# file3

FAUNA:
The summit of Wild Boar Fell has an ungraded entry in the Invertebrate Site Register. There are no species recorded, but it is considered likely to be of interest for montane summit species. The area known as "The Clouds" also has an ungraded ISR entry. There is a record from here for the nationally notable glass snail {\it Vitrea subrimata} (GR SD 732 992) from the 1970s. This species is associated with limestone districts, usually above 300m. In addition, the common is likely to be of value in particular to ground-nesting birds such as skylark and meadow pipit.

VEG:
The common forms an easterly outlier to the Howgill Fells range. The Summit of Wild Boar Fell lies to the east of the site, from where the land slopes north and westwards. The habitat map has been based on that of the Cumbria Phase 1 survey (1984). A number of relevant target notes and dominant species codes are available. Unfortunately there was insufficient time to visit the common during the present survey. 

The common includes an area of Limestone Pavement at Stennerskeugh Clouds which has been notified to Cumbria County Council by English Nature under Section 34 of the Wildlife and Countryside Act, 1981. The major part of this area has also been scheduled as SSSI (see maps). In addition, this SSSI is also a proposed Special Area of Conservation (pSAC) to be designated under the EC Habitats Directive. These notifications provide a detailed description of the flora of the pavements. The site forms one of the three best examples of this habitat in Cumbria. 

The major part of the common appears to comprise an acidic grassland sward. Large areas are dominated either by {\it Nardus stricta} or {\it Juncus squarrosus}. Other locally dominant species include {\it Festuca ovina, Galium saxatile, Juncus effusus} and {\it Agrostis capillaris}. Locally there are small amounts of {\it Calluna vulgaris} and {\it Vaccinium myrtillus}. 

On less steeply sloping ground there are patches of blanket bog. This vegetation is dominated by {\it Eriophorum vaginatum}, locally with {\it E. angustifolium, Juncus squarrosus} and {\it Polytrichum commune}. In view of the apparent lack of {\it Sphagnum} mosses, coupled with the fact that a target note for blanket bog on fells to the south of the common describes the bog as 'degraded', it has been decided to place the blanket mire on this common in the Phase 1 category of 'E18' - dry modified bog. The apparent dominance of {\it Juncus squarrosus} also suggests that the bog is transitional with acidic grassland.  

A number of smaller flush features are present; these tend to be dominated by {\it Juncus effusus} and {\it Sphagnum} spp. and occasionally with bryophytes. 

The margins of the common locally have areas of {\it Juncus} sp.-dominated marshy grassland. That to the north of the common has two separate target notes: GR NY 750 008: "Marshy grassland with {\it Ranunculus flammula, Juncus squarrosus, J. effusus, Potentilla erecta, Polygala vulgaris and Pedicularis sylvatica}; GR NY 749 010: "Marshy grassland with plentiful {\it Dactylorhiza purpurella, Primula farinosa} (NS), {\it Eriophorum angustifolium, Valeriana dioica}, a double variety of {\it Cardamine pratensis}, plus {\it Briza media} and {\it Pinguicula vulgaris}". 

N.B. {\it Primula farinosa} is a nationally scarce (NS) species - i.e. recorded from between 16 - 100 ten km squares of the Ordnance Survey Grid (JNCC, 1994). 

A feature which has been translated as a valley mire, at GR NY 723 077, has {\it Juncus effusus, J. conglomeratus, J. acutiflorus} and {\it Vaccinium myrtillus}.

The Limestone Pavements of The Clouds lie to the north-west of the common. For full details of the physical characterisitics of the pavements, see the English Nature SSSI and Limestone Pavement Notifications. These limestone pavements have one of the richest grike floras of Cumbria, with a wide range of scarce and uncommon plants. As the surrounding common is sheep-grazed, the interesting plants are confined to inaccessible grikes. Ferns are particularly well-represented and includes two further nationally scarce (NS) species: {\it Dryopteris submontana} and {\it Gymnocarpium robertianum}. 

Species described as "uncommon" are {\it Polystichum lonchitis, P. aculeatum} and {\it Asplenium viride}. Other ferns occurring frequently include {\it Asplenium trichomanes, A. ruta-muraria, Cystopteris fragilis} and {\it Phyllitis scolopendrium}, while occasional species include {\it Polystichum setiferum, Polypodium vulgare, Dryopteris affinis} and rarely, {\it Botrychium lunaria}. 

Many of the grikes contain a relict woodland flora. Species include {\it Mercurialis perennis, Sanicula europaea, Convallaria majalis, Anemone nemorosa, Oxalis acetosella, Viola riviniana, V. hirta, Geranium robertianum, Lonicera periclymenum, Hedera helix, Stachys sylvatica, Teucrium scorodonia, Adoxa moschatellina} and {\it Allium ursinum}. There are also some stunted or "bonsai" trees growing in the grikes and grazed to the level of the clint surfaces, for example {\it Ilex aquifolium, Crataegus monogyna, Fraxinus excelsior, Rubus saxatilis} and {\it Sorbus aucuparia}. 

Surrounding the pavements are areas of calcicolous grassland which include abundant {\it Sesleria caerulea} (NS), plus {\it Festuca ovina, F. rubra, Briza media} and {\it Anthoxanthum odoratum}. Carices present include {\it Carex flacca} and {\it C. caryophyllea}, plus the nationally rare (NR) {\it Carex ornithopoda}. 

N.B. Nationally Rare = plants recorded from 15 or fewer 10km squares of the National Grid. 

Some of the herbs found here are typically associated with rocky habitats, such as {\it Cardamine impatiens} (NS), {\it Draba incana, Arabis hirsuta, Mycelis muralis, Saxifraga hypnoides, S. tridactylites, Sedum acre} and {\it Geranium lucidum}. Old mineral workings frequently support {\it Minuartia verna}, another nationally scarce species, which is tolerant of heavy metal poisoning. There are also herbs present which are more typical of calcicolous grassland, usually found on the common where there are broader grassy grikes. These include {\it Thymus polytrichus, Pilosella officinarum, Galium sterneri, Viola lutea, Polygonum alpinum} and {\it Antennaria dioica}.

Many other herbs are found on the pavements and these include {\it Epilobium montanum, Cardamine flexuosa, Angelica sylvestris, Linum catharticum, Campanula rotundifolia, Rubus idaeus, Conopodium majus, Orchis mascula, Potentilla sterilis, Veronica chamaedrys, V. officinalis, Alchemilla glabra} and {\it Tussilago farfara}. A few species which are not usually associated with shallow soils in limestone areas also occur, for example, {\it Lathyrus montana, Vaccinium myrtillus} and {\it Potentilla erecta}.

MANAGE:
The common is grazed by sheep (and ponies?). Grazing levels are described as "high" for the SSSI. The common includes a particularly diverse range of habitats and species, partciularly in the presence of the limestone pavements known as "The Clouds". In addition to the botanical interest of these features, they are of particular importance in demonstrating the varying effects of ice flow on rock surfaces of different aspect and inclination. Soil and drift cover are limited and solution features are well-developed. 

The pavements appear to have suffered past small-scale removal of stone for use in walling and for the nearby lime kiln. However, there does not appear to have been any recent removal. There has been extensive damage of parts of the pavement by mineral working and by clint removal but, apart from a few small mineral workings elsewhere, the damage is largely confined to the southern end of the outcrop.


FAUNA:
The Skiddaw Group supports the most diverse assemblage of montane breeding birds in West Cumbria and also the second most important upland bird population. This rich avifauna is due to the extent, diversity and quality of the upland vegetation of the site, particularly the abundance of heather-dominated communities and the presence of montane grass-heath. Breeding waders include curlew, snipe, golden plover and dotterel. Raptors are well-represented with nesting peregrine, buzzard, kestrel and merlin. Other breeding birds include raven, ring ouzel, whinchat, wheatear, dipper and red grouse.

The Skiddaw-Caldbeck group as a whole have a Grade B entry in the Invertebrate Site Register. This is described as "An important area for the invertebrate fauna of upland habitats". Species recorded include the rare montane ground beetle {\it Leistus montanus} and the nationally notable northern dart {\it Xestia alpicola}, one of the few English stations for this moth. The damper areas of the site support species such as the nationally notable beetle {\it Carabus nitens}, a species associated with boggy areas, and {\it Bembidion atrocoeruleum}, this being linked to gravelly streams. The large heath {\it Coenonympha tullia} has also been recorded.

VEG:
The common lies almost entirely within the Skiddaw Group SSSI. This site is also listed in "A Nature Conservation Review", Ed. D.A Ratcliffe, 1977. The common occupies the north-western portion of the SSSI, stretching from Great Calva in the south, as far northwards as Aughertree Fell (this portion outside the SSSI boundary). The underlying geology here is dominated by by the Skiddaw Slates. 

The main biological interest of the SSSI as a whole lies in extensive tracts of sub-montane blanket mire and heathland (both of which feature prominently on this common). The habitat map and following description have been taken mainly from the Cumbria Phase 1 habitat survey and the SSSI citation. Due to time constraints, it was only possible to very briefly view the northern portion of the common from the roads which cross it here. See under CL 20C for map showing boundary of the Skiddaw Group SSSI and the location of commons within this block.

There are a number of areas of {\it Calluna vulgaris} dry heath, notably on the flanks of Great Calva and also on Great Cockup. These areas form outlying stands of an expanse of heather moor lying north and west of the River Caldew and formerly managed as grouse moor. {\it Calluna vulgaris} dominates, often with {\it Vaccinium mytrillus} on dry ground, while in wet areas there are frequent {\it Erica tetralix} and {\it Sphagnum} spp. mosses (no discrete areas of wet heath shown on Phase 1 habitat map). {\it Listera cordata} is locally frequent beneath the heather in some areas. 

With increasing altitude, {\it Vaccinium myrtillus} and {\it Empetrum nigrum} sometimes replace {\it Calluna} as the dominant dwarf shrubs, especially in exposed situations such as Great Calva. Here, remaining {\it Calluna} is often semi-prostrate, with associated species including {\it Vaccinium vitis-idaea, Carex bigelowii} and occasionally, abundant {\it Cladonia} spp. lichens. The heather condition survey done by R. Jerram in 1989 shows the {\it Calluna} in this locality to vary between 20-40cm tall on the lower slopes, dropping to between 5-10cm around the summit of Great Calva. Cover rates are more than 75 per cent throughout. The heather condition at Great Cockup is much more variable. A central core has plants at 30cm tall with above 75 per cent ground cover. Around the margins, cover rates fall to less than 10 per cent, with the northern half of this block being dominated by {\it Vaccinium myrtillus} only.

