common were made from the adjacent footpaths with no access to the common itself. The majority of the vegetation is semi-improved neutral grassland with {\it Dactylis glomerata, Holcus lanatus, Trifolium repens, Lolium perenne, Cynosurus cristatus, Lotus corniculatus, Galium verum} and scattered {\it Rumex crispus, Urtica dioica, Cirsium vulgare} and {\it C. arvense} and scattered scrub of {\it Crataegus monogyna} and {\it Rubus fruticosus} agg. 

There is a small area of {\it Fagus sylvatica} and {\it Acer pseudoplatanus} woodland with an understorey of {\it Fagus sylvatica, Sambucus nigra, Fraxinus exelsior} and {\it Crataegus monogyna} and the groundflora species {\it Hedera helix, Geranium robertianum, Geum urbanum} and {\it Urtica dioica}. Planted {\it Fagus sylvatica} trees mark the boundary with Selsley common. Tall species-poor hedgerows with trees consisting of {\it Crataegus monogyna, Sambucus nigra, Acer pseudoplatanus, Quercus robur, Fraxinus excelsior} and cultivars of {\it Populus} and {\it Tilia} form the other boundaries.

MANAGE:
The common was well grazed at the time of the site visit although grazing has possibly been irregular allowing some scrub encroachment. Although there was no stock on the site when visited, there evidently had been recently which is outside the period specified for grazing on the register (1st August-14th November). The presence of {\it Urtica dioica, Cirsium vulgare, C. arvense} and {\it Rumex crispus} is further evidence of the improvement of this area with fertilisers and possibly of overgrazing.


FAUNA:
Buzzard and the butterflies marbled white and small skipper were recorded during the site visit. The butterflies small white, small tortoiseshell and Duke of Burgundy fritillary have been recorded during the last three years (Gloucestershire Butterfly Conservation Society records).

VEG:
This common forms a north-westerly extension to CL151 on a north-east facing slope. The majority of the vegetation consists of semi-natural broadleaved woodland and scrub with tall ruderal vegetation. A smaller proportion consists of unimproved calcareous grassland.

The woodland canopy consists predominantly of {\it Fraxinus excelsior} with {\it Fagus sylvatica} and {\it Acer pseudoplatanus}. The understorey consists of {\it Salix capraea, Acer campestre, Rubus fruticosus} agg. {\it Prunus} sp. and {\it P. spinosa} and the groundflora of {\it Galium aparine, Chamerion angustifolium, Urtica dioica} and {\it Symphytum officinale}. 
Scattered scrub species include {\it Fraxinus excelsior, Sambucus nigra, Crataegus monogyna} and {\it Rubus fruticosus} agg. with the tall ruderal species {\it Urtica dioica} and {\it Cirsium arvense}.

Species recorded from the grassland were {\it Arrhenatherum elatius, Holcus lanatus, Dactylis glomerata, Heracleum sphondylium, Centaurea scabiosa, Galium verum, Tragopogon pratense, Dactylorhiza fuchsii, Anacamptis pyramidalis, Trifolium pratense, Pimpinella saxifraga, Trisetum flavescens} and {\it Briza media}. {\it Onobrychis viciifolia} was also recorded at low frequency. Along the verge adjoining the minor road were {\it Rumex obtusifolius, Cirsium vulgare, Vicia cracca, Carduus nutans, Lolium perenne, Leucanthemum vulgare} and {\it Sonchus} sp. A small area adjacent to the B4073 had been burnt with regrowth of {\it Brachypodium pinnatum} and {\it Arrhenatherum elatius}. A number of {\it Fraxinus excelsior} saplings had been destroyed by the fire.

The naturalised species {\it Geranium endressi} has been recorded from the common which was confirmed during the site visit. It occurs in the part of the common which is on the Gloucestershire Wildlife Trust Roadside Verge Register.

MANAGE:
The common appears unmamaged except for the road verges which are kept mown by the local council. The grassland area is suffering from scrub encroachment. Further loss of species diversity from the grassland as the sward becomes more rank will probably occur if it is left unmanaged. It is not practicable to graze the common due to the close proximity of a busy road.


FAUNA:
No fauna was recorded during the site visit. Bullfinch, moorhen, linnet and blue tit were recorded during the 1981 Gloucestershire Wildlife Trust Commons survey.

VEG:
A low-lying common at the foot of the western scarp of the cotswolds. The vegetation consists of semi-improved neutral grassland of {\it Lolium perenne, Dactylis glomerata, Ranunculus repens, Festuca rubra, Agrostis capillaris, Trifolium repens} and occasional {\it Cirsium arvense, Urtica dioica, Carex hirta, Deschampsia cepitosa, Leucanthemum vulgare, Hordeum secalinum} and {\it Juncus effusus}. The common had recently been cut for hay so it was difficult to assess. 

The northern edge is bordered by a defunct hedgerow with frequent {\it Ulmus} sp. (several dying and dead) opening to a recreation area. Species-poor hedgerows with trees occur on the eastern and western edges with {\it Crataegus monogyna, Salix alba, Ulmus procera, Prunus spinosa, Fraxinus excelsior, Acer campestre} and {\it Quercus robur}.

MANAGE:
The common had recently been cut (apparently for hay) and the cuttings left to dry in places. It was being grazed by sheep. The verge east of Winnycroft Lane has a coarser sward, probably being cut infrequently for highway maintenance.


FAUNA:
Wren and a marbled white butterfly were recorded during the site visit. The butterflies large and dingy skippers, large white, green hairstreak, small blue, brown argus, common blue, painted lady, speckled wood, meadow brown and ringlet have also been recorded from the common since 1988 (Gloucestershire Butterfly Conservation Society records). A slow worm was recorded during the 1982 Gloucestershire Wildlife Trust Commons survey.

VEG:
Bunting Hill Common is situated on a steep south-facing slope in the Cotswolds on the side of the valley of the Miry Brook. The common consists of semi-natural broadleaved woodland with areas of scrub and unimproved calcareous grassland with scattered scrub and tall ruderals. The woodland canopy consists of {\it Fraxinus excelsior} and locally {\it Prunus avium} with an understorey of {\it Clematis vitalba, Taxus baccata, Corylus avellana, Crataegus monogyna, Cornus sanguinea, Ulmus glabra, Ligustrum vulgare, Symphoricarpos albus, Rubus fruticosus} agg. and {\it Acer pseudoplatanus}. Groundflora species recorded include {\it Hedera helix, Urtica dioica, Festuca gigantea, Mellica uniflora, Geranium robertianum, Anthriscus sylvestris, Mercurialis perennis, Arum maculatum, Carex pendula, Allium ursinum, Bromopsis ramosa, Dryopteris felix-mas, Phyllitis scolopendrium, Aegopodium podagraria, Rumex sanguinea, Galium aparine} and {\it Geum urbanum}. Where the canopy opens out scrub of {\it Prunus spinosa, Sambucus nigra} and {\it Rubus fruticosus} agg. occurs with dense {\it Urtica dioica} and {\it Galium aparine}. There is one mature specimen of {\it Fagus sylvatica}. {\it Helleborus foetidus} was recorded from the common during the 1982 Gloucestershire Wildlife Trust (GWT) Commons survey.

The grassland consists of frequent {\it Arrhenatherum elatius, Bromopsis erecta} and {\it Brachypodium pinnatum} with very occasional {\it Knautia arvensis, Lathyrus latifolia, Galium mollugo, Papaver rhoeas, Centaurea scabiosa, Cirsium vulgare, Origanum vulgare, Verbascum nigrum} and {\it Allium roseum?}. {\it Quercus robur, Acer pseudoplatanus, Crataegus monogyna} and {\it Prunus spinosa} scrub is scattered throughout and the tall ruderal species {\it Centranthus ruber} and {\it Sonchus} spp. are locally frequent. {\it Carlina vulgaris, Sanguisorba minor, Helianthemum nummularium} and {\it Allium vineale} were also recorded from the grassland during the 1982 GWT commons survey.

A small area along the road at the eastern end is being gardened.

MANAGE:
The common is largely unmanaged and the area of grassland will soon be lost to scrub invasion if left so. There has been some maintenance work on the footpath (relaying and clearing).


FAUNA:
The butterflies marbled white, small skipper and small tortoiseshell were recorded during the site visit. A total of 25 species of butterfly have been recorded from the common since 1984 including small and chalkhill blues, brown argus and dark green and Duke of Burgundy fritillaries. The latter (a nationally scarce species) has not been recorded from the common since 1984. The SSSI originally qualified for designation due to the recorded assemblage of 29 species of butterfly. 17 species of mollusc have been recorded from the reserve including the nationally scarce {\it Abide secale}. Other nationally scarce species recorded from the common include Dew moth and rufous grasshopper.

VEG:
Swift's Hill is situated on a spur overlooking the Slad valley with steep east and south-facing slopes. There has been some quarrying at the northern end of the common in the past. This is a classic geological locality exposing a sequence of Middle Jurassic strata representing much of the local Inferior Oolite succession. The sequence includes the most complete remaining section of the Middle Inferior Oolite in the area.

The vegetation consists of unimproved calcareous grassland of {\it Bromopsis erecta, Brachypodium pinnatum, Sanguisorba minor, Carex flacca, Leucanthemum vulgare, Cirsium acaule, Pilosella officinarum, Anthyllis vulneraria, Leontodon hispidus, Linum catharticum, Lotus corniculatus, Picris hieraciodes, Briza media, Galium verum, Campanula rotundifolia, Primula veris, Centaurea scabiosa, Hieracium} sp. and {\it Carlina vulgaris}. {\it Echium vulgare} was recorded in the quarry area. The nationally scarce* {\it Herminium monorchis} occurs on the common and the nationally rare** {\it Himantoglossum hircinum} appeared on the common in 1986-87. The latter is assumed to have been transient and now extinct from the common.

The hill top supports semi-improved calcareous grassland with {\it Bromopsis erecta} and {\it Brachypodium pinnatum} but lacking many of the associated species.

Scattered scrub occurs across the common consisting of {\it Crataegus monogyna, Sorbus aria, Fraxinus excelsior, Corylus avellana, Clematis vitalba, Rosa} sp., {\it Rubus fruticosus} agg. and locally {\it Acer pseudoplatanus}. A line of {\it Fagus sylvatica} forms the southern boundary and {\it Quercus robur} and {\it Corylus avellana} are spreading up the slope from the adjoining area of scrub.

*Nationally scarce species are only known to occur in between 16 and 100 10km squares in Britain (Steuart, A, Pearman, D.A., and Preston, C.D., (1994) "Scarce plants in Britain", JNCC).

**Nationally rare species are those only known to occur in 15 or fewer 10km squares in Britain.

MANAGE:
The common was being grazed by cattle at the time of the site visit. They had apparently not been on the common long. There were a lot of grasses in flower but with a fairly fine sward beneath. The cattle are reported to lie in the relatively level area on top of the hill which currently supports a semi-improved calcareous grassland. The area is probably also favoured for picnicking and provides a good vantage point. Such a concentration of activity is probably sufficient to have altered the sward here in favour of species more resistant to trampling etc. Scrub encroachment on the common is a problem and there has been some scrub removal in the vicinity of the quarry which has left a bare scar. There was a lot of erosion around the quarry, down to bare chalk in places, apparently caused by mountain biking or scrambling bikes. This is evidently damaging the reserve and should be prevented or restricted.


FAUNA:
No fauna was recorded specifically from this common. Please see under CL136 for the fauna associated with Stinchcombe Hill.

VEG:
This common forms additional parts of the larger area of CL136. A large proportion lies within the Stinchcombe Hill SSSI. The majority of the vegetation is rank unimproved calcareous grassland as described under the entry for CL136. Two tees are located on this common which support improved grassland. The remainder consists of a narrow strip of land along which a public footpath runs with scattered {\it Fraxinus excelsior} trees and {\it Rubus fruticosus} agg. and tall herb species {\it Urtica dioica} and {\it Chamerion angustifolium}.

MANAGE:
The common is largely unmanaged except for the tees which are regularly mown. The unimproved calcareous grassland areas may become more rank and lose diversity if left unmanaged.


FAUNA:
Bullfinch, pheasant, jay, blackbird, rabbit, the butterflies gatekeeper, painted lady, meadow brown, speckled wood and small tortoiseshell and wood ant were recorded during the site visit.

VEG:
May Hill common lies on the northern slopes of May Hill in Herefordshire. The vegetation is predominantly of continuous bracken with scattered scrub of {\it Rubus fruticosus} agg., {\it Betula pendula} and occasional {\it Crataegus monogyna, Quercus robur, Larix decidua, Salix capraea, Sorbus aucuparia} and {\it Ulex europaeus}. There is dense litter beneath the bracken with occasional {\it Chamerion angustifolium, Hyacinthoides non-scripta} and {\it Digitalis purpurea}. There is an area of continuous scrub along the eastern edge of the common.

In places unimproved acid grassland persists with {\it Festuca ovina, Agrostis capillaris, Leontodon autumnalis, Achillea millefolium, Galium saxatile, Anthoxanthum odoratum, Danthonia decumbens, Potentilla erecta, Plantago major, Rumex acetosella} and very occasionally {\it Centaurium erythraea, Campanula rotundifolia, Conopodium majus, Lathyrus pratensis, Ranunculus repens, Holcus lanatus, Prunella vulgaris, Vaccinium myrtillus, Luzula} sp. and {\it Leontodon saxatilis}. At the western end of the common the grassland is locally damp with {\it Ranunculus flammula, Lotus corniculatus, L. pedunculatus, Carex ovalis, Agrostis canina, Carex nigra?, Juncus conglomeratus} and {\it J. acutiflorus}.

MANAGE:
The common appears largely unmanaged. A small area of bracken had been cleared from surviving grassland at the southern end of the common and was being grazed by horses. Little vegetation remains beneath the bracken and clearance of the bracken would probably be futile except perhaps to extend existing areas of grassland. The area of continuous scrub should be allowed to develop - this was where the wood ants were found. The grassland in parts is heavily trampled with {\it Plantago major} occurring. If possible the grassland at the western end which supports quite a diversity of species should be maintained.


FAUNA:
Pheasant, wood warbler, chiffchaff, buzzard, wood pigeon, magpie, tree creeper, robin, chaffinch, blackbird, rabbit, grey squirrel and peacock butterfly were recorded from the woodland (04.06.96) and skylark and the butterflies marbled white, meadow brown, small skipper, speckled wood and small tortoiseshell were recorded from the grassland area (15.07.96) during this survey. 

The woodlands of the SSSI which include CL12 have a rich snail fauna including the nationally scarce {\it Acicula fusca, Phenacolimax major, Abide secale, Macrogastra rolphii} and {\it Helix pomatia} (the latter is also listed on Appendix III of the Bern Convention) and the red data book species {\it Ena montana}. Other notable molluscs on the invertebrate site register for Cranham Wood (1982) include {\it Leiostyla anglica} and {\it Zenobiella subrufescens}. 

Nationally scarce invertebrates recorded from the SSSI include the butterfly Duke of Burgundy fritillary, the grasshopper {\it Gomphocerripus rufus} (recorded from Cranham common) and the Diptera {\it Allodia silvatica, Clinocera wesmaelii} and the red data book species {\it Exechiopsis magnicauda}. Additional butterflies recorded from the SSSI woodlands include the silver-washed fritillary, white admiral and white-letter hairstreak. The butterflies Duke of Burgundy fritillary, small blue, dingy skipper, brown argus, small heath and large white and the latticed heath moth were recorded from Cranham Common in 1988. Other records from the species rich grasslands of the SSSI include chalkhill blue and green hairstreak. Large skipper, clouded yellow, brimstone, small and green veined whites, orange tip, purple hairstreak, small copper, common and holly blues, red admiral, painted lady, peacock, comma, pearl-bordered, marsh and dark green fritillaries, gatekeeper and ringlet have also been recorded from the common in recent years.

Breeding birds in the woodlands of the SSSI include tawny owl, sparrowhawk, green woodpecker, and woodwarbler with brambling visiting in winter. Tree and meadow pipits breed on the grasslands of the SSSI (8 breeding pairs of meadow pipit were recorded from Cranham Common, North Cotswold Bird Report, 1985). Badgers and fallow deer occur in the woodlands.

VEG:
CL12 straddles the valley of Painswick Stream and incorporates a number of steep-sided subsidiary valleys which drain into it. To the north east, the topography levels out at the top of a hill. The common forms part of the Cotswolds Commons and Beechwoods SSSI. 

The majority of the common consists of ancient beechwoods. The canopy is mainly {\it Fagus sylvatica} with occasional {\it Fraxinus excelsior, Quercus robur} and {\it Acer pseudoplatanus} becoming more frequent in places. Understorey species include {\it Taxus baccata, Ilex aquifolium, Fraxinus excelsior, Fagus sylvatica, Corylus avellana, Ulmus glabra, Clematis vitalba, Sorbus aria, Crataegus monogyna, Lonicera periclymenum, Rubus idaeus, Rosa} sp. and occasionally {\it Viburnum opulus} and {\it Acer campestre}. The ground flora is very diverse including {\it Galium odoratum, Hedera helix, Fragaria vesca, Geranium robertianum, Circaea lutetiana, Arum maculatum, Euphorbia amygdaloides, Rumex sanguinea, Mercurialis perennis, Lamiastrum galeobdolon, Ranunculus auricomus, Eupatorium cannabinum, Carex sylvatica, Sanicula europaea, Anemone nemorosa, Brachypodium sylvaticum, Allium ursinum, Hyacinthoides non-scripta, Daphne laureola, Millium effusum, Melica uniflora, Deschampsia cespitosa, Bromopsis ramosa, Viola} spp. and {\it Rubus fruticosus} agg. {\it Epipactis helleborine, Carex pendula} and {\it Platanthera} sp. are scattered throughout and the nationally scarce* species {\it Epipactis leptochila, Carex digitata, Gymnocarpium robertianum and Hordelymus europaeus} also occur. Other nationally scarce species recorded from the SSSI woodlands although not necessarily from this common include {\it Helleborus foetidus, Tilia platyphyllos, Polygonatum odoratum, Daphne mezereum} and the nationally rare species** {\it Cephalanthera rubra}. Local species include {\it Helleborus viridis, Pyrola minor, Neottia nidus-avis} and {\it Gagea lutea}.

The woodland of the flatter hilltop area is slightly damper with more {\it Fraxinus excelsior} and some {\it Acer pseudoplatanus} in the canopy. {\it Salix capraea} occurs in the understorey and the groundflora consists of {\it Hedera helix, Lamiastrum galeobdolon, Dryopteris felix-mas, D. dilatata, Sanicula europaea, Deschampsia cespitosa, Oxalis acetosella, Hyacinthoides non-scripta, Galium odoratum, Geum urbanum, Lysimachia nemorum, Urtica dioica} and {\it Viola hirta} with the bryophytes {\it Brachythecium rutabulum, Eurynchium praelongum, Thuidium tamariscinum} and {\it Mnium hornum}.
{\it Alnus glutinosa} and {\it Fraxinus excelsior} woodland occurs along the Painswick stream valley. The understorey here includes {\it Fraxinus excelsior, Salix cinerea, S. capraea, Sambucus nigra, Corylus avellana, Alnus glutinosa} and {\it Ribes nigrum}. Groundflora species include {\it Mercurialis perennis, Ranunculus repens, Chamerion angustifolium, Urtica dioica, Carex pendula, C. remota, C. strigosa, C. sylvatica, Juncus effusus, J. inflexus, Adoxa moschatellina, Athyrium felix-femina, Dryopteris affinis, Chrysosplenium oppositifolium, Galium palustre, G. odoratum, Circaea lutetiana, Geranium robertianum, Deschampsia cespitosa, Oxalis acetosella} and {\it Paris quadrifolia}. There is quite a rich bryophyte flora with {\it Mnium hornum, Dicranum majus, Thuidium tamariscinum, Eurynchium praelongum, Atrichum undulatum} and {\it Polytrichum} sp.

There are a few grassy glades in the woodland. The one in the west is of fairly coarse semi-improved neutral grassland of {\it Dactylis glomerata, Deschampsia cespitosa, Ranunculus repens, Heracleum sphondylium, Cirsium arvense, Potentilla anserina, Plantago lanceolata, Rumex sanguinea, Angelica sylvestris} and {\it Mentha aquatica} with scattered scrub of {\it Fraxinus excelsior, Viburnum lantana} and {\it Rosa} sp. The one at the southern end of the woodland is of unimproved neutral grassland with {\it Primula veris, Cruciata laevipes, Brachypodium sylvaticum, Viola hirta, Centaurea nigra, Ajuga reptans, Potentilla anserina, Veronica chamaedrys, Trifolium pratense, Prunella vulgaris, Dactylis glomerata, Carex flacca, Lotus corniculatus, Hypericum perforatum, Vicia cracca} and frequent {\it Dactylorhiza fuchsii}. {\it Pteridium aquilinum} is encroaching with {\it Allium ursinum} and {\it Hyacinthoides non-scripta} beneath.

South of Cranham village is an area of unimproved calcareous grassland. This was visited later in the year than the woodland on 15.07.96. An NVC survey was carried out in 1991 for the Cotswold Grassland Inventory. The most frequent community was found to be CG5a {\it Bromus erectus-Brachypodium pinnatum} grassland {\it Hieracium} spp. sub community with some CG4 {\it Brachypodium pinnatum} grassland. Species recorded include {\it Helictotrichon pratense, Festuca ovina, Carex flacca, Cirsium acaule, Helianthemum nummularium, Leontodon hispidus, Lotus corniculatus, Primula veris, Sanguisorba minor, Anacamptis pyramidalis, Dactylorhiza fuchsii, Briza media, Galium verum, Rhinanthus minor, Bromopsis erecta, Brachypodium pinnatum} and {\it Centaurea nigra}. There is a small area similar to CG2 {\it Festuca ovina-Avenula pratensis} grassland on steep slopes in the south-west corner with frequent {\it Polygala calcarea} and {\it Hippocrepis comosa}. North east of the village the community was classified as CG3 {\it Bromus erectus} grassland. {\it Ophrys insectivera} and {\it Platanthera bifolia} occur on the common. Bryophytes recorded from the grassland include {\it Camptothecium lutescens, C. sericeum, Campylium chrysophyllum, Ctenidium molluscum, Fissidens cristatus, F. bryoides, Neckera crispa, Eurynchium pumilum, Trichostomum crispulum, Weissia controversa, W. microstoma} and {\it Dicranum bonjeanii} (British Bryological Society visit, 09.04.88). Scrub of {\it Quercus robur, Crataegus monogyna, Prunus spinosa, Corylus avellana} and {\it Ulex europaeus} is scattered through the grassland.

There are two small areas of woodland south of the village; a fragment of {\it Fagus sylvatica} woodland to the south east and a fragment of {\it Quercus robur} woodland in the west. Both areas are encroaching on the grassland.

Near the village are a few areas of mown semi-improved neutral grassland, dense scrub and tall ruderal vegetation.

*Nationally scarce species are only known to occur in between 16 and 100 10km squares in Britain (Steuart, A, Pearman, D.A., and Preston, C.D., (1994) "Scarce plants in Britain", JNCC).

**Nationally rare species are those only known to occur in 15 or fewer 10km squares in Britain.

MANAGE:
The woodland is being actively managed and has a varying age structure throughout from young pole stage to mature forest. Recent felling work was taking place north-west of Ladlecombe and also in the Painswick Stream valley. Some areas are managed as {\it Fagus sylvatica} coppice with some mature old coppice trees in the woodland. There are also a few areas of {\it Corylus avellana} coppice. The clearing of unimproved neutral grassland at the southern end of Cranham wood is becoming encroached with bracken. This area is probably of great value to invertebrates and should be retained with control of the bracken.

Grazing was being reintroduced to Cranham Common in 1991 with sheep being folded by means of electric fencing. Experiments were being carried out with invisible fencing. In 1994 two Welsh Black cattle were added to the flock of sheep to graze down the ranker grasses. The grassland was in fairly good condition although with scrub encroachment in places. Some scrub had been cleared bordering the area of {\it Quercus robur} woodland in the west. There had been some damage to the northern part of grassland through woodland management activities.

It is unclear whether any rights are still practiced on this common.


FAUNA:
Sparrowhawk flew over during the site visit. The butterflies small and large skippers, holly blue, small tortoiseshell, marbled white, meadow brown and ringlet have been recorded from the common in recent years.

VEG:
A low-lying level common in the Severn Valley comprising a number of interlinked roadside verges. 

The majority of the vegetation consists of coarse grassland with scattered scrub forming a mosaic with tall ruderal vegetation over most of the area. Grassland species include {\it Arrhenatherum elatius, Convolvulus arvensis, Centaurea nigra, Agrimonia eupatoria, Heracleum sphondylium, Achillea millefolium, Cirsium arvense, Rumex obtusifolius, R. crispus, Potentilla reptans, Armoracia rusticana, Elytrigia repens} and {\it Anthriscus sylvestris}. Tall ruderal species include {\it Urtica dioica, Chamerion angustifolium, Dipsacus fullonum, Artemisia vulgaris} and {\it Tripleurospermum inodorum}. The scattered scrub consisits of {\it Prunus spinosa, Crataegus monogyna, Rubus fruticosus} agg. with occasional {\it Ulmus procera} and {\it Fraxinus excelsior}.
A large proportion of the remaining vegetation is dense mixed scrub predominantly of {\it Prunus spinosa} and {\it Crataegus monogyna} with occasional {\it Fraxinus excelsior} and locally {\it Symphoricarpos albus}. 

At the southern end of the common there are small areas of unimproved neutral grassland and marshy grassland. The unimproved neutral grassland species include frequent {\it Lolium perenne, Leontodon autumnalis, Crepis capillaris, Achillea millefolium} and {\it Festuca rubra} with occasional {\it Lotus corniculatus, Centaurea nigra, Trifolium pratense, Ononis repens, Galium verum, Daucus carota, Festuca rubra, Agrimonia eupatoria} and {\it Dactylis glomerata}. The marshy grassland is dominated by {\it Juncus inflexus} with {\it Rumex conglomeratus, Urtica dioica, Deschampsia cespitosa, Rubus fruticosus} agg. and {\it Carex otrubae}. There is also a pond at this end of the common which was dried up at the time of the site visit with {\it Typha latifolia} and a few trees of {\it Salix fragilis}. 

At the extreme northern end and isolated from the rest of the common is a tiny fragment of {\it Fraxinus excelsior} woodland of mature trees with a groundflora of predominantly {\it Urtica dioica}.

MANAGE:
The whole area is suffering from neglect/abandonment. A lot of the site has scrubbed over and much of the remainder is becoming encroached with scrub. Some areas have been disturbed (cars park on parts) as reflected by the ruderal content of the swards. A few areas in the south (outside properties and along the road verges) are mown regularly and here the grassland is species rich. Repeated mowing may be deleterious to the sward, but at present these areas are faring better than the rest of the common. It is certainly impratical to graze this common with free roaming animals being situated on a main road. There is a large manure heap at the exteme southern end of the common and there is also some dumping of garden waste.


FAUNA:
A raven was heard during the site visit. During the 1980 Gloucestershire Commons survey stock dove, goldcrest, wren, blackbird, robin, green and great spotted woodpeckers, chaffinch, mistle thrush, black cap, jackdaw, long-tailed tit and great tit were recorded.

VEG:
The common is situated on a hillside above the Wye valley adjoining a Forestry Commission plantation. The southern edge runs along the bottom of a steep sided valley. 

The vegetation is semi-natural broadleaved woodland with a canopy of {\it Fagus sylvatica} and {\it Fraxinus excelsior} with {\it Quercus robur, Sorbus aria, Tilia cordata} and {\it Betula pendula} in places. {\it Alnus glutinosa} occurs along the southern edge and there are a few {\it Picea} sp. in the west. Understorey species include {\it Prunus spinosa, Crataegus monogyna, Ilex aquifolium, Taxus baccata, Fagus sylvatica, Fraxinus excelsior, Cornus sanguinea, Ulmus glabra, Acer campestre, Sambucus nigra, Clematis vitalba, Rosa} sp. {\it Rubus fruticosus} agg. and {\it Corylus avellana} coppice. Along the southern edge of the common the groundflora consists of a carpet of {\it Allium ursinum} with {\it Mercurialis perennis, Lamiastrum galeobdolon, Chrysosplenium oppositifolium, Dryopteris dilatata} and {\it Lathraea squamaria}. Elsewhere the groundflora with is sparse with {\it Dryopteris felix-mas, D. dilatata, Phyllitis scolopendrium, Arum maculatum} and much beech litter. A full survey was carried out in 1980 and the following additional species were recorded in the groundflora: {\it Moehringia trinervia, Silene vulgaris, Hyacinthoides non-scripta, Conopodium majus, Circaea lutetiana, Oxalis acetosella, Ranunculus ficaria, Geum urbanum, Potentilla sterilis, Sanicula europaea} and {\it Veronica montana}. Of particular note were {\it Paris quadrifolia} recorded from the south-east corner {\it Adoxa moschatalina, Campanula latifolia} and the nationally scarce* {\it Cardamine impatiens}. 

*Nationally scarce species are only known to occur in between 16 and 100 10km squares in Britain (Steuart, A, Pearman, D.A., and Preston, C.D., (1994) "Scarce plants in Britain", JNCC).

MANAGE:
The woodland appears fairly healthy with plenty of regeneration and lying deadwood. The woodland is apparently unmanaged. At the time of the 1980 survey stock were straying into the woodland and grazing the understorey. At present most of the boundaries to the woodland appear stock proof. There is no apparent seeding in from the adjacent conifer plantation at present.


FAUNA:
Buzzard was recorded during the site visit. Fauna recorded during the 1980 Gloucestershire Commons survey included blue, great and long-tailed tits, bullfinch, wren, nuthatch, goldcrest, linnet, chaffinch, chiffchaff, blackcap, blackbird, pheasant, song thrush, wood pigeon, jay, robin and dunnock.

VEG:
This common is situated near Hewelsfield in  south-west Gloucestershire. It consists of a narrow strip running north to south on a steep east-facing bank with a further section at the northern end sloping to the north. It adjoins a Forestry Commision area to the north which in 1980 had been cleared and planted with {\it Fagus sylvatica} and {\it Pinus} sp. 

The area consists of semi-natural broadleaved woodland with the following canopy species {\it Fraxinus excelsior, Ulmus glabra} and {\it Quercus robur} with a significant component of {\it Tilia cordata} and rare-occasional {\it Prunus avium} and {\it Sorbus aria}. The understorey consists of {\it Crataegus monogyna, Ilex aquifolium, Sambucus nigra, Clematis vitalba, Acer campestre, Corylus avellana} and {\it Ulmus glabra} with {\it Prunus spinosa} around the edges. Groundflora species recorded include {\it Mercurialis perennis, Urtica dioica, Hyacinthoides non-scripta, Dryopteris felix-mas, Arum maculatum, Polystichum aculeatum, Geum urbanum, Circaea lutetiana, Bromopsis ramosa, Primula vulgaris, Allium ursinum, Viola} sp. and {\it Rubus fruticosus} agg. Less frequent species include {\it Polypodium vulgare, Conopodium majus, Dryopteris dilatata, Paris quadrifolia, Anemone nemorosa, Melica uniflora} and {\it Epipactis} sp. Additional species of interest recorded in 1980 include {\it Viburnum lantana, Adoxa moschatellina, Ribes uva-crispa, Veronica montana, Moehringia trinervia, Sanicula europaea, Petasites} sp. and {\it Luzula forsteri}.

MANAGE:
This common appears unmanaged at present. There is much dead wood.


FAUNA:
Gatekeeper, meadow brown and speckled wood butterflies were recorded during the site visit. The birds kestrel, robin, mistle thrush, bullfinch, willow warbler, dunnock, green woodpecker and linnet were recorded during the 1980 Gloucestershire Commons Survey.

VEG:
Nottwood Hill common lies on a north facing hillside. The majority of the common is covered with {\it Pteridium aquilinum} and scattered {\it Betula pendula, Quercus robur, Fraxinus excelsior, Crataegus monogyna, Chamerion angustifolium, Hyacinthoides non-scripta, Digitalis purpurea, Lonicera periclymenum, Sorbus aucuparia, Ulex europaeus, Malus} sp. and {\it Rubus fruticosus} agg. Along the tracksides are relicts of heathland and  grassland species with {\it Vaccinium myrtillus, Calluna vulgaris, Centaurea nigra, Campanula rotundifolium, Potentilla erecta, Stachys officinalis, Lotus corniculatus, L. pedunculatus, Conopodium majus, Hypericum perforatum, Hypochaeris radicata, Agrostis capillaris, Anthoxanthum odoratum, Hieracium} sp., {\it Euphrasia} sp., {\it Stellaria holostea, Eurynchium praelongum, Calliergon cuspidatum, Galium saxatile, Deschampsia flexuosa, Veronica scutellata, Ranunculus repens, Trifolium repens, T. pratense, Plantago lanceolata, Teucrium scorodonia, Achillea millefolium} and {\it Arrhenatherum elatius}.

The northern end of the common consists of semi-natural broadleaved woodland of {\it Betula pendula} and {\it Quercus robur} with occasional {\it Castanea sativa}. The understorey consists of {\it Acer pseudoplatanus, Corylus avellana, Salix capraea} and {\it Ilex aquifolium} and the  groundflora; {\it Hedera helix, Pteridium aquilinum, Dryopteris felix-mas, Holcus mollis, Deschampsia cespitosa, Viola} sp. and {\it  Rubus fruticosus} agg. Frequent {\it Narcissus} sp. were recorded during the 1980 Gloucestershire Commons Survey. 

To the south-east the common is bordered by an {\it Ilex aquifolium} hedgerow and around other parts of the common by species poor hedgerows of {\it Quercus robur, Sambucus nigra, Acer pseudoplatanus, Corylus avellana, Betula pendula} and {\it Ilex aquifolium}.

MANAGE:
The common is apparently unmanaged at present appart from a few small mown areas (particularly along the tracksides) and some scrub clearance beneath power cables. It is probable that the range of species recorded from the common was much more widespread in the past and there is probably still a good chance of recovery if management could be reinstated with control of {\it Pteridium aquilinium} and some scrub removal.


FAUNA:
Goldfinch, chaffinch and the butterflies gatekeeper, ringlet, painted lady and small and marbled whites were recorded during the site visit. The butterflies small and large skipper, large, small and green-veined whites, small tortoiseshell, comma and meadow brown have been recorded from the common since 1984 (Gloucestershire Butterfly Conservation Society records). The area is designated a RAMSAR site as an important winter refuge and feeding area for large numbers of wildfowl such as Bewick's swans, wigeon, shelduck, teal, snipe, curlew, redshank, gadwall and shoveler. A red-crested pochard was recorded from the area in 1989. The area is of national and sometimes international importance for Bewick's swans. The common is an important feeding area for grey herons from a nearby heronry. Mallard and coot breed on the common. Other birds recorded from the common include sparrowhawk, kestrel, little gull, little owl, great spotted woodpecker, skylark, sand martin, meadow pipit, yellow wagtail, wheatear, lesser whitethroat, blackcap, tree sparrow, redpoll and reed bunting.

VEG:
Walmore common is a low-lying area in the Severn Vale subject to annual winter flooding. The common consists of two seperate parts. Only the northern part of the common was visited as there is no public access to the southern part. A National Vegetation Classification survey of the southern part was carried out this year for English Nature. 

The northern part consists predominantly of marshy grassland with occasional areas of unimproved neutral grassland and a small area of coarse semi-improved neutral grassland. The marshy grassland consists of {\it Juncus inflexus} and {\it Cirsium arvense} with associated species such as {\it Juncus effusus, Pulicaria dysenterica, Hydrocotyle vulgaris, Dactylorhiza praetermissa} and {\it Lychnis flos-cuculi}. The areas of unimproved neutral grassland consist of species such as {\it Lolium perenne, Holcus lanatus, Hordeum secalinum, Cynosurus cristatus, Calliergon cuspidatum, Ranunculus acris, Festuca rubra, Ranunculus repens, Prunella vulgaris, Lotus corniculatus, Trifolium pratense, Achillea millefolium, Lathyrus pratensis} and {\it Deschampsia cespitosa}. The area of coarse semi-improved neutral grassland has frequent {\it Urtica dioica} and {\it Rumex obtusifolius}.

Scattered scrub occurs in places including {\it Crataegus monogyna, Rubus fruticosus} agg. and {\it Rosa} sp. with {\it Salix cinerea} in some of the ditches.

There are a number of wet ditches on the common. Many of those around the periphery are heavily shaded and support a poor flora. The remainder support species such as {\it Glyceria fluitans, Juncus effusus, Apium nodiflorum, Oenanthe crocata, Filipendula vulgaris, Epilobium hirsutum, Carex otrubae, C. riparia, Rumex hydrolapathum, Lycopus europaeus, Iris pseudacorus, Sagittaria sagittifolia, Solanum dulcamara, Salix cinerea, Lemna} sp., {\it Polygonum} sp. and {\it Lythrum salicaria}. {\it Oenanthe fistulosa, Butomus umbellatus, Sparganium erectum, Potomogeton} spp. has also been recorded from the ditches. There is a newly dug area at the northern end of the common supporting a growth of algae.

This part of the common is surrounded with species-poor hedgerows of {\it Crataegus monogyna} and {\it Prunus spinosa} with {\it Fraxinus excelsior, Ligustrum vulgare, Quercus robur, Salix alba, Acer campestre} and {\it Rosa arvensis}.

The southern part of the common consists primarily of an inundated unimproved neutral grassland sward of {\it Agrostis stolonifera, Alopecurus geniculatus, Deschampsia cespitosa, Lolium perenne, Poa} spp., {\it Ranunculus acris, Trifolium repens, Taraxacum officinale} agg., {\it Bellis perennis, Cardamine pratensis, Carex hirta, C. nigra, Galium palustre, Juncus effusus, Oenanthe fistulosa, Potentilla anserina, Ranunculus flammula} and {\it Rumex} spp. Less frequent species of interest include {\it Carex disticha, Hydrocotyle vulgaris} and {\it Eleocharis palustris}. The northern end of this part consists of a tussocky {\it Deschampsia cespitosa} sward with frequent {\it Alopecurus pratensis, Holcus lanatus, Ranunculus} spp. and occasional {\it Cardamine pratensis, Carex hirta, Poa} spp. and {\it Rumex crispus}. Scattered {\it Crataegus monogyna} occurs in this area. Towards the eastern and southern boundaries {\it Lolium perenne} becomes more frequent with {Trifolium repens, Ranunculus repens} and occasional {\it Cirsium arvense} and {\it Urtica dioica}. 

The common is seperated from the rest of the SSSI by a drain and there are a few others on this part. The common is bordered by mixed hedgerows on the other sides.

MANAGE:
At the time of the site visit five cattle were grazing the northern part of the common and there were a number of cattle and horses grazing the southern part. The southern part was grazed down quite closely whereas the northern part appeared only lightly grazed. Despite supporting a taller sward the northern part also supported quite a rich flora. This taller sward probably provides important nesting habitat and shelter for birds with the southern part providing grazing for wintering fowl. The ditches appear to be managed on a rotational basis which is ideal allowing them to become colonised from neighbouring ditches and not allowing them to become overgrown. The scrub encroachment does not pose a serious threat at present, adding an element of diversity to the site, but should be monitored.


FAUNA:
Grey squirrel and the birds chaffinch, great tit, cuckoo, chiffchaff, blackbird, wood pigeon and  pheasant were recorded during the site visit. A buzzard was heard in the vicinity. Breeding birds of the SSSI include wood warbler, pied flycatcher, hawfinch, and great and lesser spotted woodpeckers. Additional birds recorded in  1986 were green woodpecker, blue tit, coal tit, marsh tit, tree creeper, nuthatch, wren, magpie, jay, mistle and song thrushes, blackcap, willow warbler, goldcrest, spotted flycatcher, starling, bullfinch, stock dove and robin.

VEG:
The Hudnalls consists of two separate areas of woodland situated on the steep valley sides of the River Wye and Mork Brook. The aspect of the northern part is north to north-west and of the southern part, west. The variety of rock and soil types together with a complex management history has resulted in one of the most diverse areas of semi-natural broadleaved woodlands in the Wye Valley. 

{\it Fagus sylvatica} woodland is dominant over much of the area nearest the River Wye, with ancient {\it Fagus sylvatica} coppice particularly well represented. Other canopy species include {\it Quercus robur, Q. petraea, Fraxinus excelsior, Tilia cordata} and {\it Betula pendula}. {\it Ilex aquifolium} and {\it Corylus avellana} dominate the understorey and the groundflora consists of {\it Hedera helix, Luzula sylvatica, Dryopteris felix-mas, Carex remota, Rubus fruticosus} agg. and  {\it Phyllitis scolopendrium}. {\it Festuca altissima} is found here in the most extensive stands of the Wye Valley. 

Several types of {\it Quercus robur} and {\it Q. petraea} woodland occur throughout. Associated canopy species include {\it Fraxinus excelsior, Betula pendula, Fagus sylvatica, Prunus avium} and {\it Acer pseudoplatanus}. {\it Betula pendula} is locally dominant. The understorey is mostly dominated by {\it Corylus avellana} coppice with occasional {\it Sambucus nigra, Ilex aquifolium, Sorbus aucuparia, Crataegus monogyna, Lonicera periclymenum, Taxus baccata, Ribes uva-crispa} and {\it Prunus laurocerasus}. Groundflora cover is variable. Ferns are a predominant feature throughout including {\it Dryopteris felix-mas, Phyllitis scolopendrium, Athyrium felix-femina, Dryopteris dilatata, Blechnum spicant} and {\it Asplenium adiantum-nigrum} (from the stone wall forming the southern boundary of the northern part of the common). Other species recorded include {\it Hyacinthoides non-scripta, Anemone nemorosa, Hedera helix, Conopodium majus, Holcus mollis, Polygonatum} sp., {\it Stellaria holostea, Tamus communis, Galeobdolon lamiastrum, Potentilla sterilis, Mellica uniflora, Sanicula europaea, Euphorbia amygdaloides, Lysimachia nemorum, Oxalis acetosella, Vaccinium myrtillus, Rubus fruticosus} agg. and {\it Luzula sylvatica}. {\it Pteridium aquilinum} and {\it Chamerion angustifolium} occur where the canopy is more open. In damper areas near the fast-flowing rocky streams which cross the common {\it Galium odoratum, Allium ursinum, Ranunculus repens, Ranunculus ficaria, Geum urbanum, Chrysosplenium oppositifolium, Digitalis purpurea, Circaea lutetiana} and {\it Claytonia sibirica} occur. 

{\it Quercus} sp. - {\it Tilia} sp. woodland dominates the central southern part of the common with {\it Fraxinus excelsior} and {\it Prunus avium} also present in the canopy. The sparse understorey mainly consists of {\it Ilex aquifolium} with a diverse groundflora with stands of {\it Lamiastrum galeobdolon} and {\it Festuca altissima}. Several areas of {\it Alnus glutinosa} woodland are associated with wetter stream sides.

Other plants of note on the SSSI (not neccessarily occurring on the common) include an area of regenerating {\it Carpinus betulus} in the north and {\it Frangula alnus} scattered through the site. Both species are very locallised in the Wye Valley. 

A diverse bryophyte flora has been recorded from the site. The following report for the southern part of The Hudnalls was written following the 1992 Wye Valley woodlands bryophyte survey. "{\it Isothecium myosuroides} is the characteristic species of this dry acid woodland. Some more lime-loving species occur at the stream sides indicated by the presence of {\it Phyllitis scolopendrium} and at the waterfalls towards the southern end of the wood where a good population of {\it Leiocolea turbinata} occurs on wet base-rich rock. {\it Cryphaea heteromalla} an uncommon plant with a mainly southern distribution is present here near the edge of the general range in good quantities on elders near the river". The notable {\it Plagiothecium laetum} was also recorded during the survey. A total of 38 species were recorded.

At the eastern end of the common there is a small area of continuous {\it Pteridium aquilinum} with occasional {\it Dryopteris felix-mas} and scattered scrub of {\it Betula pendula, Fraxinus excelsior, Quercus} sp. and {\it Sambucus nigra}. 

Along the western boundary is an area of semi-improved neutral grassland with {\it Dactylis glomerata, Festuca rubra, Agrostis capillaris, Anthoxanthum odoratum, Trifolium repens, Ranunculus repens, Veronica chamaedrys, Rumex acetosa, Stellaria graminea} and {\it Cerastium fontanum} with scattered {\it Pteridium aquilinum} and {\it Ulex europaeus}.

Both parts of the common are criss-crossed by numerous stone walls. Mature {\it Fagus sylvatica} occur along some of these.

MANAGE:
There was little evidence of recent management on the common although there has been extensive coppicing of {\it Corylus avellana} in places until recent years. {\it Acer pseudoplatanus} is present in at least two areas (at the extreme eastern end and along the western boundary) and should be monitored as this species can become quite invasive. The area of grassland along the western boundary is open to the adjoining fields and presumably grazed with them. {\it Pteridium aquilinum} is frequent here and will soon become dominant if grazing ceases.


FAUNA:
The butterflies painted lady and red admiral were recorded during the site visit. The butterflies brimstone, green-veined white, purple hairstreak, holly blue, red admiral, peacock, gatekeeper and meadow brown were recorded from the common in 1984 (Gloucestershire Butterfly Conservation Society records).

VEG:
Howler's Heath is situated at the southern end of the Malvern Hills on a south-facing slope. The vegetation consists predominantly of semi-improved neutral and acidic grassland. 
The semi-improved acidic grassland consists of {\it Holcus lanatus, Agrostis capillaris} and {\it Dactylis glomerata} with local {\it Achillea millefolium, Rumex acetosella, R. acetosa} and {\it Festuca ovina}. 

The semi-improved neutral grassland consists of {\it Lolium perenne, Trifolium repens, Bromus mollis} and {\it Leontodon autumnalis}. {\it Lotus corniculatus, L. pedunculatus, Trifolium pratense, Juncus articulatus} and {\it Cynosurus cristatus} occur locally.

Patches of continuous {\it Pteridium aquilinum} occur at the eastern end together with some scattered {\it Sambucus nigra, Prunus spinosa, Betula pendula} and {\it Rubus fruticosus} agg. scrub. There are also some scattered mature {\it Quercus robur} at the western end.

MANAGE:
The eastern part of the common was moderately grazed by sheep probably at a sufficient level to counter further spread of the {\it Pteridium aquilinum}. The western end was being grazed by three ponies at the time of the site visit and had possibly been previously cut for hay.


VEG:
This common is mostly amenity grassland with amenity mature trees such as {\it Tilia x europaea, Platanus acerifolia}. The pond has little wildlife interest and has some {\it Salix chrysocoma} nearby. A small area of scrub exists with {\it Coryllus avellana, Rosa canina, Ulex europaeus, Viburnum lantana, Crataegus monogyna}.


VEG:
All amenity grassland with recent planting of {\it Fraxinus excelsior, Betula} sp. and some old {\it Platanus acerifolia}.

MANAGE:
Grass mown regularly. Tree aftercare needed.


FAUNA:
Blackbird, Blue Tit, Wood warbler, Wood pigeon, Thrush.

VEG:
The triangle of land to the south of Bostall Heath has acidic grassland with such species as {\it Rumex acetosella, Deschampsia flexuosa, Hypochoeris radicata, Lolium perenne}. There some isolated mature {\it Quercus} sp. and patches of {\it Populus tremula, Ulex europaeus} with {\it Pteridium aquilinum}. The corner of this area by the W. Heath Rd. has scrub with {\it Cytisus scoparius} and {\it Ulex europaeus} and isolated {\it Quercus} sp.

The section to the east of Clam Field has {\it Quercus} sp. wood with understorey trees such as {\it Crataegus monogyna, Sambucus nigra, Betula} sp. {\it Ilex aquifolium} with substantial patches of {\it Pteridium aquilinum}. Ground flora species include {\it Rubus fruticosus, Urtica dioica, Lolium perenne, Dactylis glomerata} and other tall grasses. West of Clam Field lie parkland trees and west of this again lies amenity grassland and a triangle of buildings with garden and car park area.

The main part of Bostall Heath is {\it Quercus} sp. woodland with some {\it Betula pendula} and understorey trees such as {\it Prunus spinosa, Ilex aquifolium}. There a few {\it Larix decidua} and {\it Pinus sylvestris} specimens in the more central parts. Near the steps descending to the north {\it Ulmus} sp. scrub is found in patches. Some specimens of {\it Castanea sativa} are found to the west of the common. 

Some small acidic grass areas are found in more open locations. For example by Bostall Hill {\it Deschampsia flexuosa, Teucrium scorodonia, Hieracium perpropinquum, Pteridium aquilinum} are evident.  The 'Meeting Ground' has acid grassland with {\it Rumex acetosella}. Scrub species (e.g.{\it Betula} sp.) are invading this area.

MANAGE:
Amenity grassland is mown regularly. Walking and orienteering keeps paths open.


FAUNA:
Starlings, Sparrows, Crow, Wood pigeon, House Martin.

VEG:
The common is divided into at least 24 sections:

1	Amenity grassland with {\it Platanus acerifolia} and {\it Aesculus hippocastanum}.

2	Unmown acid grassland with species such as {\it Rumex acetosella, Plantago lanceolata, Rumex acetosa, Arrhenatherum elatius, Achillea millefolium, Lolium perenne, Aira praecox, Leontodon autumnalis, Senecio jacobaea, Alliaria petiolata, Ilex aquifolium, Acer pseudoplatanus}.

3	Amenity grassland with trees of {\it Platanus acerifolia, Quercus robur, Acer pseudoplatanus}.

4	As 3

5	Amenity grassland - only partly mown.

6	Amenity grassland

7	As 7 plus some acidic species {\it Rumex acetosella, Achillea millefolium, Plantago coronopus}. In SW corner a basin of rough grasses including {\it Ranunculus} sp., Dactylis glomerata, Rumex acetosella, Plantago lanceolata, Hordeum} sp., and scrub {\it Quercus} sp. {\it Ilex aquifolium} and trees of {\it Acer pseudoplatanus} and {\it Tilia europaeus}.

8	Amenity grassland with an attempted wildlife area in SE corner. Pond dry at the time of survey. Small patches of {\it Iris pseudocorus, Urtica dioica, Juncus effusus, Rumex acetosella, Trifolium repens, Plantago lanceolata, Alliaria petiolata, Leontodon autumnalis, Dactylis glomerata}. A clump of {\it Ulex europaeus, Cytisus scoparius} and straggly {\it Betula pendula}. A chestnut paling surrounds the area.

9	The northern and southern parts of this area are amenity grassland with a bowling green in the middle.

10	Amenity grassland. At the eastern end a pond is found with {\it Iris pseudocorus, Lemna minor, Eleocharis palustris, Menyanthes trifoliata, Mentha aquatica, Ranunculus lingua, Carex pseudocyperus}. The pond is surrounded by {\it Salix} sp. and some {\it Crataegus monogyna}.

11	12, 13,14,and 15 - Amenity grassland. 

16	Acidic grassland with island of {\it Salix} scrub. An old gravel pit area with much {\it Ulex europaeus} scrub (some burnt). Overall a mosaic of bare ground, acid grass, patches of {\it Lolium perenne}, and some trees such as {\it Quercus, Betula, Acer pseudoplatanus, Sambucus nigra}. Wetter areas have rank grasses such as {\it Dactylis glomerata, Agrostis} sp. and {\it Plantago lanceolata, Taraxacum, Cirsium} sp.,{\it Urtica dioica}.

17	Southern area - unmown acid grassland with {\it Galium saxatile, Dactylis glomerata, Taraxacum} sp. {\it Achillea millefolium, Plantago lanceolata, Lolium perenne}. The northern area is an undulating pitted area with some {\it Ulex} scrub (some burnt) {\it Crataegus monogyna} and few exotic species. Grass areas support {\it Malva sylvestris, Trifolium repens, Plantago lanceolata, Artemesia vulgaris, Hordeum} sp.
	{\it Hypochoeris radicata, Urtica dioica, Silene alba, Capsella bursa-pastoris}.

18	19,20,21,22,23 - all amenity grassland.

24	Acid grassland wit scrub on lower slopes. Areas of {\it Ulmus procera},
	{\it Betula} sp. and a line of {\it Acer pseudoplatanus} along roadside.
	
25	Folly Pond - almost dry at time of survey. Some {\it Iris pseudocorus} and {\it Juncus effusus}. Surrounded by {\it Salix chrysocoma}, amenity grassland and a few trees.

MANAGE:
Amenity grassland mown. Small areas of wildlife interest (Sites of Eco-interest - Lewisham Site Boards). Aftercare needed at ponds. Old gravel pit areas are of most interest.


FAUNA:
Seen during survey: Wood Pigeons, Coot, Canada Geese, Mallard.
Recorded: Pied Wagtail, Pochard, Shoveler, Grey Heron, Black-headed Gulls, Carrion Crows, Blue Tit, Great Tit, Wrens, Greenfinches, Thrushes and Blackbirds.
Grey squirrel.

VEG:
Due to gravel extraction, drainage, and war-time damage Clapham Common is of relatively little wildlife interest. Only recently have successful attempts been  made to revive the ecology of the common.

Most of the common is amenity grassland with amenity trees such as {\it Aesculus hippocastanum, Tilia europaeus, Platanus x acerifolia,} and one {\it Aesculus flava}. The Avenue has close-spaced trees planted parallel to it with some scrub {\it Populus} sp. {\it Platanus x acerifolia, Ulmus procera, Crataegus monogyna, Quercus} sp. in an area towards the East. There is further scrub at the west end of The Avenue that includes {\it Crataegus monogyna, Quercus} sp. {\it Acer pseudoplatanus} (some pollarded), {\it Acer campestre, Fraxinus excelsior}.   

Mount Pond has an island which shelters Coot, Canada Geese, Great-crested Grebe, Mallard under {\it Salix} sp. {\it Quercus} sp. Eagle Pond also supports some waterfowl and herons feed on the introduced roach, gudgeon, carp and bream. Long Pond is of amenity interest only.

MANAGE:
Grass regularly mown. Some tree planting.


FAUNA:
Wood pigeon. 'Eels in surrounding brook' - 15th century!

VEG:
Amenity grassland. Old trees present include {\it Platanus acerifolia, Acer pseudoplatanus, Crataegus monogyna}. New plantings include {\it Robinia pseudoacacia, Acer campestre, Tilia} sp. and {\it Laburnum anagyroides}.

MANAGE:
Grass regularly mown. Tree aftercare needed.


VEG:
Amenity grassland with scrub areas on the south and eastern sides. The scrub includes species such as {\it Ilex aquifolium, Sorbus aria, Crataegus monogyna, Acer campestre, Cytisus scoparius}. Large trees around the common include {\it Quercus} sp.,{\it Tilia europaeus}.


VEG:
All amenity grassland with Plane trees. A few recent trees have been planted near the small road that divides the common into two parts. Three of the six trees have died.

MANAGE:
Regularly mown. Aftercare of planted trees needed.


VEG:
Amenity grassland with mature amenity trees such as {\it Platanus acerifolia}. Gardens and bowls 
area well maintained.

MANAGE:
Regular mowing and maintainance of play areas.


FAUNA:
Seen during survey: Heron, Gulls, Magpie, Starlings, Kestrel.

VEG:
Wick Field was amenity grassland but has been recently fenced into sections and planted with broadleaf trees such as {\it Sorbus aucuparia, Betula} sp. and {\it Quercus} sp. Surrounding long grasses include {\it Achillea millefolium, Capsella bursa-pastoris, Galium aparine, Anthriscus sylvestris, Arrhenatherum elatius, Arctium minus, Taxacorum} spp. and {\it Symphytum officinale}. Amenity trees including {\it Populus} sp. and {\it Platanus x acerifolia} are found by roads.

Mabley Green, Arena Field are amenity grasslands. Two small areas adjacent to the Eastway are now council depots/dumps and access prohibited. The 'Recreation Ground' North of the Eastway has {\it Fraxinus excelsior} by the road and a substantial bank of {\it Fallopia japonica} overlooking the River Lea.

The largest section is also mostly amenity grassland with the river bank and adjacent path providing a pleasant walk and a wildlife corridor along the river. The path winds through old and recently-planted trees.Where not mown the ground flora is often ruderal with species such as {\it Anthriscus sylvestris, Urtica dioica, Symphytum officinale, Arctium minus, Fallopia japonica, Impatiens glandulifera, Sambucus nigra, Senecio jacobaea, Fraxinus excelsior, Alnus glutinosa, Dipsacus fullonum, Rumex acetosa.}

A wildflower/grassland area has been fenced off in the NW corner of the common with species such as {\it Pappus} spp. {\it Capsella bursa-pastoris, Tripleurospermum maritimum, Achillea millefolium, Alliaria petiolata, Hordeum} sp., {\it Chamaemelum nobile} evident.

Patches of scrub have beeb planted near the Youth Club ('Changing Rooms') that include {\it Crataegus monogyna, Sambucus nigra, Rosa canina}. Substantial unmown acidic grassland is found opposite the timber yard and a crescent shaped area of planted scrub including {\it Sambucus nigra, Quercus}, {\it Fraxinus excelsior} and {\it Populus tremula}, is found near the former Dressing Rooms.

MANAGE:
Grasslands regularly mown. Small areas of tree planting and wildflower meadow will need aftercare.


VEG:
Mostly amenity grassland edged by planted mature {\it Salix chrysocoma, Alnus glutinosa, Aesculus hippocastanum, Platanus acerifolia}. Ground flora species include {\it Cerastium fontanum, Lolium perenne, Alopecurus pratensis, Poa annua}. There recently planted {\it Alnus glutinosa} and {\it Eucalyptus} sp. A children's play area looks abandoned.

MANAGE:
Grassland regularly mown. Planted trees will need aftercare.


VEG:
The whole common is amenity grassland with some exotis shrubs. At edges - {\it Platanus acerifolia, Betula} sp. and exotic {\it Acers}.
Near the northern end are newly planted trees such as {\it Betula, Populus, Prunus}.

MANAGE:
Regularly mown. Aftercare of trees necessary.


VEG:
This common is all recreation ground/amenity grassland with planted trees.


VEG:
Amenity grassland with mature trees such as {\it Platanus acerifolia, Quercus robur, Aesculus hippocastanum, Sambucus nigra, Tilia europaeus} and some exotic trees.


VEG:
All amenity grassland and park trees such as {\it Platanus acerifolia, Tilia} sp. {\it Robinia pseudoacacia} and some exotic species.

MANAGE:
Grass mown. Much public use for recreation and a fair in July.


VEG:
The northernmost section of the common is mostly amenity grassland but includes a fenced/walled area that is an old swimming pool that is filled in. This area is surrounded with native and exotic species such as {\it Ligustrum vulgare, Robinia pseudoacacia, Acer pseudoplatanus, Prunus laurocerasus, Taxus baccata, Ilex aquifolium, Buddleja} sp.{\it Salix} sp., {\it Betula pendula}. {\it Erodium moschatum} is found in short turf in this area.

The small sections to the south of the common  that are either side of Peckham Rye are amenity grassland with trees such as {\it Tilia europaeus, Robinia pseudoacacia, Aesculus hippocastanum}.

The main body of the common is also amenity grassland with several 'incursions' by parking and recycling areas, toilets, pools and a rangers' centre. Newly planted {\it Aesculus hippocastanum} trees can be found along the path that runs across the largest section. During the survey, 8 areas of fenced off reseeded grass were found in the central open grassland.

MANAGE:
Regularly mown. New tree planting evident.


FAUNA:
Crows, Chiffchaff, Thrush, Sparrow, Wood pigeon.

Fox.

VEG:
The main part of Plumstead Common is amenity grassland.  The small section east of Riverdale Road has some acid grassland with species that include {\it Rumex acetosella, Deschampsia flexuosa} plus some {\it Ulex/Betula} scrub and an isolated {\it Quercus robur}. 

The area on the eastern side called Great Bartletts has much {\it Quercus} woodland with varying amounts of {\it Betula pendula}. Alongside Grosmont Rd. the woodland is more {\it Betula pendula/Acer pseudoplatanus} with one large patch of {\it Fallopia japonica}. Understorey trees include {\it Sorbus aucuparia, Sambucus nigra, Ilex aquifolium} with ground flora that includes {\it Pteridium aquilinum, Rubus fruticosus, Urtica dioica, Hedera helix} plus some garden escapes. There is rubbish dumped in this areas. Upslope prominent grassland with {\it Agrostis} sp.{\it Hypochoeris radicata} and many moss species. Towards Bleak Hill the woodland has large {\it Quercus} and {\it Betula} specimens, while nearer the plateau of amenity grassland are found some {\it Fagus sylvatica/Ulex europaeus} and {\it Robinia pseudoacacia}. Upslope a small area of scrub supports {\it Betula pendula, Malus sylvestris, Populus tremula, Populus} sp. with ground flora species such as {\it Rubus fruticosus, Urtica dioica, Anthriscus sylvestris, Rumex acetosa, Malva sylvestris, Artemesia vulgaris, Ballota nigra, Armoracia rusticana}. 

Near Bleak Hill an open area of unmown grasses is found with {\it Buddleja/ Hypericum} sp. {\it Potentilla rupestris, Cirsium vulgare, Chrysanthemum leucanthemum, Plantago lanceolata, Malva sylvestris} and the garden escape {\it Spirea} sp.

The southern side of the common alongside King Highway has {\it Quercus/Betula} woodland with some {\it Acer pseudoplatanus} and {\it Prunus spinosa}.

North of Winn Common Rd. has much amenity grassland (and community exercise points). The northern parts are undulating (gravel pits?). Patches of acid grassland exist with {\it Rumex acetosella} and {\it Deschampsia flexuosa} and patches of scrub include {\it Ulex europaeus/ Betula} sp.,{\it Populus} sp., {\it Acer pseudoplatanus, Quercus robur}. Winn Common road is bordered by {\it Tilia europaeus} trees with some {\it Acer pseudoplatanus} and exotics.

The section of the Common to the West of the main area of Plumstead Common is called The Slade. This is a deep pitted area the western sides of which support much {\it Ulex europaeus} scrub (often burnt) with some {\it Robinia pseudoacacia/ Fraxinus excelsior/Prunus} sp.,{\it Urtica dioica, Malva sylvestris, Alliaria petiolata}. Other sides of The Slade has acid grass species such as {\it Rumex acetosella, Hypochoeris radicata, Deschampsia flexuosa, Holcus lanatus, Plantago lanceolata, Capsella bursa-pastoralis, Dipsacus fullonum}. The pool is too steep sided for good plant growth but is surrounded by tall grasses and overhung by {\it Acer pseudoplatanus, Fraxinus excelsior, Salix} ssp. and exotic species.

The 4 sections to the west of Plumstead Common itself are mostly amenity grassland with Tennis courts and Bowling greens.

MANAGE:
Most of this common is amenity grassland with repeated mowing. Small areas of {\it Fallopia japonica} need treatment. Ponds could be improved.


VEG:
All amenity grassland with amenity trees suchas {\it Platanus acerifolia} and {\it Fraxinus excelsior}. A small play area lies on the eastern side.


VEG:
Amenity grassland, with mature as well as recently planted amenity trees such as {\it Platanus acerifolia, Acer pseudoplatanus, Prunus} sp.


FAUNA:
Crows, Blackbird, Thrush, Wood pigeon, Great tit, Black-headed gulls.

44 breeding species recorded on Streatham Common between 1988 and 1991 including Greater and Lesser Spotted Woodpeckers, Coal and Long-tailed Tit, Blackcap, Willow Warbler, Spotted Flycatcher.

VEG:
The western end of Streatham Common is amenity grassland with much amenity use. Upslope the narrower part of this common has {\it Quercus robur} scrub With {\it Acer campestre} and semi-improved acid grassland with species such as {\it Rumex acetosella, Deschampsia flexuosa, Hypochoeris radicata, Holcus lanatus, Agrostis capillaris, Deschampsia cespitosa, Aira praecox, Carex hirta, Festuca rubra, Festuca ovina} sp. {\it Trifolium repens, Ranunculus acris}. A single plant of {\it Calluna vulgaris} is recorded. There are some tall ruderal species such as {\it Cirsium} sp. {\it Artemesia vulgaris}. Some trees have been planted in this area e.g. {\it Prunus, Carpinus betulus}.

On the north side of the common, a concrete pond with amenity grassland is surrounded by a {\it Carpinus betulus} hedge. Adjacent to this is a newly planted area of trees on amenity grassland. This area includes planted {\it Carpinus betulus fastigiata, Betula} sp. {\it Sorbus aucuparia, Aesculus hippocastanum}.

Between the Horse Ride and Streatham Common North lies a {\it Quercus robur} secondary wood with an understorey of {\it Acer pseudoplatanus, Crataegus monogyna} and a ground flora mostly of {\it Hedera helix, Rubus fruticosus, Artemesia vulgaris, Anthriscus sylvestris, Malva sylvestris, Urtica dioica}. Some {\it Robinia pseudoacacia} is found at the council depot/dump found in this area.                             

The Horse Ride is open grassland with many {\it Fraxinus excelsior} trees. Ground flora species here include {\it Alopecurus pratensis, Dactylis glomerata, Carex hirta, Achillea millefolium, Ranunculus} spp. {\it Juncus bufonius, Rorippa sylvestris, Glyceria plicata}. The last two species are Inner London rarities. The boundary from Crown Lane to The Lodge is deemed to an ancient bank and ditch with species such as {\it Silene dioica, Carex pendula, Poa nemoralis, Polystichum setiferum, Cardamine flexuosa} reported.

Nearer the eastern corner of the common much {\it Ulmus procera, Crataegus monogyna} scrub is found under {\it Quercus robur} trees. Towards the Rookery is {\it Quercus } woodland with {\it Ilex aquifolium} understorey near the SE side. Ground flora is limited by shading but there is much {\it Rubus fruticosus}. Between this and the Rookery is {\it Ulmus procera /Sambucus nigra/Crataegus monogyna/Ilex aquifolium} scrub with occasional {\it Ruscus aculeatus}. The boundary between CL 28 and CL29 has a line of {\it Aesculus hippocastanum}.

MANAGE:
Amenity grasslands mown regularly. Some recent tree planting - but in need of aftercare.


VEG:
Most of this common is planted garden. Trees such as {\it Cedrus libani} are found here. A small strip of woodland supports {\it Ulmus procera, Aesculus hippocastanum, Crataegus monogyna} with ground flora species such as {\it Hedera helix, Anthriscus sylvestris, Verbascum thapsus, Ranunculus ficaria, Stachys sylvatica, Arum maculatum, Ruscus aculeatus} are found here.


FAUNA:
Seen during survey: Tufted Duck, Coots, Mallards, Canada Goose, Wood Pigeon, Kestrel, Green Woodpecker.
Recorded:  Yellowhammer, Lesser spotted woodpecker, Tawny Owl, Great, Blue Tit, Greenfinch, Goldfinch, Nuthatch, Long-tailed Tit.

Yellow meadow ants.

VEG:
The common is mainly amenity grassland with secondary woodland. There are many areas of special wildlife interest.

The area by Hillbury Rd. has {\it Quercus robur} woodland. The trees in this area are mature and good specimens. Sparse understorey shrubs accompany rough grassland. Planted scrub near the Tea House includes {\it Ulex europaeus, Cytisus scoparius, Rosa canina, Crataegus monogyna}. 

The large area that includes the lake supports acid grassland areas with species such as {\it Agrostis capillaris} and {\it Hypochoeris radicata, Centaurea nigra, Rumex acetosella} present. East of the lake an area of planted scrub (The Sanctuary) is fenced off to allow establishment and habitat for birds (London Lakes Project). The Lake has {\it Iris pseudacorus, Phragmites australis} at the edge and provides habitat for tufted ducks, mallards and coots.

Bedford Hill Woods are secondary woods, mostly {\it Quercus robur} and {\it Populus x canadensis}. Some of the {\it Quercus} are pollarded in the SE corner. Understorey shrubs such as {\it Sambucus nigra, Prunus spinosa, Ilex aquifolium} are found here and a rare planted {\it Gleditsia triacanthos}. Wetter ground is found in the northern parts of this section with further mature {\it Quercus robur} and planted {\it Populus, Salix}.    

The northern sections of the common are mostly amenity grassland but the eastern sides are wooded and have some planted scrub {\it Salix chrysocoma, Acer pseudoplatanus, Populus nigra}.

The section of the common known as Streatham Woods has secondary woodland with {\it Quercus robur, Aesculus hippocastanum, Carpinus betulus}. Attempts are being made to restore coppicing and revive ground flora by thinning out {\it Aesculus hippocastanum}. A pond (dry at time of survey) has been created. This area was affected by the construction of the London Ring Water Main.

MANAGE:
Amenity grassland is regularly mown. Some areas of new tree planting. Scrub planted near Tea House and The Sanctuary. Creation of new habitat near Streatham Woods. Railway land provides good wildlife corridor.


FAUNA:
Seen during survey: Tufted Duck, Coots, Mallard, Wood pigeon, Magpie. Dragonflies (Broad-bodied chaser, Emperor, Common Darter), Damselflies,
Speckled Wood Butterfly.

Recorded: Nuthatch, Green Woodpecker, Long-tailed Tit, Moorhen.

VEG:
The Northern section of this common is largely amenity grassland. Some areas were undergoing reseeding at time of survey. There are scattered planted trees such as {\it Quercus robur, Ulmus procera, Fraxinus excelsior, Aesculus hippocastanum} and exotic species. Dr Johnson Avenue is lined by mature {\it Quercus robur} trees. The 'Old Yachting Pond' has been restored recently and planted with {\it Typha latifolia}. Also found here are {\it Mentha aquatica, Iris pseudacorus, Myosotis} sp.{\it Ceratophyllum demersum, Acorus calamus, Juncus effusus, Epilobium} sp. {\it Chamerion} spp.{\it Phragmites}. An island supports scrub {\it Prunus spinosa, Sambucus nigra, Salix} sp. At the edge of the pond are found mature {\it Pinus} sp. and further scrub.

The section of the common south of Tooting Bec Rd. is mostly {\it Quercus robur} woodland with other species such as {\it Fraxinus excelsior, Acer pseudoplatanus, Crataegus monogyna, Sambucus nigra, Carpinus betulus, Fagus sylvatica, Ilex aquifolia, Ulmus procera}. The ground flora includes {\it Rubus fruticosus, Hordeum} sp. {\it Hedera helix, Urtica dioica, Geum urbanum}. Some areas have little ground flora due to shading. Alongside Furzedown Drive there are lines of {\it Tilia} sp. and {\it A. hippocastanum}.   

South-west of the Athletics Ground is found grassland with trees such as {\it Tilia europaeus, Aesculus hippocastanum, Quercus robur} and very little understorey. The small sections of common either side of Furzedown Rd. are also woodland.

MANAGE:
Amenity grassland is regularly mown. Some tree planting in northern areas. Pond restored and looking quite healthy.


FAUNA:
Blackbird, Moorhen, Canada Goose, Mallard, Cormorant, Crow, Wood pigeon, Sparrows.

Recorded: Goldfinch, Greenfinch, Swifts, House Martins, Starling, Carrion Crow, Magpie, Gulls, Great Tit, Mistle Thrush, Mute Swan, Bullfinch, Blackcap, Long-tailed Tit, Chiffchaff, Jay, Wren, Robin.                            

Butterflies seen: Speckled wood, Common Blue, Red admiral, Orange Tip.

VEG:
Historically, Wandsworth Common supported much heathland and rough grassland though now it is largely amenity grassland with planted trees.

However there are still areas of high wildlife interest. The main such area is west of Trinity Road, an area called The Scope - after the bulding of a telescope here in the 1852. Broadly the area is {\it Quercus robur/Betula pendula } woodland. Some of the {\it Betula} has been coppiced. Wetter areas have much {\it Molinia caerulea} and some {\it Iris pseudacorus, Agrostis capillaris, Potentilla erecta, Glyceria maxima}. Some large {\it Robinia pseudoacacia} trees are found near the centre. Open grass areas have acidic species such as {\it Deschampsia flexuosa, Rumex acetosella} and, in spring some {\it Primula veris} are found. One of these open areas was once a sports pitch but has been restored to  meadow using lime-rich soil and artificial seeding. Hence species such as {\it Hypericum} sp., {\it Pastinaca sativa, Galium mollugo, Sanguisorba minor}. There are also scrub species especially {\it Ulex europaeus} which has been burnt in some areas. On the southern side of this section some {\it Aesculus hippocastanum} are found within the {\it Quercus} woodland with tall grasses such as {\it Dactylis glomerata, Hordeum} sp. and {\it Rubus fruticosus, Urtica dioica}. At the North-eastern corner of this section are found some pollarded {\it Tilia} trees.