Blanket mire occurs on the plateau areas to the south of the common. The Phase 1 map shows this to be dominated by {\it Eriophorum} spp., with locally frequent or abundant {\it Calluna vulgaris}, locally frequent {\it Empetrum nigrum} and occasional {\it Vaccinium myrtillus}. On the northern flanks of Little Calva {\it Sphagnum} spp. mosses are locally abundant, while generally there are areas of drying bog with {\it Juncus squarrosus} and {\it Nardus stricta}. This would suggest that the majority of this blanket mire is now somewhat degraded. {\it Calluna vulgaris} occurs at cover rates of between 25-75 per cent, 10-20cm tall. (R. Jerram heather condition survey, Skiddaw Fells, 1989). The blanket mire around Burn Tod, which also appears somewhat degraded, has much more patchy {\it Calluna} cover, at between 10-50 per cent cover.

In fact the most extensive habitat type present on the common is acidic grassland. This is mainly dominated by {\it Nardus stricta} and {\it Juncus squarrosus}. The vegetation is very intensively grazed on the lower-lying grassland in the Aughertree Fell area, with wide strips of very short {\it Agrostis-Festuca} grassland along the roadside edges, often with frequent {\it Cirsium arvense}, suggesting a semi-improved sward here. Wet areas have clumps of {\it Juncus effusus}. Great Cockup has low hummocks of {\it Polytrichum ?commune} within the acidic grassland dominated by {\it Nardus stricta}, with {\it Festuca ovina} (and {\it Agrostis capillaris}) between the hummocks. 

Frequent across the common are a diverse variety of acidic flush and larger valley mire complexes. These have been extensively target noted by the Phase 1 surveys and are too numerous to describe individually. Two main types can be identified, the first dominated by tall {\it Juncus} spp. (mainly {\it J. effusus}), while the second has a carpet of small sedges which include {\it Carex nigra, C. panicea, C. dioica, C. flacca, C. viridula} subsp. {\it oedocarpa} and {\it C. echinata}. Associated species recorded from these features include {\it Sphagnum} spp., {\it Polytrichum} spp., {\it Montia fontana, Epilobium palustre, Cardamine pratensis, Rumex acetosa, Hydrocotyle vulgaris, Galium palustre, Veronica beccabunga, Mentha aquatica, Ranunculus ficaria, R. repens, R. omiophyllus, Vaccinium oxycoccos, Juncus inflexus, J. bulbosus, J. articulatus, Pedicularis} spp., {\it Viola palustris, Luzula multiflora, Narthecium ossifragum, Cirsium palustre, Prunella vulgaris, Eroiphorum} spp., {\it Trichophorum cespitosum, Potamogeton polygonifolius, Chrysosplenium oppositifolium} and {\it Drosera rotundifolia}.

Locally there are flushes which have slightly more base-enriched water. Species noted from these include {\it Philonotis fontana, Pinguicula vulgaris, Selaginella selaginoides} and {\it Saxifraga stellaris}.

Further habitats include areas of marshy grassland on the margins of Aughertree Fell. This is mainly dominated by {\it Juncus effusus}. At GR NY 255 385 (1986), there are {\it Juncus conglomeratus, Holcus lanatus, Alopecurus pratensis, Heracleum sphondylium, Epilobium palustre, Filipendula ulmaria, Rumex acetosa, Dactylorhiza fuchsii} and {\it Stellaria alsine}. Also present in this area are several small disused (?limestone) quarries. These tend to have a closely-cropped {\it Agrostis/Festuca} grassland with species such as {\it Thymus drucei, Viola riviniana, Plantago lanceolata, Pilosella officinarum} and {\it Bellis perennis}. Stands of dense bracken occur along the west-facing slopes of Longlands Fell and Great Cockup.

A number of the small-sided rocky valleys provide further botanical interest, such as Brockle Crags (GR NY 262 327), the valley of the River Ellen (GR NY 272 345) and Charleton Gill (GR NY 278 360). Species noted from these areas include {\it Cryptogramma crispa, Mercurialis perennis, Dryopteris dilatata, Oxalis acetosella, Asplenium} spp., {\it Polygala serpyllifolia, Phyllitis scolopendrium, Teucrium scorodonia, Digitalis purpurea, Thymus drucei, Galium saxatile, Geranium robetrianum, Viola} sp., {\it Vaccinium myrtillus, Blechnum spicant, Hypericum pulchrum} and occasional scattered small trees of {\it Sorbus aucuparia}.

MANAGE:
The common is grazed by sheep and lies within the Lake District ESA. This has been designated because of the outstanding environmental importance of the fells and valleys of the area. Of particular relevance to Lake District commons is the impact of grazing levels upon the ecology of certain upland habitats such as  heathland and a range of mire types, many of which feature amongst the "Priority Habitats" of the UK Biodiversity Action Plan.  

Farms entering the scheme do so under a 10 year management argeement and receive a variety of payments in return for farming in a manner which is compatible with the special character of the Lake District. There are two tiers of entry and the first applies to the whole area of the farm. Of particular relevance to common land amongst the provisions of the first tier are specified maximum stocking densities on the open fell which take into account the presence of heather.

The second tier is optional and provides for even lower stocking densities on "heather fell". There is also an optional tier aimed at making better provision for public access, plus certain payments aimed at maintaining/enhancing juniper scrub/ghylls/water margins etc.

For an individual common to be entered into the ESA scheme, it requires all of the relevant commoners to join on a whole farm basis and this is often unrealistic to achieve. However, here are many circumstances where farmers have individually joined the ESA, who also have grazing rights on common land. In such cases, these commons have been designated "Common land with controlled grazing rights". These farmers are not allowed to put additional stock onto the common above pre-scheme levels, even if these were above those allowed by the grazing rights. 

For reasons of confidentiality it has not been possible in this project to identify whether or not an individual common has been entered into the ESA scheme. However, for a general summary of the approximate area of Cumbrian Common Land now covered by ESA agreements, please refer to the main report (but note that this information is likely to be somewhat out of date). 

Grazing levels appear especially heavy on the northern section outside the SSSI boundary at Aughertree Fell. Several roads cross this fairly level area and are cattle gridded at the common land boundary. There appears to be local semi-improvement of the grassland sward here. 

There is a variety of management work undertaken by the National Park and this includes bracken control work on slopes to the west of Great Cockup and Longlands Fell (partly funded by English Nature). Some of the heather areas are burnt on a rotation by English Nature. 

Recreational activities on the common appear to be regulated to some extent by the commoners. Individual commons in the block tend to have their own associations, with a joint executive committee. This body has an influence on the frequency of organised recreational activities. A particular concern is to restrict these during the bird breeding period, to avoid disturbane to ground nesting species. A particular issue during 1995 has been the decision by the National Park Authority to allow motorcycle trials to take place at several localities within the SSSI, including on this common, Longlands Fell. Checks by National Park Rangers will ensure that old mining sites and wet areas are avoided.

There are a number of features of geological interest on this common and throughout the SSSI - see citation.


FAUNA:
The Hutton Roof Crags are a Grade A site on the Invertebrate Site Register. This is a site of high entomological interest. Moths and butterflies (Lepidoptera) have been particularly well recorded, although many of the moth records relate to a trap run just outside the SSSI boundary. Several scarce species of butterflies occur, including the vulnerable high brown fritillary {\it Argynnis adippe}. Two nationally notable moths associated with juniper are present, the juniper carpet {\it Thera juniperata} and the chestnut-coloured carpet {\it T. cognata}. Other Lepidoptera recorded include the least minor {\it Photedes captiuncula}, pearl-bordered fritillary {\it Boloria euphrosyne}, Duke of Burgundy {\it Hamearis lucina} and thyme pug {\it Eupithecia distinctaria}. 

The flies (Diptera) have recieved attention in recent years, with several interesting species being noted, including the rare snail-killing fly {\it Ectinocera borealis}. Provisionally listed as grade 'A', although survey of other groups of invertebrates would be useful. 

The diverse types of scrub and woodland habitats on the common appear to have good potential for birds of woodland/woodland edge.

VEG:
The common forms a significant portion of the Hutton Roof Crags SSSI (see map). This is a low Carboniferous Limestone hill lying immediately south of Farleton Knott (also common land). Although it is separated from this site by a shallow valley and the Clawthorpe-Hutton Roof road, the two sites form a single geographical and ecological unit. 

The site is of both geological and nature conservation interest. There are extensive and diverse limestone pavements which support a species-rich flora. A national survey of limestone pavements placed Hutton Roof Crags second on a national rank of floristic index. For further details about the geology of the site please consult English Nature. 

The limestone pavements at Hutton Roof were notified to Cumbria County Council by English Nature in 1989 under Section 34 of the Wildlife and Countryside Act, 1981. Most of the Hutton Roof Crags were also listed in "A Nature Conservation Review", Ed. D. A. Ratcliffe, 1977. In addition, the Hutton Roof Crags SSSI plus the nearby Farleton Knott SSSI (also largely registered common land), now collectively form a part of the Morecambe Bay Pavements proposed Special Area of Conservation (pSAC), to be designated under EC legislation.

The habitat map has been produced from that of the Cumbria Phase 1 survey. A brief visit was also made to the common, walking from the Clawthorpe-Hutton Roof road in the NW and following the footpath up onto the limestone pavament. The moist and shaded grikes support a great diversity of plants including the nationally scarce (NS) {\it Epipactis atrorubens, Polygonatum odoratum, Gymnocarpium robertianum} and {\it Dryopteris submontana}. The latter species is abundant and the site is the principal stronghold for this species. (NS - plants occurring in between 16-100 ten km squares of the National Grid). Also present is the "local" {\it Geranium sanguineum}. 

Over much of the pavement there is scattered scrub and trees of {\it Fraxinus excelsior, Corylus avellana} and {\it Crataegus monogyna}. Other scrub species associated with the pavements include {\it Juniperus communis, Taxus baccata, Viburnum opulus, Prunus spinosa} and the nationally rare (NR) {\it Sorbus Lancastriensis}. (NR - plants occurring in 15 or fewer ten km squares of the National Grid). Small areas of semi-natural woodland have developed locally within the pavements.

Often occurring in a mosaic with the pavement areas is unimproved calcicolous grassland and, more occasionally, base-rich dwarf shrub heath. Hutton Roof Crags support one of the largest areas of calcicolous grassland in South Cumbria. The grassland is generally dominated by {\it Sesleria caerulea} (NS) or by a mixture of grasses/sedges including {\it Anthoxanthum odoratum, Helictotrichion pratensis, Agrostis} spp. and {\it Carex flacca}. This vegetation is generally fairly species-poor. However, some uncommon plants do occur; {\it Minuartia verna} (NS), {\it Galium sterneri, Asperula cynanchia, Potentilla tabernaemontani, Ophrys insectifera}, and {\it Antennaria dioica}. Limited areas of calcareous heath occur in a mosaic with the grassland and are dominated by {\it Calluna vulgaris} and {\it Vaccinium myrtillus}.

On deeper drift soils found in isolated areas on the site, species of more acidic conditions predominate. The Ploverlands, to the south of the common, for example, support acidic grassland dominated by {\it Deschampsia flexuosa, Nardus stricta} and {\it Potentilla erecta} with some {\it V. myrtillus} and bracken {\it Pteridium aquilinum}. On the deeper soils lying north of Uberash Plain (the NW of the common) there is an expanse of {\it Ulex europaeus} scrub, calcicolous  and acidic grassland, plus areas of dense bracken. Noted from grassland here during the present survey were {\it Orchis mascula} and {\it Primula veris}.

MANAGE:
The common is grazed by sheep, the overall levels appear to be relatively low. There is localised supplementary feeding of stock, which has led to areas of eurtophication and trampling of the vegetation, although it is likely that only more marginal areas have been thus affected. This activity is not strictly allowed as part of the pasture rights. The more inaccessible pavements are generally not grazed and there has been some scrub encroachment in these situations. As a whole, the site appears to benefit from a varied pattern of grazing.  

The pavements of Hutton Roof are now the subject of a Limestone Pavement Order (July 1989). This designation makes removal of limestone illegal under the Wildlife and Countryside Act, 1981.


FAUNA:
Noted during the site visit were: blue tit, large white butterfly, chaffinch.

VEG:
The common lies to the eastern edge of the village of Hartley. It straddles the track bed of the Stainmore railway route (this marking the boundary of the North Pennines AONB in this locality). The Cumbria Phase 1 survey has a habitat map plus dominant species codes only and therefore a more detailed look was taken at this common. 

To the east is an area indicated by the Phase 1 map to be unimproved calcicolous grassland. At the time of the present survey, however, this was found to have no calcicolous species and has been mapped as the poor semi-improved grassland category. This area is sheep grazed (though no stock present at time of survey). The grassland looked vary parched at the time and is dominated by {\it Agrostis capillaris} with frequent {\it Dactylis glomerata, Deschampsia cespitosa} and {\it Holcus lanatus}, abundant {\it Cirsium arvense} and locally frequent {\it Urtica dioica}. 

Moving westwards the grassland becomes more diverse and has been placed in the category of semi-improved neutral. To the east of the railway line this is dominated by {\it Festuca rubra} with frequent {\it Holcus lanatus, Dactylis glomerata} and {\it Agrostis capillaris} with locally frequent {\it Anthoxanthum odoratum} and {\it Trisetum flavescens}, frequent/abundant {\it Cirsium arvense} and {\it Urtica dioica}, locally frequent {\it Trifolium pratense, Galium cruciata, Lathyrus pratensis} plus locally occasional {\it Heracleum sphondylium, Galium verum, Torilis japonica, Achillea millefolium} and {\it Campanula rotundifolia}. This area also has a number of blocks of {\it Ulex europaeus} scrub, with scattered bushes of {\it Crataegus monogyna}. Around the edges of the scrub, {\it Cirsium arvense} is frequent. 

Along the edges of the disused railway there are trees/shrubs of {\it Salix caprea, Fraxinus excelsior, C. monogyna} and {\it Quercus robur}. To the west of the railway there is more semi-improved neutral grassland, this time mainly dominated by {\it Agrostis capillaris}, again with frequent {\it Cirsium arvense} throughout. The scrub, again of {\it Ulex europaeus}, is less dense, and some looks to have been burnt in the past. To the extreme west is a steep slope leading down to the road - this has many broadleaved trees present, some of which are ornamental species (possibly plantings or garden escapes). These include {\it Fraxinus excelsior, Acer pseudolpatanus, Prunus} sp. and {\it Salix} sp. Beneath is a dense understorey of {\it Symphoricarpos albus}. 

A small part of the common lies within a Cumbria Wildlife Trust County Wildlife Site (see map). This is in fact only a very small section of the whole site and most of the coincident area appears to be a metalled road.

MANAGE:
The eastern portion of the common is heavily sheep-grazed, though no stock were present at the time of the site visit. The grassland here looked very parched. An old bath for watering and a feeding station are sited here. A section of the disused railway line is in use as a car park for the adjacent quarry. Part of the scrub looked to have been burnt at some time in the past. Reference to the Phase 1 survey would suggest that an area of calcicolous grassland has been lost from the common.


FAUNA:
Noted during site visit were: songthrush, blue tit, willow warbler, carrion crow, cuckoo, chaffinch, sedge warbler, curlew and pheasant. Numerous rabbit burrows were also noted in sandy ground to the east of the common. 

The SSSI citation notes the importance of the site for a number of different animal groups due to the variety and proximity of the different habitats on the site. A good range of birds such as sparrowhawk, kestrel, snipe and several species of passerines use the area for breeding and feeding.

In addition, White Moss is also known for roe deer, red squirrel and common lizard, the latter becoming increasingly rare due to habitat loss.  

The site has a grade C entry in the Invertebrate Site Register. These are sites of potential importance where habitat structure or a small number of records of notable species indicate that the site is likely to be of importance. There are records for two nationally notable species. These are {\it Graptodytes granularis}, a waterbeetle, associated with relict wetlands and which has not been recorded from the old county of Cumberland since the last century; plus {\it Stenus lustrator}, a rove beetle, which is an uncommon fen species.

VEG:
The boundary of the common coincides closely with that of the SSSI. There are several target notes also available from the Cumbria Phase 1 survey. Further notes were made during the field visit. The site lies about 7km NE of Carlisle at an altitude of 30m. It is an important surviving example of lowland raised mire, lowland wet heath and wet meadow grassland, all habitats considered to be much threatened and much depleted nationally, as well as in Cumbria. 

The original raised mire or bog surface has been modified by past drainage and peat cutting, although there is good potential for the restoration of the actively growing mire surface. At present the major area of the raised mire supports wet heath vegetation of tall {\it Calluna vulgaris}, with some {\it Eriophorum vaginatum} and {\it Sphagnum recurvum}. This area also has a complex mosaic of small, deeper cuttings. Some of these retain open water with {\it Sphagnum cuspidatum} and a good representation of raised mire plants such as {\it Vaccinium oxycoccos, Drosera rotundifolia, Narthecium ossifragum, Andromeda polifolia} and {\it Eriophorum angustifolium}. The wet heath is being invaded by a scrub growth of {\it Betula} sp. and {\it Pinus sylvestris}. 

At the northern and eastern edges of the mire woodland of {\it P. sylvestris} forms a narrow open fringe with a ground flora of {\it Molinia caerulea, Carex nigra, Juncus effusus, Dryopteris dilatata} and the "local" {\it Osmunda regalis}. A wetter carr woodland of {\it Alnus glutinosa, Salix} sp. and {\it Betula} sp., associated with poor fen, fringes the western edge of the mire. The ground flora here supports {\it Lychnis flos-cuculi, Hydrocotyle vulgaris, Mentha aquatica, Galium palustre} and {\it Succisa pratensis}. Locally dominant are {\it Juncus effusus, Phalaris arundinacea, Carex curta} and {\it Carex rostrata}. Other species noted in woodland on the site during the present survey include {\it Sorbus aucuparia, Quercus} sp. {\it Blechnum spicant, Sphagnum palustre, S. fimbriatum, Pseudoscleropodium purum, Carex} ? {\it diandra, Lotus pedunculatus, Cardamine pratensis} and {\it Epilobium palustre}.

Along the edge of the road is a complex mosaic of habitats, with much evidence of accelerated scrub development to the north-west, with {\it Salix} sp., {\it Betula pendula, Ulex europaeus} and {\it S. aucuparia}. Further to the south is an expanse of improved land, now mostly with coarse grasses, {\it Arrhenatherum elatius, Dactylis glomerata} and {\it Holcus lanatus}, with frequent {\it Cirsium arvense} and scattered bushes of {\it Ulex europaeus}. Several bonfire sites were noted in this area, together with piles of brushwood. Immediately to the east, this progresses to a stand of marshy grassland dominated by {\it Molinia caerulea}, also being invaded by {\it U. europaeus}.

To the eastern edge of the site is an area of acidic dry heath occurring on sand. This is dominated by {\it Calluna vulgaris}, with {\it Ulex gallii, Erica cinerea, Deschampsia flexuosa, Vaccinium  myrtillus, Genista anglica} and the uncommon moss, {\it Hypnum imponens}. This grades into a wet heath with {\it Erica tetralix, Molinia caerulea, Juncus squarrosus, Trichophorum cespitosum} and {\it Sphagnum compactum}. Species also noted during the present survey include {\it Hypnum cupressiforme, Aulacomnium palustre, Sphagnum recurvum, Potentilla erecta} and {\it Polygala serpyllifolia}. In addition, at the present time, much of the drier ground in this area appears to have been invaded by bracken {\it Pteridium aquilinum} and {\it Rubus fruticosus} agg.

To the north of the site is a wet fen meadow supporting a community characterised by {\it Holcus lanatus} and {\it Deschampsia cespitosa}, with some {\it Juncus conglomeratus} and {\it J. acutiflorus}. This grassland has abundant {\it Succisa pratensis}, plus {\it Angelica sylvestris, Valeriana officinalis, Pedicularis palustris, Viola palustris, Rhinanthus minor, Centaurea scabiosa, Achillea ptarmica, Filipendula ulmaria, Potentilla palustris, Carex echinata} and {\it C. panicea}. These notes appear to refer to the northernmost portion of the common. Although not examined in detail at the time, this area now appears to be supporting coarse grassland and tall ruderal species such as {\it Urtica dioica, Chamerion angustifolium, Anthriscus sylvestris} and {\it Heracleum sphondylium}.

MANAGE:
The site is of great conservation importance for the reasons outlined above. There appears to be a problem of invasion by both bracken and scrub. This could lead to the loss of some of the good habitat diversity of the site. At present there appears to be no management of the common. 

The presence of bonfire sites and the storage of brushwood on the site could also be a potential cause of degradation in the value of the site. The site is unfenced from the road which runs along the western edge.