Adjacent to Bellevue Road a line of amenity trees such as {\it Platanus x acerifolia, Robinia pseudoacacia, Aesculus hippocastanum} are found. These are the trees which edge much of the amenity grassland of Wandsworth Common. A single {\it Ailanthus altissima} is found here. The rest of the section of common North of Bellevue Avenue  that includes sports facilities and lakes is amenity grassland. The lakes are fringed with some {\it Crataegus monogyna, Prunus spinosa} scrub and patches of {\it Iris pseudacorus, Nymphoides peltata} and a variety of native and exotic trees ( e.g. {\it Fagus sylvatica purpurea, Quercus cerris, Quercus rubra}) are found in this area. A single {\it Fraxinus diversifolia} is reported from this section as well as {\it Quercus x hispanica} from near The Avenue.  

The long area of common parallel to Bolingbroke Grove has much amenity grassland but some areas are only mown once a year to encourage wildflowers and associated insects. The Bolingbroke Stock Pond has three islands which have {\it Salix fragilis, Ilex aquifolium, Crataegus monogyna} which shelter the wildfowl (Coot, Moorhen, Tufted duck, Mallard) that are found here. The usual planted amenity trees are found near here as well another {\it Fraxinus diversifolia}. Alongside the railway cutting (an important wildlife corridor) are planted trees, scrub trees and rough grasses.

The section of the common SW of Spencer Park has a lower area (old gravel pit?) with {\it Lolium perenne, Trifolium campestre, Agrostis capillaris, Melilotus officinalis, Arctium minus}. The periphery has been planted with {\it Populus tremula, Sorbus aucuparia, Betula pendula, Acer campestre, Crataegus monogyna, Ilex aquifolia, Ligustrum vulgare, Prunus padus, Prunus spinosa, Rosa canina, Sambucus nigra, Ulex europaeus, Viburnum opulus, Viburnum lantana}.

MANAGE:
The amenity grasslands are mown regularly. Some grass areas only mown once a year to encourage flora. The Scope has ongoing coppice work and control of {\it Rubus fruticosus, Populus tremula, Quercus cerris}. Active local group of London Wildlife Trust (Wandsworth Action Volunteers for the Environment) publishes a newsletter. Nature Study Centre also very active by informing the public and providing activities for children.


VEG:
Amenity grassland with scattered palnted trees.
Some pollarded {\it Tilia} sp. also {\it Robinia pseudoacacia, Platanus acerifolia, Aesculus hippocastanum}. Areas exist of newly planted {\it Fraxinus excelsior} and exotic species.

MANAGE:
Regular mowing. Aftercare of planted trees needed.


FAUNA:
Crow, Wood pigeon, Starlings, Wren.                            
Recorded: Common Lizard, Anthills, Lesser Whitethroat, Blackcap, Willow Warbler, Sedge Warbler. Migrants: Wheatear, Whinchats.

VEG:
Wormwood Scrubs is largely open grassland. In some northern and eastern areas this is better-drained acidic grassland with much {\it Rumex acetosella, Potentilla reptans, Hypochoeris radicata, Galium saxatile}. The bulk of the grassland is semi-improved  grassland with species such as {\it Lolium perenne, Vicia sativa, Tussilago farfara, Leontodon autumnalis, Rubus fruticosus, Rosa canina, Trifolium repens, Poa annua, Taraxacorum officinalis, Dactylis glomerata, Agrostis capillaris, Plantago lanceolata, Alopecurus pratensis, Lotus corniculatus, Capsella bursa-pastoralis}. There are some areas of bare ground, evidence of previous building foundations and some 'deturfed'areas. 

A fenced-off area on the northern side is a planned nature reserve with planted {\it Quercus} sp. and {\it Sorbus aucuparia} trees. Other species found here include {\it Lupinus polyphyllus, Rosa canina, Ulex europaeus, Vicia sativa, Juncus effusus, Achillea millefolium, Cirsium arvense, Trifolium repens, Ranunculus} ssp. {\it Symphytum officinale, Linaria vulgaris} and rank grasses. This area was created after the failure of attempts to save Scrubs Wood (not on the Common) from becoming a rail depot. Species were transferred here including lizards and the topography is undulating banks to encourage lizards.

To the north of the site (on map near 'London' of W. London Junction is dense scrub of {\it Prunus spinosa, Cornus sanguinea, Salix capraea, Acer campestre, Fraxinus excelsior, Coryllus avellana, Crataegus monogyna, Ligustrum vulgare, Alnus glutinosa}.

Patches of planted scrub are found in the south-western area including species such as {\it Populus tremula, Platanus acerifolia, Salix} sp. {\it Populus} sp., {\it Acer campestre, Quercus} sp.   Planted scrub in the south eastern area of the common include {\it Fraxinus excelsior, Populus canescens, Ulmus procera} and ground flora such as {\it Cirsium arvense, Rumex acetosa, Galium aparine, Artemesia vulgaris} with a small meadow area that supports {\it Centaurea nigra, Daucus carota} and {\it Pulicaria dysenterica} which is scarce in Inner London.

MANAGE:
This common was once wooded and used for grazing cattle and pigs. It has been used for amenity for many years with interludes as military training areas. Currently management is for the promotion of botanical diversity in restoration of meadow areas, and the enhancement of the reserve on the north side created after a long, but forlorn, struggle to save Scrubs Wood (off the Common). Regular mowing occurs on amenity grass areas.


VEG:
This common is mostly amenity grassland. The eastern side is edged with {\it Populus} sp. and {\it Quercus robur, Salix} sp. A large {\it Populus} tree is found near the the buildings. Some ornamental trees {\it Prunus} sp. have been planted. There are two patches of {\it Quercus robur} and {\it Crataegus monogyna} scrub. 

Unmown grass areas near the edge of the common include species such as {\it Galium aparine, Lolium perenne, Arrhenatherum elatius, Cirsium arvense, Dipsacus fullonum, Achillea millefolium}.

MANAGE:
Regularly mown. Fence erected for play area.


FAUNA:
Seen during survey:  Greater-spotted woodpecker, Green Woodpecker, Magpie, Wood pigeon, Chaffinch, Jays.

Grey squirrel, Butterflies: Small Tortoiseshell, Meadow Brown.                            

Recorded from site: Over 140 species recorded (Breeding or visiting) - see The Birds of Hainault Forest (copy at English Nature). The SSSI citation states that Hainault Forest is an important site for Nightingales, Wood warbler, Spotted flycatchers, Tree pipit, Marsh Tit, Redpoll.

List from 1985 (Passmore Edwards Museum)
Gastropoda	10 records	
Arachnida  4 records
Crustacea	4 records
Insecta: 7 A4 pages of records (copy at English Nature, London).

VEG:
Most of Hainault Common is {\it Quercus robur/ Carpinus betulus} woodland. Many of the {\it Carpinus betulus} trees are pollards and old coppice woodland. Near Lambourn End the wood has a substantial understorey of {\it Ilex aquifolium} with {\it Rubus fruticosus}. Small clearings have {\it Betula} sp. and {\it Populus tremula}. In some places such trees have fallen and there is much deadwood. This area was badly damaged in the 1987 Storm. Some areas have very little ground flora due to shading but damper places support good bryophyte growth (e.g. Mnium hornum).

The north facing edge of the common is also a boundary between woodland and fields so the ground flora is less shaded and includes {\it Urtica dioica, Silene dioica, Pteridium aquilinum, Hyacinthoides non-scripta, Ruscus aculeatus, Luzula pilosa, Phyllitis scolopendrium, Hydrocotyle vulgaris, Ranunculus repens, Stachys sylvatica}.

Some very old {\it Quercus robur} are present for example at the north-easterly point of the common near Crabtree Hill and near Cabin Plain.

The NE facing edge of the common is excellent woodland edge with {\it Crataegus monogyna, Sambucus nigra, Rosa} sp. The ground flora present includes: {\it Heracleum sphondylium, Galium aparine, Alopecurus pratensis, Holcus lanatus, Rubus fruticosus, Stellaria graminea, Urtica dioica, Rumex acetosa, Ranunculus} sp. {\it Anthriscus sylvestris, Dactylis glomerata, Deschampsia cespitosa, Tussilago farfara, Lotus corniculatus, Sonchus asper, Arctium minus, Bryonia dioica, Alliaria petiolata}. This edge is excellent butterfly habitat. Many paths pass through this area. Horse-riders are kept separate from walkers. Near Crabtree Hill damper areas around the stream support {\it Geum urbanum, Circaea lutetiana, Bromus} sp.

Cavill's Walk has an avenue of pollarded {\it Carpinus betulus} and {\it Quercus robur}.

Near Cabin Plain {\it Betula} sp. becomes more dominant. {\it Ulex europaeus, Cytisus scoparius} present. An area where scrub has been removed now supports substantial {\it Pteridium aquilinum}.

On the western edge of the common lies an area of predominantly {\it Fraxinus excelsior} woodland with {\it Acer campestre, Quercus robur}. The scrub layer has sparse {\it Crataegus monogyna, Prunus spinosa}. Ground flora includes {\it Rubus fruticosus, Holcus lanatus, Holcus mollis, Bromus ramosus, Festuca gigantea, Brachypodium sylvaticum, Deschampsia cespitosa, Juncus} spp. {\it Carex sylvatica, Lonicera periclymenum}.

A grassy ride opens out alongside the path that leaves the wood on the west side of the common.

South of Lambourne End near the car park and cattle pound is a large area of improved grassland.                               

The North-West corner of the common has been cleared and is improved grassland with a few {\it Populus canescens} in the area. A small car park has been created off Manor Road which is near where an old stream passes under the road. An old pond on the stream has {\it Glyceria fluitans, Ranunculus flammula}.

Extensive lists have been drawn up of the Hainault Forest flora though these cover the wider forest which extends beyond the common. 15 lichen species over the wider Forest area were recorded in 1996

MANAGE:
A Management Plan for the wider Hainault Forest Country Park exists for 1992 to 1997. In recent years some repollarding of hornbeams has been undergone. The success of this is under review. Monitoring of plots of re-pollards and new pollards is ongoing.

Grassland areas are maintained for amenity.


VEG:
This common is largely amenity grassland with some {\it Quercus} sp. trees.

Along the western side are found trees such as {\it Salix x chrysocoma} and {\it Salix matsudana cv. Tortuosa}. Unmown areas of grassland support {\it Holcus lanatus, Trifolium repens, Ranunculus acris, Lolium perenne, Geranium molle, Capsella bursa-pastoralis}. 'Fairy-ring' fungi noted on amenity grassland.


FAUNA:
Chiffchaff, Magpie, Willow Warbler, Crow, Thrush,
Dunnock, Blackbird, Mallard.

Grey Squirrel, Anthills, Speckled Wood Butterfly, Rabbits.

VEG:
Surrounding the amenity grassland area at the west end of the common is acidic grassland. Species present include: {\it Rumex acetosa, Alopecurus pratensis, Anthriscus sylvestris, Alliaria petiolata, Urtica dioica, Cirsium} sp. {\it Taxacorum}. There are isolated trees of {\it Acer pseudoplatanus, Quercus robur, Betula pendula}. A pond here supports {\it Iris pseudacorus, Ranunculus aquatilis, Glyceria fluitans, Glyceria maxima, Mentha aquatica, Caltha palustris} and is well maintained. An old pond, by contrast, is found on the N side of the Common and still has {\it Glyceria maxima, Juncus} sp. {\it Lemna minor}, plus dumped rubbish. On Bournwell Hill lies an acid grass/old heath area  with {\it Galium saxatile, Rumex acetosella, Deschampsia flexuosa, Agrostis} sp., {\it J. effusus} and one or two {\it Rhododendron ponticum}. A bank has some {\it Ulex } sp. scrub {\it Potentilla erecta, Luzula campestris}.

Passing downhill towards the railway one finds {\it Quercus robur} woodland with {\it Fagus sylvatica}, and young {\it Fraxinus excelsior}. Openings in the canopy ( 1987 storm?) lead to a better developed ground flora in some areas. There are some {\it Fraxinus excelsior} dominated areas with {\it Fagus sylvatica} where  well-shaded with limited ground flora exist.

By streams species such as {\it Ajuga reptans, Dryopteris dilitata} are found. Where damp and shaded good bryophyte growth is evident.

Nearer the railway the wood is more mixed with many old {\it Quercus robur} and some {\it Carpinus betulus}. An historic {\it Fagus sylvatica} has been removed near the railway to the regret of local residents. An avenue of {\it Fagus sylvatica} leads through more mixed wood to a scrub area of {\it Salix} sp. {\it Prunus spinosa}. This opens out into neutral grassland and isolated small {\it Quercus} trees with rank grass species and {\it Glechoma hederacea, Geum urbanum}. In shade {\it Mercuralis perennis, Arum maculatum, Stellaria holostea} are found. Scrub has been removed in some areas.   

Beech Hill Lake (locally known as Jack's Lake) is edged with {\it Larix decidua, Crataegus monogyna, Quercus robur, Acer pseudoplatanus, Prunus spinosa}. The lake has {\it Nuphar lutea, Iris pseudoplatanus}. An area on the west side has been 'descrubbed' to enhance grassland. Species present include {\it Stellaria graminea, Rumex acetosa, Anthriscus sylvestris, Dactylis glomerata, Ranunculus repens, Holcus lanatus, Tussilago farfara, Trifolium repens}.

Woodland east of Beech Hill lake has woodland of {\it Quercus, Fraxinus excelsior, Aesculus hippocastanum, Tilia europaeus}. Ground flora has substantial {\it Urtica dioica, Rubus fruticosus}. There is very strong                           
{\it Ilex aquifolium} under {\it Quercus} near Arundel Road.

MANAGE:
Areas of scrub clearance are evident. Pond management also successful.
Active Friends of Hadley Common group. Also management by Barnet Council.


VEG:
All amenity grassland except for tennis courts and small triangle of play area on western side.
There are also pollarded {\it Populus} sp. and some {\it Aesculus hippocastanum} with {\it Ilex aquifolium, Fraxinus excelsior} and {\it Taxus baccata}.


VEG:
All amenity grassland with tall {\it Populus} sp. all round the edge. In the SE corner a playground is found. There are few exotic shrubs in this area with {\it Eucalyptus} sp. {\it Crataegus monogyna, Rosa} ssp. {\it Acer pseudoplatanus, Symphoricarpos albus} and a variegated {\it Ilex}.


VEG:
Most of the common is amenity grassland. By the War Memorial are found {\it Tilia europaeus, Platanus acerifolia} and exotic species. The western half has a avenue of {\it Prunus} sp. from Town Hall Avenue towards Acton Lane.


FAUNA:
Birds seen during survey: Mallard, Coots, Sparrows.

VEG:
The larger pond has substantial {\it Menyanthes trifoliata, Typha latifolia, Iris pseudacorus}. The edges are shaded and include {\it Ulex europaeus}. The smaller pond is less interesting. 

The woods have tall {\it Acer pseudoplatanus, Quercus robur} with understorey shrubs such as {\it Populus tremula, Crataegus monogyna, Ilex aquifolium} and some {\it Cytisus scoparius}. The {\it Ilex} is quite thick on the western side. An area of grass with planted trees (e.g. {\it Quercus}) is found on the western side. The most recent trees were planted by local children.

MANAGE:
Ponds need maintenance. Paths kept open by frequent use.


VEG:
Most of this common is amenity grassland. There are scattered isolated trees on the south and west sides, with species such as {\it Betula pendula, Acer pseudoplatanus, Fraxinus excelsior, Platanus x acerifolia, Quercus robur, Carpinus betulus}.

MANAGE:
Grassland mown regularly. Some bare eroded ground.


FAUNA:
Wren, Chaffinch.
Speckled Wood Butterfly.

VEG:
The SW side of this common is mown amenity grassland with tall {\it Populus} parallel to the road and areas of exotic shrubs. The southern point of the common has amenity grassland and planted {\it Prunus} spp. and is used as a pub garden and children's play area. On the other side of the road, a section of this common is scrub with planted {\it Fraxinus excelsior, Sorbus aucuparia, Acer campestre, Ulmus procera}. A tall {\it Gingko biloba} tree is found at one corner. Ground flora species include {\it Anthriscus sylvestris, Urtica dioica, Trifolium repens, Dactylis glomerata, Arctium minus, Cirsium vulgare, Hordeum} sp. {\it Malva sylvestris}. Adjacent to the road are found {\it Tilia europaeus, Quercus} sp. variegated {\it Acer} sp.

Scrub is also found either side of a path from Maiden Green (mostly {\it Sambucus nigra, Ulmus procera}. The section of the common north of the tennis courts has amenity grassland edged by scrub species such as {\it Ulmus procera, Sambucus nigra} and a ground flora of {\it Anthriscus sylvestris, Rubus fruticosus, Galium aparine, Cirsium vulgare, Heracleum sphondylium, Urtica dioica, Taxacorum} sp. {\it Alliaria petiolata, Hedera helix}.

MANAGE:
Amenity grassland mown. Informal car parking on southern scrub area and garden waste dumped in scrub by Maldon Green.


VEG:
The northern end of the common on the east side of the road has an areas of rough grasses such as {\it Holcus lanatus, Dactylis glomerata, Agrostis} sp. etc. and tall ruderal species in patches sych as {\it Urtica dioica, Cirsium arvense, Rubus fruticosus, Heracleum sphondylium, Convolvulus arvensis}.

The main length of the common has {\it Quercus robur} woodland with understorey species such as {\it Prunus spinosa, Crataegus monogyna, Acer campestris}, and a ground flora that includes {\it Rubus fruticosus, Urtica dioica, Lamium album, Alliaria petiolata, Daucus carota, Solanum dulcamara, Artemesia vulgaris, Cirsium vulgare}. 
Midway along the common (by 'Rushett' on map) lies a small area of {\it Salix/Crataegus} scrub with {\it Sambucus nigra} and {\it Rubus fruticosus, Urtica dioica, Pteridium aquilinum}.
The road verge includes species such as {\it Anthriscus sylvatica, Cirsium arvense, Solanuum dulcamara, Alliaria petiolata, Malva sylvestris, Rumex} sp. {\it Achillea millefolium, Hedera helix, Buddleja} sp. {\it Geranium robertianum, Lapsana communis, Dipsacus fullonum}.

To the southern end, the road verge merges into front gardens with isolated amenity trees such as {\it Acer} ssp. {\it Salix} sp. and {\it Fraxinus excelsior}.

MANAGE:
Verges mown. Scrub may be useful wildlife corridor.


FAUNA:
Coots, Canada Geese, Mallards. Magpie, Starlings, Crow.

VEG:
A pond near Laurel Farm supports {\it Iris pseudocorus, Iris} sp. {\it Juncus inflexus, J. effusus}. There are Moorhens, Mallards etc. and many small fish. {\it Betula} and {\it Salix} surround the pond. The area adjacent to this on its northern side is {\it Salix/Populus} scrub with neutral 'verge' grassland. Across the road there is a also verge grassland with some {\it Crataegus, Salix chrysocoma, Malus sylvestris} and some wooded areas with {\it Quercus} and {\it Fraxinus} standards and {\it Crataegus monogyna} understorey. The eastern end of this area has {\it Acer pseudoplatanus} woodland. The broader area that includes the school has amenity grassland with parkland trees such as {\it Aesculus hippocastanum, Tilia europaeus, Sorbus aucuparia, Quercus cerris}. There planted memorial trees ({\it Quercus})sp. A small pond north of the school has {\it Juncus effusus, Iris pseudocorus, Potamogeton} sp. and {\it Salix} sp.

The common that lies along the roadside consists of substantial 'verge' grassland, some mown. In some places there are native trees, usually planted, such as {\it Quercus} sp. {\it Aesculus hippocastanum, Acer pseudoplatanus} and with some exotics.

A pond, near The Burnhams, is quite shaded but supports {\it Iris pseudocorus, Carex pendula, Rubus fruticosus}. {\it Salix} sp. at the edge is coppiced. A larger pond nearby has pollarded {\it Salix} sp. rafts of white lilies. Fishing in progress - eel caught during survey. To the west of the pond are planted {\it Alnus} sp. and neutral grassland that includes {\it Cardamine pratensis, Ranunculus acris, Stellaria graminea, Rumex acetosa} and {\it Salix} sp. A smaller pond supports {\it Iris pseudocorus, Juncus effusus, Alisma plantago-aquatica, Potamogeton} sp. {\it Menyanthes trifoliata, Typha latifolia}.

The broader area called Totteridge Common is parkland of amenity grassland with trees planted such as {\it Betula, Quercus, Aesculus hippocastanum, Larix decidua, Pinus} sp. {\it Carpinus betulus} (coppiced).

A small pond on the western end of Totteridge Common is clogged with {\it Typha latifolia, Glyceria maxima}. At the edge is found {\it Viburnum lantana, Crataegus monogyna, Coryllus avellana, Fraxinus excelsior, Acer pseudoplatanus, Quercus robur}.

MANAGE:
Amenity grassland is mown. Some ponds healthy but some need restoration and aftercare.


FAUNA:
Birds seen during survey:  Mallard, Canada Geese, Moorhen, Coot, Tufted ducks, Greater-spotted Woodpecker.

Yellow Meadow Ants.

VEG:
Barnes Common is one of the most varied and interesting commons of London for wildlife and habitat variety. Several rarities (for London) are found here. The well-drained gravels here provide an overall acidic character.
Until early this century the common was mostly heath - only one site for this now remains.

South of the railway line, the section W of Rocks Lane has a cricket pitch i.e. amenity grassland. The rest of this area has secondary woodland to the south consisting largely of {\it Quercus robur} and understorey trees of {\it Ilex aquifolia, Sambucus nigra, Populus tremula} and a ground flora that includes {\it Mercuralis perennis, Urtica dioica, Hedera helix, Arctium minus, Stachys sylvatica, Pentaglottis sempervirens}. Near the intersection of paths is acid grassland with scrub such as {\it Ulex europaeus, Cytisus scoparius}. At time of the survey, the area was very dry with planted trees dying or dead. The rest of the woodland in this area is mixed with {\it Quercus robur, Aesculus hippocastanum, Acer pseudoplatanus, Populus tremula, Betula} sp. By the railway the land is wetter with consequently more {\it Betula} sp. but some big {\it Quercus} specimens and {\it small Aesculus hippocastanum, Salix} sp. and {\it Sorbus aucuparia}. Much deadwood.

The area South of the railway and east of Rocks Lane has an old coalyard. A previous survey reports that this contains or contained {\it Sambucus nigra} and {\it Acer pseudoplatanus} scrub and species such as {\it Solidago canadensis, Odontites verna, Aster} spp.   The rest of this area has some woodland with a small area of acid grassland and {\it P. aquilinum} in the middle.

The section north of the railway line and west of Station Rd. is an area of amenity grassland surrounded by secondary woodland. Large {\it Aesculus hippocastanum} specimens are found on the eastern side. The southern boundary has a channel alongside it. A previous survey reported {\it Callitriche} sp. {\it Polygonum amphibium} and {\it Nasturtium officinale}. 

The section bounded by Rocks Lane, Common Road and the railway has large areas of amenity grassland surrounded by scrub and {\it Quercus/Betula} woodland and {\it Ulex/Cytisus scoparius} scrub. The old football pitch has many coarse grasses, {\it Cirsium} ssp. and {\it Achillia millefolium}. A record exists of {\it Rosa pimpinellifolia} in this area.

The section bounded by Queen's Ride, Common Road, and Mill Hill Road contains the only remaining patch of {\it Calluna vulgaris} on the Common.
Otherwise the area is scrub and woodland. {\it Fallopia japonica} has been a problem here. 

Around the small residential area (South of Mill Hill Road) lies acidic grassland that includes {\it Arctium minus, Agrostis} sp. {\it Plantago lanceolata, Arrhenatherum elatius, Molinia caerulea, Artemesia vulgaris, Capsella, bursa-pastoris, Hordeum} sp. {\it Cirsium vulgare} and patches of {\it Urtica dioica} and {\it P. aquilinum}. This is surrounded by {\it Quercus} woodland with {\it Populus} (some pollarded) {\it Tilia europaeus, Sambucus nigra}.

Barnes Green consists of Amenity grassland with planted trees. A pond is surrounded by {\it Salix chrysocoma} and some {\it Iris pseudocorus} and supports Tufted ducks, Mallards, Canada Geese.

A large area of neutral grassland (semi-improved) lies to the north of Mill Hill Rd. It is wetter on the northern edge with a stream which supports {\it Oenanthe crocata, Iris pseudocorus, Anthriscus sylvestris, Polygonum hydropiper, Polygonum amphibium} and {\it Gnaphalium uliginosum}. 

Either side of Rocks Lane on this northern part of the Common lie acid grasslands accompanied (especially to the east of Rocks Lane) by secondary woodland. An earlier report mentions an area of wetter land in a depression which contains {\it Molinia caerulea} in this eastern part.

Around the Old Barnes Cemetery lies woodland with acid grassland 'gaps'. The cemetery itself is a fascinating place with a complete mixture of native species such as {\it Taxus baccata, Quercus} ssp. and much regeneration of {\it Betula  pendula}. Numerous non-native trees and shrubs are found here such as {\it Sequoia, Prunus laurocerasus} and amenity conifers. Abundant {\it Rubus fruticosus, Hedera helix, Rosa canina, Medicago fulcata, Digitalis purpurea, Linaria purpurea, Vicia } sp. {\it Chrysanthemum leucanthemum} and coarse grasses provide great diversity for wildlife, including humans, resident or non-resident.

MANAGE:
Management Brief devised by London Ecology Unit 1989. Management carried out by Richmond Borough Council. Management based around maintainance of open grass areas by cutting. Scrub encroachment is checked. Treatment of {\it Fallopia japonica} is required in some areas.


FAUNA:
Seen during survey: Blue Tit, Dunnock, Wren, Green Woodpecker, Blackcap, Robin.

Marsh Tit recorded here.

VEG:
The northern point of Palewell Common has a large old pond (dry at time of survey) with trees around such as {\it Platanus x acerifolia, Tilia} sp. and some newly planted amenity trees.  The pond area now supports {\it Ranunculus} spp., {\it Anthriscus sylvestris, Trifolium campestre, Lolium perenne, Taraxacum officinale} agg., {\it Plantago lanceolata, Rumex acetosa, Poa annua} and daffodils. A line of amenity trees lies parallel to Palewell Common Drive and a line of {\it Aesculus hippocastanum} and {\it Quercus} sp. lie along the east facing side. Adjacent to the tennis courts are well-used amenity grasslands.

The main wildlife interest in this common is in the {\it Quercus} woodland on the south and western sides. Also found here is substantial {\it Acer pseudoplatanus, Populus x canadensis} and {\it Carpinus betulus}. The understorey is mostly {\it Crataegus monogyna, Sambucus nigra, Ulmus procera} and {\it Ilex aquifolium}. The ground flora includes {\it Hedera helix, Hyacinthoides non-scripta, Brachypodium sylvatica, Geum urbanum, Galium aparine, Dactylis glomerata, Glechoma hederacea, Arum maculatum, Dryopteris felix-mas, Circaea lutetiana, Rubus fruticosus}. Wetter parts of the wood have species such as {\it Chamerion hirsutum, Ranunculus repens, Juncus tenuis, Equisetum palustre} with {\it Glyceria fluitans} and {\it Lemna minor} in standing water.

On the western side of the common the wood is more mixed with stands of {\it Acer pseudoplatanus} and areas of scrub. Some dead standing trees in this area.

MANAGE:
Amenity grassland regularly mown. Paths kept open by frequent use. Pond needs restoration. Management aims to open glades in wood and restore a coppice cycle.


FAUNA:
Seen during survey: Wood pigeon, Magpie, Great Tit, Dunnock, Blackbird.
Grey Squirrel. Speckled Wood and Orange Tip Butterflies.

VEG:
Entering Common at the NE corner one finds woodland of {\it Quercus robur} and {\it Fraxinus excelsior} with understorey species such as {\it Crataegus monogyna, Betula pendula, Ilex aquifolium, Prunus avium, Ulmus glabra, Acer campestre} (some planted) and a ground flora of {\it Anthriscus sylvestris, Rubus fruticosus, Hedera helix, Geum urbanum, Brachypodium sylvaticum, Ranunculus ficaria, Arum maculatum, Circaea lutetiana, Alopecurus pratensis}. Further down the path below the Star and Garter Home is an open area of ruderal species including {\it Urtica dioica, Ranunculus repens, Phragmites australis, Digitalis purpurea, Anthriscus sylvestris, Bromus sterilis, Alliaria petiolata, Tussilago farfara}.

The lower slopes have further wood and scrub including {\it Carpinus betulus} and {\it Ostyra carpinifolia} and 1 or 2 {\it Fagus sylvatica}. Two non-native species are reported on the lower slopes - {\it Petasites fragrans} and {\it Trachystemon orientalis}.

At the bottom of the slope at the southern point of the common {\it Platanus acerifolia} is found. {\it Acer campestre, Malus sylvestris, Ulmus procera} scrub is found along Petersham Rd. Small less-shaded areas by the path support {\it Hypericum tetrapterum, Fragaria vesca, Geranium robertianum}.

MANAGE:
Paths are kept open by frequent use. Seats provided. Some trees have been planted.


FAUNA:
Seen during survey: Blue tit,, Wood Pigeon, Great Tit, Crow, Swans, Mallards.

Recorded: Wood warblers, Purple Hairstreak butterfly, Solitary Bees, Yellow meadow ants. Birch polyphore fungus. Frogs.

VEG:
The whole of this common is former grazed grassland and heathland. 
 
The western section is amenity grassland with scattered {\it Aesculus hippocastanum, Platanus acerifolia, Tilia europaeus, Acer pseudoplatanus} trees. The pond accommodates mallards and swans (nest protected by chestnut paling) and has ornamental trees ( e.g.{\it Salix chrysocoma} around it and clumps of {\it Iris pseudocorus} and {\it Juncus effusus}.

The section east of A307 is mostly woodland. However near the A307 is found some acid grassland with {\it Deschampsia flexuosa, Galium saxatile, Rumex acetosella, Achillea millefolium, Senecio jacobea, Lonicera periclymenum, Festuca ovina, Luzula campestris, Vicia sativa, Ornithopus perpusillus, Pilosella officinarum}. Around this are found scrub species such as  {\it Acer campestre, Betula pendula, Quercus robur}.                     

The main part of Ham Common is {\it Quercus/Betula} woodland. North of Ham Gate Avenue near Ormeley Lodge there is scrub with {\it Acer pseudoplatanus, Ulmus procera, Taxus baccata, Ilex aquifolium, Crataegus monogyna, Sambucus nigra} and ground flora species such as {\it Rubus fruticosus, Galium aparine, Hyacinthoides non-scripta, Stellaria graminea, Geum urbanum, Stachys sylvatica, Melica uniflora, Viola} sp.,{\it Anthriscus sylvestris, Bromus lepidus, Carex remota, Dryopteris dilitata}. Proceeding east the scrub is denser and includes more {\it Betula pendula, Ulmus procera, Populus tremula}. Stacked dead wood is found here.

The main body of Ham Common is {\it Quercus/Betula woodland}. Some {\it Fraxinus excelsior} is found near the Ham Bottom side and an area of {\it Cedrus} sp.,{\it Tilia europaeus, Acer} sp. and {\it Populus} sp. is found towards the western end. Some large {\it Aesculus hippocastanum} trees represent old avenues.

Understorey species include {\it Acer campestre, Taxus baccata, Ilex aquifolium, Sambucus nigra, Sorbus aucuparia, Sorbus intermedia, Prunus avium, Crataegus monogyna}.

Invasive species are found such as {\it Fallopia japonica} along the eastern wall by Ham Bottom and {\it Symphoricarpos albus} (Snowberry) in several places.         

Some wetter hollows support {\it Salix capraea, Holcus lanatus} and {\it Juncus effusus}.

MANAGE:
Amenity grassland mown. Trees 'spotted' for thinning (?) in some areas. Thinned areas near Parkgate House. Paths kept open by use. Council has tried 'sensory trails' - vandalism problem.


FAUNA:
Seen during survey: Blackbird, Thrush, Carrion Crow, Magpie, Jay, Greater-spotted Woodpecker, Robin.
Grey squirrel.

Recorded: Lesser-spotted woodpecker, Green Woodpecker, Mallards.

VEG:
The north-eastern corner of the common has the {\it Quercus robur} woodland which is typical of much of the common. Understorey species include {\it Coryllus avellana, Sambucus nigra, Betula pendula, Ulmus procera, Prunus laurocerasus, Sorbus aucuparia, Acer pseudoplatanus, Ilex aquifolium}. Ground flora species include {\it Hedera helix, Rubus fruticosus, Hyacinthoides non-scripta, Urtica dioica, Anthriscus sylvestris, Galium aparine, Brachypodium sylvaticum, Pteridium aquilinum} and occasional {\it Ulex europaeus}. Some {\it Betula} is thinned. Paths woodchipped.

A pond on the north-east facing side supports {\it Glyceria fluitans, Iris pseudocorus, Salix} sp. {\it Urtica dioica, Rumex acetosa} and {\it Ranunculus} sp. fringe the pond. {\it Carex pendula} is seen nearby. The pond is under active management.  Further to the SE old gravel diggings support {\it Equisetum} sp. {\it Myosotis} sp.{\it Urtica dioica, Symphoricarpos albus} and {\it Hedera helix}. There are more {\it Aesculus hippocastanum} in the understorey layer here. North of the Football field some species such as {\it Fallopia japonica, Chelidonium majus} and {\it Hesperis matronalis} are found, probably where garden waste has been dumped.

The amenity grassland on the East side of the common is mown but the unmown edges support {\it Alliaria petiolata, Dactylis glomerata, Capsella bursa-pastoris, Anthriscus sylvestris}.

The centre of the common has more recent scrub/woodland. Some areas have been cleared to enhance grassland and remnant heathland habitat.

An avenue of {\it Quercus robur} lines a path towards Bog Gate. The western edge of this common is {\it Quercus robur/Betula pendula} woodland with a substantial presence of {\it Glandiflora impatiens}.

MANAGE:
Restoration of heathland and grassland is planned by protecting and enhancing open areas. Such areas are created by thinning and coppicing. The site is managed by Richmond Borough Council and is done under contract by BTCV. Problem of extracted {\it Ilex} scrub disposal.


VEG:
Most of this common is amenity grassland. Species noted in sward include {\it Geranium molle, Achillea millefolium, Trifolium repens, Bellis perennis}. There many planted trees such as {\it Acer pseudoplatanus, Prunus} spp., a large {\it Platanus x acerifolia}. There is a low {\it C. monogyna} hedge on the north side and some new cypress trees planted on the south side. Some garden roses planted.

MANAGE:
Grassland is mown. Seats provided. Well maintained.


FAUNA:
Mallards, Moorhens, Cormorant, Great-crested Grebe, Heron.

VEG:
Proceeding from North to South. Near GR 176764 a ditch alongside the towpath is shaded with {\it Urtica dioica, Oenanthe crocata, Anthriscus sylvestris, Alliaria petiolata, Arctium minus, Geranium molle, Bryonia} sp. {\it Rumex acetosa} and {\it Acer pseudoplatanaus} scrub. The ditch water is covered with {\it Lemna} sp. and mallards evident. The gravel path is edged with {\it Anthriscus sylvestris, Rumex acetosa, Lamium album, Geum urbanum, Plantago lanceolata, Hedera helix, Senecio jacobaea, Holcus lanatus, Dactylis glomerata, Brachypodium sylvaticum, Melica uniflora, Sonchus asper}. There are patches of scrub species such as {\it Acer pseudoplatanus, Fraxinus excelsior, Ulmus procera, Sambucus nigra, Aesculus hippocastanum}.

Near the Obelisk, patches of {\it Impatiens glandulifera, Equisetum arvense, Artemesia vulgaris, Cirsium vulgare} are found with {\it Heracleum mantegazzanium} which appears in places all along the path. The southern half of the common has the above species and patches of tall ruderal species such as {\it Oenanthe crocata, Rubus fruticosus, Buddleja} sp. {\it Armoracia rusticana, Urtica dioica, Rumex acetosa}.

Proceeding south, the scrub species alternate with some areas of trees such as {\it Acer pseudoplatanus, Fraxinus excelsior}. The ditch in this area is very overshaded and has much dumped rubbish. The path is tarmac for the southernmost mile of the common.

MANAGE:
The path is maintained by frequent use and local authority maintainance. The ditch alongside the path would be of much greater wildlife interest if de-shaded and cleaned of rubbish.


VEG:
The amenity grassland area (western end) has isolated {\it Aesculus hippocastanum} and {\it Crataegus monogyna}. Parallel to Pickhurst Green (road) lies some hedge and scrub with {\it Quercus robur, Fraxinus excelsior} and {\it Ulmus procera} scrub.

An old pond (see map) supports much {\it Lemna} sp.{\it Polygonum hydropiper, Iris pseudocorus}. Large {\it Quercus robur} trees are found here. Either side of the track alongside the school grounds lies {\it Quercus robur, Fraxinus excelsior} wood with an understorey of {\it Sambucus nigra, Acer pseudocorus}  with a ground flora of {\it Rubus fruticosus, Urtica dioica, Geum urbanum, Anthriscus sylvestris, Alliaria petiolata} and tall grasses. A roughly rectangular area on the eastern side of the common is grassland of tall grasses such as {\it Dactylis glomerata, Lolium perenne, Holcus lanatus} and {\it Anthriscus sylvestris, Trifolium repens} with isolated {\it Populus} sp. trees.

MANAGE:
Amenity grassland is regularly mown, a seat provided.


VEG:
The wooded areas have much {\it Fraxinus excelsior} with an understorey of {\it Crataegus monogyna, Ilex aquifolium, Acer pseudoplatanus, Frangula alnus.} The ground flora has extensive {\it Hedera helix, Urtica dioica, Geranium robertianum, Stachys sylvatica, Galium aparine, Heracleum sphondylium, Clematis vitalba, Chamerion angustifolium, Ranunculus} sp. 

The managed grassland areas which are cut and cleaned in late summer support {\it Centaurea nigra, Rumex acetosa, Achillea millefolium, Holcus lanatus, Hypochoeris radicata, Plantago lanceolata, Stellaria graminea, Ranunculus acris}.

Some trees are planted in the amenity grassland areas such as {\it Acer campestris, Prunus} sp. and {\it Sorbus} sp.

MANAGE:
Wildlife meadow management by Bromley Borough Council. Some amenity tree planting. Leaves Green Circular walk encourages public amenity use.


VEG:
The main part of this common is {\it Quercus robur} woodland. The northern end of the main section has an understorey of {\it Ilex aquifolium, Sambucus nigra, Acer pseudoplatanus, Rhododendron ponticum, Ligistrum vulgare} with ground flora of substantial {\it Pteridium aquilinum} and {\it Rubus fruticosus}. Near the pond on the western side are some {\it Castanea sativa} trees.

An old pond on the western side contains much {\it Glyceria fluitans, Polygonum persicaria} and deadwood.

In the middle of the main part of the common lies an area of acidic grassland with species such as {\it Hypochoeris radicata, Rumex acetosella, Agrostis} sp. and {\it Centaurea nigra}. This area is fringed with {\it Pteridium aquilinum, Ulex europaeus} and {\it Rubus fruticosus}.

Other small areas such as that south of Croydon road and Northeast of Farnborough road support {\it Quercus robur/Acer pseudoplatanus} woods.

MANAGE:
No dumping sign erected. No active management.


VEG:
Green Street Green is mostly amenity grassland which is regularly mown. There are amenity trees such as {\it Aesculus hippocastanum, Fraxinus excelsior, Tilia europaeus, Acer pseudoplatanus, Fagus sylvatica, Fagus sylvatica purpurea}. 
An area of acidic grassland near the multi-road junction supports {\it Rumex acetosella, Achillea millefolium, Plantago lanceolata, Bellis perennis}.

An area of scrub with {\it Crataegus monogyna, Sorbus aucuparia, Rosa canina, Betula pendula} and unmown grasses such as {\it Lolium perenne, Hordeum sp.} is found on the NW facing side of the main section of the common.


VEG:
Broadstreet Common is amenity grassland throughout with a line of {\it Populus sp.} across the site towards the northern end, and a line of {\it Quercus robur} and {\it Crataegus monogyna, Ilex aquifolium} on the NE facing side.


FAUNA:
Seen during survey: Flock of Starlings, Magpie.                            
In pond: Pond snails, Ramshorn snails, Horse leeches, Pond skaters, Blue-tailed damselflies, Whirligig and Greater diving beetles. Sticklebacks, Common newts, frogs and toads.

VEG:
Uxbridge Common is mostly amenity grassland edged by large amenity trees such as {\it Tilia europaeus} and {\it Aesculus hippocastanum}. The drier areas of grass have acidic species such as {\it Rumex acetosella}. More lush areas have {\it Achillea millefolium, Leontodon autumnalis, Trifolium repens}. Where shaded at edges occasional {\it Hyacinthoides non-scripta} and garden escapes are found.

A ditch follows the perimeter of the Common, with species such as {\it Achillea millefolium, Anthriscus sylvestris, Dactylis glomerata, Lolium perenne, Rumex acetosa, Galium aparine, Vicia sativa, Taxacorum} sp. {\it Plantago lanceolata, Lotus pedunculatus, Bellis perennis, Lamium album, Sisymbrium officinale, Leontodon autumnalis, Juncus inflexus, Juncus effusus, Agrostis} sp., {\it Ranunculus acris}.

The northern side of the Common has some {\it Ulex europaeus/ Cytisus scoparius} scrub. Some of the {\it Ulex} has been burnt. {\it Crataegus monogyna, Sambucus nigra} and 1 or 2 {\it Castanea sativa}.

The pond in the NW corner is edged with {\it Salix chrysocoma, Fraxinus excelsior, Betula pendula} and supports {\it Lemna trisulca, Stratiotes aloides, Glyceria maxima, Ranunculus lingua}.

MANAGE:
Grass regularly mown. Pond rather clogged.


FAUNA:
Recorded during survey:  Magpie, Greater-spotted Woodpecker, Great Tit, Lesser Whitethroat.

Grey Squirrel.

VEG:
The southern parts of the common are {\it Quercus robur} woodland with {\it Crataegus monogyna, Prunus spinosa} as understorey. There are some areas of substantial {\it Salix} spp. Marshy grassland areas support {\it Molinia caerulea} and {\it Salix, Juncus} sp. The streamside supports {\it Rumex acetosa, Stellaria holostea, Plantago major, Holcus lanatus, Anthriscus sylvestris, Dipsacus fullonum, Alliaria petiolata, Urtica dioica, Silene dioica, Galium aparine, Typha latifolia, Sparganium} sp. {\it Plantago alisma-aquatica}.

MANAGE:
Managed by London Wildlife Trust. At the time of survey there were several burnt out motorbikes in woodland. The Hillingdon Trail which passes through the common appears well used.


FAUNA:
Seen during survey: Jay, Wren. Common blue butterfly, and Cinnabar moth caterpillars.

VEG:
The 'wasteground' parts of this common which lie nearer to the minor road have large mounds of road waste, sand, gravel etc. This area has been colonized by rough grasses and ruderal species and is edged by {\it Quercus/Fraxinus/Crataegus} scrub. Species found in this area include: {\it Cirsium vulgare, Rumex} ssp. {\it Tripleurospermum maritimum, Chamerion angustifolium, Urtica dioica, Holcus lanatus, Taraxacorum} ssp. {\it Trifolium campestre, Dactylis glomerata, Achillea millefolium, Vicia sativa, Lolium perenne, Senecio vulgaris, Dipsacus fullonum, Polygonum aviculare, Alliaria petiolata, Silene dioica, Silene alba, Arctium} sp. {\it Potentilla rupestris, Melilotus officinalis, Lotus corniculatus, Polygonum persicaria, Mentha arvensis, Calystegia sepum, Artemesia vulgaris}.

There are large patches of {\it Armoracia rusticana} and some {\it Fallopia japonica} on the northern side of the common.                              

The western side of the common was only surveyed from the sides and is largely {\it Quercus} scrub/woodland with much {\it Salix} sp. and other understorey trees such as {\it Populus tremula, Prunus spinosa, Salix fragilis, Crataegus monogyna, Sambucus nigra, Acer campestris}.

In the NW corner an old pond is found which is shaded and contains deadwood and rubbish.

MANAGE:
The common seems to be used a dumping ground and has been an informal recreational area. The {\it Fallopia japonica} needs to be eradicated.


VEG:
The common is mostly amenity grassland. Exact boundaries of common difficult to ascertain on the ground due to disturbance.  An artificial bank on the eastern side supports species such as {\it Heracleum sphondylium, Artemesia vulgaris, Melilotus officinalis, Achillea millefolium, Alliaria petiolata, Malva sylvestris, Hordeum} sp. {\it Urtica dioica, Dipsacus follunum, Trifolium campestre, Chrysanthemum leucanthemum}.
The common is edged with {\it Populus} species to the north and west. A ruined concrete building is found to the southern end.


FAUNA:
Seen during survey: Mallards, Magpie, Thrush.

VEG:
The northern end of the larger part of this common has {\it Quercus/Salix/Fraxinus} woodland with an understory that includes {\it Crataegus monogyna, Prunus spinosa}. The small northernmost section, the southern most section and the southern end of the main section are amenity grasslands with some planted amenity trees such as {\it Tilia europaeus, Malus} sp. and some planted exotics. An old pond in the larger section has dried and become scrubbed over.

The section immediately south of Whitchurch Lane has some amenity grassland which is landscaped around a channelled ditch. This area also has an area of tall ruderal species such as {\it Rubus fruticosus, Chamerion angustifolium, Galium aparine, Anthriscus sylvestris}.

MANAGE:
Grassland is regularly mown. Restoration of the pond would be beneficial for wildlife.


FAUNA:
Crow, Starlings. Meadow Brown Butterfly.

VEG:
The eastern end of this common is improved amenity grassland. Species present include {\it Lolium perenne, Trifolium repens, Poa annua, Hypochoeris radicata, Agrostis} sp. {\it Ranunculus} spp. Three {\it Quercus robur} in NW corner.

The western section of the common is a meadow. During survey 'rides' had been mown in the grasses. Species present include {\it Holcus lanatus, Ranunculus acris, Stellaria graminea, Agrostis} sp. {\it Lotus corniculatus, Lolium perenne, Potentilla rupestris, Cirsium} spp. {\it Cerastium fontanum, Trifolium pratense, Deschampsia cespitosa, Athoxanthum odoratum}. The field is noted for substantial {\it Cardamine pratensis} in spring.  A drain by the roadside has some {\it J. effusus, Alliaria petiolata, Rumex acetosa}.

MANAGE:
Amenity grasslands regularly mown. Western area mown late summer.


FAUNA:
Seen during survey: Great Tit, Blackbird, Starlings, Blackcap, Jay, Chaffinch, Wood pigeon, Sparrows.

Large White Butterfly.

VEG:
The allotments near The Greenway are well used with a wide scrub-edged path on their SW side. The eastern block of allotments are overgrown with woodland of {\it Crataegus monogyna, Fraxinus excelsior, Salix}. 

The playing fields are edged by {\it Quercus robur, Sorbus aucuparia, Cypressus}.

Rough grassland near the railway supports {\it Agrostis} sp. {\it Rumex acetosa, Plantago lanceolata, Galium verum, Holcus lanatus, Deschampsia flexuosa, Luzula campestris, Poa annua, Ranunculus acris, Bellis perennis, Veronica chamaedrys, Potentilla sterilis, Lotus corniculatus, Chrysanthemum leucanthemum}.

MANAGE:
Grassland/amenity areas mown regularly and allotments well used. The unmanaged woodlands provide useful 'wild' area.


VEG:
South of Church Rd. is found land that is partially disturbed especially near the western end. Here a stream forms the boundary of the common and has much dumped rubbish present. There are many patches of {\it Fallopia japonica}  brought in by dumping and species such as {\it Dactylis glomerata, Achillea millefolium, Vicia sativa, Cirsium vulgare, Silene dioica, Alliaria petiolata, Rumex} spp. {\it Silene alba, Chrysanthemum leucanthemum, Centaurea nigra, Anthriscus sylvestris, Trifolium repens, Urtica dioica, Galium aparine, Holcus lanatus, Arctium minus, Onobrychis  vicifolia, Armoracia rusticana, Cardaria draba, Thlaspi arvense, Heracleum sphondylium, Plantago lanceolata, Lamium purpureum, Molinia caerulea}. By the road some {\it Sambucus nigra} and {\it Acer pseudoplatanus} are found.

On the north of Church Road there is {\it Salix} sp. scrub over the western, wetter end. East of this is a damp area with considerable {\it Armoracia rusticana} and {\it Urtica dioica, Anthriscus sylvestris, Cirsium} sp. {\it Arctium minus, Heracleum sphondylium, Dactylis glomerata, Malva sylvestris, Galium aparine}. There is a hedge of {\it Crataegus monogyna, Sambucus nigra}, with some {\it Acer campestris} and {\it Acer pseudocorus}. 

At the eastern end of the area north of Church Rd. is some amenity acid grassland with species such as {\it Achillea millefolium, Anthoxanthum odoratum, Lotus corniculatus, Poa annua, Plantago lanceolata, Leontodon autumnalis, Ranunculus acris, Rumex acetosa, Alopecurus pratensis, Vicia sativa, Linum catharticum}. There is a patch of {\it Fallopia japonica} adjacent to the grassland.

MANAGE:
Mostly unmanaged. Grassland adjacent to entrance to nursery mown. {\it Fallopia japonica} badly needs spraying.


VEG:
Most of the common is amenity grassland with mature {\it Aesculus hippocastanum} trees.
A large pond lies on the western side and includes species such as {\it Eleocharis palustris, Nymphoides peltata, Typha latifolia, Iris pseudocorus, Polygonum persicaria, Glyceria fluitans, Myosotis} sp.{\it Juncus effusus, Cyperus longus}. The pond is surrounded by {\it Salix x chrysocoma, Platanus x acerifolia} and ground species such as {\it Plantago lanceolata, Trifolium repens, Plantago major, Polygonum aviculare, Arctium} sp. {\it Cirsium arvense}.

MANAGE:
The grasslands are regularly mown. Pond appears relatively well maintained.


VEG:
All amenity grassland with planted trees.


VEG:
The thin bit of common by North Common Road has amenity grass with a line of {\it Aesculus hippocastanum} and {\it Fagus sylvatica purpurea} at the eastern end. The northern edge of this area has grassland backed by a hedge of {\it Crataegus monogyna, Acer pseudoplatanus, Fraxinus excelsior, Ilex aquifolium, Sambucus nigra}. The grass area includes {\it Dactylis glomerata, Bellis perennis, Stellaria graminea, Achillea millefolium, Taxacorum} sp. {\it Anthriscus sylvestris, Poa annua, Plantago major}.

Across N. Common Rd. lies amenity grassland edged by {\it Aesculus hippocastanum, Platanus acerifolia, Tilia europaeus}. Either side of Warwick Rd. on the west side of the 2 largest sections of the common lie areas of recent planted {\it Aesculus hippocastanum} and {\it Acer} spp. Between Warwick Avenue and Elm Avenue the common supports unmown grassland (at time of survey) including {\it Holcus lanatus, Dactylis glomerata, Potentilla erecta, Trifolium repens, Cerastium fontanum, Bellis perennis, Achillea millefolium, Plantago lanceolata, Capsella bursa-pastoris, Leontodon autumnalis, Hordeum} sp.  Along Gunnersbury Avenue a lower, dug out area has many of the above species and amenity trees.


VEG:
The common is all roadside verge and scrub.


VEG:
Viewing was limited to 'over the gate' view due to restriction by notice and locked gate.
The whole area seemed to be allotments, with a few buildings. Trees were dotted around including {\it Quercus} sp., {\it Crataegus monogyna, Sambucus nigra, Malus domestica, Betula} sp. and some exotics.


FAUNA:
Swallows, Skylark, Great Tit, Blackbird.
Small tortoiseshell butterfly. Hawker Dragonflies. Rabbits

VEG:
The road verge section to the north of the main common includes frequent verge grasses, some tall ruderal species such as {\it Artemisia vulgaris, Urtica dioica, Heracleum sphondylium, Cirsium} sp. {\it Rubus fruticosus}. There is also scrub of {\it Ulmus procera, Crataegus monogyna, Prunus spinosa}.

By the car park there is substantial {\it Fallopia japonica}. 

Near Tylers Hall, an old large pond has become overshaded by scrub growing around and in the pond. Species include {\it Crataegus monogyna, Salix} spp. {\it Quercus robur} with {\it Rubus fruticosus}. A horse exercise circle is found near here.

The common is mostly acid/neutral grassland with species such as {\it Potentilla rupestris, Ranunculus acris, Vicia cracca, Stellaria graminea, Agrimonia eupatoria, Convolvulus arvensis, Achillea millefolium, Epilobium hirsutum, Juncus inflexus}. On the East side are large thickets of {\it Rubus fruticosus}.

On the higher slopes on the southern side is a small pond. This supports substantial {\it Typha latifolia, Eleocharis palustris, Ranunculus flammula, Alisma plantago-aquatica, Glyceria fluitans, Ranunculus scleratus, Callitriche} sp. {\it Potamogeton polygonifolius, Myriophyllum spicatum, Lycopus europaeus}. The pond has been recently unclogged (pile of {\it Typha}).

On other slopes there are small areas of more acid grassland that include {\it Rumex acetosella, Agrostis} sp. {\it Hypochoeris radicata, Plantago lanceolata, Achillea millefolium, Dactylis glomerata, Carex} sp.

In the NW corner of the common there is scrub of {\it Crataegus monogyna} and {\it Salix} sp.

MANAGE:
Recent management of the pond. Grazing would improve wildlife potential.


FAUNA:
Seen during survey: Wren, Great Tit, Blue Tit, Magpie, Thrush, Coots, Mallards, Greater Spotted Woodpecker, Tawny Owls, Sparrowhawks, Blackbird, Long-tailed Tit, Green woodpecker, Tufted Duck, Great-crested Grebe, Kestrel, Wood pigeon.

Grey Squirrel, Rabbits, Fox, Pipistrelle and Noctule bats.

Recorded: 83 species of bird including Heron, Little Grebe, Kingfisher, Shoveler, Lesser-spotted woodpecker.

Extensive records exist of invertebrates on Hampstead Heath (English Heritage, Plant 1991). Rare examples include {\it Agrilus pannonicus} and {\it Laemostenus terricola}.

Butterflies recorded: Comma, Red admiral, Peacock, Small tortoiseshell, Large, Small and Essex Skippers, Orange Tip, Wall, Holly Blue.

Moths recorded: 274 species of macro-moths.

Spiders recorded: 150 species including the nationally notable {\it Lepthyphantes insignis}.

Dragonflies recorded: 9 species including Ruddy Darter (nationally notable).                             

The Invertebrate Site Register for the whole of Hampstead Heath lists one 'rare', one 'Nationally scarce Notable A' and 12 'Nationally rare' species.

VEG:
The western areas of Hampstead Heath are largely former heathland (on sandy soils) which are now secondary woodlands. {\it Quercus robur/Q. petraea} and {\it Betula pubescens/ B. pendula} prevail in most areas. 

At the northern end of Sandy Heath, near Mount Tyndal the substantial {\it Betula} ssp. is allied with {\it Fraxinus excelsior, Acer pseudoplatanus} and conifer species. Understorey trees include {\it Quercus robur, Ilex aquifolium, Sorbus aucuparia}. Ground flora species include {\it Impatiens parviflora} (large patches), {\it Rubus fruticosus, Pteridium aquilinum, Urtica dioica, Pentaglottis sempervirens}. Downslope the prevailing {\it Quercus} sp is joined by {\it Fagus sylvatica}.
The track that passes down to North End has some scrub {\it Ulmus procera, Sorbus} sp. which has been cleared. {\it Digitalis purpurea} has appeared. Small ponds are found near here (surrounded by chestnut paling) which support {\it Lemna minor, Juncus effusus, Iris pseudocorus, Menyanthes trifoliata, Glyceria fluitans}. Clumps of {\it Ulex europaeus} and pollarded {\it Quercus} are found here. The North End part of H. Heath is included in the Ancient Woodland Inventory of London.

The path that separates Sandy Heath and the H. Heath Extension has more mixed woodland with {\it Quercus, Betula, Acer pseudoplatanus, Sorbus aria} present, with understorey species such as {\it Coryllus avellana, Fagus sylvatica, Robinia pseudoacacia, Sambucus nigra, Crataegus monogyna} and ground flora of {\it Hyacinthoides non-scripta, Impatiens parviflora, Iris pseudocorus, Urtica dioica}.

West Heath is also {\it Quercus/Betula} woodland with areas of very poor glound flora other than {\it Rubus fruticosus, Pteridium aquilinum}.

A marsh around the spring near the centre of West Heath 'supported {\it Eriophorum angustifolium} sp. within living memory'. At time of survey species such as {\it Glyceria maxima, Polygonum hydropiper, Juncus effusus, Carex} sp. were found here. {\it Erica tetralix} has been introduced here. {\it Salix repens, Molinia caerulea, Deschampsia flexuosa} are recorded from here.

The Leg of Mutton Pond supports {\it Caltha palustris, Glyceria maxima, Iris pseudocorus, Salix} sp. and is currently under maintenance and will be drained to remove silt to improve the depth and quality of the pond. Scrub and trees are to be extracted to ease access and increase light levels. It is currently fenced off from the public.

West of Sandy Road lies woodland of {\it Quercus robur, Tilia europaeus, Acer campestre, Sorbus aucuparia, Sambucus nigra}.

East of Spaniard's Road, on the East facing slopes overlooking the Vale of Health lie further {\it Quercus} woods with scrub of {\it Ulmus procera} and {\it Sambucus nigra}. Areas of acid grassland support {\it Rumex acetosella, Ulex europaeus}. Some of the {\it Ulex} has been burnt, by accident or design and patches of {\it Rubus fruticosus} are growing where scrub has been controlled. The pond on the Vale of Health is surrounded by {\it Quercus} sp., {\it Salix chrysocoma} and {\it Iris pseudocorus}. Coots, Mallards, Canada Geese, Tufted Ducks and a Swan are found here.

South, towards East Heath Road, woodland where {\it Betula} sp. (over grassland) predominates. This wood becomes more mixed towards the grassier areas near The Pryors. Species such as {\it Tilia europaeus} and {\it Carpinus betulus} are found east of The Pryors and areas of treated {\it Fallopia japonica}. Between The Pryors and Hampstead Ponds lies a large area of acidic/improved  grassland with {\it Lolium perenne, Rumex acetosella, Dactylis glomerata, Trifolium repens, Ranunculus} ssp. This is probably representative of U1 grassland community (NVC). Above Hampstead Ponds lie parkland trees such as {\it Platanus acerifolia, Salix chrysocoma, Tilia europaeus} over long grasses. Bryophyte rarities are recorded from Hampstead Ponds, specifically from the {\it Salix fragilis} on their margins. Moss Species reported include {\it Orthotrichum striatum, Ulota bruchii, Orthotrichum diaphanum,  Orthotrichum affine, Frullania dilitata, Leskea polycarpa}. The lichen flora is also rich e.g. {\it Usnea inflata, Parmelia perlata, Fissidens exilis}. A bryophyte check-list for the whole of Hampstead Heath lists 54 species of Mosses and Hepatics.

The northern stretches of East Heath are largely {\it Quercus} sp. wood with open areas of amenity grassland (Sports Ground) and acid grassland (Speech Wood) with isolated parkland trees.

The Viaduct pond supports {\it Nymphea alba, Glyceria maxima}. Birdlife is rich here also with good sightings of Water Rail. 

Several old {\it Quercus} sp. trees, large {\it Fagus sylvatica purpurea} and {\it Acer platanoides} are found upstream of Viaduct Pond.

MANAGE:
Management currently revolves around heathland restoration, pond enhancement, and coppicing of scrub. Regular maintainance includes amenity grass mowing and control of invasive species {\it Fallopia japonica}. Horticultural improvement of the gardens on The Hill is in hand.

A recent draft management plan has been produced and is undergoing wide consultation and controversy. From the ecological point of view this is based around the recreation of heathland, enhancement of landscape, replacement of hedges and positive management of woodlands and watercourses.


FAUNA:
Seen during survey:  Green woodpecker, Nuthatch, Thrush, Magpie, Blackbird, Wren, Carrion Crow, Cuckoo.

VEG:
Much of the woodland is secondary, arising from old gravel extraction pits.

The western section is largely {\it Quercus robur} wood with {\it Betula} sp. and {\it Fagus sylvatica} and a few {\it Sorbus aucuparia, Ilex aquifolium, Taxus baccata}. {\it Rhododendron ponticum} has invaded. The ground flora was poor due to shading on the northern side and often restricted to {\it Rubus fruticosus} and/or {\it Pteridium aquilinum} elsewhere. Damper patches included {\it Juncus effusus, G. fluitans, Deschampsia cespitosa, Ranunculus repens, Callitriche stagnalis}. Around TQ 145 926 is found some {\it Quercus/Coryllus} wood with understorey of {\it Ilex aquifolium, Fagus sylvatica}. Ground flora specis here include {\it Hyacinthoides non-scripta, Oxalis acetosella, Teucrium scorodonia, Glechoma hederacea}.

The small section south of 'Old Redding' road is {\it Quercus/Betula} woodland with some {\it Fraxinus excelsior, Fagus sylvatica} and {\it Crataegus monogyna}. Some scrub has been cut down on the the southern side and some {\it Ulex} sp. burnt. Some trees have been planted in tubes near the road. Understorey species in general include {\it Ilex aquifolium, Coryllus avellana, Salix} sp. {\it Sambucus nigra, Crataegus monogyna}.
Ground flora includes {\it Rubus fruticosus, Brachypodium sylvaticum, Galium aparine, Hyacinthoides non-scripta, Silene dioica, Hedera helix} with {\it Juncus} spp. in wetter places.

The largest section of the common has many old gravel pit areas. The banks of these and some ditches support good bryophyte growth. The northern end is dominated by {\it Fagus sylvatica} whilst much of the rest of the wood is {\it Quercus/Fraxinus} dominated with {\it Acer pseudoplatanus, Crataegus monogyna, Betula, Ilex aquifolium} understorey. Much horse-riding in this area.

MANAGE:
Paths are kept open by frequent use. Some tree planting undertaken. Ground flora could be enhanced by openings in canopy.


FAUNA:
Seen during survey: Wren, Magpie, Wood pigeon, Green Woodpecker.

VEG:
The north-western and south-western corners of Eltham Common has semi-improved/acidic grassland with species such as {\it Dactylis glomerata, Hordeum} sp. {\it Trifolium repens, Plantago lanceolata, Achillea millefolium, Taraxacorum} sp. {\it Lolium perenne, Malva sylvestris, Alliaria petiolata, Holcus lanatus, Trifolium campestre}. A large patch of {\it Cirsium vulgare} is evident.

The main body of the common is {\it Quercus} woodland with understorey trees/shrubs such as {\it Crataegus monogyna, Malus sylvestris, Prunus spinosa, Betula pendula, Ilex aquifolium}. {\it Fagus sylvatica } is found more upslope as is {\it Ilex aquifolium}. Ground flora species include {\it Rubus fruticosus, Teucrium scorodonia, Galium aparine, Rosa} sp., {\it Brachypodium sylvaticum, Ruscus aculeatus, Hedera helix, Hyacinthoides non-scripta}. Some areas have very little ground flora due to shading. More open patches have grasses e.g. {\it Dactylis glomerata} or substantial {\it Rubus fruticosus}. At edges such along the northern edge trees such as {\it Corylus avellana, Fraxinus excelsior, Ulmus procera} prevail.

The north-eastern corner has tall {\it Aesculus hippocastanum, Tilia europaeus} with tall grasses. South of the Church and school buildings lies further mown grassland and a small car park.

MANAGE:
Amenity grasslands mown. Regular use keeps paths open.


FAUNA:
Seen during survey: Great Tit, Magpie, Thrush, Robin, Kestrel.

Recorded: 'At least 38 species'. All 3 Woodpeckers, Tawny Owl, Marsh and Willow tits, Turtle Dove, Tree Pipit, Linnet, Tree sparrow, Hawfinch, Yellowhammer, Wood Warbler, Cuckoo, Garden Warbler. Over wintering species include: Grey Wagtail, Siskin, Redpoll. On passage: Hobby, Firecrest, Wheatear, Pied flycatcher.

Mammals: Fox, rabbit, weasel, grey squirrel, Muntjac, Pipistrelle bats.
Reptiles: Slow worm, Grass snake, Common Lizard.

Invertebrates: Although Red Data Book and Nationally Scarce species are present the 'Survey of Heathland and Ancient Woodland Insects of Stanmore Common' P.J.Hodge (1992) states that 'it would be an exaggeration to suggest that the (former) SSSI is an excellent dead-wood or ancient forest habitat for insects.' Heathland species are not well represented, reflecting the decline in this habitat. Dead-wood species are better represented.

Coleoptera: 4 Nationally Scarce and 1 RDB species recorded
Diptera: 7 Nationally Scarce and 1 RDB species recorded
Hymenoptera: 2 Nationally Scarce and 1 RDB species recorded
Lepidoptera: 2 Nationally Scarce species recorded
Orthoptera: 1 Nationally Scarce species recorded

VEG:
Generally Stanmore Common is secondary {\it Quercus} and {\it Betula} woodland with {\it Fagus sylvatica} and {\it Acer pseudoplatanus} frequent in southern areas. The North-eastern area has many older standards such as line of old {\it Quercus} sp. along the northern edge. In north and western areas a few conifers such as {\it Larix decidua, Pinus sylvestris} are found. Ground flora is often dominated by {\it P. aquilinum, Rubus fruticosus, Hedera helix}. {\it Hyacinthoides non-scripta} is frequent. {\it Carex pendula} appears on the eastern sides of the common, {\it Conopodium majus} and a patch of {\it Sanicula europaea} is to be found N on the largest pond on the common near Warren Lane. Records exist for {\it Epipactis helleborine} and recently {\it Dactylorhiza maculata} has appeared in some quantity.

Scrub is found skirting woodland by remaining open areas.

Wetter areas often have constant {\it Betula} spp. with {\it Alnus glutinosa, Populus tremula} by streamsides. The ground flora of the wetter parts is varied including {\it Ranunculus flammula, Lychnis flos-cuculi, Equisetum fluviatile, Carex pendula, Bromus erectus, Cardamine pratensis, Polygonum hydropiper, Juncus effusus, Equisetum telmateia, Juncus acutiflorus,} and {\it Juncus articulatus}. A marshy area on the eastern side supports {\it Equisetum} sp. {\it Urtica dioica, Mentha aquatica, Glyceria fluitans, Lycopus europaeus}. Small areas of {\it Sphagnum} can still be found by streamheads.

Heathland and acid grassland areas still persist with their typical species of {\it Potentilla erecta, Calluna vulgaris, Galium saxatile, Succisa pratensis, Deschampsia flexuosa}. Scrub encroachment threatens to overwhelm this habitat.

The large pond in the SE corner of the common is silted up and has substantial {\it Salix} sp. growth.

MANAGE:
Efforts underway to protect heathland and acid grassland areas. Ponds could be re-instated.


FAUNA:
Birds recorded during field survey: Great Tit, Chiffchaff, Treecreeper, Mallards, Coot, Canada Geese.

Additional previously recorded birds: Wood warbler, Spotted flycatcher, Pied flycatcher, Redpoll, Garden Warbler.

Dragonflies recorded:  {\it Aeshna cyanea, Aeshna grandis, Aeshna mixta,} (one in 1984){\it Anax imperator, Libellula depressa} (one in 1984), {\it  Libellula quadrimaculata,} (one in 1983), {\it Sympetrum striolatum, Erythromma najas, Ischnura elegans, Coenagrion puella, Enallagma cyathigerum}.                      

Grey Squirrel.

VEG:
The section west of Heathfield road is not SSSI and will be dealt with first. This area, around the school, has a large car park with adjacent small areas of acid and semi-improved grassland with species such as {\it Plantago lanceolata, Hypochoeris radicata, Lolium perenne, Agrostis} sp. {\it Dactylis glomerata, Trifolium pratense}. This is surrounded by {\it Quercus} sp./{\it Betula pendula} woodland with some {\it Pinus sylvestris} and some understorey species such as {\it Ilex aquifolium, Prunus laurocerasus, Taxus baccata, Sorbus aria} and a ground flora that includes {\it Pteridium aquilinum, Rubus fruticosus}.  The thin strip to the north of this section (near disused windmill) has some tall conifers, scrub {\it Ilex aquifolium, Fagus sylvatica purpurea, Laburnum anagyroides} and {\it Tilia} sp. pollards.

The section north of Fishponds Road has {\it Quercus/Betula} woodland running parallel with the road and an area of {\it Pinus sylvestris} woodland that surrounds a bog of considerable interest. This supports {\it Sphagna} species such as {\it S. papillosum, S. palustre, S. magellanicum, S. fimbricatum, S. capillifolium, S. cuspidatum, S. recurvum, S. angustifolium} and bryophyte species such as {\it Polytrichum commune, Campylopus flexuosus, Campylopus introflexus, Ceratodon purpureus, Mnium hornum, Aulacomnium palustre, Calliergon cuspidata, Eurynchium praelongum, Cephalozia connivens, Calypogeia fissa}. The mire has some dammed areas with substantial {\it Sphagna} sp. {\it Molinia caerulea, Juncus bufonius, Glyceria fluitans, Juncus acutiflorus, Agrostis canina, Juncus} sp. {\it Hydrocotyle vulgaris, Ranunculus lingua, Eleogiton fluitans, Carex binervis, Carex echinata, Potentilla erecta}. Slopes around the mire support {\it Sphagna} sp. {\it Erica tetralix, Eriophorum angustifolium, Narthecium ossifragum} (its only London locality),{\it  Deschampsia flexuosa, Vaccinium myrtillus}. 

The main section of Keston Common south of Fishponds road is substantially {\it Quercus/Betula} woodland. The southern parts (with the large earthwork and 'dells') have an understorey of {\it Ulex europaeus, Castanea sativa, Sambucus nigra, Cytisus scoparius, Quercus robur}, and ground flora supporting {\it Mercuralis perennis, Hedera helix, Geranium robertianum}. 

An area of dry heath can be found south of the earthwork with {\it Calluna vulgaris, Ulex} sp. {\it Melampyrum pratense, Pteridium aquilinum}. Scrub is  invading this area ({\it Betula pendula/Ulex europaeus}). Acid grassland patches (including some bare ground) can be found here also that include {\it Rumex acetosella, Agrostis} sp. {\it Deschampsia flexuosa}. Further heath and grassland is found to the west of the two large ponds of the common. Pine predominates in a central area south of Fishponds Road.

The ponds support substantial {\it Nuphar lutea, Typha latifolia, Potamogeton} sp. 

Keston War Memorial turf area supports (recorded 1989) the following species: {\it Poa annua, Festuca rubra, Anthoxanthum odoratum, Agrostis} sp. {\it Cerastium fontanum, Cerastium glomeratum, Cerastium semidecandrum, Trifolium dubium, Trifolium striatum, Trifolium glomeratum, Ornithopus perpussilus, Lotus corniculatus, Pilosella officinarum, Hypochoeris radicata, Plantago lanceolata, Plantago coronopus, Rumex acetosella, Achillea millefolium, Bellis perennis, Erophila verna, Arabidopsis thaliana, Luzula campestris, Aphanes microcarpa, Sagina} sp. {\it Veronica arvensis, Ranunculus bulbosus}.

A nationally scarce species {\it Moenchia erecta} is found on Keston Common. 5 species found here are 'Rare in Greater London' ( found in less than 1 per cent of Greater London tetrads) i.e. {\it Narthecium ossifragum, Eriophorum angustifolium, Vaccinium myrtillus, Potentilla argentea, Ranunculus lingua}.

The following are 'Scarce in Greater London' (found in less than 5 per cent of Greater London tetrads) i.e. {\it Erica tetralix, Scutellaria minor, Ranunculus hederaceus, Trifolium striatum, Myosotis ramosissimum, Montia fontana, Stellaria pallida, Erophila verna, Juncus squarrosus, Saxifraga granulata, Epipactis helleborine, Melampyrum pratense, Carex pilulifera}.

MANAGE:
Considerable effort has been undertaken to conserve the valley mire areas as shown by dams and fencing. At the time of survey some fencing was down. The mire is in danger of scrub invasion and shading, much past effort has gone into ensuring this here and by the heathland areas.


VEG:
This common is mostly amenity grassland with an athletics track and playground area.
Amenity trees onsite include {\it Fraxinus excelsior, Tilia europaeus, Prunus} sp. {\it Carpinus betulus var fastigiata}. A privet hedge 
lies along the NE side of the common.
The path across the common has an avenue of alternating {\it Platanus acerifolia} and {\it Tilia europaeus}.