FAUNA:
The Helvellyn and Fairfield SSSI has a good montane avifauna with peregrine falcon, buzzard, raven and ring ouzel recorded as breeding.

Parts of the area to the east of Helvellyn and Fairfield (but not all of that scheduled as SSSI) has a grade C entry in the Invertebrate Site Register. These are sites of potential importance. A number of old records of northern montane invertebrates from a variety of invertebrate orders, but little recent information. The nationally notable mountain ringlet {\it Erebia epiphron} has been noted from this area, making use of the extensive {\it Nardus stricta} grassland slopes (although the available records are all comparatively dated).

A further section of the common lies within an area with ISR records. This is the site known as Glenamara Park/Arison Crag, part of which overlaps the extreme north-eastern tip of the common. This ISR entry is ungraded i.e. either sites recommended to the ISR without supporting species records, sites recorded in the literature as being of interest but unknown to present day entomologists, or other sites where there is insufficient information for evaluation. There is a record for this site for mountain ringlet {\it Erebia epiphron} from Arison Crag from 1962.

VEG:
The common stretches eastwards from the ridge running south from Helvellyn to Dollywaggon Pike. The site is effectively divided in two by the valley of Grisedale Beck which runs north-eastwards from Grisedale Tarn. To the north-west of the valley lie the summits Dollywaggon Pike, High Crag and Nethermost Pike, with Striding Edge leading to the summit of Helvellyn itself. The south-eastern side of the valley is dominated by the long ridge which forms St. Sunday Crag. This leads southwards onto the summit of Fairfield.

Most of the common lies within the boundary of the Helvellyn and Fairfield SSSI. This site is listed in "A Nature Conservation Review" (ed. D.A Ratcliffe, 1977) and is also now a proposed Special Protection Area (pSPA) under the EC Habitats Directive. 

A smaller portion lies to the east of the SSSI boundary, stretching from Oxford Crags in Patterdale, round the southern side of Glenamara Park and linking up to land on the northern slopes of Birks.

A significant component of the following description has been based on the SSSI citation. The habitat map has been based primarily upon that of the Cumbria Phase 1 survey. A heather condition survey was conducted during 1991, plus a survey of montane heath in 1992. The common was not visited specifically as part of the survey, but parts were familiar to the surveyor from earlier fellwalking activities.

The topography of the area has been highly modified by successive glaciations. In contrast to the western flanks of the Helvellyn Range, which rise generally in smooth, steep slopes to the summit ridge, the glaciated eastern aspect exhibits a series of corries, bounded by high crags and scree slopes. From the corries, several parallel glaciated valleys (including that of Grisedale Beck on this common) run roughly NE-SW, with steep, rocky sides rising to high intervening ridges.

The underlying geology comprises the Borrowdale Volcanic Series. These volcanic tuffs and lavas are generally acidic, although the eastern cliffs of the Helvellyn range are particularly rich in basic minerals and weather to produce pockets of base-rich soil. This feature, coupled with the harsh micro-climate and inaccessibility to sheep of the high altitude corries, has enabled a remnant Arctic-Alpine flora to persist. This is the main feature of biological interest. Other features include large stands of juniper scrub/woodland, a variety of montane and upland heath, grassland and flush communities, plus two high-level oligotrophic tarns (one of these being situated on this particular common, namely the aforementioned Grisedale Tarn).

The crags, cliff ledges and stony flushes of the high level corries form one of the most important areas in Cumbria for the lime-loving montane flora. On ledges with moist, base-rich soils, species-rich tall herb communities, more typical of woodland or northern meadows, have developed. These support species such as {\it Gerainum sylvaticum, Angelica sylvestris, Geum rivale, Luzula sylvatica, Heracleum sphondylium} and occasionally, {\it Trollius europaeus} and {\it Orchis mascula}. Also associated with the rock ledges, but also found on bare rock outcrops are many montane or northern species such as {\it Sedum rosea, Oxyria digyna, Galium boreale, Rubus saxatilis, Saussurea alpina, Saxifraga oppositifolia} and {\it Silene acaulis}. 

A number of rare Arctic-Alpine species occur very locally, representing the last remnants of populations which have declined since the last glaciation. These include the Nationally Rare (NR) {\it Potentilla fruticosa}, plus a number of Nationally Scarce (NS) species: {\it Potentilla crantzii, Cerastium alpinum, Salix lapponum, Dryas octopetala, Poa alpina, P. glauca, Carex atrata, Saxifraga nivalis} and {\it Thlaspi caerulescens}, in addition {\it Draba incana}. Helvellyn represents the only English station for {\it Salix lapponum} (Halliday, 1997). 

N.B. Nationally Scarce: species recorded from 16 - 100 tem km squares of the National Grid (JNCC, 1994). Nationally Rare: species recorded from 15 or fewer squares.

The Helvellyn range has been subject to a high level of sheep grazing for many years and this has had a marked influence on the composition of the accessible flora (i.e. the vast majority). Dry ground supports extensive areas of {\it Agrostis/Festuca} acidic grassland, giving way to either {\it Nardus stricta} or {\it Juncus squarrosus} in damp/wet soils. However, the site still supports the greatest diversity of acidic grassland communities in West Cumbria. The lower slopes have an {\it Agrostis/Festuca} sward. These tend to be relatively species-poor, apart from where they are flushed with base-rich water. These features support species such as {\it Carex viridula} subsp. {\it oedocarpa, C. panicea, Thymus polytrichus, Euphrasia officinalis} agg., {\it Linum catharticum, Prunella vulgaris} and {\it Leontodon autumnalis}. The middle slopes support extensive areas of acidic grassland dominated by {\it Nardus stricta}. 

The western fringe of the common follows the summit ridge southwards from Helvellyn, along Nethermost Pike and Dollywaggon Pike. This has a montane lichen-bryophyte heath. The most extensive vegetation community is a type described as being a "grassy variant" of NVC type U10a. This vegetation is species-poor, dominated by {\it Festuca ovina, Agrostis capillaris} and {\it Carex bigelowii}, with lichens and mosses poorly represented; it may have resulted from the effects of sheep-grazing. The community in fact accounts for the vast majority of montane heath in the Lake District. {\it Racomitrium lanuginosum} is generally only abundant where it is protected from grazing by the presence of rocks.

On steeper slopes at the edge of the plateau, where there is some protection from grazing, can be found a more typical NVC U10, with frequent lichens, plus bryophytes such as {\it R. lanuginosum, Campylopus paradoxus, Diplophyllum albicans} and {\it Polytrichum} spp. Lichen/bryophyte heath was formerly widespread on the summit ridges, but this montane heath, dominated by {\it Racomitrium lanuginosum}, is now restricted to small areas of boulder scree due to the grazing and recreational pressures.

A number of other heathland communities are represented on the site. Higher ground around St. Sunday Crag has a sub-montane heath with {\it Vaccinium myrtillus} and {\it Empetrum nigrum}. On the summit ridge this appears to have a cover rate of up to 75 per cent, although on the slopes down to the Grisedale valley this falls to give a mosaic of dry heath within acidic grassland, plus associated rock outcrops and screes.

Some of the crags to the east of the main summit ridge support extensive swards of either {\it Vaccinium myrtillus} or {\it Calluna vulgaris} and occasionally, {\it E. nigrum} heath. Crags elsewhere also have scattered bushes of {\it Juniperus communis} e.g. Harrison Crag - Thornhow Crag (GR NY 380 150).

Both acidic/neutral and base-rich flushes are well-represented on this site. Most extensive are acidic flushes, usually comprising a carpet of {\it Sphagnum} mosses under a {\it Juncus} spp. or {\it Carex} spp. sward. Base-rich flushes are of more restricted occurrence, but have a diverse species composition with abundant sedges: {\it Carex panicea, C. viridula} subsp. {\it oedocarpa, C. pulicaris} and {\it C. nigra}. Characteristic herbs include {\it Succisa pratensis, Parnassia palustris, Euphrasia officinalis} agg. and {\it Saxifraga aizoides} on stony ground. Locally, on a very small scale, are bryophyte-dominated springs with species such as the moss {\it Philonotis fontana} and the leafy liverwort {\it Scapania undulata}. Herbs associated with these springs include {\it Saxifraga stellaris, Chrysosplenium oppositifolium} and {\it Montia fontana}.

Grisedale Tarn is a good example of a high altitude, nutrient-poor water body. It supports {\it Isoetes lacustris, Sparganium angustifolium} and {\it Litorella uniflora}, plus the aquatic moss {\it Fontinalis antipyretica}. 

Lower plants are well-represented, with many uncommon bryophytes and lichens. Notable mosses include {\it Hypnum hamulosum, Oncophorus virens, Dicranum starkei, Hygrohypnum dilatatum, Leptodontium recurvifolium} and {\it Bryum weigelii}. The SSSI is the only known English station for four lichens: {\it Lecanora achariana, Phaeophyscia sciastra, Collema glebulentum} and {\it Aspicilia leucophyma}.

The SSSI as a whole supports the second largest area of {\it Juniperus communis} scrub in West Cumbria. This is a "nationally rare" habitat and occurs sporadically on this common as scattered bushes on many of the inaccessible cliffs and also on slopes north of Arnison Crag, to the extreme east of the common.

MANAGE:
The common is grazed by sheep. It is widely-accepted that stocking densities in recent decades have been in excess of what is desirable to maintain the nature conservation value of this ecologically important area. In particular, these fells include a diversity of upland habitats such as heathland and several mire types, which feature amongst the "Priority Habitats" of the UK Biodiversity Action Plan.  

This situation is a function of Common Agricultural Policy which pays a sheep subsidy (with an additional premium for upland areas), coupled with the registration of grazing rights on common land in 1965. The levels of grazing rights established at this time were based entirely on the numbers given by individual claimants. As a consequence, the numbers of stock registered are far higher, both in ecological terms, and to some extent also in agricultural terms, than the land can support. Headage payments under the CAP have therefore encouraged graziers to hold as many stock as possible, this being related primarily to their holding of commoners rights.

There is, however, some scope for the amelioration of these problems since the establishment of the Lake District Environmentally Sensitive Area (ESA). Farms entering the scheme do so under a 10 year management argeement and receive a variety of payments in return for farming in a manner which is compatible with the special character of the Lake District. There are two tiers of entry and the first applies to the whole area of the farm. Of particular relevance to common land amongst the provisions of the first tier are specified maximum stocking densities on the open fell which take into account the presence of heather.

The second tier is optional and provides for even lower stocking densities on "heather fell". There is also an optional tier aimed at making better provision for public access, plus certain payments aimed at maintaining/enhancing juniper scrub/ghylls/water margins etc.