VEG:
Most of common is amenity grassland. A line of mature {\it Aesculus hippocastanum} by South Parade with some {\it Acer pseudoplatanus, Tilia europaeus}. There is also a hedge of {\it Crataegus monogyna} by S. Parade.
Near the centre of the common are found some pollarded {\it Tilia} sp. with {\it Robinia pseudoacacia} and a rose garden.


FAUNA:
Seen during survey:  Starlings, Blackbird, Blue Tit, Great Tit, Magpie, Wood pigeon, Blackcap, Crow, Robin.

Reported: 

Small mammals: Pygmy Shrew, Bank Vole, Wood Mouse, Pipistrelle Bat.

Small colony of Grass Snakes.                           
Odontata recorded: {\it Coenagrion puella, Enallagma cyathigerum, Aeshna grandis, Anax imperator}

VEG:
The peripheral areas to the North and South of this Common have wood and scrub with road verge grasses e.g. area north of Rowley Green Farm which has {\it Quercus} scrub with {\it Salix cinerea, Betula pendula} and much {\it Rubus fruticosus}. Road verges include {\it Dactylis glomerata, Arrenatherum elatius, Alopecurus pratensis, Heracleum sphondylium, Rumex acetosa, Cirsium} sp.

The main body of the Common is a Local Nature Reserve. The woods on the common include predominantly {\it Betula} spp. wood near Rowley Green Farm but elsewhere the wood is mainly {\it Quercus robur} dominated.

Area marked E21 are open with wet grassy heath that include {\it Holcus lanatus, Anthoxanthum odoratum, Juncus effusus, Deschampsia cespitosa, Agrostis capillaris, Agrostis canina, Festuca rubra, Luzula campestris, Potentilla erecta, Galium saxatile, Rumex acetosella, Conopodium majus, Hypochoeris radicata, Succisa pratensis, Carex nigra, C. pilulifera, C. ovalis}. These areas are fringed by {\it Ulex europaeus}, and {\it Rubus fruticosus}.

There are 2 ponds. The one south of Rowley Green House has {\it Iris pseudocorus, Glyceria fluitans, Ranunculus flammula} with {\it Ulex europaeus} and {\it Calluna vulgaris} patches around the edge. Species such as {\it Eleogiton fluitans, Veronica scutellata, Ranunculus peltatus} are recorded.  Much {\it Populus tremula} invading here.                           

A central part of the common lies a fenced off pitted area with {\it Sphagnum squarrosum} and {\it Sphagnum fimbricatum, Carex echinata, Calluna vulgaris, Ranunculus flammula, Carex nigra, Carex pilulifera, Sparganium erectum, Bidens cernua}.

MANAGE:
Recent Management Plan for 1996 to 2000 produced for the Management Committee by Herts. and Middlesex Wildlife Trust.

Main points:

Non-intervention in wooded areas.
Restore Grassy Heath.
Keep some scrub as coppice.
Erect interpretive signs.
Maintain ponds with 30 per cent shading.
Coppice scrub around heathy areas and ponds.
Maintain 50 per cent shading round central {\it Sphagnum}-rich pools.
Maintain paths and separate horse-riders, permissive path.
Prevent scrub encroachment onto neutral grasslands.


FAUNA:
Seen during survey:  Blackbird, Mallards, Great Tit, Green Woodpecker. 


Butterflies: Speckled Wood. Ringlet.                            
Grey Squirrel.

VEG:
The car park by Baston Road is surrounded by {\it Quercus robur} woodland with much {\it Betula} sp., and an understorey of {\it Ulex europaeus, Ilex aquifolium, Acer pseudoplatanus}. There is much dead wood amongst a limited ground flora that has substantial {\it Pteridium aquilinum, Hedera helix}.
The section west of W. Common Rd. has {\it Quercus robur, Fraxinus excelsior} woodland with a more varied understorey of {\it Crataegus monogyna, Fraxinus excelsior, Ilex aquifolium, Aesculus hippocastanum}. The ground flora has some exotics such as {\it Fallopia japonica, Symphoricarpos album, Cyress} sp. arising from dumped waste. Other ground flora species include {\it Urtica dioica, Hedera helix, Circaea lutetiana}. The northern end of this section has some {\it Taxus baccata, Prunus laurocerasus}. There are some pockets of open ground with {\it Pteridium aquilinum, Chamerion angustifolium, Sorbus aucuparia, Fagus sylvatica}. There are some balustraded walkways through the wood. Near Baston manor one finds a large {\it Cedrus} sp. and a large {\it Castanea sativa}. Nearby {\it C. sativa} and {\it Ilex aquifolium} are found as understorey under {\it Quercus robur}. A wetter area north of Hast Hill has much {\it Betula} sp. and a few {\it Pinus sylvestris} with substantial {\it P. aquilinum}

West of Prestons Rd. is another area of {\it Quercus} woodland with some acid grassland that overlooks Warren Rd. This supports {\it Rumex acetosella, Hypochoeris radicata, Agrostis} sp. {\it Holcus lanatus, Deschampsia flexuosa}.

A pond by Warren Rd. supports {\it Typha latifolia, Polygonum hydropiper, Polygonum persicaria, Glyceria fluitans, Iris pseudocorus, Glyceria maxima, Sparganum} sp. Large {\it Quercus robur} surround the pond with some {\it Ilex aquifolium}.

East of Prestons Road lies a small patch of acid grassland, but this section of the common south of Hayes Court is {\it Quercus robur} woodland, some old coppice woodland with old banks that support good bryophyte growth. {\it Fagus sylvatica} is substantial near the centre of this area and recent areas of {\it Quercus} coppice.

The section between Baston Rd. and W. Common Rd. is also woodland with a small pond on the eastern side. Damper central areas have {\it Betula} sp. woodland with {\it Lonicera peryclymenum, Stachys sylvatica, Teucrium scorodonia, Potentilla erecta, Pteridium aquilinum}.

The crossroads of Baston Rd. and Croydon Rd. has an area that supports semi-improved neutral grassland, acid neutral herb-rich grassland, acid grassland, cleared scrub, and heath areas. Species present include {\it Ulex minor, Viola riviniana, Pedicularis sylvatica, Polygala serpyllifolia, Carex pilulifera, Erica cinerea, Hieracium perpropinquum, Potentilla erecta}.

The NE quadrant has much {\it Lolium perenne}. Acid grassland areas support {\it Luzula campestris, Luzula multiflora, Festica ovina, Sieglingia decumbens, Holcus lanatus, Galium saxatile, Hieracium} spp. {\it Centaurea nigra, Achillea millefolium, Pilosella officinarium, Pseudoscleropodium purum}.

The heath areas have {\it Calluna vulgaris, Erica cinerea, Viola riviniana, Galium saxatile, Ulex europaeus} with small areas of {\it Ulex minor}.

Neutral grassland areas here support {\it Dactylis glomerata, Poa pratensis, Festuca ovina, Bromus mollis, Ranunculus bulbosus, Plantago lanceolata, Cerastium fontanum, Plantago minor, Rumex acetosa, Centaurea nigra, Arrhenatherum elatius, Anthriscus sylvestris, Urtica dioica, Lamium album, Poa annua, Trifolium pratense, Hypochoeris radicata, Holcus mollis}.

Lichens recorded from this small grass/heath area include {\it Cladonia chlorophaea, C. coccifera, C. coniocraea, C. fimbriata, C. floerkeana, C. fucata, C. flauca, C. macilenta, C. portentosa, C. pyxidata, C. ramulosa, C. subcervicornis, C. verticullata, Hypogymnia physoides, Coelocaulon aculeata, Baeomyces rufus, Traeliposis granulosa}.

MANAGE:
Paths and horse rides kept open by sustained use.
Much effort put into restoration of heather by Bromley Council at  Baston Road/Croydon Road crossroads. This involved control of scrub {\it Ulex} and {\it Betula}, stripping turf and spreading heather clippings.


FAUNA:
Seen during survey:  Greater-spotted Woodpecker, Cuckoo, Magpie, Great Tit, Thrush.

Recorded: Anthills {\it Lasius flavus}. Small Heath, Speckled Wood, Small Copper, Holly Blue butterflies. Dragon fly: {\it Orthetrum cancellatum}.
Cardinal Beetle {\it Pyrochroa coccinea}. Grasshoppers.

VEG:
The northern end of Poor's Field includes a managed pond that supports {\it Typha latifolia, Lemna minor, Iris pseudocorus, Glyceria fluitans, Phragmites australis, Ranunculus repens}. It is overhung by {\it Salix} and {\it Quercus}. 

Moving south one finds some {\it Ulex europaeus} scrub with some {\it Crataegus monogyna, Betula} sp. and {\it Sambucus nigra} invading semi-improved acid grassland (NVC U1 and U2). The U1 community includes {\it Agrostis capillaris, Festuca ovina, Holcus lanatus, Galium saxatile, Rumex acetosella, Potentilla erecta, Arrhenatherum elatius, Deschampsia flexuosa, Rumex obtusifolius, Chamerion angustifolium, Hypochoeris radicata, Senecio vulgaris, Hieracium pilosella, Luzula campestris, Genista anglica} (towards the north) and {\it Ulex minor} (near the centre of this northern area). The U2 areas includes {\it Deschampsia flexuosa, Festuca ovina, Holcus lanatus, Galium saxatile, Rumex acetosella}. Small patches of {\it Calluna vulgaris} exist.  Semi-improved neutral grassland (NVC MG1) is found in some areas, dominated by {\it Arrhenatherum elatius}. Some scrub clearance and burning has occurred to halt its invasion of these grasslands.

The easternmost part of the common has {\it Quercus} standards with scrub of {\it Betula, Crataegus monogyna, Populus tremula, Ulex europaeus, Ilex aquifolium}.

The central areas are {\it Quercus} wood and {\it Betula} sp. scrub with some {\it Salix} sp. on the western side. A marshy area along the western edge near where a path enters from Ruislip Woods. This supports {\it Molinia caerulea, Juncus} spp. {\it Glyceria fluitans, Chamerion angustifolium}.
The southern parts of the western edge are scrub with a hedge under development. The south-western face of the common has an area of rank grassland with invading scrub. There is some burnt {\it Ulex europaeus} with much {\it Rubus fruticosus} and {\it Rumex} sp.

The grass areas of the southern sector of Poor's Field also have semi-improved acid grassland with semi-improved neutral grassland, with species content similar to the northern sector. {\it Genista anglica, Veronica officinalis, Dactylorhiza fuchsii} are of special interest. This area was being grazed by 8 Longhorn cattle. The common is effectively fenced by a fence that lies just outside the common boundary.

MANAGE:
Some scrub clearance in the northern sector and the re-introduction of grazing (with Longhorn cattle) have been instigated in recent years.

Paths kept open by frequent use.


FAUNA:
The following birds were seen: meadow pipit, jackdaw. 2 rabbits were seen along the southern boundary.

VEG:
The acid grassland generally occupies the lower half of the slope; it is dominated by {\it Nardus stricta}, with locally frequent {\it Agrostis capillaris, Festuca ovina, Deschampsia flexuosa, Rumex acetosa, R. acetosella, Galium saxatile} and {\it Potentilla erecta}, plus occasional {\it Vaccinium  myrtillus} (around  rock  outcrops). About two thirds of the way up the slope, the acid grassland grades in to {\it Molinia caerulea} dominated marshy grassland, which also contains locally frequent {\it Juncus squarrosus} and {\it Eriophorum vaginatum}. The {\it Molinia} forms low tussocks (less than 40cm high), and in places, overlies patches of peat which all appear to be less than 30cm deep.                 
                               
At SE022084 there is a small area of raised bog (E162) situated in a shallow depression, about 30x60m in extent. It is dominated by {\it Eriophorum angustifolium}, with abundant {\it Sphagnum} spp. and frequent {\it Hydroctyle vulgaris} and {\it Ranunculus flammula}. Below this, there is a shallow ditch (about 0.5m deep and up to 1m wide), which contains abundant {\it Potamogeton polygonifolius} and {\it Juncus effusus}, with frequent {\it J. articulatus, Myosotis scorpioides, R. flammula, H. vulgaris} and {\it Galium palustre}, plus occasional {\it Ranunculus omniophyllus} and {\it Sphagnum} spp. 
  
The acidic flushes are mostly situated below this ditch. They are dominated by {\it Juncus effusus}, with frequent {\it Sphagnum palustre}, {\it Sphagnum} spp., {\it J. articulatus, E. angustifolium, M. scorpioides, R. flammula, H. vulgaris, G. palustre}, and {\it Cirsium palustre}.

MANAGE:
Used for sheep grazing. The intensity of grazing is too high to allow the development of dwarf shrub cover, and this is confined to rock outcrops which are less accessible to sheep.


FAUNA:
The following birds were noted: lapwing, house sparrow, chaffinch, blackbird, blue tit. Several small tortioseshell and meadow brown butterflies were seen, also a peacock and a painted lady.

VEG:
The southern-most section of the common (SJ596989) is mostly {\it Molinia caerulea} dominated marshy grassland, which surrounds an area of amenity grassland (see map), created for use as a small football pitch. The {\it Molinia} is not very tussocky, and appears to be subject to occasional burning. Ericoid species are absent, except in the SW quarter, where there is frequent {\it Erica tetralix} and {\it Calluna vulgaris}. This area was recorded as wet heath (D2). Along the boundaries, there are areas of dense and scattered scrub up to 20m wide ({\it Salix} spp., {\it Crataegus monogyna, Sambucus nigra, Rubus fruticosus} agg.), interspersed with stands of {\it Phalaris arundinacea} and scattered {\it Betula pendula} and {\it Alnus glutinosa} saplings. {\it Populus} sp. trees (now mature) have been planted along Edge Green Lane, and along Ashton Road, there are scattered {\it Quercus robur} saplings (less than 3m high). 

A discontinuous {\it C. monogyna}/{\it Salix} spp. hedge running along the western boundary contains mature {\it Q. robur} trees. Also along this boundary, there is a small depression (about 30x10m) where {\it Sphagnum palustre} was found amongst the {\it Molinia}, with occasional {\it Dryopteris dilatata} and clumps of {\it Juncus effusus}. A pond situated along the southern boundary (SJ614958) is fringed with dense stands of {\it Typha latifolia}, and abundant {\it Solanum dulcamara}. On the banks, there is frequent {\it Urtica dioica} and {\it Carex hirta}. A large amount of refuse (including refrigerators, washing machines and old furniture) has been dumped at the western end.  

The middle section of the common (SJ597992) contains a small area of {\it Molinia} dominated habitat (adjacent to the B5207), with locally frequent {\it Calluna vulgaris} and {\it Juncus squarrosus}, plus occasional {\it Polytrichum commune, Sphagnum fimbriatum} and {\it S. palustre}. The rest of the section contains rank grassland, scrub and small areas of woodland. The grassland is dominated by {\it Alopecurus pratensis} and {\it Poa} spp., with distinct patches of {\it Deschampsia cespitosa} which contain frequent {\it Cirsium palustre, Cardamine pratensis} and {\it Lotus uliginosus}, plus occasional {\it Juncus effusus}. The adjacent woodland is situated in the eastern half of this section; it is a mixture of {\it Q. robur, Q. cerris, Fraxinus excelsior, Populus alba, Acer campestre, Acer pseudoplatanus} and {\it Pinus} sp. It appears to have been planted, although some of the younger trees are probably the result of natural seeding. It is fringed with scattered {\it Salix viminalis} and {\it Salix cinerea}, which is spreading accross the grassland area.        

The northern-most section (SJ596995) is mostly rank grassland with scattered {\it C. monogyna, Salix} spp. and {\it Prunus spinosa}. There are scattered patches of tall herb vegetation ({\it Urtica dioica, Chamerion angustifolium}) and woodland (young {\it F. excelsior}). The grassland is a mixture of {\it Dactylis glomerata, Arrhenatherum elatius, Holcus lanatus, Bromus hordeaceus, Elymus repens}, and {\it Poa} spp., with frequent {\it Deschampsia cespitosa, Centaurea nigra, Lotus uliginosus, Heracleum sphondylium, Carex hirta} and {\it Lysimachia punctata}, plus occasional {\it Iris pseudacorus, Iris} sp. (cultivated), {\it Juncus inflexus, Achillea ptarmica} and {\it Tragopogon pratensis}. There are dense stands of {\it Anthriscus sylvestris} along the road, which contain occasional {\it Reynoutria japonica}. Along the western boundary, there is a small area of wet heath dominated by {\it M. caerulea}, with frequent {\it C. vulgaris}. The adjacent field to the west looks like a former arable field which is now in the set aside scheme - it contains {\it A. elatius} with frequent patches of {\it Urtica dioica, Rumex obtusifolius} and {\it Phalaris arundinacea}.   

The smallest section, on the eastern side of Edge Green Lane (SJ597995), contains tall herb vegetation dominated by {\it Urtica dioica} and {\it Chamerion angustifolium} with scattered patches of rank grassland dominated by {\it Arrhenatherum elatius}.

MANAGE:
No evidence of contemporary agricultural use was seen. The common appears to be used solely for informal recreation by local people. 

Part of the southern most section has been burnt recently, and this has had the effect of damaging a number of young {\it Quercus robur} trees along Ashton Road. If {\it Molinia} dominated areas are to be retained, some control of the spread of scrub and trees will be required in the long term, however burning too frequently may affect {\it Molinia} regeneration and occasional removal of invasive saplings may be more appropriate. It would be desirable to prevent further loss of {\it Molinia} in this area by conversion to amenity grassland. It would also be desirable to remove refuse from the pond along the southern boundary (SJ614958), and prevent further dumping by restricting vehicular access to a poorly defined track (see map) which runs past the pond from Edge Green Lane. 

An informal footpath runs through the middle section. Some management of scrub will also be required here in the long term if the small areas of grassland are to be retained.   

Target note information (dated Aug. 1986) from the Wigan Metropolitan Borough Council Phase 1 Habitat Survey for the southern most section suggests that there has been little change. Refuse tipping in the pond at SJ614958 was also noted in this survey.


FAUNA:
The following birds were noted: house sparrow, songthrush, blackbird. Several small tortioseshell and large white butterflies were seen.

VEG:
The allotment gardens occupy about two thirds of the common and are separated from the amenity grassland area by internal fencing. Around 
the edges of the amenity grassland, there are small areas of enclosed plantation containing {\it Salix} spp., {\it Cornus sanguinea} and {\it Prunus spinosa}, with occasional {\it Cytisus scoparius}. These are now between 0.5 and 3m high. There is also a small enclosure in the middle of the amenity grassland which is open to public access, and is the most recently planted. These enclosed areas also contain rank {\it Arrhenatherum elatius, Holcus lanatus, Elymus repens, Lolium perenne} and {\it Poa} spp. with abundant {\it Ranunculus  repens}, plus frequent {\it Galium aparine, Equisetum arvense, Hypochaeris radicata, Taraxacum officinale} agg. and {\it Plantago lanceolata}, plus occasional {\it Gnapthalium uliginosum}.

MANAGE:
Managed as amenity grassland and allotment gardens, with small areas of broadleaved plantation.


FAUNA:
Painted lady, speckled wood, small tortoiseshell, meadow brown and large white butterflies were seen, mostly near the tree/scrub areas on the common. The following birds were also noted: house sparrow, blackbird, songthrush, chaffinch, swallow (numerous birds, darting about above the southern half of the common).

VEG:
The dry heath is most well developed in the southern half of the common, between the railway line boundary fence and Blenheim Road. It is dominated by {\it Calluna vulgaris} (height up to 30cm, cover varies from 25 to 70 per cent), with abundant {\it Agrostis capillaris} and {\it Festuca ovina}, plus locally frequent {\it Potentilla erecta, Gallium saxatile, Rumex acetosa, R. acetosella} and {\it Juncus squarrosus}. There is also occasional {\it Molinia caerulea} and {\it Nardus stricta}. Towards Ashton Heath Road and the northern half of the common, the heath grades into rank poor semi-improved grassland ({\it Holcus lanatus, Dactylis glomerata, Arrhenatherum elatius, Poa} spp., {\it Lolium perenne}) and semi-improved acid grassland (dominated by {\it Agrostis capillaris}), interspersed with patches (mostly too small to map) of {\it Molinia caerulea, Phalaris arundinacea, Chamerion angustifolium, Anthriscus sylvestris} and {\it Urtica dioica}. Also in this area, there is scattered {\it Crataegus monogyna, Sambucus nigra} and {\it Rosa} sp. scrub, plus occasional {\it Tussilago farfara, Heracleum sphondylium, Rumex crispus} and {\it R. obtusifolius}.  

Most of the woodland and scrub is situated within about 50m of the SW facing boundary. The small patches of woodland are 2 to 6m high. They are a mixture of {\it Quercus robur, Fraxinus excelsior} and {\it Sorbus aucuparia}, with occasional {\it Fagus sylvatica, Betula pendula, Tilia europaea, Malus} sp., {\it Acer campestre, A. pseudoplatanus} and {\it Quercus cerris}. Most of the woodland appears to have developed by natural seeding, although some of the younger trees along the SW facing boundary may have been planted. Under the canopy, there is a ground flora of patchy {\it Holcus mollis} with occasional {\it Molinia caerulea, Agrostis capillaris, Hedera helix} and {\it Polytrichum commune}. The woodland is fringed with small areas of scrub composed of {\it Crataegus monogyna, Prunus spinosa, Sambucus nigra} and {\it Rubus fruticosus} agg. with occasional {\it Salix cinerea} and {\it Rosa} sp. Around the edges, there are patches (too small to map) of grassland dominated by rank {\it Cynosurus cristatus}, and {\it Poa} spp., with locally frequent {\it Holcus lanatus, Centaurea nigra, Achillea millefolium, Lotus uliginosus, Vicia cracca} and {\it Conopodium majus}, plus occasional {\it Trifolium pratense, Medicago lupulina, Cirsium arvense, Hypochaeris radicata, Rumex crispus} and {\it Carex hirta}.          

In the SE corner of the common, there is an embankment about 4m high (along the track to Ashton Heath Farm) which supports acid grassland and scrub  with scattered patches of {\it Polygonum bistorta}.

MANAGE:
No evidence of contemporary agricultural use was seen. The common appears to be used solely for informal recreation by local people.

There are occasional burnt areas, up to 20m wide scattered accross the common, which do not appear to be consistent with an ongoing management policy. Where the dry heath has been burnt, the heather is recovering and there are scattered young shoots. In the wooded areas, the fire has been more intense, and a number of young trees have been killed. It is probably impossible to prevent fires being lit deliberately or accidentaly on a site like this which is on the edge of an urban area and used daily for informal recreation. Controlled burning is used in the management of lowland dry heath to promote heather regeneration and create a varied age structure, however too frequent accidental or deliberate burning would be expected to gradually reduce the area of dry heath. 

There does not appear to be an immediate threat of scrub or woodland significantly reducing the areas of heathland or grassland on the common by colonization. It is likely that some management of the spread of tree and scrub species will be required in the long term if open areas of grassland and heath are to be retained.


FAUNA:
Several small tortioseshell, meadow brown, small copper and peacock butterflies were seen. The following birds were also noted: blackbird, song thrush, house sparrow, chiffchaff, swallow, magpie, common gull.

VEG:
The small section north of the A577 (SD609048) is a shallow pit which now mostly contains {\it Phalaris arundinacea} dominated swamp with frequent scattered {\it Salix} spp., and occasional areas of open water (too small to map) fringed with stands of {\it Typha latifolia}. Higher ground around the edges of the swamp is dominated by {\it Arrhenatherum elatius}, with frequent stands of {\it Epilobium hirsutum} and {\it Urtica dioica}, also frequent scattered {\it Salix} spp., and occasional {\it Crataegus monogyna} and {\it Reynoutria japonica}.  

The largest section, between the A577 and the disused railway at SD605040 is perhaps the most ecologically interesting part of the common. It contains a large area which is now being used as a landfill site, but this is fringed with a mosaic of swamp, scrub, neutral, marshy and acidic grassland and ruderal vegetation, which covers an uneven surface of hillocks, hollows and embankments created by past mineral extraction.

Swamp ({\it Phalaris arundinacea}) and marshy grassland occupy the lowest ground. Most of the marshy grassland is situated in hollows surrounded by scrub which are too small to map. It is dominated by {\it Juncus effusus} or {\it Molinia caerulea}, often with frequent {\it Deschampsia cespitosa, Scutellaria galericulata, Galium palustre, Mentha aquatica, Lotus uliginosus} and {\it Angelica sylvestris}, plus occasional {\it Epilobium hirsutum, Pulicaria dysenterica, Lychnis flos-cuculi, Dactylorhiza fuchsii, Dryopteris dilatata} and {\it Sphagnum} spp. A more acidic area of marshy grassland dominated by {\it Molinia caerulea} (SD607047) contains frequent {\it Sphagnum} spp. and {\it Eriophorum angustifolium} - it is almost an embryonic raised bog. 

Higher ground supports patches of {\it Salix} spp. scrub with {\it Betula pendula} saplings and {\it Rubus fruticosus} agg., surrounded by rank grassland and scattered stands of {\it Urtica dioica} and {\it Chamerion angustifolium}. The most acidic areas of grassland are dominated by {\it Deschampsia flexuosa}, with frequent {\it Galium saxatile} and {\it Potentilla erecta}. Recently disturbed land just west of the landfill site supports patchy {\it Elymus repens, Holcus lanatus} and {\it Dactylis glomerata} with frequent {\it Tussilago farfara, Rumex obtusifolius, Cirsium arvense, Taraxacum officinale} agg., {\it Senecio vulgaris} and {\it Plantago major}. The most species diverse areas of grassland were found as small patches around the scrub at the N. end of the section (between Moses Hall Farm and the A577), and south of the landfill site (SD604041). Species recorded include {\it H. lanatus, Deschampsia cespitosa, Arrhenatherum elatius, Poa spp., Anthoxanthum oderatum, Agrostis stolonifera, Plantago lanceolata, Dactylorhiza fuchsii, Dactylorhiza praetermissa, D. fuchsii x praetermissa} hybrids, {\it Leucanthemum vulgare, Centaurea nigra, Odontites verna, Lotus uliginosus, Lotus corniculatus, Vicia cracca, Trifolium dubium, T. pratense, Hypochaeris radicata, Prunella vulgaris, Silene vulgaris, Carex hirta, C. ovalis, C. panicea, C. otrubae} and {\it Juncus inflexus}. 

The two sections of the common south of the disused railway at SD605040 have been planted with {\it Pinus} sp., {\it Larix} sp., {\it Picea} sp. and {\it Alnus glutinosa}, with occasional {\it Sorbus aucuparia, Salix} spp. and {\it Betula pendula}. The trees are 2 to 4m high.

MANAGE:
The common is not in agricultural use. Most of its area has been used for opencast mining. The Wigan MBC Phase 1 Habitat Survey map (dated Aug. 1986) confirms this. The mined area south of the disused railway looks as if it has been used for landfill, which has now been capped and planted with mixed trees. Most of the northern half is still being used as landfill, which has been partially capped but not planted, or sown with a grass seed mix to date. Only the area between Moss Hall Farm and the A577 and the detached section north of the A577 (SD609048) appear to have been left undisturbed. Scrub appears to have spread in these areas since 1986. The swamp in the detached section was recorded as open water in 1986.

It is not possible to make detailed management proposals for this common on the basis of a short visit, but the following suggestions may be of interest.
Any extension of the present landfill site in the northern half of the common should be avoided if possible. As well as being botanically interesting, the mosaic of established scrub, grassland, ruderal and swamp habitats there (especially between Moss Hall Farm and the A577) is suitable for a range of birds, small mammals and invertebrates. No amphibians were seen during the survey, but the maintenance of small areas of open water around the edges of the swamp would be beneficial to breeding. In the long term, some management of scrub encroachment will be required to retain the existing mosaic of habitats.   

The trees in the southern half of the common are quite densely planted and may need some thinning in future. It would desirable to maintain some gaps in the canopy (peferably at least 0.25ha in extent), especially in wetter parts, to create glades where areas of neutral or marshy grassland could be maintained. The addition of a footpath through this woodland, lined with scrub and areas of rank grassland would be beneficial to wildlife as well as adding to the amenity value of the site. 

Space in the landfill site in the northern half of the common will eventually be used up and the site will be capped. This presents a new opportunity for habitat creation. If planted woodland is the preferred option, it would be desirable to allow for some habitat diversity by retaining open areas of grassland and allowing some development of scrub  around the woodland edges by natural seeding. Drier parts may be suitable for introducing {\it Calluna vulgaris}, to create heathland clearings within the woodland. In the long term, retention of standing and fallen deadwood would be desirable in the wooded areas.


FAUNA:
The folllowing birds were noted: mallard, moorhen, blue tit, house sparrow, song thrush, blackbird, swallow, magpie, common gull.

VEG:
The trees planted around the amenity grassland are mostly {\it Populus} sp., {\it Acer pseudoplatanus} and {\it Tilia europaea}, with  occasional {\it Populus alba}, {\it Robinia} sp. and weeping {\it Fraxinus excelsior}. {\it Rhododhendron ponticum} has been planted along some of the tarmac footpaths.

The largest pond (SD604048) contains {\it Potamogeton natans} and {\it Callitriche} sp., which appear to be most frequent in the eastern half. Along the southern and eastern edges, there are discontinuous stands of {\it Typha latifolia, Sparganium erectum} and {\it Eleocharis palustris}, with occasional {\it Iris pseudacorus, Phragmites australis, Alisma plantago-aquatica} and {\it Polygonum amphibium}. There is a path and amenity grassland around northern side, which is subject to frequent trampling by visitors; here there is occasional {\it Ranunculus sceleratus} along the waters edge.      

Wet {\it Salix} spp. dominated scrub borders the eastern edge of the pond. There is a ground flora of patchy {\it Holcus mollis}, with scattered {\it Impatiens glandulifera}, and frequent {\it Equisetum} sp., plus occasional {\it Potentilla palustris, R. sceleratus, Stachys palustris} and {\it I. pseudacorus}.  The scrub grades into dense, young woodland composed of {\it Alnus glutinosa, Quercus robur} and {\it Betula} spp. Most of the trees  are under 4m high. Along the N. edge, some rough wetland areas dominated by {\it Phalaris arundinacea} or {\it Juncus effusus} have been allowed to develop. These contain frequent {\it Hydrocotyle vulgaris} with occasional {\it Stachys palustris, Leucanthemum vulgare} and {\it Silene alba}, and are fringed with stands of {\it Urtica dioica}. The woodland continues part of the way around the SE edge of the common, and except for a narrow path, it is continuous with {\it Betula sp.}/{\it A. pseudoplatanus} dominated woodland on the adjacent railway embankment. 

The young plantation on the northern edge of the common (SD607050) is mostly {\it Betula pendula, B. pubescens} and {\it Alnus} sp., with occasional {\it Populus tremula, Quercus sp., Sorbus aucuparia, Pinus} sp. and {\it Larix} sp. Trunk diameters are less tham 10cm at chest height. The ground flora consists of tussocky {\it Molinia caerulea} with locally frequent {\it Phalaris arudinacea} and {\it Juncus effusus} giving way to {\it Holcus mollis} and {\it H. lanatus} towards the southern edges, with occasional {\it Rubus fruticosus agg., Chamerion angustifolium, Athyrium filix-femina} and {\it Dryopteris dilatata}.

Between the plantation and the northern boundary of the common, there is a series of three ponds surrounded by {\it Phalaris arundinacea} dominated swamp with scattered {\it Salix} spp. scrub and {\it Alnus glutinosa} saplings. The western most pond contains with dense stands of {\it Typha latifolia} with  abundant {\it Myriophyllum} sp. in the remaining open water. The other two ponds contain frequent Potamogeton natans with clumps of {\it Juncus effusus} and {\it Juncus articulatus} on their southern banks. 

At the eastern end of the plantation, by the railway bridge (SD607048) there is a pond site which contains {\it Juncus effusus}, fringed with {\it Salix} spp. bushes along the boundary fence. Around the pond, there is rank {\it Holcus lanatus} dominated grassland, with occasional {\it Aster novi-belgii, Dactylorhiza} sp. and {\it Dactylorhiza fuchsii}.

MANAGE:
Most of the common is managed as amenity grassland. Less intensive management around the largest pond and along the southern boundary has allowed small areas of wetland, scrub and broadleaved woodland habitat to develop.

The ponds with their associated wetland and scrub habitats will be attractive to amphibians (eg common frog/toad/newt) and invertebrates, eg. {\it Odonata} (damselflies/dragonflies), especially those at the northern end of the common, which appear to be the least disturbed by people using the common for recreation. In addition, the swamp, dense scrub and wooded areas provide cover for birds and small mammals.


FAUNA:
The following birds were noted: House sparrow, robin, blackbird, jackdaw, magpie, common gull.

VEG:
Along Bolton Road (B5239), most of the common land is unfenced amenity grassland. There are occasional planted {\it Populus} sp. trees along the road, and at the eastern end, there is a small {\it Alnus incana} plantation, with occasional {\it Tilia} sp. and {\it Acer pseudoplatanus}. 

Most of the peripheral semi-natural habitat mentioned in the general description is located in the vicinity of Marsh Houses (SD611077), south  of Wigan Road. The dense scrub is a mixture of {\it Crataegus monogyna, Salix} spp. and {\Prunus spinosa}, with fringing stands of {\it Chamerion angustifolium, Epilobium hirsutum} and {\it Artemisia vulgaris} agg. A small area of swamp is situated in a disused pond site just west of Bent Houses (SD612077). It is dominated by {\it Phalaris arundinacea}, with frequent {\it Epilobium hirsutum, Lotus uliginosus} and (around edges) {\it Elymus repens}, plus occasional {\it Phragmites australis, Juncus conglomeratus} and {\it J. effusus}. 

Along Holly Road (SD611082), there is a small area of marshy grassland  dominated by {\it Juncus effusus} and {\it J. conglomeratus}, with frequent scattered patches of {\it Phalaris arundinacea}. Other species recorded include locally abundant {\it Lotus uliginosus}, with locally frequent {\it Molinia caerulea, Juncus articulatus, Carex hirta, Agrostis stolonifera, Holcus lanatus, Cynosurus cristatus, Anthoxanthum odoratum, Alopecurus pratensis, Lathyrus pratensis, Trifolium pratense, T. repens, Ranunculus repens, Ranunculus acris} and {\it Equisetum arvense}, plus occasional {\it Carex ovalis, Juncus bufonius, J. squarrosus} and {\it Dactylorhiza fuchsii}. There are occasional scattered {\it Alnus glutinosa} saplings, which appear to have resulted from natural seeding, and (in the S. half), {\it Populus alba} saplings.

Comparison of the above survey information with the Wigan MBC Phase 1 Habitat Survey suggests that little has changed since 1986, with two exceptions: dense scrub areas were recorded as scattered scrub in 1986, and the marshy grassland along Holly Road (SD611082) was recorded as amenity grassland.

MANAGE:
No ongoing management apparent, apart from maintenance of the amenity grassland areas.


FAUNA:
The following birds were noted: house sparrow, blackbird.

VEG:
The hedgerows are dominated by {\it Crataegus monogyna}, with locally frequent {\it Rubus fruticosus} agg. Those on the S. and E. sides look as if they pre-date the surrounding housing development. No interesting ground flora was seen, because the grassland is mown right up to the hedgerows. The trees situated along the boundaries are mature {\it Populus} sp., {\it Fraxinus excelsior} and {\it Acer pseudoplatanus}.                                                                             

The common was also recorded as amenity grassland in the Wigan MBC Phase 1 Habitat Survey (1986).

MANAGE:
The common is managed as amenity grassland, and probably used regularly by local people for recreational purposes.


FAUNA:
The following birds were noted: lapwing, magpie.

VEG:
The land on the steep, NE facing slope of Helpet Edge is partly enclosed with wire fencing. The two northern-most enclosures contain short, heavily sheep grazed, semi-improved acid grassland, with frequent rock outcrops. This ends abruptly at the  fence of an adjacent, wedge shaped enclosure (SD955113), which covers most of the lower half of the slope. Inside this enclosure, along Huddersfield Road, there is a young, mixed plantation of {\it Picea} sp., {\it Betula} spp. and {\it Fagus sylvatica}, with a ground flora of {\it Calluna vulgaris, Vaccinium myrtillus} and {\it Molinia caerulea}. {\it M. caerulea} extends beyond the plantation, up the slope and beyond the fence line. The disused quarry at SD958112 has been planted with trees, but also contains naturally regenerating {\it Betula} spp. and patches of {\it C. vulgaris} dominated dry heath around exposed rock. There is a small area of {\it C. vulgaris} and {\it V. myrtillus} dominated dry heath at the eastern end of this section, above an abrupt bend in the road.

The area above Helpet Edge is a mosaic of marshy grassland, wet heath and acid grassland. The marsh grassland is dominated by {\it M. caerulea}, and grades into areas of wet heath with frequent {\it Calluna vulgaris} and {\it Vaccinium myrtillus}, plus occasional {\it Erica tetralix}, all of which show evidence of frequent grazing. Overall cover is never greater than 40 per cent. Parts of this section have been burnt within the last two years. Dwarf shrub regeneration is generally poor; the burnt areas have the appearance of a lawn of dense, young {\it Molinia}. The acid grassland is situated along the northern boundary of this section, just above Helpet edge. It is dominated by {\it Deschampsia flexuosa}, with frequent {\it Galium saxatile} and {\it Potentilla erecta}, plus occasional {\it C. vulgaris}. Some attempts at improvement have been made to this land; it appears to have been spread recently with manure and pulverised sewage slurry. Species characteristic of nutrient enrichment and disturbance occur occasionally in the sward, eg. {\it Dactylis glomerata, Stellaria media, Ceratium holostioides, Chamerion angustifolium} and {\it Impatiens glandulifera}.    

Most of the eastern half is occupied by wet modified bog on gently sloping ground below the summit of Crompton Moor. It is dominated by {\it Molinia caerulea} with locally frequent {\it Calluna vulgaris, Eriophorum vaginatum} and {\it Eriophorum angustifolium}. The overall cover of {\it Calluna} is in the range 20 to 30 per cent. The bog grades into {\it M. caerulea} dominated marshy grassland on its western side where the peat depth is less than 0.5m. There is a more abrupt transition to marshy grassland and wet heath on the eastern side of the bog, where the peat appears to have eroded away along the course of an access track, down to the mineral soil in several places. Exposed peat along the track is up to 1m thick. The wet heath on the eastern side of the track is dominated by {\it M. caerulea} with frequent {\it C. vulgaris}, plus occasional {\it Deschampsia flexuosa}. The overall cover of {\it Calluna} is in the range 40 to 60 per cent.

MANAGE:
The grassland enclosed by internal fencing at the western end of the common is used for intensive sheep grazing. It is likely that the rest of the common is also used for sheep grazing, but less intensively. The localized burning on the common may have been caused accidentaly. It would be desirable to reduce grazing on and around burnt areas if possible to allow dwarf shrubs to regenerate.

The localized spreading of manure and pulverised sewage waste on the central area of the common will lead to a loss of the {\it Deschampsia flexuosa} dominated acid grassland there. This practice may eventually also affect habitats lower down the slope through mineral leaching. 

Some localized erosion of the peat in the southern half of the common has occured along an access track, where up to 1m of peat is exposed (vertically) in places. There is no evidence of recent peat cutting.


FAUNA:
The following birds were noted: feral pigeon, house sparrow.

VEG:
The trees are nearly all mature {\it Tilia} sp., with occasional mature {\it Acer pseudoplatanus, Betula pendula} and {\it Sorbus aria}. A small triangle of trees at the eastern end also contains {\it Rhododendron ponticum}.

MANAGE:
Managed as amenity grassland. The trees may be pruned from time to time where they overhang the roads.


FAUNA:
The following birds were noted: house sparrow, song thrush.

VEG:
Along the northern boundary of the amenity grassland, there is a trimmed hedge {\it Crataegus mongyna} with mature {\it Fraxinus excelsior} trees.

A small area of broadleaved woodland lies just to the west of the common.

MANAGE:
Regularly mown, managed as amenity grassland.


FAUNA:
The following birds were noted: house sparrow, blue tit.

VEG:
The main area of semi-natural habitat is the dense scrub situated in the northern half of the common. It is dominated by {\it Salix caprea} and 
{\it S. cinerea}, with occasional {\it S. viminalis, Ulex europaeus, Crataegus monogyna, Sambucus nigra} and {\it Populus alba} (saplings).                               

The scrub is interspersed with patches (too small to map) of rank neutral grassland. It is mostly dominated by {\it Cynosurus cristatus} and 
{\it Anthoxanthum odoraratum}, with frequent {\it Holcus lanatus, Dactylis glomerata, Arrhenatherum elatius, Agrostis capillaris, Lolium perenne, 
Poa} spp., {\it Carex panicea} and {\it Carex hirta}. The most abundant herb species is {\it Centaurea nigra}; others recorded include frequent {\it Lotus uliginosus, L. corniculatus, Lathyrus pratensis, Vicia cracca, Trifolium repens, T. pratense, Potentilla reptans, P. erecta, P. anserina, Achillea millefolium} and {\it Rumex acetosa}. There is also occasional {\it Deschampsia cespitosa, Carex ovalis, Iris pseudacorus, Phalaris arundinacea, Juncus effusus} and {\it Achillea ptarmica}. The scrub also contains a small, shaded pond, about 8m wide. No aquatic or marginal vegetation was observed.

MANAGE:
Partly managed as amenity grassland. It would be desirable to prevent the loss of the small areas of neutral grassland to scrub encroachment. 

Comparison with the Wigan MBC Phase 1 Habitat Survey map suggests that the common is broadly the same as it was in 1986. Two ponds with aquatic and marginal vegetation were recorded near the northern boundary in that survey; it appears that one of these has been lost, and the other has lost its aquatic and marginal vegetation (probably due to heavy shading by surrounding scrub).


FAUNA:
Robin, blackbird, in small area of scrub at the north end of the common.

VEG:
Along the western boundary of the N. section, there is a strip of rank grassland about 5m wide {\it Dactylis glomerata, Arrhenatherum elatius} and {\it Holcus lanatus}, with scattered {\it Chamerion angustifolium}, with occasional {\it Crataegus monogyna} and {\it Sambucus nigra} bushes along the boundary fence.

Along the eastern boundary of the central section, there is a ditch about 1.5m deep containing {\it Rubus fruticosus} agg., {\it Chamerion angustifolium, Dactylis glomerata, Arrhenatherum elatius} and {\it Holcus lanatus}, with occasional {\it Juncus inflexus, Athyrium filix-femina, Betula} sp. and {\it Salix} sp. (the last two less than 50cm high). 

The ditch is overhung by mature {\it Populus} sp. trees, which appear to be outside the CL boundary. 

The trees planted around the edges of the amenity grassland are mostly {\it Betula pendula}.

MANAGE:
The common is managed as amenity grassland, and is used frequently by local people for formal (eg school football matches) and informal recreation.

Comparison with the Wigan MBC Phase 1 Habitat Survey map shows that the common is the same as it was in 1986, except for the devlopment of the small area of scrub at the northern end.


FAUNA:
The follownig birds were seen in the scrub at the southern end of the common: blackbird, house sparrow, wren, swallow.

VEG:
Most of the area shown as open water on the OS 1:10,000 map sheet is now improved, cattle-grazed grassland, enclosed by wire fencing. One of these fences is internal to the common, and divides the grassland from the scrub, which is dominated by {\it Salix} spp., (with  old {\it S. fragilis} trees) and is fringed with stands of {\it Chamerion angustifolium, Phalaris arundinacea} and {\it Urtica dioica}. A drain running along the fence contains frequent {\it Angelica sylvestris} and {\it Epilobium hirsutum} with occasional {\it Juncus inflexus}.

The ground flora under the scrub is dominated by {\it Urtica dioica} with abundant {\it Galium aparine}, but there is also frequent {\it Filipendula ulmaria}, plus occasional {\it Iris pseudacorus}, {\it Hyacinthoides non-scripta, Symphytum x uplandicum} and {\it S. officinale}.

MANAGE:
The scrub/tall herb area appears to be unmanaged. Some farm vehicles were parked at the western end of this area. The presence of {\it Filipendula ulmaria} and {\it Iris pseudacorus} suggests that the common probably contained fen/swamp vegetation around the edges of the pond before it was infilled and converted to improved grassland.

The main area of enclosed grassland was recorded as unimproved neutral grassland in the Wigan MBC Phase 1 Habitat Survey, suggesting that improvement has taken place since 1986. The pond shown on the OS map must have been infilled before 1986 as it is included in the area of unimproved neutral grassland.


FAUNA:
The following birds were seen: blackbird, house sparrow, starling, blue tit, swallow (numerous birds darting about above the ponds in the northern half of the common).

VEG:
The rank grassland is consists of {\it Dactylis glomerata, Holcus lanatus, Lolium perenne}, and {\it Poa} spp., with frequent {\it Lathyrus pratensis, Ranunculus acris, R. repens, Rumex crispus}, and {\it R. obtusifolius}, plus 
occasional {\it Deschampsia cespitosa}. It is partly grazed by tethered goats. About 200 sq. metres of the grassland had been cleared, creating bare ground - possibly an attempt at re-seeding, or clearing {\it Chamerion angustifolium} - there are scattered young shoots. The scattered scrub ({\it Salix caprea, S. cinerea, Crataegus monogyna}) is concentrated in the southern half of the common, and around the ponds. Some {\it Sorbus aucuparia} saplings have been planted at the southern end of the common.
                        
The eastern-most pond has muddy banks with occasional {\it Juncus articulatus, Glyceria fluitans, Epilobium hirsutum, Phalaris arundinacea, Iris pseudacorus} and {\it Galium palustre}. The adjacent pond is dominated by dense stands of {\it Phalaris arundincea}, and fringed with stands of {\it Epilobium hirsutum} and occasional {\it Juncus effusus}.

The land in the vicinity of the ponds, and at the southern end of the common is generally wetter than elsewhwere; the grass sward contains frequent {\it Filipendula ulmaria, Juncus articulatus} and {\it Galium palustre} (these areas are too small to show on the map).  

In the Wigan MBC Phase 1 Habitat Survey (1986), unimproved neutral grassland with tall rudereral vegetation was recorded as occupying most of the area of the common.

MANAGE:
A tethered goat with two kids was seen. The common is probably not used for grazing loose livestock, as they could easily wander into the surrounding suburban roads. No ongoing management apparent, apart that mentioned in the vegetation section.


FAUNA:
Blackbird, blue tit, house sparrow and songthrush were seen around the scrub and woodland in section 1.

VEG:
The broadleaved woodland in section No.1 is ungrazed, and dominated by {\it Alnus glutinosa}, with frequent {\it Betula pendula} plus occasional {\it Acer pseudoplatanus} and {\it Fraxinus excelsior}. There is an understorey of occasional {\it Sambucus nigra} and {\it Salix} sp. The ground flora is acidic in charachter and consists of patches of {\it Deschampsia flexuosa, Vaccinium myrtillus} and {\it Rubus fruticosus} agg. (less than 0.5m  high), with locally frequent {\it Galium saxatile, Dryopteris dilatata, Anthoxanthum oderatum} and {\it Holcus mollis}, plus occasional {\it Carex nigra, Juncus effusus, Chamerion angustifolium} and {\it Digitalis purpurea}. 

Section No.2 (SD951090) is acid grassland which has been partly overplanted with coniferous and broadleaved trees (recorded as mixed plantation on the  survey map). Some stands of trees are too small to map.  The grassland is dominated by {\it Deschampsia flexuosa}, with scattered patches of {\it Vaccinium myrtillus} and {\it Calluna vulgaris}, giving rise to areas of dry heath/acid grassland mosaic. There is also locally frequent {\it Galium saxatile, Holcus lanatus, Deschampsia cespitosa} and {\it Dactylis glomerata}. Along the road, there is frequent {\it Artemisia vulgaris} agg. and {\it Chamerion angustifolium}. The trees are all under 5m high, and are a mixture of {\it Alnus glutinosa, Betula pendula, Sorbus aucuparia} and {\it Pinus} sp.  

Section No.3 (SD952090) is dry heath, which has mostly been overplanted with the same tree species as in section 2. They are generally younger (less than 3m high), apart from the pines. The dry heath is a mixture of {\it Nardus stricta} and {\it Deschampsia flexuosa}, with  patches  of {\it Calluna vulgaris, Vaccinium myrtillus} and {\it Empetrum nigrum} (total cover of these 3 spp. is about 40 per cent). There is also occasional {\it Molinia caerulea, Ulex europaeus} and {\it Cytisus scoparius}. As in section 2, the trees have generally not been planted very densely. There is a small area of semi-improved acid grassland around Dog Hill Cottage.

The remaining sections contain semi-improved or unimproved acid grassland (used for sheep grazing) with the exception of the smallest which contains  coniferous plantation (see map).

MANAGE:
The woodland in section 1 is too young to have accumulated any noticeable amounts of dead wood, but from a nature conservation point of view, it would be desirable to leave any fallen branches/dead trees in situ.

The trees in sections 2 and 3 have generally not been planted very densely, and so some open areas of heath will remain for longer than if conventional planting densities had been used. A possible long term management objective could be to maintain some of these open areas to increase the diversity of habitats available on these parts of the common.


FAUNA:
Small tortoiseshell and large white butterflies were seen at the western end of the common, also the following birds: blackbird, house sparrow, blue tit, song thrush.

VEG:
Neutral grassland occupies most of the area of the common. It is dominated by {\it Anthoxanthum oderatum} and {\it Cynosurus cristatus}, with locally abundant {\it Holcus lanatus, Agrostis} sp., and {\it Vicia cracca}, plus frequent {\it Dactylis glomerata, Centaurea nigra, Lathyrus pratensis, Trifolium pratense} and {\it Plantago lanceolata}. The ground is slightly uneven due to past mineral extraction and damp, shallow hollows also contain frequent {\it Lotus uliginosus} and {\it Achillea ptarmica}  with occasional {\it Dactylorhiza fuchsii} and {\it Dactylorhiza} sp. (possibly {\it D. fuchsii x praetermissa}). There are also scattered hillocks (too small to map) which support acid grassland dominated by {\it Nardus stricta}. The grassland is fringed with occasional {\it Crataegus monogyna}, and {\it Sambucus nigra} bushes at the western end, where there are also scattered patches of {\it Chamerion angustifolium} and {\it Epilobium hirsutum}.  

Recorded as semi-improved neutral grassland in the Wigan MBC Phase 1 Habitat Survey (1986).

MANAGE:
No ongoing management apparent. There are no signs of grazing or other agricultural use. Scrub will probably spread gradually over the site during the next decade.


FAUNA:
Several Common blue damselflies {\it Enallagma cyathigerum}, Azure damselflies {\it Coenagrion puella} and Blue-tailed damselflies {\it Ischnura elegans} were seen around the northern-most pool. According to the SSSI citation, the pools support good dragonfly populations, including the locally scarce Black darter {\it Sympetrum scoticum} (also known as {\it S. danae}). The citation also states that the site as a whole supports representative breeding and wintering bird populations.

VEG:
The section north of the railway contains {\it Molinia caerulea} dominated marshy grassland, with locally frequent {\it Galium saxatile, Potentilla erecta, P. reptans, Deschampsia flexuosa} and {\it Festuca rubra}, plus occasional {\it Juncus squarrosus} and {\it Chamerion angustifolium}. There are peripheral stands of {\it Pteridium aquilinum} along the boundaries, and occasional {\it Quercus robur} trees (less than 5m high) in the eastern half. A damp hollow near the eastern end contains {\it Iris pseudacorus}, with frequent {\it Cardamine pratensis, Vicia cracca, Juncus effusus} and {\it Carex nigra}. A similar hollow along the northern boundary (near the public footpath) contains {\it J. effusus} with frequent {\it C. nigra} and {\it Hydrocotyle vulgaris}. Parts of the section have been burnt within the last year; the fire appears to have spread from the adjacent railway embankment. {\it Pedicularis sylvatica, Gentiana pneumonanthe} and {\it Genista anglica} are mentioned as being present in this area in the SSSI citation.

The section south of the railway is mostly raised bog dominated by {\it Molinia caerulea}, with locally frequent {\it Erica tetralix, Calluna vulgaris, Eriophorum vaginatum, E. angustifolium, Potentilla erecta, Sphagnum} spp. ({\it S recurvum, S. cuspidatum, S. papillosum}), and {\it Juncus effusus}. {\it Dryopteris carthusiana} and {\it Lotus uliginosus} were found in an area where {\it J. effusus} is frequent, near the eastern boundary (SJ615955). In the northern half of the bog, there are two pools fringed with {\it Juncus effusus} and {\it Eriophorum} spp. There are peripheral stands of {\it Pteridium aquilinum} (up to 20m wide) along the SW and SE edges of the bog (along the CL boundary). About 2ha of the bog looks as if it has been burnt within the last two years; the burnt areas support a lawn of young {\it Molinia caerulea} (rather than tussocky growth) with localized regeneration of {\it Erica tetralix} (young plants less than 5cm high; the charred remains of older plants were still visible at the time of survey). 

The main area of the bog is divided from the railway by a ridge (upto 7m high and 25m wide) which supports acid grassland ({\it Agrostis capillaris, Nardus stricta, Deschampsia flexuosa, Festuca rubra, Galium saxatile}). Between the ridge and the railway, there is a strip of marshy grassland dominated by {\it Molinia caerulea} with locally frequent {\it Phalaris arundinacea}. Towards the eastern end of the ridge, there are stands of {\it Pteridium aquilinum} with scattered scrub ({\it Salix} spp., {\it Ulex europaeus}), which border a small area of woodland (situated just outside the CL boundary) dominated by {\it Quercus robur}. A ditch running along the edge of the woodland contains frequent {\it Phalaris arundinacea, Epilobium hirsutum} and {\it Solanum dulcamara}. 

Additional information for this common is given in the SSSI citation produced by English Nature. An extract is reproduced below for reference:     

"Highfield Moss is situated 12.75km N. of Warrington and 1km E. of Town of Lowton. It is bordered by farmland and bisected by the Liverpool to Manchester railway. The site is underlain by Triassic Scythian Sherwood sandstones. The area north of the railway and a narrow band to its south bear superficial glacial sand and gravel deposits, whereas the south of the railway the site bears raised mire peat. Material excavated from the railway cutting forms a linear mound ca. 20m to its south. A watercourse with two pools bisects the peat body.

The major habitats present are mixed valley mire communities on the peat, acidic marshy grassland on the glacial deposits and unimproved acidic grassland on the railway mound and cutting. Although the site is comparatively small, the peatland vegetation is the best remaining example of the raised mires which once covered large areas of lowland Greater Manchester and Merseyside. The acidic marshy grassland provides the major stronghold in North-west England for the rare marsh gentian ({\it Gentiana pneumonanthe})....

....Several of the plants present are locally uncommon. Marsh gentian is at its only site in Greater Manchester, petty whin at only one of two sites and false fox sedge, cross leaved heath, lousewort and cranberry ({\it Vaccinium oxycoccus}) have less than five known sites in the county. Uncommon species such as star sedge ({\it Carex echinata}), carnation sedge ({\it C. panicea}), marsh pennywort and bulbous rush also occur. A number of plant species which characterise the mixed mire community at this site have now disappeared from other relic peatlands in Greater Manchester and southern Lancashire as a result of land drainage."

MANAGE:
Although there is a right to graze 11 head of cattle over the whole of the unit and 2 rights of turbary, no evidence of recent cattle grazing or peat cutting was seen. The burning may have been caused accidentally rather than as part of an ongoing management programme. Burning too frequently may affect the growth of {\it Sphagnum} spp. (which have a high water retention capacity) on the bog and change the surface hydrology.

In the long term, it may be necessary to undertake minor scrub removal work if seeding (particularly of {\it Salix} spp.) onto the edges of the bog gives cause for concern. It would also be desirable to monitor the cover of bracken, which could spread on the drier parts of the bog.

The following comments concerning the management of Highfield Moss SSSI (which includes the whole of the area of registered common land) were received from Selina L. Hill, Assistant Consevation Officer Greater Manchester, Merseyside and North Cheshire at English Nature North West Team, Wigan: 
1) Grazing
Since designation of the site, no grazing has taken place. However, we are not aware of any grazing taking place on the site previous to designation.
2) Turbary
Again, since the designation of the site, no peat cutting has taken place and we have no information on turbary previous to that.
3) Burning
We have consented burning on the northern triangle as a way of managing the {\it Molinia} on the site. However, the farmer is not so keen on burning as it tends to get out of control and so we will probably remove the consent for this practice.
4) Management
Other than the 'controlled' burning on the northern part of the SSSI, there is no management.
5) Marsh gentian
The site is important for {\it Gentiana pneumonanthe} and was the subject of a monitoring programme by English Nature.


VEG:
This common is entirely inner city park made up of amenity grassland, planted flower beds, and planted trees. The trees include {\it Platanus x acerifolia, Quercus cerris, Carpinus betulus (fastigiata?), Aesculus hippocastanum, Castanea sativa}. Andrew's Park has avenues of {\it A. hippocastanum} and {\it Tilia} sp.

MANAGE:
Managed as urban park with mown grassland, flower beds and amenity trees. Could have wildflower area ?


VEG:
This common is amenity grassland edged with park woodland. Trees include {\it Pinus sylvatica, Quercus} sp. {\it Fagus sylvatica, Acer pseudoplatanus, Castanea sativa} with some {\it Sorbus aucuparia, Prunus} sp.  The northern end has {\it Ulmus procera} scrub in some places with {\it Rubus fruticosus, Rosa} sp.and {\it Ilex aquifolium}.


FAUNA:
Birds seen during survey: Chaffinches, Blackbird, Magpie.

Diptera: 2 rare species: {\it Stratiomys potamida, Xylota abiens}. Also a notable beetle {\it Chrysolina menthastri}.

VEG:
This common is one of two marshy meadows with unimproved wet grassland.

The marshy meadow supports many species including {\it Juncus inflexus, Pulicaria dysenterica, Epilobium hirsutum, Filipendula ulmaria, Phalaris arundinacea, Ranunculus repens, Carex distans, Carex disticha, Carex lepidocarpa, Carex pulicaris, Blysmus compressus, Eleocharis uniglumis, Triglochin palustris, Anagallis tenella, Dactylorhiza incarnata, Dactylorhiza praetermissa, Menyanthes trifoliata, Valeriana dioica, Epipactus palustris}. Drier areas support {\it Briza media, Cirsium dissectum,  Juncus compressus}. Other species include {\it Juncus effusus, Anthoxanthum odoratum, Ranunculus acris, Odontites verna, Achillea ptarmica, Lotus corniculatus, Carex paniculata, Leucanthemum vulgare, Phleum pratense, Rhinanthus minor, Potentilla anserina, Centaurea nigra, Equisetum} sp. {\it Lychnis flos-cuculi, Typha latifolia, Oenanthe crocata, Caltha palustris, Myosotis} sp. {\it Hypericum perforatum, Lythrum salicaria}.

Scrubwood of {\it Salix cinerea} is found on northern edges of the common with substantial {\it Carex paniculata}.

MANAGE:
This common is grazed by 3 Highland cattle. Occasional use by walkers and
naturalists.


FAUNA:
Seen during survey: Many grey squirrels. Badger sett. Green Woodpecker, Frogs. Deer.

Birds recorded: Great Spotted Woodpecker, Nuthatch, Greenfinch.

VEG:
South of Thackham's Lane the small area of common supports large {\it Q.robur} trees and {\it Fagus sylvatica} with understorey species such as {\it Ilex aquifolium, Rubus fruticosus}. The long pond here is overshaded but has {\it Glyceria fluitans, Plantago alisma-aquatica, Lemna} sp.

The area immediately north of Thackham's Lane has many large planted {\it Q.robur} with some {\it Fagus} and little ground flora except {\it Lonicera periclymenum, Circaea lutetiana}. At the south end lies an area of verge grassland with a seat.

Moving north-east along the wide path, two long ponds are found on the wetsern side which are shaded, covered with {\it Lemna} sp. and have islands of {\it Glyceria maxima, Urtica dioica} and some {\it Carex pendula, Lycopus europaeus, Equisetum} sp. {\it Mentha} sp. The wide path or ride has substantial ground flora including {\it Circaea lutetiana, Milium effusum, Lonicera periclymenum, Geum urbanum, Stachys sylvatica, Geranium robertianum, Epilobium} sp. {\it Carex sylvatica, Lapsana communis, Scrophularia nodosa}.

Central to the common lies a semi-cleared area that includes some of the part excluded from the common. Managed by Hampshire Countryside Service this area has seen some coppicing/thinning for charcoal (burners in evidence) long-term varied woodland structure and for ground flora enhancement. Current ground species include sapling {\it Carpinus betulus, Crataegus monogyna, Rumex} sp., {\it Rubus fruticosus, Rubus idaeus, Milium effusum, Plantago major, Geranium robertianum, Circaea lutetiana, Urtica dioica, Prunella vulgaris, Dactylis glomerata, Galium palustre, Digitalis purpurea, Juncus effusus}.

Eastern parts of this common have {\it Quercus robur} with {\it Carpinus betulus} and/or {\it Fagus sylvatica} and occasional {\it Taxus baccata} or {\it Aesculus hippocastanum}. There is substantial deadwood throughout all wooded areas.

Near West Green Rd. lies a large area of newly coppiced {\it Corylus avellana} and {\it Ilex aquifolium}. An area of common to the west of Dipley Rd. has mostly {\it Quercus} woodland that is cut back under powerlines but otherwise unmanaged. Other species here include {\it Betula pendula, Corylus avellana, Sorbus aucuparia, Carpinus betulus, Ilex aquifolium}.

Other ground flora species recorded include: {\it Agrimonia eupatoria, Callitriche stagnalis, Conyza canadensis, Juncus bufonius, Leontodon autumnalis, Malus domestica, Polygonum hydropiper, Veronica beccabunga, Veronica serpyllifolia, Vicia cracca}.

MANAGE:
Managed to enhance healthy woodland structure, to re-introduce coppice management and stimulate the ground flora in a rather well-shaded wood. The ponds require attention to prevent over-shading.


VEG:
The southern point of the common includes neutral grassland with some {\it Betula} scrub and planted trees, which are mostly dead. The grass includes {\it Phleum pratense, Heracleum sphondylium, Lolium perenne, Holcus lanatus, Hypochoeris radicata, Trifolium repens, Centaurea nigra, Achillea millefolium, Trifolium pratense}. 

Moving North one finds some old {\it Quercus robur}. The north-western side of the common has open acidic grassland (ex-amenity grassland ?) with {\it Galium saxatile, Lolium perenne, Plantago lanceolata, Stellaria media, Deschampsia flexuosa, Achillea millefolium, Rumex acetosella, Holcus lanatus}.

The eastern side of this common has {\it Quercus robur} woodland with some {\it Betula} sp. and understorey of {\it Crataegus monogyna, Acer pseudoplatanus, Salix} sp.


FAUNA:
Birds seen:  Wood pigeon, Wren, Blackbird.

VEG:
The NE side of this area has {\it Pinus sylvestris, Fagus sylvatica, Quercus robur, Betula pendula} woodland. The centre of the area has {\it P. aquilinum} stands with scrub {\it Betula, Quercus, Pinus}. Similar species are found alongside the road as well as {\it Ulex europaeus, Cytisus scoparius}. Parallel to the road is an area of lower ground (gravel extracted ?) with patchy {\it Deschampsia flexuosa, Polytrichum} sp. {\it Juncus effusus, Rumex acetosella, Digitalis purpurea, Luzula campestris, Hypochoeris radicata, Stachys sylvatica} and some garden escapes e.g.{\it Viola spicata}. Trees have been planted in tubes by the road, mostly {\it Quercus} sp.


VEG:
Surveyed from diverted path. Most of this common is currently grazed grassland. The SE corner is now gravel/quarry pit and is fenced off. The eastern half of the whole common is fenced (with danger signs - for future pit development ?).

The western end has a large area of fenced planted trees in tubes ({\it Betula, S. aucuparia}). The grassland supports {\it Holcus lanatus, Cirsium} sp. {\it Potentilla erecta, Prunella vulgaris, Deschampsia flexuosa, Agrostis} sp. {\it Trifolium repens, Stellaria graminea, Ranunculus} spp. {\it Cynosurus cristatus, Cerastium fontanum}. There is some {\it Lolium perenne} and in cattle trodden areas {\it Plantago major, Gnaphalium uliginosum}.

There are a few areas of {\it Ulex europaeus} scrub in the centre of the common. On the northern edge a plantation of {\it Pinus sylvestris} surrounds a pond which supports {\it Glyceria fluitans, Ranunculus flammula, Molinia caerulea, Potamogeton polygonifolius, Hydrocotyle vulgaris, Glyceria maxima, Juncus effusus}.

Adjacent to Welshman's Road is a {\it Quercus/ Crataegus} hedge/scrub with new fencing inside the old fence line.

A pond on the southern edge, near the stile, supports similar species but is more open.

MANAGE:
Cattle-grazed. New tree planted area. Future development on east end of common ?  Ponds need attention if they survive future developments.


FAUNA:
Birds seen during survey: Robin, Magpie, Wood pigeon, Chaffinch.
Remains of badger. Frog.

VEG:
The species-poor grassland supports rank grasses including {\it Holcus lanatus, Dactylis glomerata}. The area is mown for hay. It is edged by {\it Quercus robur, Fraxinus excelsior, Crataegus monogyna} hedge and trees.

The secondary woodland section on the NE side of this common is mostly {\it Quercus robur} (some quite old). The understorey includes {\it Coryllus avellana} (coppiced), and {\it Crataegus monogyna} and ground flora species such as {\it Hedera helix, Circaea lutetiana, Geum urbanum, Stachys sylvatica, Brachypodium sylvaticum, Iris pseudocorus, Tussilago farfara}.


FAUNA:
Birds seen during survey: Mallards, Chaffinches, Moorhen, Coot, Swans, Wren.
Rabbits, Water vole, Moles.

Butterflies, Moths. Meadow Brown, Cinnabar

VEG:
The common is part of Stockbridge Common Marsh SSSI which is one of a series of sites ' selected to conserve the full spectrum of habitats represent in the Test Valley. The overall system is regarded as one of the finest chalk stream systems in Britain.' (SSSI citation).  Common rights have existed over many years on the permanent pasture of Common Marsh. Tall sedge communities support {\it Carex hostiana, Carex disticha, Carex lepidocarpa, Lychnis flos-cuculi, Glyceria maxima, Typha latifolia, Filipendula ulmaria}. Dwarf sedge {\it Carex} communities also exist here.

The northern area of meadow grassland includes {\it Briza media, Juncus acutiflorus, Cynosurus cristatus, Rnunculus repens, Prunella vulgaris, Potentilla erecta, Achillea millefolium, Agrostis} sp. {\it Stellaria graminea, Euphrasia} agg. {\it Rhinathus minor}.

The western edge of the common has {\it C. monogyna} scrub patches with stands of {\it Urtica dioica}.

Flowering plants include {\it Menyanthes trifoliata, Anagallis tenella, Orchis morio, Ophioglossum vulgatum, Dactylorhiza praetermissa, Valeriana dioica, Juncus inflexus, Pedicularis palustris, Ranunculus flammula, Iris pseudocorus, Potentilla anserina, Arctium minus, Galium verum, Senecio jacobaea, Centaurea nigra, Eupatoria cannabinum, Lythrum salicaria, Campanula rotundifolia, Caltha palustris, Mimulus guttatus}.

MANAGE:
At time of survey: 18 cattle, 10 horses grazing.
Thistle conrol. Some fencing of river edge to prevent erosion.


VEG:
This common is two almost mirror image parts either side of a minor road. The neutral grassland either side of the road has rank grasses with {\it Ranunculus} sp. {\it Trifolium repens, Plantago major, Taxacorum} sp. and of little botanical interest. Either side is backed by woodland of {\it Quercus robur, Acer pseudoplatanus, Prunus spinosa, Sambucus nigra} with understorey near the edges of {\it Salix cinerea, Prunus spinosa, Acer pseudoplatanus, Fagus sylvatica} and ground flora of patch forming species such as {\it Urtica dioica, Glechoma hederacea, Rubus fruticosus, Hedera helix, Rumex acetosa}.

MANAGE:
Parts of grassland mown. No active management to woodland.


FAUNA:
Seen during survey:  Yellowhammer, Wood pigeon, Wren, Magpie, Great tit.

Meadow Brown butterfly.

VEG:
The eastern corner has scrub of {\it Populus tremula, Crataegus monogyna} with some tall {\it Quercus} sp. {\it Melampyrum pratense} found here. The bank along the southern edge of the common has good bryophytes such as {\it Mnium hornum, Polytrichum} sp. and {\it Hypnum cupressiforme}.

The drier upslope areas support {\it Potentilla erecta, Lotus corniculatus, Holcus lanatus, Anthoxanthum odoratum, Vicia sativa, Teucrium scorodonia}. There some {\it Betula} sp. saplings and tall {\it Cytisus scoparius} on the NW edge of the common. Some clumps of {\it Betula} sp - old pheasant cover ?

The wetter, southern, end of the common has species such as {\it Ranunculus} spp., {\it Lotus corniculatus, Galium palustre, Ranunculus flammula, Juncus effusus, Luzula} sp. {\it Urtica dioica} (large patches), {\it Phleum pratense, Milium effusum, Mentha} sp. {\it Glyceria fluitans, Scutelaria galericulata, Pteridium aquilinum}.

MANAGE:
Little active management. Pond creation ?


FAUNA:
Birds seen during survey:  Great Tit, Wood pigeon, Chiffchaff, Jay.

VEG:
Most of this common is {\it Quercus robur} woodland. Areas at the south of the common (near The Leather Bottle pub) have some invasion of {\it Acer pseudoplatanus} in the understorey of {\it Betula pendula, Salix} sp. Some woodland is cleared under power lines. Ground flora species include {\it Urtica dioica, Rubus fruticosus, Lonicera periclymenum, Arctium minus, Cirsium} sp. {\it Rubus idaeus} and some patches of {\it Mercuralis perennis}. A few {\it Pinus sylvatica} are found near the road. 

The largest section of woodland has pitted areas (old gravel pits?) and a drying pond near the road which still supports {\it Iris pseudocorus, Juncus effusus}. Another old pond near the centre of the common supports {\it Typha latifolia, Ranunculus flammula, Juncus effusus, Salix} sp. and {\it Betula pendula, Ulex europaeus} scrub.

Near Kale Close Farm is a small area of {\it Fagus sylvatica} and {\it Ilex aquifolium}.

The NE corner of the common is acidic grassland with {\it Dactylis glomerata, Achillea millefolium, Plantago lanceolata, Holcus lanatus, Lotus corniculatus, Centaurea nigra, Potentilla erecta, Stellaria graminea, Deschampsia flexuosa, Potentilla rupestris, Agrostis canina, Ranunculus repens, Rumex acetosa}.

The woodlands on the east of the common is {\it Quercus robur} with {\it Acer pseudoplatanus} invasion and occasional {\it Taxus baccata}.

MANAGE:
Woodland cut back under power lines on south side of common.


VEG:
The thin section parallel to the road to Dogmersfield has road verge of rough grasses, {\it Glechoma hederacea, Rubus fruticosus}. Some {\it Quercus robur} trees found but little understorey. The main body of this common is {\it Quercus robur} woodland with an understorey of {\it Salix} sp. {\it Sambucus nigra, Ilex aquifolium, Crataegus monogyna} and ground flora species such as {\it Urtica dioica, Glechoma hederacea, Hedera helix, Impatiens glandulifera, Geranium robertianum, Heracleum sphondylium, Stachys sylvatica}. An occasional {\it Sorbus aucuparia} occurs. The woodland has been cut back under powerlines in the northern part of the site.

Across the road, adjacent to the Basingstoke Canal is {\it Quercus robur/Betula} sp. woodland with some {\it Acer pseudoplatanus} and coppiced {\it Coryllus avellana}.

MANAGE:
Trees cut from under power lines. Some old hazel coppice.


VEG:
This common is entirely {\it Fagus sylvatica} plantation. Some thinning has occurred. Very little ground flora due to shading.


FAUNA:
Birds seen during survey: Willow warbler, Yellowhammer.

Dark blue damselflies.

VEG:
The dry grassland areas have {\it Festuca rubra} with {\it Holcus lanatus, Plantago lanceolata, Trifolium repens, Potentilla anserina, Cirsium arvense, Senecio jacobea, Succisa pratensis, Danthonia decumbens, Chrysanthemum leucanthemum, Trifolium pratense, Prunella vulgaris, Molinia caerulea, Achillea millefolium, Trifolium campestre, Taxacorum} sp. {\it Veronica chamaedrys, Rumex acetosa, Plantago major}.