For an individual common to be entered into the ESA scheme, it requires all of the relevant commoners to join on a whole farm basis and this is often unrealistic to achieve. However, here are many circumstances where farmers have individually joined the ESA, who also have grazing rights on common land. In such cases, these commons have been designated "Common land with controlled grazing rights". These farmers are not allowed to put additional stock onto the common above pre-scheme levels, even if these were above those allowed by the grazing rights. 

For reasons of confidentiality it has not been possible in this project to identify whether or not an individual common has been entered into the ESA scheme. However, for a general summary of the approximate area of Cumbrian Common Land now covered by ESA agreements, please refer to the main report (but note that this information is likely to be somewhat out of date). 

The recent Helvellyn Management Plan (LDNPA, 1977), discusses a wide variety of proposed/planned management. The entire area of this common lies within the plan study area covered. This document includes several issues/proposals relevant to the common:

1. Identify areas of heathland that might benefit from reduced grazing pressure. This could take the form of an overall lowering of stocking rates and/or a reduced stocking density in winter, or changes in flock management, such as moving winter feeding areas. This to be done with relevant landowners and graziers in relation to various options offered within the ESA system (as mentioned above). 

2. Downy Willow Conservation Plan. {\it Salix lapponum} is a small Arctic-Alpine species whose only English location is on the cliffs along the eastern side of Helvellyn. The conservation requirements of this species need to be assessed. The plants are restricted to the crags as a result of grazing. However, research suggests that the willow does less well in this habitat. There is a proposal to temporaily fence a larger area at the base of one of the crags to allow a self-sustaining population of the plant to develop. However, the fence may in fact need to be permanent (or overall stocking rates reduced), as removal might result in destruction of the new stand by subsequent grazing. Nor is it clear as yet what reduced level of grazing would allow survival of {\it Salix lapponum}. 

3. Install experimental exclosures within areas of lichen/bryophyte heath to investigate the potential for the restoration of this habitat, following a reduction in both levels of grazing and trampling by humans.

4. Establish conservation plans for other rare or endangered species. These to be in accordance with the production of species action plans as part of the UK Biodiversity Plan, and as the designation of the site as SAC under the European Habitats Directive. This will relate primarily to the rare Arctic-Alpine flora.

Another important issue is the effect of ice climbing upon the rare Arctic-Alpine flora. There appears to be little damage caused when there is abundant hard-packed snow/ice. The main potential for damage appears is in the poor snow conditions of early and late winter. A strategy for monitoring this problem is to be established and a comparison to be made of ice climbing/scrambling routes with the distribution of Arctic-Alpine flora. 

5. The National Park to continue its programme of footpath restoration and maintenance. This work to be done in the context of landscape impact, nature conservation needs and safety to walkers. An especial consideration is to be given to paths which have become eroded, not due necessarily to the high numbers of users, but due to the fragility of the substrate. This is a particular problem on wet/peaty areas, where even light use can cause enormous damage. One option may be to re-align routes to avoid such areas. 

6. Proposals by the LDNPA for a bat survey of old mine adits, plus survey of archaeological sites,  

7. To aid public understanding of the Lakeland Fells environment and the need for various management work, the LDNPA are to produce visitor information boards, to be sited at the main access car parks.

The Helvellyn Range is important for glacial and periglacial geomorphology, with an excellent assemblage of features occurring. There is a long history of metal-mining in the area.


FAUNA:
The area appears to be of particular importance for birds such as buzzard, raven, peregrine, wheatear and ring ouzel, which breed among the Wasdale Screes, and elsewhere on the common, including the Scafell Pikes area. Two pairs of mallard noted at Eel Tarn (GR NY 189 019), during the Phase 1 survey (1986). 

The common overlaps with three sites from the Invertebrate Site Register. The first is the Scafell Massif (Grade B), part of which lies on the common. This area has a large number of old records of scarce boreo-montane species from a number of invertebrate groups. Probably the most significant recent record is that of the nationally rare ground beetle {\it Nebria nivalis}, recorded from only a small number of peaks in Scotland, Scafell, and on Snowdon in North Wales. Survey of other Cumbrian high peaks, with similar habitat, in 1985 failed to reveal further localities. The nationally notable mountain ringlet {\it Erebia epiphron} is recorded from a number of the component parts of the site. Potential for upgrading to Grade A, given more recording effort. 

The second ISR site is the Wasdale Screes and surrounding habitats (Grade C). This area also has a record for the mountain ringlet. Several nationally notable or local beetles (Coleoptera) recorded by Keith Alexander in 1980 during the National Trust Biological Survey. 

The third ISR site is the Miterdale Mosses/White Moss area (Grade C). The nationally notable beetle {\it Agonum ericeti} recorded by K. Alexander in 1980.

VEG:
The common is a large and ecologically important area of upland fell, stretching from the southern shore of Wast Water into the Scafell Massif. Burnmoor Tarn is excluded from the common. 

The area is geologically varied. To the north west, adjoining Wast Water, lies an escarpment formed from rocks of the Borrowdale Volcanic series. On the scarp slope overlooking the lake, are precipitous crags, cliffs, gullies and the extensive "Wasdale Screes". These have been scheduled as SSSI, being one of the best examples of screes in Britain. (N.B. the common only includes a part of this SSSI within its boundaries - see map). This particular SSSI is also a candidate Special Area of Conservation (pSAC), to be designated under the EC Habitats Directive.

The Borrowdale Volcanic series also dominate the Scafell Massif, which lies to the east. This part of the common overlaps with part of another SSSI, the Scafell Pikes. To the south of the common lies an outcrop of Eskdale Granite.

The common has a number of features of great ecological importance. This is reflected in the wide variety of information sources being available for the area. The habitat map has been based on that of the Cumbria Phase 1 survey. There are numerous target notes available from this, mostly dating to 1985/86, but with a few also from the late 1970s. There is also a Biological Survey by the National Trust from 1980. Unfortunately, due to time constaints, it has not been possible to consult this source. There is much information relating to the botanical diversity of the two SSSI which overlap the common. Heathland on the site has been surveyed by Rigby Jerram. This includes a heather condition survey, and a Phase 2 survey of the montane lichen/bryophyte heath occurring on Scafell. In view of the large amount of existing survey data, and severe time constraints on the project, it was decided not to visit this site.

WASDALE SCREES SSSI: 

The screes are mainly unvegetated. Between the main scree fans are areas of finer material on which coarse, poorly-developed soils are present. The vegetation of these areas and of the rocky slopes consists of patchy {\it Festuca/Agrostis} grassland, {\it Rubus fruticosus} agg. scrub, bracken {\it Pteridium aquilinum} and heathland with {\it Calluna vulgaris} and {\it Erica cinerea}. Other species present include {\it Teucrium scorodonia, Digitalis purpurea} and {\it Solidago virgaurea}. Scattered trees are present close to the lake shore and on cliff ledges, including {\it Quercus} sp., {\it Fraxinus excelsior, Ilex aquifolium, Crataegus monogyna} and {\it Taxus baccata}. 

The main botanical interest of the area lies in the more base-rich gullies, which have a diverse montane flora overlapping with an interesting range of lowland species. Montane species such as {\it Saxifraga nivalis} (NS), {\it Alchemilla alpina) and {\it Diphasiastrum alpinum} descend virtually to the lake shore and, as a result, attain their lowest recorded altitudes in England. 

N.B. NS = Nationally Scarce - i.e. species recorded from bewteen 16 - 100 ten km squares of the Ordnance Survey Grid (JNCC, 1994).

Good populations of other montane species present include {\it Saxifraga oppositifolia, S. hypnoides, Sedum rosea, Thalictrum minus, Oxyria digyna} and {\it Silene maritima}, with less common species such as {\it Antennaria dioica, Galium boreale} and {\it Melica nutans}. Other species recorded include {\it Arcotostaphylos uva-ursi} (described as "locally uncommon"), {\it Dryas octopetala}(NS) and {\it Potentilla fruticosa} (NR).

N.B. NR = Nationally Rare - i.e. species recorded from 15 or fewer ten km squares of the Ordnance Survey Grid (Perring and Farrell, 1983). 

Lowland species which ascend to varying altitudes on the cliffs include {\it Hypericum androssaemum, Sedum telepheum, Orchis mascula, Teesdalia nudicaulis} and {\it Vicia orobus}. Over 25 species of fern of both montane and lowland distribution have been recorded and include abundant {\it Cryptogramma crispa, Osmunda regalis, Botrychum lunaria} and the nationally scarce (NS) {\it Asplenium septentrionale}. Mosses and liverworts are also well-represented, occurring predominantly in the damp, sheltered ravines.

On the plateau at the top of the screes and moving across much of the central and southern parts of the common there are extensive areas of acidic grassland. This is mainly dominated by {\it Nardus stricta} and, locally either {\it Juncus squarrosus} or {\it Festuca ovina/Agrostis capillaris}. Other frequent associates include {\it Galium saxatile, Potentilla erecta} and {\it Polygala} sp. 

Locally, as at Tongue Moor, there are many scattered boulders/smaller screes. Species recorded from these include: GR NY 166 042 - "{\it Andraea rupestris, Racomitrium lanuginosum, Cryptogramma crispa, Polytrichum piliferum, P. juniperinum, Cladonia impexa, C. subcervicornis, Galium saxatile, Luzula campestris, Carex binervis} and occasional {\it Campanula rotundifolia}". The peripheral areas of this part of the common tend to have bracken on the lower slopes. Locally, there are patches of closely grazed bushes of {\it Ulex gallii} (mapped as dry heath or acid grassland/heath mosaic). The best example of this lies on the southern sloeps of Whin Rigg (MAP 1 - GR NY 155 207).
 
Passing north-south across the central portion of the common is the broad, shallow valley of Willan Beck, at the head of which which lies Burnmoor Tarn (itself excluded from the common). This area has seen the development of a complex range of mire, flush and wet heath habitats. Other significant areas of mire habitats are also to be found at Miterdalehead Moss/White Moss, plus Sineytarn Moss (MAP 1) and in the area to the south of Rowantree Crags (MAP 3). In addition, there are many other such features (see below).

The area immediately surrounding Burnmoor Tarn is described as "valley blanket bog". This is typically dominated by {\it Molinia caerulea, Sphagnum} spp. and {\it Eriophorum} spp., also with {\it Juncus squarrosus, Trichophorum cespitosum, Carex} spp., {\it Drosera rotundifolia, Narthecium ossifragum, Erica tetralix} (15-30cm tall) and {\it Myrica gale}. To the south of this area there is a transition to thinner peat (i.e. marshy grassland), with a somewhat similar species composition. Similar vegetation occurs extensively throughout this part of the common, with examples at Tongue Moor and Brat's Hill. Further, true blanket mire appears to be present in several localities, including  Miterdalehead Moss.