The wet grassland also supports {\it Festuca rubra} and {\it Carex panicea, Triglochin palustris, Agrostis stolonifera, Trifolium fragiferum, Trifolium repens, Senecio aquaticus, Lysimachia nummularia,  Hydrocotyle vulgaris, Sagina nodosa, Oenanthe fistulosa, Carex demissa, Juncus compressus, Juncus subnodulosus}.

Reed beds support substantial {\it Glyceria maxima, Iris pseudocorus, Phragmites australis, Typha latifolia, Scirpus lacustris, Galium constrictum} ssp. {\it elongatum, Agrostis stolonifera}.  Nearer the road is scrub {\it Salix purpurea, Prunus spinosa, Ulex europaeus}.


FAUNA:
Birds seen during survey: Wood pigeon, Blackbird, Mallards, Tufted ducks, Coot, House Martins, Swallows, pair of Grey Wagtails, Great Tit, Chaffinch. Copious wormcasts in grassland.

Reported by Owner: Herons, Kingfishers, Swan.

VEG:
The pond was created by the current owner from an old gravel pit. Appears to be a successful created habitat with 2 islands. Some trees such as {\it Quercus} sp. and {\it Salix} near the pond. Some trees cut down and logs left on the pondside. Much {\it Typha latifolia} in the pond.

The grassland is neutral grazed grassland with species such as {\it Ranunculus repens, Plantago lanceolata, Trifolium repens, Plantago major, Glechoma hederacea} in evidence.

The wet grassland below the pond has {\it J. effusus, Mentha aquatica, Cardamine pratensis, Urtica dioica, Ranunculus acris, Barbarea vulgaris, Rubus fruticosus}. In the more shaded areas near the River Enborne {\it Mercuralis perennis, Ranunculus ficaria, Lamium album} occur.

The sewage pumping station installed by the track on the East of the site has several planted broadleaf trees e.g. {\it Acer campestris}.

MANAGE:
Ten cattle grazing at the time of survey. The land has not had fertilizer applied for 7 or 8 years.

The pond, which was dug out by the owner, is fenced off to prevent cattle encroachment.


FAUNA:
Birds seen during survey:  Thrush, Jay, Blackbird. Rabbits also present.

VEG:
Most of the northern parts of this common are dominated by {\it Ulex europaeus} with some {\it Cytisus scoparius}. In places {\it Betula} sp. grows through this but is limited by the sheer density of {\it Ulex}.

The NE and W facing edges of the common have much {\it Quercus} sp. and {\it Sorbus aucuparia} and {\it Ilex aquilfolium}. Parallel to the northeast facing edge, a relatively recent ditch has been dug with much {\it Salix} sp. in it. A small patch of {\it Fallopia japonica} is found at the NE corner.

The well used paths leading from the NE corner cross the centre of the common. The central part has some acid grassland and dry heath. This habitat has declined since a survey in 1986 - further invaded by {\it Ulex europaeus}. The acid grassland patches include {\it Danthonia decumbens, Teucrium scorodonia, Rumex acetosa, Polytrichum commune, Galium saxatile, Hypnum cupressiforme, Eurynchium praelongum, Pedicularis sylvatica, Agrostis vineale, Agrostis capillaris, Deschampsia flexuosa, Carex pilulifera, Hypochoeris radicata, Juncus effusus, Nardus stricta, Polygala serpyllifolia, Potentilla erecta, Cerastium fontanum, Ranunculus repens, Chamerion angustifolium}. Patches of {\it Calluna vulgaris} much in evidence in the central area. 
At the time of survey after a very dry month there was bare stony ground in a mosaic with the grassland.

The site is wetter to the south where the old gravel pits have created small water bodies. These are now very overgrown with {\it Salix} sp. There is much {\it Molinia caerulea} in some areas. The scrub here is mostly {\it Quercus} and {\it Pinus sylvestris}

MANAGE:
This common seems unmanaged and urgently needs management if the decline in {\it Calluna vulgaris} is to be halted. The area is used for casual dumping and woodcutting. Some burning has occurred in recent years. Recorded use by vehicles seems to have stopped - a large burnt trunk placed across path at S corner inhibits this.


FAUNA:
Seen during survey: Blackbird, Wren, Green woodpecker.

VEG:
The NW corner of the common has {\it Quercus robur} (some quite large) with {\it Betula} sp. and understorey of {\it Populus tremula, Ulex europaeus, Cytisus scoparius} and ground flora of {\it Rubus fruticosus, Urtica dioica, Lonicera periclymenum, Teucrium scorodonia, Digitalis purpurea}. The old pond was dry at time of survey but with {\it Salix} sp. at the edges and {\it J. effusus, Molinia caerulea, Hydrocotyle vulgaris, Dryopteris dilitata, Urtica dioica} evident. {\it Sphagnum recurvum} has been recorded from here (1988).

Much of the rest of the common is woodland of {\it Quercus robur, Fraxinus excelsior} and/or {\it Betula} sp.  Some damp acidic grassland is found at the east side of the common. This supports {\it Molinia caerulea, J. acutiflorus, Cirsium arvense, Potentilla anserina, Potentilla erecta, Agrimonia vulgaris, Prunella vulgaris, Glechoma hederacea, Lotus corniculatus}. There are a few patches here of scrub {\it Betula, Prunus spinosa} and {\it Spirea} (garden escape).

MANAGE:
Small patch of {\it Fallopia japonica} opposite Purley Way needs treatment. Possible reinstatement of ponds ?


VEG:
The woods around the central pond include {\it Quercus robur, Fraxinus excelsior} with understorey species such as {\it Acer campestris, Coryllus avellana, Betula pendula, Salix x chrysocoma,} and introduced conifers (Cypress) and {\it Rhododendron ponticum}.

The pond supports {\it Typha latifolia, Iris pseudocorus, Nymphea alba, Filipendula ulmaria, Oenanthe crocata, Myriophyllum} sp. {\it Lemna minor}. Around the pond, long grass with {\it Lysimachia vulgaris, Melampyrum pratense, Dipsacus fullonum, Circaea lutetiana, Dactylorhiza fuchsii, Dactylis glomerata, Arrhenatherum elatius, Geum urbanum, Primula} sp., plus garden species e.g. Bamboo.


FAUNA:
Birds seen during survey:  Mallards, Thrush.

VEG:
The common is cattle-grazed flood plain  with species such as {\it Hypochoeris radicata, Lychnis flos-cuculi, Plantago lanceolata, Cirsium arvense, Cerastium fontanum, Prunella vulgaris, Polygonum persicaria, Potentilla anserina, Trifolium pratense, Holcus lanatus, Agrostis } sp. {\it Myosotis} sp.

The western edge of the common includes {\it Salix/Alnus glutinosa} scrub.


VEG:
The western end of the common is woodland of {\it Quercus robur, Fraxinus excelsior} with understorey of {\it Sambucus nigra, Ilex aquifolium, Corylus avellana}, and ground flora of {\it Geum urbanum, Geranium robertianum, Lapsana communis, Lonicera periclymenum, Teucrium scorodonia, Hedera helix}. Approaching Harbridge Green the wood becomes {\it Corylus avellana} scrub with ground flora species such as {\it Urtica dioica, Rubus fruticosus, Symphytum officinale, Silene dioica, Galium aparine, Stellaria graminea, Stachys sylvatica, Glechoma hederacea}. Further eastwards is a small area of grasses ({\it Agrostis} sp. {\it Holcus lanatus, Arrhenatherum elatius} with {\it U. dioica, R. fruticosus}. The easternmost part of this common is 'Darvole spinney' which is signed as  a 'Nature Conservation Area' Private Property. This is essentially wood (viewed from road) of {\it Quercus robur, Malus sylvestris, Salix} sp. with some {\it Corylus avellana} and a ground flora of {\it Urtica dioica, Heracleum sphondylium, Symphytum officinale, Rubus fruticosus, Stellaria dioica}.

MANAGE:
Eastern part is signed as a Nature Conservation Area. Private Property.


FAUNA:
Birds seen during survey: Moorhen, Blackbird, Wren, Jay.

VEG:
The northern part of this common has rough neutral grassland with an area for horse training and grazing.The grassland includes species such as {\it Holcus lanatus, Anthoxanthum odoratum, Urtica dioica, Rubus fruticosus, Dactylis glomerata, Heracleum sphondylium, Alopecurus pratensis, Stachys sylvatica, Stellaria graminea, Centaurea nigra, Trifolium repens}.

South of a track that crosses the common is an area of {\it Q. robur} trees (with 1 or 2 conifers) with little understorey. A pond is found by Frog Lane opposite the pub which supports {\it Typha latifolia, Lycopus europaeus, Ranunculus aquatilis, Caltha palustris, Glyceria maxima, Iris pseudocorus, Juncus effusus} with {\it Salix} sp. scrub around the edge. Much rubbish in the pond. 

Further grassland lies at the south end of the common with a bonfire site.

MANAGE:
No evident active management. Pond needs rubbish clearance.


FAUNA:
Seen during survey: Wood pigeon, Chaffinch, Wren.

VEG:
The main open areas have acidic grassland with {\it Lolium perenne, Agrostis} sp. {\it Rumex acetosella, Hypochoeris radicata, Dactylis glomerata, Trifolium } spp., {\it Achillea millefolium}. The northern and eastern sides have {\it Quercus robur} woodland with substantial {\it Betula} sp., {Salix} sp., with understorey of {\it Sorbus aucuparia, Salix} sp., and ground flora of {\it Pteridium aquilinum, Rubus fruticosus}. Some scrub {\it Ulex europaeus, Betula} sp., {\it Quercus } sp. lies on the SW side.


FAUNA:
Birds seen during survey: Jay, Woodpecker, Crow, Great Tit.

VEG:
The common is almost all {\it Betula} scrub woodland with {\it Pinus sylvestris} and a few {\it Sorbus aucuparia, Quercus} sp. at the edge. The ground flora is substantial {\it P. aquilinum, Ulex europaeus}. Small pockets of remnant heath {\it Calluna vulgaris} which was presumably widespread prior to scrub invasion.

MANAGE:
The common could be managed to enhance/restore heathland.


FAUNA:
Birds seen during very brief survey:  Crow, Chiffchaff, Magpie, woodpeckers.

VEG:
This common is {\it Quercus robur, Betula} sp. woodland with some {\it Pinus sylvestris} and much {\it Pteridium aquilinum}. Some large {\it Q. robur} on the eastern side of the common. Wetter areas include {\it Deschampsia cespitosa}. Ground flora species include {\it Potentilla erecta, Lycopus europaeus, Lonicera periclymenum, Galium saxatile, Juncus effusus, Molinia caerulea}. Considerable fallen trees and deadwood - good for invertebrates.

MANAGE:
Paths well used for recreation. Little active woodland management evident.


FAUNA:
Birds seen during survey: At least 20 herons, Swallows.

VEG:
The woodland on the west side of this common is largely {\it Betula pendula} with some {\it Pinus sylvatica}.  Some pockets of {\it Fallopia japonica}.

Approaching Folly Pond area there is substantial {\it Rhododendron ponticum} under tall {\it Pinus sylvestris} (some of which are standing dead trees).

Only a few access points to Folly Pond on the southern side. The lake side has some occasional {\it Salix} scrub and {\it Juncus} spp., {\it Iris pseudocorus, Typha latifolia}. The woods on the SE side of Folly Pond are of {\it Quercus/Betula/Pinus} with occasional other species such as {\it Sambucus nigra, Sorbus aucuparia}, a large {\it Fagus sylvatica} and also a {\it Sequoia wellingtonia}.

MANAGE:
Paths kept open by use. No active wood management.


MANAGE:
Managed as urban park with mown grass and amenity trees.


FAUNA:
Nationally known for populations of Great-Crested, Smooth and Palmate newts, Frogs and Common Toads.

Birds seen during survey: Swans, Crow, Mallards, Black-headed gulls, exotic ducks, Blackbird, Magpie, Jay, Starlings, Green woodpecker.

VEG:
This common was grazed till the early part of this century. The large oaks of the north and western sides remain from times of wood pasture management and the substantial understorey of {\it Ilex aquifolium} also arises from this period.  Ground flora is poor though {\it Epipactis helleborine, Spiranthes spiralis} are recorded. Small areas of dry heath with {\it Calluna vulgaris, Erica cinerea, Hypochoeris radicata, Deschampsia flexuosa, Achillea millefolium} remain, for example near the covered reservoir at the north end of the common. Wet heath with {\it Molinia caerulea, Potentilla erecta, Erica tetralix, Carex} sp. {\it Deschampsia flexuosa, Ulex minor} is found, for example centrally north of 'The Lake'.

Many ornamental trees have been planted e.g. {\it Castanea sativa, Prunus} sp. {\it Pinus radiata, Ulmus carpinifolia sarniensis, Sequoia sempervirens, Tsuga heterophylla}.

Areas of species-rich mown pasture support up to 90 species including 13 indicators of ancient unimproved grassland such as {\it Anagallis tenella, Ophioglossum vulgatum, Achillea ptarmica, Dactylorhiza praetermissa, Orchis morio}.

Some ponds have varied emergent vegetation including {\it Iris pseudocorus, Sparganium erectum, Pulicaria dysenterica, Lycopus europaeus, Mentha aquatica}.

The section of common along Cemetery Road has many old {\it Quercus robur}, some pollarded, with {\it Fagus sylvatica, Acer pseudoplatanus} and understorey of {\it Ilex aquifolium, Fraxinus excelsior, Prunus laurocerasus}. Ground flora is limited with some areas as mown grassland.

The area of common land on the east side of The Avenue is substantially mixed age {\it Quercus robur/Betula} sp. woodland (NVC  W16), and intervening amenity grasslands with scrub edges. Other tree species include: {\it Pinus sylvestris, Castanea sativa, Fagus sylvatica, Prunus} sp. {\it S. aucuparia, Taxus baccata}.

MANAGE:
The common is managed for a balance of amenity and wildlife interest. Very informative wildlife centre. Patches of heathland need protection from human damage and scrub invasion.


FAUNA:
Birds seen during survey: Great Tit, Robin, Blackbird, Wood pigeon, Greater Spotted Woodpecker, Chiffchaff.

Birds recorded: A survey of 1985 records 21 species on a January day: Kestrel, Sparrowhawk, Woodpigeon, Collared Dove, Greater Spotted Woodpecker, Dunnock, Goldcrest, Robin, Blackbird, Fieldfare, Redwing, Coal Tit, Great Tit, Blue Tit, Marsh Tit, Nuthatch, Treecreeper, Wren, Chaffinch, Magpie, Jackdaw.
Also seen: Peacock and Cabbage White butterfly, Rabbits.
Signs referring to Adders, Grass Snake, Smooth Snake and Slow-worms.

VEG:
Newtown Common is in two sections.
The larger, eastern section has much mixed semi-natural woodland with a substantial area of open heathland and marshy grassland that is invaded by scrub. The woodland near Jonathan Hill contains {\it Pinus sylvestris, Betula} sp. {\it Quercus robur, Fagus sylvatica} with understorey trees of {\it Sorbus aucuparia,Ilex aquifolium}. The ground flora varies according to cover of {\it Pinus sylvestris} but includes {\it Pteridium aquilinum} (sometimes large patches), {\it Rubus fruticosus, Cytisus scoparius, Ulex europaeus, Urtica dioica, Stellaria} sp. Broadly NVC community W16a. A specimen of {\it Castanea sativa} is found at C. The area marked B on the map has more {\it Pinus sylvestris} which is sometimes a monoculture. The ground flora in this area includes patches of {\it Vaccinium myrtillus} and frequent {\it P. aquilinum}. 

Near Newtown, in the northernmost part of the common a small area of {\it Acer pseudoplatanus} with variegated {\it Galeobdolon luteum}, {\it Rubus fruticosus, Lonicera periclymenum, Hyacinthoides non-scripta, Veronica} sp. {\it Ranunculus ficaria, Stellaria graminea}. Patches of woodland encircled by access tracks are of {\it Q. robur} and {\it Fagus sylvatica} at F and {\it Pinus sylvestris, Ilex aquifolium, Prunus spinosa} at G.

At H a mosaic of dry and wet heath is found with much {\it Calluna vulgaris, Molinia caerulea, Vaccinium myrtillus, Chamerion angustifolium}. Some {\it Betula} sp. has invaded and {\it Pinus sylvestris} cleared. A ditch has been dug parallel to the track. The area I is constant {\it Pinus sylvestris}.

The mixed woodland continues to the East where it is interrupted by the power lines that pass through the SE corner and southern edge of this part of the Common. Here {\it Calluna vulgaris} thrives with {\it Ulex europaeus} and seedlings of regenerating {\it Pinus} and {\it Betula}. At L a few specimens of {\it Polygonatum multiflorum} are found. Previous records refer to some {\it Photinia davidiana} in the far NE corner.

The road passing along the SE facing edge has large {\it Pinus sylvestris} either side. Some {\it Rhododendron} has established as understorey in some areas. A large patch of {\it Gaultheria shallon} as established by the angle in the power line route (garden escape) with {\it Cytisus scoparius, Ulex europaeus, Sorbus aucuparia, Betula} sp. also in evidence.

The main body of the south of this part of Newtown Common has heathland with much {\it Calluna vulgaris}. At the time of survey the whole area was very dry but the normally damper downslopes contain much {\it Molinia caerulea} and {\it Erica tetralix}. Wetter areas by a small dammed pool in the 'valley' contained {\it Sphagnum} sp. and {\it E. tetralix}. Nearer the main road the invasion by {\it Betula} is stronger. Area V is scrub with some garden waste dumped. West of the main road lies broad-leaved woodland with {\it Quercus robur, Ilex aquifolium, Betula} sp. Within the woodland to the NE of this section of the Common lies more invaded heath that supports {\it C. vulgaris, Vaccinium myrtillus} and downslope considerable {\it P. aquilinum}.

At the bottom of the slope (Area Z) lies woodland of {\it Fagus sylvatica, Betula} sp. {\it Quercus robur} with much {\it Vaccinium myrtillus, Ilex aquifolium} and {\it Sorbus aucuparia}. A moss covered bank marks the NW boundary of the common.

Bryophyte records for this eastern section include {\it Campylopus introflexus, Ceratodon purpureus, Dicranum scoparium, Eurynchium praelongum, Funaria hygrometrica, Hypnum cupressiforme, Hypnum jutlandicum, Mnium hornum, Pleurozium schreberi, Polytrichum juniperinum, Pseudoscleropodium purum, Sphagnum auriculatum, Sphagnum palustre, Sphagnum subnitens, Tetraphis pellucida, Lophocolia bidentata}. Ferns include {\it Blechnum spicant, Dryopteris filix-mas, Polypodium interjectum}.

The Western section of Newtown Common has more {\it Betula} woodland than the eastern section. Starting from the Horris Hill road moving North there is predominantly {\it Betula} woodland. More {\it Quercus robur} is found downslope with {\it Fagus sylvatica, Ilex aquifolium}. Under power lines coppicing has enhanced the habitat for {\it Calluna vulgaris, Betula} sp.{\it Ulex europaeus} and {\it Molinia caerulea}. Near the northernmost point a small badger sett is found. Some {\it Euonymus europaeus} is found in the woodland. Up slope (near point 5 on the map) lies a pitted area (old gravel pits ?). Small specimens of {\it Prunus avium} are found here amongst {\it Betula} sp. {\it Quercus robur} and much {\it Lonicera periclymenum}.

A circular bank (near Barn Plot - National Trust and a house called Estovers) contains much {\it Acer pseudoplatanus} and {\it Fagus sylvatica, Taxus baccata, Coryllus avellana}. Ground flora here includes {\it Digitalis purpurea, Ranunculus ficaria, Hyacinthoides non-scripta, Arum maculatum} and garden escaped {\it Narcissus} sp.

The SW area has more {\it Betula} sp. {\it Acer pseudoplatanus} woodland with considerable {\it P. aquilinum}. The path on the western edge of the common has substantial {\it Primula vulgaris, Myosotis} sp. and {\it Lonicera periclymenum}. 

The woodland has been coppiced under power lines that pass E to W across the N and South of this section and also parallel to the main road. This benefits heath and grassland vegetation.

North of Sheepwash Lane lies an area of heathland that includes much {\it Calluna vulgaris, Ulex europaeus, Molinia caerulea}. Scrub surrounding this includes {\it Betula} sp. {\it Pinus sylvestris} some of which has been cut back. The ground flora of these woods include patches of {\it Hyacinthoides non-scripta, Allium ursinum, Aegopodium podagraria}.

The woodland west of Newtown Grange is mostly {\it Betula} damp woodland with {\it Quercus robur, Ilex aquifolium, Taxus baccata}. There is much fallen, and some standing dead wood. There is considerable moss cover, mostly {\it Eurynchium praelongum}.

Other recorded bryophytes for this western section of the common include {\it Calliergon cuspidatum, Ceratodon purpureus, Dicranella heteromalla, Dicranum scoparium, Eurhynchium praelongum, Hypnum cupressiforme, Hypnum jutlandicum, Mnium hornum, Pleurozium schreberi, Plagiomnium undulatum, Polytrichum formosum, Polytrichum juniperinum, Pseudoscleropodium purum, Rhytidiadelphus squarrosus, Sphagnum palustre, Sphagnum recurvum, Thuidium tamariscinum, Nardia scalaris, Pellia epiphylla}.

MANAGE:
Coppicing has occurred recently under power lines of which there is approx. 2 kilometres on this common. The areas of heathland have had considerable scrub clearance though much remains to do. Some felling and windblow of large trees (usually {\it Pinus sylvatica} has occurred in places.
Opposite houses at Jonathan Hill some parking, dumping etc. has occurred.


FAUNA:
Two Red data Book species of moths: {\it Stenoptila graphodactyla, Idaea dilutaria, Microdon mutabilis}. Outstanding assemblages of Lepidoptera and Diptera occur, notable species including the yellow-ringed carpet moth {\it Entephria flavicinctata, Synanthedon spheciformis, Melangyna artica, Sphaerophoria taeniata}. Rare beetles include {\it Phytodecta viminalis, Crysomela populi}.

Butterflies: {\it Eurodryas aurina} - re-introduced. Purple Emperor recorded.

Dragonflies: {\it Sympetrum sanguineum}.

VEG:
Bartley Heath has substantial {\it Quercus robur/Betula} woodland which is coppiced under power lines. The woodland is more mature on the northern side. Understorey species include {\it Corylus avellana, Crataegus monogyna, Ilex aquifolium, Frangula alnus}. Ground flora includes substantial {\it Pteridium aquilinum, Lonicera periclymenum, Holcus mollis, Rubus fruticosus}. Wet heath is found in western half of this area with {\it Molinia caerulea, Erica tetralix, Calluna vulgaris, Ulex minor, Succisa pratensis, Potentilla erecta, Carex flacca, Juncus} spp. {\it Gentiana pneumonanthe} is recorded from this site.

Hook Common has older woodland of {\it Quercus robur/Corylus avellana} with a poor ground flora, and {\it Fraxinus excelsior/Corylus avellana} (former coppice in Gaine's Wood) which includes ground flora species such as {\it Sanicula europea, Phragmites australis, Ajuga reptans, Stellaria holostea, Ranunculus ficaria, Carex sylvatica, Carex remota, Primula vulgaris}. Wet heath is also substantial on Hook Common supporting {\it Molinia caerulea, Erica tetralix, Calluna vulgaris, Ulex minor, Carex binervis, Carex flacca, Genista tinctoria, Agrostis} spp. {\it Juncus conglomeratus, J. effusus, J. acutiflorus}. An isolated colony of {\it Gentiana pneumonanthe} has been recorded from this site.

There are small areas of acidic grassland near the A287.

MANAGE:
On-going problem of scrub invasion of the wet heath. Much work done by Hampshire Wildlife Trust work parties. Scrub/woodland is cut back under power lines.


VEG:
A common of amenity grasslands in two sections. The smaller northern section has planted old {\it Quercus robur, Aesculus hippocastanum, Tilia} sp.

The larger, southern section has planted {\it Fagus sylvatica, Acer pseudoplatanus, Pinus sylvaticus} with scrub {\it Rhododendron} sp., {\it Ulmus procera, Ligistrum vulgare, Sambucus nigra}.


FAUNA:
Birds seen during survey: Skylark, Wren, Wood pigeon, Great Tit, Blackbird.

Butterflies: Small tortoiseshell, Common Blue, Meadow Brown, Marbled White.
Dragonfly: {\it Aeshna cyanea}.

Deer.

VEG:
The eastern and southern sides of this area are {\it Betula/Quercus} woodland with understorey species (where any) of {\it Corylus avellana, Crataegus monogyna, Ilex aquifolium, Acer pseudoplatanus}. 

West of Bracknell Lane and either side of Arrow Lane {\it Quercus robur} woodland is accompanied by {\it Betula} spp. {\it S. aucuparia, Ilex aquifolium, Crataegus monogyna}. Ground flora species include {\it Deschampsia flexuosa, Rubus fruticosus, Geranium robertianum, Mercurialis perennis, Stachys sylvatica}. {\it Calluna vulgaris} has revived under power lines where scrub/woodland is cut back. 

The higher plateau of the common is acidic grassland including species such as {\it Centaurium erythraea, Hypericum perforatum, Senecio jacobaea, Potentilla rupestris, Chrysanthemum leucanthemum, Urtica dioica, Malva sylvestris, Centaurea nigra, Prunella vulgaris, Glechoma hederacea, Achillea millefolium, Ranunculus }spp. {\it Arctium minus, Dactylis glomerata, Spergularia rubra}, {\it Veronica chamaedrys, Reseda lutea}.

Downslope to the northern area of the common is found humid and wet heath of {\it Erica tetralix, Erica cinerea, Deschampsia flexuosa, Potentilla erecta, Calluna vulgaris, Luzula campestris}. Pools include {\it Potamogeton polygonifolius, Hypericum elodes, Juncus acutifolius}.

MANAGE:
Heath needs preservation through reduction of scrub invasion.


FAUNA:
Some birds recorded: Breeding Redshank, Snipe, Lapwing.  Also present: Tufted Duck, Little Grebe, Swan, Mallard, Canada Geese, Moorhen, Coot.  Reed warblers, Sedge warblers, Willow warblers, Blackcap, Whitethroat, Chiffchaff, Cuckoo, Mistle Thrush, Swallows, House Martins, Swifts, Reed bunting, Yellowhammer.

Mammals: Hares, Moles, Water voles.

Reptiles: Lizard.

Insects:  Mayflies ({\it Ephemera danica}.  Alder fly {\it Sialis lutaria}.

Butterflies: Peacock, Red Admiral, Common Blue, Wall Brown, Speckled Wood, Orange Tip, Purple Emperor.

VEG:
Entering the common from Bransbury village one finds tall fen with {\it Iris pseudocorus, Carex paniculata, Glyceria maxima, Pulicaria dysenterica} fringed with scrub and woodland of {\it Salix} spp. {\it Populus tremula, Aesculus hippocastanum, Corylus avellana, Prunus spinosa}. Ground flora of this wooded area includes {\it Urtica dioica, Epilobium hirsutum, Galium aparine, Rubus fruticosus, Carex paniculata, Stachys sylvatica, Symphytum officinale, Symphoricarpos albus, Phyllitis scolopendrium}. The NE facing edge of the common has scrub which changes to a line of old {\it Q. robur}.

The inundation communities by the River Test at the northern end of the common include {\it Iris pseudocorus, Filipendula ulmaria, Oenanthe crocata, Galium palustre, Stachys palustris, Eupatorium cannibinum, Vicia cracca, Myosotis} spp. {\it Lysimachia vulgaris, Lythrum salicaria, Carex paniculata}. There is also tall {\it Salix} scrub/wood in this area.

Tall Fen is also found at the southern of the common (near Gravel Pit) that includes substantial {\it Phragmites australis}.

The main area of the common has cattle-grazed {\it Molinia caerulea} with {\it Carex paniculata} association. Species included are: {\it Carex nigra, Anthoxanthum odoratum, Cirsium dissectum, Potentilla erecta, Succisa pratensis, Achillea millefolium, Senecio jacobaea, Campanula rotundifolia, Prunella vulgaris, Pulicaria dysenterica, Juncus inflexus, Hypericum perforatum, Lychnis flos-cuculi}.

Grass/sedge areas on siltier soil support {\it Holcus lanatus, Festuca rubra, Sieglingia decumbens, Carex flacca, Carex panicea, Carex echinata, Carex pulicaris}.  Also present: {\it Menyanthes trifoliata, Isolepsis setacea, Genista anglica}.

MANAGE:
Moderate cattle grazing. Scrub encroachment needs monitoring.


FAUNA:
Birds seen during survey:  Green woodpecker,  Tits, Magpie, Chaffinch, Greenfinch. 

Grass Snake.

Considerable records exist for invertebrates but were not obtained by present surveyor: contact English Nature.

VEG:
The SSSI citation states that Silchester Common (and Tadley Common) provide the best remaining example of the full transition from dry to wet heathland communities in NW Hampshire and West Berkshire. The dry heathland includes {\it Calluna vulgaris, Genista anglica, Deschampsia flexuosa, Ulex minor, Agrostis curtisii, Erica cinerea, Erica tetralix}. This is found in a large area to the west of Heathercote and on slopes North of Upper Inhams Copse. The dry heath is invaded by scrub species such as {\it Betula pendula, and Ulex europaeus}, but in some areas the {\it Ulex} has been burnt. {\it Erica cinerea} may thrive where burning has taken place.

The areas of wet and humid heath form the fringe of much of the dry heath but is particularly evident North of Lord's Wood. Species present include {\it Erica tetralix, Potentilla erecta, Juncus} spp. {\it Molinea caerulea, Narthecium ossifragum}. A fenced off 'exclusion area' shows exuberant growth of the above species.

A small valley mire is found south-west of Sallow Copse with {\it Sphagnum palustre, S. auriculatum, Juncus effusus, Juncus acutiflorus, Agrostis canina, Molinia caerulea, Viola palustris, Hypericum elodes}.

The western edge of the common is mostly woodland with {\it Betula pendula} dominant in the NW corner by Impstone Rd. Also present is {\it Cytisus scoparius, Teucrium scorondonia, Lonicera periclymenum, Pteridium aquilinum}. Towards Lord's Wood the {\it Quercus robur} becomes dominant with patches of {\it Pteridium aquilinum}. The narrow section of common West of Lord's Wood is an oak-shaded path with banks with good bryophyte cover including {\it Mnium hornum, Hypnum mammilatum}. Some {\it Vaccinium myrtillus} by track. The path has heavy horse-riding and mountain biking use. To the south of Lord's Wood is {\it Quercus robur/Alnus glutinosa} woodland. The long path to Scotsman's Green is recently thinned {\it Quercus robur} woodland with ground flora of {\it Pteridium aquilinum, Lonicera periclymenum, Melampyrum pratense, Digitalis purpurea, Hypericum} spp. {\it Lysimachia nemorum}.

The NE side of the Common has some playing fields (one is CL 257), car park and grass verges between substantial areas of woodland. Near The Grange is found {\it Betula/Quercus} woodland with some {\it Ulex } scrub. A pond in this area was dry at the time of survey. The eastern most part of the common has {\it Quercus?/Betula} woodland with {\it Ulex europaeus, Sorbus aucuparia, Cytisus scoparius, Chamerion angustifolium, Rubus fruticosus, Teucrium scorodonia}. The ponds in this area were also dry at time of survey but {\it Ranunculus flammula, Iris pseudocorus, Juncus effusus, Lysimachia vulgaris} was found. The eastern edge supports trees such as {\it Castanea sativa, Aesculus hippocastanum, Prunus laurocerasus}. There is coppicing under power lines here. A small but interesting museum illuminates the archaeological background to the area.

MANAGE:
Management issues centre around scrub invasion of heath, erosion and damage due to human recreation and thinning of woodland to produce diverse woodland structure.


FAUNA:
Birds seen during survey: Wood pigeon, Wren, Chiffchaff, Jay, Great and Blue Tits.

VEG:
The Holm Hills area to the north of the common is {\it Fagus sylvatica} woodland (Peterken 8B NVC W15) with some {\it Quercus robur} and understorey of {\it Ilex aquifolium, Sorbus aria, Sorbus aucuparia, Corylus avellana, Frangula alnus}. Records show small areas of 'wet heath'.  Bryophyte found here include {\it Leucobryum glaucum, Pleurozium schreberi, Aulocomnium palustre, Sphagnum palustre, Mnium hornum, Mnium undulatum, Atrichum undulatum, Eurynchium praelongum}. Ground flora species here are sparse due to shading but include {\it P.aquilinum, Teucrium scorodonia, Carex pilulifera, Juncus} sp. {\it Ranunculus repens, Hedera helix, Vaccinium myrtillus}.

South of this area, near Griggs Green, is {\it Betula} woodland with some {\it Pinus sylvestris} Power lines cross the area and woodland has been cut back with emergent {\it P. aquilinum}, patches of Humid heath, acidic grass, and {\it Betula} scrub.

The area of Holly Hills has substantial dry heath and {\it P. aquilinum} between peripheral areas of broadleaf and {\it Pinus sylvestris} woodland. Parts of this area has been recorded as former pasture woodland.

MANAGE:
Management of woodland under powerlines, near Griggs Green. {\it P. aquilinum} has been sprayed in the past. Improved grassland in the southern part of the common is cattle-grazed.


FAUNA:
Birds seen during survey: Kestrel, Wood pigeons, Great Tit, Wren.

VEG:
Bramshott Chase has a large stand of mature {\it Calluna vulgaris} and some {\it Erica cinerea, Ulex minor, Molinia caerulea}. {\it P. aquilinum} dominates some lower areas. Scrub/woodland of {\it Betula pendula, Quercus robur, Pinus sylvatica} with understorey of {\it Ulex europaeus, Ilex aquifolium, Sorbus aucuparia} is found on the periphery and especially in the upper northern area.

MANAGE:
Strips of the heath have been mown to maintain diversity. Bracken and scrub need control.


FAUNA:
Birds recorded: Woodlark, Stonechat, Dartford Warbler.
Silver studded Blue Butterflies. 

Sand Lizards, Smooth Snakes.

VEG:
Broxhead Common East has a large area of dry heath with {\it Calluna vulgaris} dominant with {\it Erica cinerea, Deschampsia flexuosa, Festuca ovina, Rumex acetosella}. Small areas of acid grassland include {\it Agrostis capillaris, Festuca ovina, Rumex acetosella, Hypochoeris radicata, Leontodon autumnalis, Sagina apetala, Ornithopus perpusillus, Plantago coronopus, Filago minima, Trifolium arvense, Prunella vulgaris}. The edges of the main heath area are scrub/woodland of {\it Betula} sp.,{\it Quercus robur,} with {\it Ulex europaeus}. There also substantial areas of {\it Pteridium aquilinum}.

The largest area of the common also has substantial dry heath which is highly invaded by scrub/woodland. A small pond near the highest point has much {\it Juncus bufonius, Glyceria fluitans} with {\it Polytrichum} sp. and {\it P. aquilinum} nearby.

MANAGE:
The good stands of dry heath need management to ensure diverse cover and limit scrub encroachment.


FAUNA:
No specific field survey records. Refer to NT records.

VEG:
The Scrubbs is part of the east-facing {\it Fagus} dominated hangar. The area includes some large {\it Acer pseudoplatanus, Fraxinus excelsior} and some {\it Taxus baccata, Coryllus avellana, Sambucus nigra}. Ground flora species visible from the 'zig-zags' include {\it Geum urbanum, Phyllitis scolopendrium, Mercuralis perennis, Circaea lutetiana, Galium odoratum, Geranium robertianum, Urtica dioica, Hedera helix, Melica uniflora}.

MANAGE:
Specific management policy for this area unknown though it is likely to involve small group felling, selective thinning at intervals. Dead wood to be retained in situ.


FAUNA:
Birds recorded: Green Woodpecker, Meadow Pipit, Dunnock, Willow Warbler, Blackbird, Robin, Long-tailed Tit, Coal Tit, Wren, Chaffinch, Magpie, Carrion Crow,  Great Tit, Blue Tit, Goldcrest, Chiffchaff.

Moths recorded: {\it Lasiocampa quercus, Macrothylacia rubi, Callimorpha jacobaea, Saturnia pavonia.}

Some butterflies recorded: Large Skipper, Orange Tip, Purple Hairstreak, Brown Argus, Common Blue, Adonis Blue, Holly Blue, Purple Emperor, Red Admiral, Brimstone, Peacock, Speckled Wood, Hedge Brown, Meadow Brown, Grayling.