Valley mire (plus basin mire) and flush habitats occur widely on this part of the common, too numerous to list and some too small/diffuse, to map individually. However, the largest valley mire complex lies to the south of Rowantree Crags (MAP 3). Many of these features have somewhat similar characteristics/species to the blanket mire/marshy grassland habitats. More obvious areas of flushing are dominated either by bulky {\it Juncus} spp. ({\it J. effusus, J. acutiflorus} and {\it J. articulatus}) and a "lawn" of small Carices/Sphagna (incl. {\it C. echinata, C. viridula} subsp. {\it oedocarpa, C. panicea, C. rostrata, C. pulicaris, Sphagnum papillosum, S. palustre, S. angustifolium, S. compactum, S. capillifolium}). Additional species noted from these features include {\it Potamogeton polygonifolius, Juncus bufonius, J. bulbosus, J. conglomeratus, Dactylorhiza} sp., {\it Polygonum hydropiper, Polytrichum commune, Succisa pratensis, Ranunculus flammula, Viola palustris, Rhynchospora alba, Anagallis tenella, Hydrocotyle vulgaris, Pedicularis sylvatica, P. palustris, Epilobium brunnescens, Pinguicula vulgaris} and {\it Eleocharis palustris}.  In addition, Great Moss, part of which lies within the eastern portion of the common, is also said to have {\it Carex pauciflora} and the nationally scarce (NS) {\it C. magellanica} subsp. {\it irrigua}.

A further feature of interest from many of these areas are a number of small tarns: 

Siney Tarn (GR NY 162 011). This has a bed of {\it Carex rostrata}, with {\it Menyanthes trifoliata} also recorded; 

Blea Tarn (GR NY 166 010) -{\it Phragmites australis, Isoetes lacustris, Equisetum} sp., {\it Lobelia dortmanna} and {\it Litorella uniflora}; 

Eel Tarn (GR NY 189 019) - {\it P. australis, M. trifoliata, Nymphaea alba, Schoenoplectus lacustris, Utricularia} sp. and {\it Nuphar ?pumila}; 

Stony Tarn (GR NY 199 024).

Moving to the eastern portion of the common, there is a much craggier tarrain, where there remains among the acidic grassland sward, elements of a {\it Calluna vulgaris} dry heath vegetation. The main areas appear to be at Great How and the hills to the south of here. Most of this has been mapped as a mosaic of dry heath and acidic grassland. While {\it Calluna} is the dominant dwarf shrub species, smaller amounts of {\it Vaccinium myrtillus} and {\it Erica tetralix} are also present. Dwarf shrub cover is actually very variable on quite a small scale. A majority of stands have been mapped as being either between 10-25 per cent cover or 26-50 per cent. Significant areas have less than 10 per cent cover (some with none at all), while small areas occur with cover in the range of 51-75 per cent. In view of the presence of pure grassland swards over significant areas, it was decided to employ the grass/heath category for mapping. Sward height and plant structure are equally complex, usually with plants at less than 10cm in the low cover areas, reaching 30cm in the higher cover areas. There are significant areas of mat, carpet and, occasionally, drumstick morphs. It is impossible to accurately summarise the complex heather condition map here - see survey by R. Jerram.

SCAFELL PIKES SSSI. 

The eastern portion of the common falls within this site. Around the summit of Scafell, to the extreme NE of the common, there are several areas of lichen/bryophyte heath. This comprises boulder fields often with carpets of {\it Racomitrium lanuginosum} between and sometimes spreading over the rocks. The majority of this vegetation has been placed into NVC type U10b ({\it Carex bigelowii-Racomitrium lanuginosum; Galium saxatile} sub-community). Smaller areas of U10a (typical sub-community) are thought to be some of the best examples of this vegetation type to be found in the Lake District, with {\it R. lacunosum} occurring in partcular abundance. These NVC U10 communities are typically associated with the more level ground around the summits of the fells. 

Other species occurring within this area include lichens: {\it Rhizocarpon geographicum, Umbilicaria cylindrica, Sphaerophorus fragilis, Lecidea} spp., {\it Cladonia} spp. and {\it Stereocaulon} spp. and higher plants which include {\it Festuca vivipara, Carex bigelowii, Vaccinium myrtillus, Galium saxatile, Alchemilla alpina} and the clubmosses {\it Huperzia selago} and {\it Diphasiastrum alpinum}. Also associated with the summit are several uncommon species which include {\it Juncus triglumis, Salix herbacea} and {\it Armeria maritima}.

A number of other target noted features of interest occur on the common:  

GR NY 158 033 - "Great Grain Gill - {\it Oreopteris limbosperma} and {\it Crypogramma crispa} at head of valley". 

GR NY 161 038 - species recorded include {\it Festuca vivipara, Alchemilla alpina, A. glabra, Chrysosplenium oppositifolium, Hieracium vulgatum} and {\it Pinguicula vulgaris}. 

GR NY 185 034, {\it Campylopus atrovirens} on wet rocks. 

GR NY 197 039, Great How. Rock outcrops with {\it Cryptogramma crispa, Huperzia selago} and {\it Diphasiastrum alpinum}. 

GR NY 208 208, Catcove Gill, steep-sided gill and small beck. Species noted include {\it Hymenophyllum wilsonii, Osmunda regalis, Oreopteris limbosperma} and {\it Umbilicus rupestris}. 

GR NY 225 038, Esk Gorge, species noted include {\it Saxifraga aiziodes, Alchemilla alpina, Hieracium} sp., {\it Allium ursinum, Anemone nemorosa, Primula vulgaris, O. limbosperma, Dryopteris filix-mas, D. affinis, D. dilatata, Teucrium scorodonia, Luzula sylvatica, Lonicera periclymenum, Digitalis purpurea} and {\it Rubus saxatilis}. 

GR NY 224 044, Green Crag Gorge, {\it Juniperus communis} on ledges.

MANAGE:
The common is grazed by sheep. Past grazing levels appear to have had a significant effect on the vegetation of the common. The heather condition survey report indicated that most of the dwarf shrub vegetation on the common takes the form of a mosaic within acidic grassland. However, cover rates are sufficiently high to allow a recovery of dwarf shrub cover under a reduced grazing regime. A significant portion appears to show signs of suppression through sheep grazing (see vegetation section above and original condition survey map). 

Heather moorland is an important habitat nationally, providing nesting sites for a variety of upland bird species. However, it is declining in extent due to inappropriate management. 

Montane lichen and bryophyte heath is well-represented around the summit of Scafell and there are several other common land sites within the Lake District. The habitat is only of restricted occurrence among the lakeland peaks and considered to be at risk from sheep grazing (and in some localities, trampling by walkers). 

The whole common lies within the Lake District Environmentally Sensitive Area (ESA). This has been designated because of the outstanding environmental importance of the fells and valleys of the area. Of particular relevance to Lake District commons is the impact of grazing levels upon the ecology of certain upland habitats such as heathland and a range of mire types, many of which feature amongst the "Priority Habitats" of the UK Biodiversity Action Plan.  

Farms entering the scheme do so under a 10 year management argeement and receive a variety of payments in return for farming in a manner which is compatible with the special character of the Lake District. There are two tiers of entry and the first applies to the whole area of the farm. Of particular relevance to common land amongst the provisions of the first tier are specified maximum stocking densities on the open fell which take into account the presence of heather.

The second tier is optional and provides for even lower stocking densities on "heather fell". There is also an optional tier aimed at making better provision for public access, plus certain payments aimed at maintaining/enhancing juniper scrub/ghylls/water margins etc.

For an individual common to be entered into the ESA scheme, it requires all of the relevant commoners to join on a whole farm basis and this is often unrealistic to achieve. However, here are many circumstances where farmers have individually joined the ESA, who also have grazing rights on common land. In such cases, these commons have been designated "Common land with controlled grazing rights". These farmers are not allowed to put additional stock onto the common above pre-scheme levels, even if these were above those allowed by the grazing rights. 

For reasons of confidentiality it has not been possible in this project to identify whether or not an individual common has been entered into the ESA scheme. However, for a general summary of the approximate area of Cumbrian Common Land now covered by ESA agreements, please refer to the main report (but note that this information is likely to be somewhat out of date). 

A further management problem facing this and many other of the Lake Distict Fells is erosion caused by walkers and mountain bikes.


FAUNA:
Long Crag (GR NY 153 064) is an ungraded site on the Invertebrate Site Register. There is an undated record for the nationally notable mountain ringlet {\it Erebia epiphron}. 

The common appears to have considerable potential for a wide range of upland bird species. This may be considered in the 1980 National Trust survey.

VEG:
The common lies on the Borrowdale Volcanics to the north-west and adjoining Wast Water. The habitat map is based on that of the Cumbria Phase 1 survey, which also provides numerous target notes (mostly 1985). There is an earlier Biological survey of the area by the National Trust team, but unfortunately there has been insufficient time to collate this source. To the north of the common is an area of montane lichen/bryophyte heath, which was the subject of a Phase 2 survey by Rigby Jerram in 1992. The common also includes almost all of the Greendale Mires SSSI (see boundary map), which lie to the extreme south of the site, adjoining the shore Wast Water. There was only sufficient time for a very brief visit to view just this portion of the common.

The Greendale Mires contain an extensive network of acidic flushes and basin mires which is considered to be unique in Cumbria. These combine to form several entire mire systems which occupy the shallow valleys and basins formed by a number of small streams that issue from below Long Crag and drain into Wast Water. The acidic flushes support a wide range of peatland plants and are characterised by carpets of {\it Sphagnum} spp. bogmosses plus {\it Eriophorum angustifolium. Drosera rotundifolia} is frequent along with other species such as {\it Erica tetralix, Succisa pratensis, Pedicularis palustris, Vaccinium oxycoccos} and {\it Narthecium ossifragum}, which occupies the central, wetter flush lines. {\it Triglochin palustris} and {\it Rhynchospora alba} are locally abundant, often in association with a variety of other sedges such as {\it Carex echinata, C. panicea, C. pulicaris} and {\it C. dioica}. 

Where water has accumulated in natural basins the {\it Sphagnum} carpets lie over deeper peat in a mosaic with open bog pools. These support a characteristic flora with {\it Menyanthes trifoliata, Potamogeton polygonifolius, Hydrocotyle vulgaris} and {\it Hypericum elodes. Utricularia intermedia} and {\it Drosera intermedia} occur around the edges of the pools.

The streams and mires are interspersed by many small rocky knolls upon which have developed several small areas of heath vegetation. These are dominated by {\it Calluna vulgaris} and often lie in association with acidic grassland dominated by {\it Nardus stricta, Festuca ovina} and {\it Anthoxanthum odoratum}. According to the Phase 1 map, these parts of the SSSI also have extensive stands of dense bracken {\it Pteridium aquilinum}.

On the remainder of the common the most extensive habitat is acidic grassland. This extends into craggy areas of Middle Fell, to the north of the SSSI and also toward the summit of Haycock, to the north. Small amounts of scree are present locally. The acidic grassland is dominated variously by {\it Nardus stricta, Juncus squarrosus, Agrostis capillaris, Festuca ovina} and {\it Deschampsia flexuosa}. Other associates include {\it Galium saxatile, Potentilla erecta, Danthonia decumbens, Sphagnum} spp. and {\it Polytrichum piliferum}. Locally there is evidence of a dry heath vegetation in the form of {\it Calluna vulgaris} and {\it Vaccinium myrtillus} (GR NY 126 073, for example, but apparently not mapped as such).

The valley of the River Bleng has seen the development of areas of marshy grassland/wet heath vegetation. This has abundant {\it Molinia caerulea} throughout. The wet heath contains grazed {\it Calluna vulgaris}, between 15-30cm tall, plus {\it Vaccinium myrtillus, Erica tetralix, Carex} spp. and mosses. {\it Trichophorum cespitosum} and {\it Eriophorum cespitosum} are present locally. 

In addition to the Greendale Mires SSSI, there are other acidic flush features present on the common. These appear to contain a range of species similar to those found in the SSSI - {\it Eriophorum angustifolium, Molinia caerulea, Carex panicea, C. viridula} subsp. {\it oedocarpa, C. echinata, C. dioica, Juncus acutiflorus, J. articulatus, J. bulbosus, Erica tetralix, Hydrocotyle vulgaris, Ranunculus flammula, R. omiophyllus, Pinguicula vulgaris, Potamogeton polygonifolius, Trichophorum cespitosum, Narthecium ossifragum, Drosera rotundifolia, Viola palustris, Sphagnum} spp. 

Also present in a flush along Nether Beck (GR NY 159 070) are {\it Rhynchospora alba, Eleocharis quinqueflora, Aulacomnium palustre, Philonotis fontana, Campylopus atrovirens} and {\it Saxifraga stellaris}. Trees along the beck include {\it Quercus petraea, Fraxinus excelsior, Ulmus glabra, Betula pubescens, Taxus baccata, Corylus avellana} and {\it Salix cinerea}. 

To the north of Middle Fell lies Standy Gill (GR NY 151 082). Recorded from the rock outcrops here are {\it Calluna vulgaris, Erica cinerea, Vaccinium myrtillus, Blechnum spicant, Polypodium vulgare, Dryopteris oreades, D. affinis, Cryptogramma crispa, Hymenophyllum wilsonii, Huperzia selago, Diphasiastrum alpinum, Saxifraga aiziodes, Digitalis purpurea} and {\it Luzula sylvatica}. A steep-sided ravine along Bether Beck has {\it Oreopteris limbosperma, Dryopteris affinis, Hieracium} spp. and {\it Hymenophyllum wilsonii}. There are further records from rock outcrops at Goat Gill (GR NY 153 065), which include {\it Oreopteris limbosperma, Solidago virgaurea, C. crispa, Racomitrium lanuginosum} and {\it Cladonia arbuscula}. 

Some way to the north of the SSSI lies Greendale Tarn (GR NY 147 075). Species present include {\it Lobelia dortmanna, Glyceria fluitans, Carex rostrata} and {\it Subularia aquatica} (also see 1983 Tarns Survey by R. Stokoe). There is another small tarn at Pots of Ashness (GR NY 145 091).

The final feature of botanical interest on the common is an example of montane lichen/bryophyte heath which occurs along the ridge to the NE of the common between Stoat Fell and Haycock. This habitat is confined to a few peaks of the Lake District, several of which are also common land. In the area surrounding Haycock there is a bouldery substrate with {\it Racomitrium lanuginosum} and occasional patches of a grassy community belonging to NVC type U10a, mostly dominated by {\it Festuca ovina}. This appears to be typical of the vast majority of the habitat in the Lake District, occurring on the wind-swept summit plateaux. Other species recorded during the Phase 1 survey (GR NY 137 109) include {\it Galium saxatile, Cladonia arbuscula, C. uncialis, Diphasiastrum alpinum, Cetaria islandica, Racomitrium lanuginosum} and {\it Juncus squarrosus}. Toward Scoat Fell, the heath also takes the form of grassy U10a, in places little more than {\it Carex bigelowii} and {\it Festuca ovina}.

MANAGE:
The common is grazed by sheep and lies within the Lake District Environmentally Sensitive Area (ESA). This has been designated because of the outstanding environmental importance of the fells and valleys of the area. Of particular relevance to Lake District commons is the impact of grazing levels upon the ecology of certain upland habitats such as  heathland and a range of mire types, many of which feature amongst the "Priority Habitats" of the UK Biodiversity Action Plan.  

Farms entering the scheme do so under a 10 year management argeement and receive a variety of payments in return for farming in a manner which is compatible with the special character of the Lake District. There are two tiers of entry and the first applies to the whole area of the farm. Of particular relevance to common land amongst the provisions of the first tier are specified maximum stocking densities on the open fell which take into account the presence of heather.

The second tier is optional and provides for even lower stocking densities on "heather fell". There is also an optional tier aimed at making better provision for public access, plus certain payments aimed at maintaining/enhancing juniper scrub/ghylls/water margins etc.

For an individual common to be entered into the ESA scheme, it requires all of the relevant commoners to join on a whole farm basis and this is often unrealistic to achieve. However, here are many circumstances where farmers have individually joined the ESA, who also have grazing rights on common land. In such cases, these commons have been designated "Common land with controlled grazing rights". These farmers are not allowed to put additional stock onto the common above pre-scheme levels, even if these were above those allowed by the grazing rights. 

For reasons of confidentiality it has not been possible in this project to identify whether or not an individual common has been entered into the ESA scheme. However, for a general summary of the approximate area of Cumbrian Common Land now covered by ESA agreements, please refer to the main report (but note that this information is likely to be somewhat out of date). 

Montane lichen and bryophyte heath is well-represented along the summit ridge between Haycock and Scoat Fell and there are several other common land sites within the Lake District. The habitat is only of restricted occurrence among the lakeland peaks and considered to be at risk from sheep grazing (and in some localities, trampling by walkers).


FAUNA:
The Skiddaw Group supports the most diverse assemblage of montane breeding birds in West Cumbria and also the second most important upland bird population. This rich avifauna is due to the extent, diversity and quality of the upland vegetation of the site, particularly the abundance of heather-dominated communities and the presence of montane grass-heath. Breeding waders include curlew, snipe, golden plover and dotterel. Raptors are well-represented with nesting peregrine, buzzard, kestrel and merlin. Other breeding birds include raven, ring ouzel, whinchat and red grouse.

The Skiddaw-Caldbeck group as a whole have a Grade B entry in the Invertebrate Site Register. This is described as "An important area for the invertebrate fauna of upland habitats". Species recorded include the rare montane ground beetle {\it Leistus montanus} and the nationally notable northern dart {\it Xestia alpicola}, one of the few English stations for this moth. The damper areas of the site support species such as the nationally notable beetle {\it Carabus nitens}, a species associated with boggy areas, and {\it Bembidion atrocoeruleum}, this being linked to gravelly streams. The large heath {\it Coenonympha tullia} has also been recorded.

VEG:
The common lies entirely within the Skiddaw Group SSSI. This site is also listed in "A Nature Conservation Review", Ed. D.A Ratcliffe, 1977. The summit of Skiddaw, the highest point within the SSSI, lies along the eastern edge of this common. The underlying geology here is dominated by by the Skiddaw Slates. 

The main biological interest of the SSSI as a whole lies in extensive tracts of sub-montane blanket mire and heathland (the former, poorly represented on this common). In addition, there are also significant areas of montane lichen/bryophyte heath. The habitat map and following description have been taken mainly from the Cumbria Phase 1 habitat survey, the SSSI citation and the survey of lichen-bryophyte heath in the Lake District undertaken by R. Jerram. The common was viewed distantly from the western and southern flanks, but was not visited as part of this survey. See under CL 20C for map showing boundary of the Skiddaw Group SSSI and the location of commons within this block.

This particular common incoroprates most of the western slopes of Skiddaw itself. Skiddaw as a whole has the best example of montane lichen-bryophyte heath of the Lake District. However, this lies mainly to the east of the common land boundary. There is a small area of this habitat overlapping with the common, to the north of the summit ridge (1). This area of habitat as a whole shows the altitudinal succession from sub-montane {\it Vaccinium myrtillus} and {\it Calluna vulgaris} heath through to the lichen-bryophyte communities. Represented on Skiddaw are a mosaic of NVC types H19 and U10a. 

The former, the {\it Vaccinium myrtillus - Cladonia arbuscula} community, is characterised by carpets of {\it Racomitrium lanuginosum} among frequent rocks, on the higher summits. This has the appearance of a greeny-grey mat with abundant {\it Cladonia impexa}, frequent {\it C. arbuscula} and occasional {\it C. impexa, Cetraria islandica} and {\it Cornicularia aculeata}, amongst which are frequent shoots of {\it Vaccinium myrtillus} and {\it Vaccinium vitis-idaea}. Locally, other species such as {\it Empetrum nigrum, Hypnum cupressiforme} and {\it Polytrichum alpinum} also occur.

Vegetation belonging to NVC type U10a ({\it Carex bigelowii - Racomitrium lanuginosum: Galium saxatile} sub-community) is a short, sometimes sparse, grassy sward with frequent and extensive areas of bare ground. In fact, there are two variants within this category. The first accounts for the vast majority of montane heath in the Lake District. The short sward in this variant has relatively little bare ground and is dominated by {\it Deschampsia flexuosa} and {\it Festuca ovina}. Locally abundant are {\it Galium saxatile} and {\it Racomitrium lanuginosum}, while a number of other species are constant throughout, generally at low frequency: {\it Cladonia squamosa, C. uncialis, C. coccifera, Carex bigelowii, Vaccinium myrtillus, Campylopus paradoxus, Cetraria islandica, Cornicularia aculeata} and {\it Polytrichum alpinum}.