Spiders:  {\it Clubonia trivialis, Xyticus cristatus, Philodromus dispar, Thanatus striatus, Tibellus oblongus, Euophrys frontalis, Pardosa} sp. {\it Alopecosa accentuata, Trochosa terricola, Pisaura mirabilis, Agelana labyrinthica, Tetra gnatha} sp. 

Harvestmen {\it Opiliones} recorded:  {\it Paroligolophus agrostis, Phalangium apilo, Leioburnum rotundum, L. blackwallii}.

A dragonfly record: Common Darter.

Ants {\it Hymenoptera} recorded:  Lasius niger, Formica fusca, Tapinoma erraticum, Myrmica} sp.

Hoverflies {\it Diptera} recorded: {\it Platycheirus clypeatus, Syrphus vitripennis, Episyrphus balteatus, Scaerea pyrastri, Sericomya vilentis, Sphaerophoria scripta, Rhingia campestris, Volucella pelluceris, V. zonaria, Xylota tarda, Eristalis tenax, E. pertinax, E. horticola, E. arbustorum, E. nemorum}.

Crickets {\it Orthoptera} recorded:  {\it Chorthippus brunneus, C. parallelus, Tetrix undulata, Conocephalus discolor, Metrioptera brachyptera, Pholiodoptera griseoptera, Mecanema thalassinum, Myrmeleotettix maculatus}.

Amphibians recorded:  Common Frog.
Reptiles recorded:  Common Lizard, Adder.
Mammals recorded:   Pygmy Shrew, Fox, Rabbits, Roe Deer.

VEG:
The south western corner of Copythorne Common supports secondary woodland of {\it Betula pendula, Quercus robur, Salix} sp. with understorey of {\it Salix} sp. and {\it Ulex europaeus}. Ground flora here includes substantial {\it Rubus fruticosus, Urtica dioica, Achillea millefolium, Heracleum sphondylium}. Some {\it Pinus sylvestris} is found and this is more strongly evident nearer the Romsey Road.

The core of the site has dry and humid heath which is much invaded by scrub. The heaths include species such as {\it Calluna vulgaris, Erica cinerea, Erica tetralix, Molinia caerulea} and {\it Drosera intermedia, D. rotundifolia} are recorded from the site. Under power lines the woodland and scrub is cut back with {\it Betula} and {\it Acer pseudoplatanus} regenerating fast. A disturbed area near the power lines' crossing of Romsey Rd. has considerable waste dumped, a few planted trees ({\it Sorbus aucuparia, Quercus robur} with ruderal species such as {\it Senecio jacobaea, Artemesia vulgaris, Tripleurospermum maritimum, Cirsium arvense, Urtica dioica, Dipsacus fullonum, Papaver} sp. {\it Symphytum officinale, Arctium minus, Hypericum} sp. {\it Malva sylvestris, Agrimonia} sp. {\it Pteridium aquilinum} and {\it Oenothera biennis}.

An old recreation/football ground of acid grassland includes species such as {\it Trifolium repens, Centaurium erythraea, Holcus lanatus, Cirsium} spp. {\it Festuca rubra, Ranunculus acris, Vicia sativa, Prunella vulgaris, Cerastium fontanum, Rumex acetosella, Stellaria graminea, Potentilla erecta, Euphrasia} agg. {\it Juncus inflexus}. The area is highly rabbit grazed and used for walking and horse-riding. Between this area and the Cricket Ground is mixed woodland of {\it Quercus robur, Pinus sylvestris, Alnus glutinosa, Betula} sp. {\it Salix} sp. The Cricket ground near the northern end of the common is all amenity grassland.

MANAGE:
Scrub/wood cut back under power lines. Cricket ground managed for recreation. Woodland unmanaged.


VEG:
The scrub areas are substantial at some points but scattered at others, and include species such as {\it Prunus spinosa, Sambucus nigra, Crataegus monogyna, Ligistrum vulgare, Malus sylvatica, Quercus robur}. Ground flora/verge species include {\it Arrhenatherum elatius, Achillea millefolium, Cirsium arvense, Urtica dioica, Agrimonia eupatoria, Linaria vulgaris, Chamerion angustifolium, Artemesia vulgaris}.

The grass areas include {\it Hypericum} spp. {\it Heracleum sphondylium, Arrhenatherum elatius, Dactylis glomerata, Achillea millefolium, Pimpinella saxifraga}.

MANAGE:
The track that runs through this common has become overgrown by scrub at some points.


FAUNA:
Magpie, Chaffinch, Green Woodpecker.

Dead badger.

VEG:
Surveyed from minor road.

This common is mostly thinned {\it Quercus robur} woodland with {\it Fraxinus excelsior}. Some replanting of {\it Prunus} sp. and {\it Quercus robur} has occurred recently (tree tubes). Ground flora species include {\it Digitalis purpurea, Urtica dioica, Rubus ideus, Rubus fruticosus, Euphorbia amygdaloides, Hypericum} sp.

MANAGE:
Recent thinning of trees and understorey. Planting in tree tubes.


VEG:
This common is managed by BASC for pheasant shooting, Hazel coppice (with associated charcoal burning) and wildlife conservation.

At the NE corner scrub {\it Crataegus monogyna, Prunus spinosa} exists. Some of the scrub has been cut back under power lines. Tracks into the wood are well used and lead through a {\it Quercus robur} dominated woodland area with mature {\it Corylus avellana} coppice and {\it Sambucus nigra}.

A large proportion of this common has a re-established rotation of hazel coppice with coups of differing ages. Ground flora species vary with the age of coppice. Older coppice with higher shade has shade-tolerant species such as {\it Circaea lutetiana} and bryophytes such as {\it Mnium hornum}. Lighter areas of recent coppice support {\it Silene dioica, Melica uniflora,  Lysimachia nemorum, Stellaria holostea, Prunella vulgaris, Potentilla erecta, Glechoma hederacea, Hyacinthoides non-scriptus}. There is substantial regeneration of {\it Betula} sp.

Charcoal burners evident and associated equipment.

MANAGE:
Managed for wildlife conservation, Pheasant shooting, charcoal production and recreation.


FAUNA:
Birds seen during survey: Yellowhammer, Crows, Chaffinches, Goldfinch, Wren.

VEG:
The side of this common that faces the village of Shedfield has {\it Quercus robur, Betula} sp. woodland with some {\it Acer pseudoplatanus, Salix} sp. and ground flora dominated by {\it Pteridium aquilinum, Hedera helix, Urtica dioica}. A large section of the western triangle of the common has acidic grassland (ex-amenity grassland ?) with {\it Agrostis} sp. {\it Holcus lanatus, Cerastium fontanum, Rumex acetosella}. Part of this triangle and also of the smaller triangle (marked 'Heathlands' on OS map) is dry heath/ wet heath mosaic with {\it Calluna vulgaris, Deschampsia flexuosa, Molinia caerulea, Erica tetralix, Pteridium aquilinum}. Substantial area of {\it Cuscuta epithymum}.

The northernmost section of this common has {\it Salix, Ulex} surrounded acid grassland and some large planted {\it Pinus sylvestris}.

The section south of 'Turkey Island' has {\it Betula} scrub and woodland with {\it Ulex europaeus, Salix cinerea, Crataegus monogyna, Malus sylvestris, Prunus spinosa, Fraxinus excelsior} but also with tracts of acid grassland of {\it Deschampsia flexuosa, Holcus lanatus, P. aquilinum, Rumex acetosella, Cytisus scoparius, Solidago virgaurea, Arctium minus, Rumex acetosa, Heracleum sphondylium, Cirsium arvense, Lolium perenne, Chrysanthemum vulgare}. There are also patches of dry heath of {\it Erica cinerea, Calluna vulgaris, Potentilla erecta, Galium saxatile}.

MANAGE:
Areas of heath need active management and protection. CHS record notes some mowing, and grazing by tethered pony.


FAUNA:
Magpie, Blackbird.  Common blue butterfly

VEG:
The western side of the common is scrub of {\it Crataegus monogyna, Prunus spinosa} with some {\it Fraxinus excelsior} trees.

The eastern side has neutral grassland with species such as {\it Odontites verna, Plantago lanceolata, Cirsium arvense, Cerastium fontanum, Arrhenatherum elatius, Senecio jacobaea, Achillea millefolium, Ranunculus repens, Carex nigra, Galium verum, Lotus corniculatus, Holcus lanatus, Urtica dioica, Anthoxanthum odoratum, Chamerion angustifolium, Campanula rotundifolia, Sonchus asper, Agrimonia eupatoria, Stellaria graminea}.

A ditch by the road was dry but supported long grasses and patches of {\it Urtica dioica}. 2 planted trees dead.


VEG:
Limited survey due to lack of access.

The woodlands overlooking the ploughed fields of this common include {\it Pinus sylvestris, Fagus sylvatica, Taxus baccata}. Some woodland is windblown and/or felled. The woodland becomes scrub towards the NE side and peters out into small areas of dry impoverished grassland. The rest of the common is ploughed land. A hedge of {\it Crataegus monogyna} makes  up the northern boundary of the common.


FAUNA:
Birds seen during survey: Chiffchaff, Great Spotted Woodpecker, Partridges along south side. 
Pheasant, Coots, Moorhens.

VEG:
This is recorded as ancient woodland pasture with lowland {\it Corylus avellana - Quercus robur} as a dominant community with much {\it Ilex aquifolium} in places.  Also present is {\it Quercus robur - Corylus avellana - Fraxinus excelsior} and {\it Quercus robur - Fagus sylvatica} woodland. A small conifer plantation is also present. Ground flora is often {\it Rubus fruticosus, Pteridium aquilinum} but includes {\it Holcus mollis, Oxalis acetosella, Sanicula europaeus} and at least 12 species of bryophtes.

The triangle that includes the school house supports large {\it Quercus robur} on grassland with a roadside ditch of {\it Urtica dioica, Geranium robertianum, Circaea lutetiana, Geum urbanum}.

The small section of common in Glasshouse Copse includes large {\it Quercus robur} with {\it Melica uniflora, Ilex aquifolium, Corylus avellana}. A small pond near Selby Cottage supports {\it Plantago alisma-aquatica, Mentha aquatica, Myosotis} sp. {\it Glyceria maxima} and is rather overshaded and silted up. 

The woods near Keepers Cottage have large {\it Quercus robur} and {\it Fraxinus excelsior} which has been opened up. Much {\it Corylus avellana, Acer campestre} is regenerating (some trees tagged with white markers). 

On the Hartley Lane side of the wood is a {\it Pinus sylvatica} plantation, and by the road some large {\it Fagus sylvatica} and coppiced {\it Corylus avellana}.

The southern corner of the wood includes {\it Quercus robur/Fagus sylvatica} woodland with understorey of {\it Crataegus monogyna, Corylus avellana, Sambucus nigra, Ilex aquifolium}. Ground flora includes {\it Ruscus aculeatus, Lonicera periclymenum, Hedera helix, Galium aparine, Rubus fruticosus, Urtica dioica, Melampyrum pratense}. Further along the path on the southern edge of the common is {\it Prunus spinosa} hedge/scrub with {\it Betonica officinalis}. Large {\it Quercus robur/Fraxinus excelsior} are found within the wood here with more {\it Ruscus aculeatus}. Active pheasant feeding in this area. 

Proceeding towards the western corner of the common an old pond lies near the woodland edge with {\it Crassula helmsii} and on its margins {\it Polygonum persicaria, Salix} sp. {\it Juncus} sp. and several {\it Ruscus aculeatus}.

The far western point of the common has a large pond that is choked with {\it Typha latifolia, Glyceria maxima}. Nearby scrub has been cut to prevent interference with power lines.

MANAGE:
Management Plan for woods desirable. Ponds in need of maintainance.


FAUNA:
Birds seen during survey: Chaffinches, Thrush, Moorhen, Wood pigeon.

VEG:
This common is cattle-grazed improved grassland including {\it Lolium perenne, Trifolium repens, Dactylis glomerata, Holcus lanatus}. The stream on the west side but south of the sewage works has some {\it Alnus glutinosa, Iris pseudocorus, Crataegus monogyna, Dipsacus fullonum, Cirsium} sp. {\it Urtica dioica}. Inside the fence of the sewage works is a line of {\it Populus} sp. {\it Salix}.  The banks of the R. Lodden support {\it Phalaris arundinacea, Salix} spp. {\it Epilobium} sp. {\it Juncus inflexus, Myosotis, Mentha aquatica} and large riverbed rushes.


FAUNA:
Birds seen during survey: Kestrel, Green Woodpecker, Chaffinch, Blackbird, Wren, Great Tit.

Speckled Wood Butterfly, Cinnabar Moths. Common Blue Butterfly.

Fox, Rabbits.

VEG:
Hazely Heath has dry and wet heath which is invaded on all sides by scrub and {\it P. aquilinum}.

The small section of Hazely Heath Common East of Hazeley Lea has mixed {\it P. aquilinum} and scrub of {\it Betula pendula, Sorbus aucuparia, Prunus spinosa, Crataegus monogyna} with ground flora that includes {\it Cytisus scoparia, Centaurea nigra, Melampyrum pratense, Glechoma hederacea, Spirea} (Garden escape), {\it Chelidonium majus} and {\it Fallopia japonica}. The latter 3 species have probably arisen from dumping of garden waste. South of The Meadows is woodland of {\it Quercus robur, Betula pendula, Populus tremula}. The woodland East of Stevens Farm is wetter and supports {\it Alnus glutinosa, Salix} sp. and ground flora species here include {\it Dryopteris dilitata, Oenanthe crocata, Deschampsia cespitosa, Circaea lutetiana, Juncus} spp. {\it Lonicera periclymenum, Clematis vitalba, Stachys sylvatica, Frangula alnus, P. aquilinum, Urtica dioica}.

The verges of Plough Lane support {\it Geranium molle, Plantago lanceolata, Senecio jacobea, Tripleurospermum maritimum, Achillea millefolium, Lamium album, Capsella bursa-pastoris, Hypericum} spp. and extensive {\it P. aquilinum} patches.

Near Hazeley there is {\it Betula/Quercus} woodland in a matrix with substantial {\it P. aquilinum} and a few patches of {\it Calluna vulgaris}.There are occasional {\it Castanea sativa} trees. 

As at several other places on this common the wood and scrub is cut back underneath power lines and this can benefit the ground flora.

The central area of this common has acidic grassland with remants of dry heath. Species include {\it Achillea millefolium, Viola serpyllifolia, Anagallis tenella, Euphrasia} agg. {\it Potentilla rupestris, Rumex acetosella, Agrostis} spp. {\it Plantago lanceolata, Centaureum erythraea, Polytrichum} sp. {\it Erica cinerea, Deschampsia flexuosa}. On the northern side of this area is found some areas of mature heath ({\it Erica cinerea, Calluna vulgaris}). Some coppicing of invasive {\it Betula} sp. has been undertaken in this area. Further east of the central area is found substantial marshy grassland with wet heath and encroaching scrub. The whole open area is surrounded by scrub {\it Betula} sp. and {\it Salix} sp. which is more developed to {\it Quercus} sp. woodland near the east side of the common. 

Near Hatts Cottage is found some marshy grassland with wet heath with substantial {\it Molinia caerulea, Erica cinerea, Calluna vulgaris}. Some active extraction of scrub has been undertaken. {\it Pinus sylvestris} trees evident.

The section of the common north of Hazeley House has scrub-invaded heath. Much of this area has undergone upheaval for gas pipelines and power lines. Scrub here is {\it Betula} sp. and {\it Ulex europaeus} over a ground flora that includes {\it Centaurea erythraea, Glechoma hederacea, Cirsium} sp. {\it Agrimonia eupatoria, Dipsacus fullonum, Polytrichum} sp. {\it Brachypodium sylvaticum}. At some points trees have been planted in tubes ({\it Quercus, Coryllus avellana, Crataegus monogyna}). A disused pit has become a pond with much {\it Typha latifolia}.

Other previously recorded notes: 

Flushes contain {\it Drosera rotundifolia, Epipactis palustris, Carex demissa, Pedicularis palustris}.

MANAGE:
Active management is provided by the works required to install a new gas pipe line, removal of scrub from under power lines and conservationists kerbing scrub invasion of former heathlands.


FAUNA:
Birds seen during field survey: Bullfinch, Crow, Jay, Chiffchaff, Great Spotted Woodpeckers, Chaffinches. Tits.

Birds recorded: Sparrowhawk, Hobby, Kestrel, Pheasant, Woodcock, Woodpigeon, Turtle Dove, Cuckoo, Tawny Owl, Nightjar, Green Woodpecker, Lesser Spotted Woodpecker, Skylark, Swallow, House Martin, Crows, Magpie, Marsh Tit, Willow Tit, Wren, Mistle Thrush, Fieldfare, Dartford Warbler, Woodlark, Song thrush, Redwing, Ring Ouzel, Blackbird, Wheatear, Stonechat, Whinchat, Redstart, Nightingale, Robin, Blackcap, Grasshopper warbler, Willow warbler, Goldcrest, Dunnock, Meadow pipit, Tree pipit, Great Grey Shrike, Starling, Greenfinch, Goldfinch, Siskin, Linnet, Redpoll, Bullfinch, Crossbill, Brambling, Yellowhammer, Reed Bunting, House sparrow.

Molluscs: 5 sp.  Woodlice 1sp.  Millipedes  2 sp.  Centipedes  2 spp. 
Harvestmen  5 spp.  Spiders 15 spp. 

Insects:  Orthoptera  2 spp.   Dermaptera  1sp.   Hemiptera   7 spp.   Coleoptera  17 spp.   Pscoptera  3 spp..  Hymenoptera  7 spp.   
Butterflies  20 spp.  Moths 6 spp. Micromoths  20 spp.

Reptiles   Smooth Snake, Sand Lizard, Adder, Grass snake, Common Lizard.

Mammals: Rabbit, Grey squirrel, Fallow Deer, Badger, Roe Deer, Fox.

VEG:
In general Ludshott is an extensive heathland dominated by {\it Calluna vulgaris, Erica cinerea, Ulex europaeus, Ulex minor}. The land was burnt extensively in recent years and grass/bracken has moved in with much {\it Betula} and {\it Ulex} scrub.

The woods above Waggoners Wells have {\it Fagus sylvatica, Castanea sativa, Quercus robur, Pinus sylvatica} with understorey species of {\it Betula pendula, Sorbus aucuparia, Ilex aquifolium, Sorbus aria}. Shading limits ground flora to some {\it Vaccinium myrtillus, Molinia caerulea}.

Other woods are on the periphery of the common and consist mostly of mixed {\it Betula, Quercus robur, Pinus sylvestris}. An old army camp has much {\it Betula pendula, Acer pseudoplatanus, Malus sylvestris, Salix} sp. {\it Sorbus aucuparia, Ilex aquifolium} and some exotics. Species of note include {\it Quercus petraea} -  recorded at SU 854347 and {\it Hordelymus europaeus} at SU 859353.

Some planted areas of woodland are found in some areas of the common. For instance an area north of Summerden has {\it Quercus robur} and a {\it Pinus sylvatica} plantation is found near the SW corner of the common.

{\it Pteridium aquilinum} is dominant in substantial areas. North of Summerden (on S. edge of common) and large tracts of the NW of the common.

The heathland areas of the NW and parts of the S. of Ludshott Common form a mosaic of many plant communities. The heathland has been kept more open than other heaths by wartime military activity, and a widespread fire in 1980. However much of the heath is still {\it Betula} and {\it Ulex} invaded. 

Ludshott Common supports many acres of {\it Calluna vulgaris} sometimes in mosaic with {\it Ulex europaeus} and sometimes with {\it Molinia}. Accompanying species include {\it Ulex minor, D. flexuosa, Agrostis tenuis, Agrostis canina, Anthoxanthum odoratum, Carex pilulifera, Galium saxatile, Rumex acetosella, Chamerion angustifolium, Rubus fruticosus}. {\it Cuscuta epithymum} is found frequently in the northern part of the common. Bryophytes include the characteristic species of lowland heaths {\it Fumaria hygrometrica, Dicranella heteromalla, Polytrichum juniperinum, Dicranum scoparium, Campylopus flexuosus, Campylopus pyriformis}.

MANAGE:
Heath communities have recovered from the 1980 fire assisted by swiping to control {\it Ulex} and {\it Pteridium aquilinum}. Swiping in small areas appears to be best method. Open sand areas are to be left. Woodlands succession to be sustained with periodic opening of canopy to maintain structural diversity. Deadwood to be left unless unsafe to the public.


FAUNA:
Birds recorded: Kestrel, Pheasant, Moorhen, Woodcock, Stock Dove, Woodpigeon, Turtle Dove, Collared Dove, Little Owl, Tawny Owl, Swift, All 3 woodpeckers, Skylark, Swallow, House Martin, Crows, Rook, Magpie, Jackdaw, Jay, Great Tit, Blue Tit, Coal Tit, Marsh Tit, Long-tailed Tit, Nuthatch, Treecreeper, Wren, Mistle Thrush, Fieldfare, Song Thrush, Redwing, Blackbird, Nightingale, Robin, Grasshopper Warbler, Blackcap, Garden Warbler, Whitethroat, Willow warbler, Chiffchaff, Wood Warbler, Goldcrest, Spotted flycatcher, Pied flycatcher, Hedge Sparrow, Pied Wagtail, Grey Wagtail, Starling, Hawfinch, Greenfinch, Goldfinch, Linnet, Bullfinch, Chaffinch, Brambling, Yellowhammer, House Sparrow, Tree sparrow.

Amphibia: Smooth Newt, Palmate Newt
Reptiles: Slow worm, Adder, Grass Snake.
Mammals: Fox, Grey Squirrel, Mole, Roe Deer, Badger, Dormouse.

Hymenoptera: At least 23 species.  Diptera  At least 58 species, including {\it Symmerus annulatus} ( a fungus gnat).
Butterflies: At least 31 species including Purple Emperor, Duke of Burgundy fritillary, Silver-washed Fritillary. Coleoptera: At least 64 species.
Hemiptera: At least 11 species. Mollusca: At least 54 species, including 4 nationally rare: {\it Acicula fusca, Ena montana, Macrogastra rolphii, Phenacolimax major, Zenobiella subrufescens, Azeca goodalli}. 

For further details consult National Trust Biological Survey.

VEG:
The east-facing hangar is {\it Fagus sylvatica} dominated though there are no veteran trees here (Peterken 8Cc (NVC W12). Understorey species include {\it Ilex aquifolium, Fraxinus excelsior, Acer campestre, Coryllus avellana, Taxus baccata}. Ground flora species include substantial {\it Mercuralis perennis} and {\it Hedera helix, Rubus fruticosus, Sanicula europaea, Euphorbia amygdaloides, Anemone nemorosa, Melica uniflora, Milium effusum, Daphne laureola, Galium odoratum}. Rarities recorded here include {\it Cephalanthera damasonium, Lathraea squamaria, Neottia nidus-avis, Epipactis helleborine, Ranunculus auricomus, Hypericum androsaemum, Epipactis purpurata, Epipactis phyllanthes, Helleborus foetidus, Arum italicum} and the rare moss {\it Mnium stellare}. 

The plateau has more recent woodland with the exception of a few ancient {\it Fagus sylvatica} pollards that were once isolated in open grazed land. The plateau includes {\it Quercus robur, Coryllus avellana, Crataegus monogyna, Prunus spinosa} (Peterken types 8B and 8D - NVC W 15 and W14). Ground flora of this area is poorer but includes {\it Oxalis acetosella, Carex remota, Luzula pilosa, Dryopteris dilitata, Dryopteris filix-mas, Veronica beccabunga}.

Coneycroft Hill has {\it Quercus robur} dominated woodland with occasional {\it Fraxinus excelsior, Betula} sp. {\it Sorbus aucuparia}.

The long strip of more open acid grassland supports {\it Deschampsia cespitosa, Festuca ovina, Festuca rubra, Centaurea nigra, Galium saxatile, Potentilla erecta}.

Wood Pond, an ancient pond, has good populations of the newts {\it Triturus vulgaris} and {\it T. helveticus}. Plant species in the pond include {\it Glyceria fluitans, Juncus effusus, Potamogeton natans, Lemna} sp. The pond was mentioned by Gilbert White in 1776 and restored in 1973/4.

The vegetation of Selbourne Common is examined in detail in National Trust Biological Records.

MANAGE:
NT has overall policy of small group felling and selective thinning of the beechwood hangars. The plateau trees to stand till natural collapse except where public endangered. Alien species {\it Aesculus hippocastanum, Acer pseudoplatanus} to be removed. Deadwood to be left in situ.

Grassland - rotational cutting of scrub especially {\it Prunus spinosa}.

Wood Pond - ensure balance of light and shade. Dredge when necessary.


VEG:
The whole common is amenity grassland with planted trees (staked) on the SE side ({\it Fraxinus excelsior, Carpinus betulus, Acer pseudoplatanus}). A small area of isolated scrub includes {\it Crataegus monogyna, Prunus spinosa} and a hedge of {\it C. monogyna} on the northern side.

MANAGE:
Grasslands mown, trees planted. Aftercare of trees needed.


FAUNA:
Birds seen during survey: Thrush, Robin, Wood pigeon, Crow, Willow warbler.

VEG:
Most of Dipley Common is woodland. Nearer the hamlet of Dipley is {\it Quercus robur, Fagus sylvatica} with understorey of {\it Corylus avellana, Taxus baccata} with limited (shaded) ground flora. At this end of the common is an overshaded pond with substantial {\it Typha latifolia, Lemna} sp. that badly needs management.

Further South the {\it Quercus robur } has more {\it Betula} sp. and occasional {\it Fraxinus excelsior} with {\it Crataegus monogyna, Populus tremula}. Ground flora here is more varied with {\it Rubus fruticosus, Lonicera periclymenum, Heracleum sphondylium, Chamerion angustifolium, P. aquilinum, Clematis vitalba}.

There are areas of former ponds in the southern part of the common that are now only represented by stands of {\it Typha latifolia} and/or {\it Urtica dioica}.


FAUNA:
Seen during survey:  Thrush, Blue tits, Magpie.

VEG:
Most of the common is marshy grassland. At the time of survey (access limited) species evident included {\it Filipendula ulmaria, Epilobium hirsutum, Rubus fruticosus, Artemesia vulgaris, Phalaris arundinacea, Cirsium arvense, Typha latifolia, Dactylis glomerata, Urtica dioica, Armoracia rusticana, Oenanthe crocata, Pulicaria dysenterica, Stachys sylvatica}. 18 species of ancient meadows found on this and CL5.

The eastern end of this common has some {\it Alnus glutinosa} woodland with some {\it Salix cinerea} and {\it Fraxinus excelsior}.

MANAGE:
Owned and surveyed by Hampshire Wildlife Trust who have management plans.


VEG:
Based substantially on survey notes of Heath and Bog Survey of 1987 (by H.A.T.)

The western side of The Slab is called The Warren and has a central area of dry heath '{\it Deschampsia flexuosa}-type'. Towards the road lies humid heath and small areas of wet heath with species such as {\it Molinia caerulea, Erica tetralix, Calluna vulgaris, Deschampsia flexuosa} and bryophyte/lichen communities.  Along the roadside wet woodland is found with areas of substantial {\it Molinia caerulea} under {\it Betula} woodland. Some places here resemble carr where very wet. The southern periphery of The Warren has secondary woodland, pine woodland and a very small mire with {\it Polytrichum commune and Drosera rotundifolia}.

The northern part of The Slab has substantial bare ground from tank exercises but remaining woodland is mostly of {\it Pinus/Betula} which is cut back under the power along the western side of the site. Heath appears to benefit from this management with {\it C. vulgaris, Erica cinerea} emerging. The NE corner has less disturbed woodland with {\it Pinus sylvestris, Quercus robur, Sorbus aucuparia, Betula pendula}. Some {\it Rhododendron} found here. Within the woodland there is a high bryophyte cover, and {\it Digitalis purpurea, Rubus fruticosus, Ulex europaeus, Calluna vulgaris}. A few specimens of {\it Epipactis helleborine} evident.

MANAGE:
Managed for military exercise.  Wood/scrub cut back under power lines.


FAUNA:
Seen during survey:
Magpie, Great-spotted Woodpecker, Wood pigeon, Great Tits.
Peacock Butterfly

VEG:
The south western side of this common is mostly {\it Quercus robur} woodland with understorey trees such as {\it Coryllus avellana, Crataegus monogyna} with {\it Viburnum lantana} (by road), and ground flora species such as {\it Geum urbanum, Stachys sylvatica, Stellaria graminea, Pteridium aquilinum, Urtica dioica, Rubus fruticosus, Clematis vitalba, Mercuralis perennis, Glechoma hederacea}. There are some large {\it Fagus sylvatica} for example near the Mission Church, around which the woodland is more diverse including {\it Betula} sp. and {\it Pinus sylvatica}. The central area has much planted {\it Pinus sylvatica}, which is dominant at some points. On the northern side {\it Larix decidua} has been planted.

A grid pattern of paths/coppiced wood is found in the central area. Ground flora species have benefitted with Examples such as {\it Potentilla anserina, Fragaria vesca, Stachys sylvestris, Mercuralis perennis, Euphorbia amygdaloides, Hypericum} sp. The earthwork on the northern edge of the common also supports {\it Lotus corniculatus, Prunella vulgaris, Brachypodium sylvaticum, Geranium robertianum, Galium odoratum, Cytisus scoparius, Hypericum perforatum, Rubus idaeus, Melica uniflora}. The bank has good bryophyte growth at some points.

MANAGE:
Active coppicing and creation of a grid of paths/rides through wood.


FAUNA:
Butterflies recorded: Meadow Brown, Speckled Wood, Common Blue, Red Admiral, Painted Lady, Small tortoiseshell, Brimstone, Large White, Green-veined White.   Many wood ants nests.

Birds recorded: Green Woodpecker, Turtle Dove, Willow Tit, Bullfinch, Goldcrest.

VEG:
The semi-natural woodland is limited to small areas on the south and one area on the north of Cheriton Wood. The section by Bramdean Lane has {\it Betula} sp. with {\it Corylus avellana, Crataegus monogyna, Salix capraea}. Ground flora here includes {\it Glechoma hederacea, Mercuralis perennis, Milium effusum, Moehringia trinervia, Viola} sp. {\it Arctium minus, Digitalis purpurea, Ajuga reptans, Urtica dioica, Sonchus asper, Hyancinthoides non-scriptus, Galeobdolon luteum, Polygonatum multiflorum}. Along the southern edge are some {\it Quercus robur} standards and a large {\it Fagus sylvatica} with {\it Corylus avellana, Betula pendula}. The NW end of Bulbeck Copse includes {\it Fraxinus excelsior, Acer campestre, Corylus avellana, Sorbus aria, Ulmus glabra} with ground flora of {\it Galeobdolon luteum, Mercuralis perennis, Carex sylvatica, Euphorbia amygdaloides, Primula vulgaris}. A small area at the SW corner of Tenant Wood includes {\it Fraxinus excelsior, Corylus avellana, Salix capraea} with ground flora that includes {\it Paris quadrifolia}.

Occasional planted and native trees include {\it Malus sylvestris, Ulmus glabra, Viburnum opulus, Viburnum lantana}. There are some veteran {\it Quercus robur} on the western side of the common.

Many rides cross the common and have considerable floral interest. Each ride has compacted central strips with rutted wheel tracks and woodland edge. Species include {\it Potentilla anserina, Prunella vulgaris, Plantago major, Plantago lanceolata, Odontites verna, Leontodon autumnalis, Trifolium repens, Potentilla rupestris, Ranunculus repens, Mentha arvensis, Veronica serpyllifolia, Sanguisorba minor, Euphrasia} agg. {\it Carex flacca, Helianthemum chamaecistus, Lotus corniculatus, Linum catharticum, Potentilla erecta, Stellaria graminea}. The fringes of the rides include tall grasses {\it Arrhenatherum elatius, Holcus lanatus, Dactylis glomerata, Pastinacea sativa, Galium mollugo, Cruciata laevipes, Rubus fruticosus, Hypericum} sp. {\it Stachys sylvatica, Digitalis purpurea, Euphorbia amygdaloides, Rubus caesius}.

MANAGE:
Managed for timber. Small areas of semi-natural wood, veteran trees and the species rich rides should be enhanced where possible.


FAUNA:
Seen during survey: Green Woodpecker, Robin, Wood pigeon, Crows, Magpie. Specklied Wood Butterfly.

VEG:
Most of this common is mainly even-aged {\it Quercus robur} with a stronger presence of {\it Betula} sp. towards the wetter south side.

The northern side is {\it Quercus} woodland with thin {\it Corylus avellana} understorey. The ground flora consists of rank grasses with {\it Glechoma hederacea, Circaea lutetiana, Geranium robertianum, Myosotis} sp. {\it Carex remota, Melica uniflora, Vicia sativa, Epipactis helleborine, Hyacinthoides non-scripta, Holcus lanatus, Potentilla erecta, Juncus} sp. A ditch on the north facing edge has substantial {\it Lycopus europaeus} and good bryphyte growth e.g. {\it Mnium hornum}. The wider section of the common to the south has some areas of substantial {\it Betula} sp. trees with {\it Ulex europaeus, Rubus fruticosus, Juncus} sp and {\it Teucrium scorodonia}.

The SE corner supports {\it Quercus robur, Salix} sp. {\it Betula pendula, Populus tremula}. Some felling and stacking of wood evident. 
The western side of the common supports stands of {\it Alnus glutinosa} with occasional {\it Pinus sylvestris}.

MANAGE:
Some coppicing of trees on southern side.


FAUNA:
Birds seen during survey: Magpie, Wood pigeon.
Cattle grazing.

VEG:
Most of this common is cattle grazed improved grassland with {\it Lolium perenne, Trifolium repens}. A few isolated {\it Pinus sylvestris}.

The southern end has rougher grassland with a horse exercise area and patches of scrub {\it Ulex europaeus}.


VEG:
A small common that straddles a stream supports tall ruderal vegetation such as {\it Epilobium hirsutum, Impatiens glandulifera, Symphytum officinale, Cirsium} sp. {\it Glyceria maxima, Urtica dioica, Polygonum persicaria, Lamium alba, Stellaria graminea, Pteridium aquilinum}. There is also some scrub of {\it Alnus glutinosa, Salix} sp. {\it Fraxinus excelsior}.


FAUNA:
Seen during survey: Jay, Sparrowhawk, Great Tit, Magpie.

VEG:
The small section to the south has {\it Salix} sp. wood with some pollards.

The largest section of the common has marshy grassland that supports {\it Juncus inflexus, Filipendula ulmaria, Arrhenatherum elatius, Senecio jacobaea, Potentilla anserina, Juncus effusus, Galium palustre, Juncus articulatus, Vicia} spp. {\it Oenanthe crocata, Phragmites australis}.  The river edge includes {\it Mentha aquatica, Eupatorium cannabinum, Carex paniculata, Pulicaria dysenterica, Glyceria maxima, Stachys sylvatica, Mimulus guttatus}.

The small section to the north, by R. Test has woodland of {\it Fraxinus excelsior, Quercus robur, Salix} spp.


FAUNA:
Birds seen during survey: Grey Wagtail, Mallards, Kingfishers, Tufted duck. Mandarin ducks recorded.

Moth flies, argiopid spiders, {\it Stenus} sp. Rove beetles, Plant bugs, Sawflies, Caddis flies are recorded.

VEG:
The main feature of this common is the three ponds that were created for the former iron-smelting industry. They are stocked with fish by a local management committee. The Upper (Eastern) Pond has little floating vegetation but the inflow area supports {\it Filipendula vulgaris, Sparganium erectum, Ranunculus repens} site and some {\it Montia sibirica}. The Lower (Western) lake has {\it Nymphea alba} and {\it Nuphar lutea} and {\it Scirpus sylvatica}.{\it Catabrosa aquatica} is recorded from this site.
The central pond has {\it Iris pseudocorus, Mentha smithii} with ' a large area of wet grassland at the inflow' and {\it Salix, Alnus} scrub.

Croaker's Patch has high {\it Fagus sylvatica, Quercus robur} with understorey of {\it Ilex aquifolium, Sorbus aucuparia, Betula pendula}. This becomes {\it Quercus robur/Corylus avellana} above the western pond. The {\it Fagus sylvatica} trees have a rare lichen flora.

The northern woods have some mixed woods {\it Quercus robur, Pinus sylvestris, Fagus sylvatica} and a few {\it Castanea sativa}. There are some areas of {\it Vaccinium myrtillus, Deschampsia flexuosa}.

MANAGE:
Ponds are managed for fishing, recreation and associated access. Much use of this common for walking and access to surrounding woods. Car park.