The second U10a variant has bare substrate acccounting for much of the ground cover, but with a similar species composition to the above type. In addition, {\it Salix herbacea}, which occurs on the west-facing face of Skiddaw, is associated with this community. It is important to note that a significant proportion of these lichen-bryophyte heaths are under pressure from trampling of the vegetation around the summit areas.

For the most part, however, the western summit slopes of Skiddaw, here on the common, are clad in extensive screes. Below this is Southerndale, along the base of which a large acidic flush feature with {\it Juncus} spp., {\it Eriophorum} spp. and {\it Sphagnum} spp. Most of the surrounding lower valley sides have an acidic grassland sward, mainly dominated by {\it Nardus stricta}, locally with {\it Juncus squarrosus} or {\it Agrostis/Festuca}. In some areas, there is also a heathy element to this vegetation, with small amounts (ie. less than 25 per cent cover) of {\it Vaccinium myrtillus} and {\it Calluna vulgaris}. 

The western fringe of the common is marked by a ridge of craggy ground, "The Edge", running northwards from Ullock Pike. Here there is a mosaic of {\it Calluna vulgaris} heath among rocks and scree. The heather plants are between 15-20cm tall. To the south the cover is between 51-75 per cent, while to the north this falls to between 26-50 per cent. On the lower slopes this gives way to heath dominated by {\it Vaccinium myrtillus}. Sandbeds Gill (2 - GR NY 237 289, 1986) is a steep, scree-sided valley with abundant {\it Ulex europaeus, Dryopteris dilatata, D. filix-mas} and {\it D. affinis}, plus {\it Erica cinerea} on loose slate.

MANAGE:
The common is grazed by sheep and lies within the Lake District ESA. This has been designated because of the outstanding environmental importance of the fells and valleys of the area. Of particular relevance to Lake District commons is the impact of grazing levels upon the ecology of certain upland habitats such as  heathland and a range of mire types, many of which feature amongst the "Priority Habitats" of the UK Biodiversity Action Plan.  

Farms entering the scheme do so under a 10 year management argeement and receive a variety of payments in return for farming in a manner which is compatible with the special character of the Lake District. There are two tiers of entry and the first applies to the whole area of the farm. Of particular relevance to common land amongst the provisions of the first tier are specified maximum stocking densities on the open fell which take into account the presence of heather.

The second tier is optional and provides for even lower stocking densities on "heather fell". There is also an optional tier aimed at making better provision for public access, plus certain payments aimed at maintaining/enhancing juniper scrub/ghylls/water margins etc.

For an individual common to be entered into the ESA scheme, it requires all of the relevant commoners to join on a whole farm basis and this is often unrealistic to achieve. However, here are many circumstances where farmers have individually joined the ESA, who also have grazing rights on common land. In such cases, these commons have been designated "Common land with controlled grazing rights". These farmers are not allowed to put additional stock onto the common above pre-scheme levels, even if these were above those allowed by the grazing rights. 

For reasons of confidentiality it has not been possible in this project to identify whether or not an individual common has been entered into the ESA scheme. However, for a general summary of the approximate area of Cumbrian Common Land now covered by ESA agreements, please refer to the main report (but note that this information is likely to be somewhat out of date). 

There is little detailed information available about the grazing levels on this particular common. These are likely to be highest on the less-sloping ground in Southerndale. As already mentioned, erosion and trampling of the summits poses a threat to the lichen-bryophyte heath communities. 

Skiddaw summit itself is geologically important for periglacial landforms and processes.


FAUNA:
The Skiddaw Group supports the most diverse assemblege of montane breeding birds in West Cumbria and also the second most important upland bird population. This rich avifauna is due to the extent, diversity and quality of the upland vegetation of the site, particularly the abundance of heather-dominated communities and the presence of montane grass-heath. Breeding waders include curlew, snipe, golden plover and dotterel. Raptors are well-represented with nesting peregrine, buzzard, kestrel and merlin. Other breeding birds include raven, ring ouzel, whinchat and red grouse.

The Skiddaw-Caldbeck group as a whole have a Grade B entry in the Invertebrate Site Register. This is described as "An important area for the invertebrate fauna of upland habitats". Species recorded include the rare montane ground beetle Leistus montanus and the nationally notable northern dart {\it Xestia alpicola}, one of the few English stations for this moth. The damper areas of the site support species such as the nationally notable beetle {\it Carabus nitens}, a species associated with boggy areas, and {\it Bembidion atrocoeruleum}, this being linked to gravelly streams. The large heath {\it Coenonympha tullia} has also been recorded.

VEG:
The common lies for the most part within the Skiddaw Group SSSI. This site is also listed in "A Nature Conservation Review", Ed. D.A Ratcliffe, 1977.  The summit of Blencathra, the second highest point within the SSSI, dominates this common and is a prominent landscape feature in this part of the Lake District. The underlying geology here is dominated by by the Skiddaw Slates. 

The main biological interest of the SSSI as a whole lies in extensive tracts of sub-montane blanket mire and heathland. The habitat map and following description have been taken mainly from the Cumbria Phase 1 habitat survey and the SSSI citation. The common was viewed from the south, but was not visited as part of this survey. See under CL 20C for map showing boundary of the Skiddaw Group SSSI and the location of commons within this block.

Facing southwards below the summit of Blencathra are steep rocky slopes which have extensive areas of dry heath dominated by {\it Calluna vulgaris}, with frequent {\it Vaccinium myrtillus}. This vegetation appears to have survived here because it is largely out of the reach of grazing sheep. A heather condition undertaken by R. Jerram in 1989, indicates the central portions of this vegetation to have heather cover at greater than 75 per cent, while round the margins cover falls to between 51-75 per cent. Away from this steepest section, the vegetation gives way to an upland acidic grassland sward, where the dominants are {\it Nardus stricta} and {\it Juncus squarrosus}. On the lower slopes this gives to an {\it Agrostis/Festuca} sward. 

To the north-west of the common there is a more level plateau area which lies at the edge of an expanse of blanket mire. All of that within the Skiddaw Group has been interpreted as dry modified bog, as neither the SSSI citation, habitat map or target notes indicate any of this to have any {\it Sphagnum} mosses present. This vegetation is generally dominated by {\it Eriophorum} spp. with locally abundant {\it Calluna vulgaris}. To the east of here lies Scales Tarn, a corrie-lake with low nutrient levels and inherently species-poor. 

There are a number of small acidic flush features, plus one larger valley mire system, present on the common, dominated by {\it Juncus} spp. and {\it Sphagnum} spp. The south-eastern margin of the common, at the foot Blencathra, has stands of dense bracken {\it Pteridium aquilinum}.

MANAGE:
The common is grazed by sheep and lies within the Lake District ESA. This has been designated because of the outstanding environmental importance of the fells and valleys of the area. Of particular relevance to Lake District commons is the impact of grazing levels upon the ecology of certain upland habitats such as  heathland and a range of mire types, many of which feature amongst the "Priority Habitats" of the UK Biodiversity Action Plan.  

Farms entering the scheme do so under a 10 year management argeement and receive a variety of payments in return for farming in a manner which is compatible with the special character of the Lake District. There are two tiers of entry and the first applies to the whole area of the farm. Of particular relevance to common land amongst the provisions of the first tier are specified maximum stocking densities on the open fell which take into account the presence of heather.

The second tier is optional and provides for even lower stocking densities on "heather fell". There is also an optional tier aimed at making better provision for public access, plus certain payments aimed at maintaining/enhancing juniper scrub/ghylls/water margins etc.

For an individual common to be entered into the ESA scheme, it requires all of the relevant commoners to join on a whole farm basis and this is often unrealistic to achieve. However, here are many circumstances where farmers have individually joined the ESA, who also have grazing rights on common land. In such cases, these commons have been designated "Common land with controlled grazing rights". These farmers are not allowed to put additional stock onto the common above pre-scheme levels, even if these were above those allowed by the grazing rights. 

For reasons of confidentiality it has not been possible in this project to identify whether or not an individual common has been entered into the ESA scheme. However, for a general summary of the approximate area of Cumbrian Common Land now covered by ESA agreements, please refer to the main report (but note that this information is likely to be somewhat out of date). 

As mentioned above, the steep slopes to the south of Blencathra are fairly inaccessible to livestock and this has allowed good areas of {\it Calluna} heath to persist. 

There has been considerable erosion on the walking routes up to the summit of Blencathra and around the summit area itself. 

The northern and western portions of the SSSI has until relatively recently managed as grouse moor. The portion to the SE of the River Caldew, which includes this common, has not been so managed and has a long history as sheep walk, with consequent grazing of the vegetation and conversion to acidic grassland.


FAUNA:
Noted during site visit were: oystercatchers, skylarks, lapwings and flocks of starlings. In addition, several curlew could be heard alarm calling nearby and a distant cuckoo was also heard. 

The flats and marshes of the Upper Solway Firth form one of the largest continuous areas of intertidal habitat in Britain, exceeded only by Morecambe Bay and the Wash. The whole estuarine complex is a site of national and international importance for wintering wildfowl and wading birds and is a vital link in a chain of west coast estuaries used by migrating birds. In recognition of this fact, the whole site has been listed as a wetland of international importance under the Ramsar convention and classified as a Special Protection Area under Article 4 of the EC Directive 79/409/EEC on the conservation of wild birds. 

The site as a whole is also noted for its populations of breeding birds, natterjack toads and invertebrates, having a Grade B entry in the Invertebrate Site Register (these are sites of regional importance for invertebrate conservation, equivalent to SSSI status on grounds of invertebrate interest). 

The estuary as a whole regularly supports 85,000 wintering waders, with 11 species considered nationally important (numbers exceeding 1 per cent of the British population). These are: oystercatcher (37,000), sanderling (260), knot (7,700), curlew (5,600), redshank (2,300), turnstone (570), golden plover (7,300), ringed plover (410), grey plover (540), bar-tailed godwit (3,600) and dunlin (14,000). The first six species are recorded at numbers of international significance. 

As regards wildfowl, the Solway regularly supports 29,000 birds, with internationally important numbers of barnacle goose (9,000), pink-footed goose (13,000), shelduck (1,400) and whooper swan (160). Five additional species are present at nationally important levels: Bewick's swan (60), pintail (500), wigeon (2,000), goldeneye (150) and scaup (990). Most significantly, the entire Svalbard (Spitzbergen) breeding population of barnacle geese winters on the Solway.

The intertidal areas of the estuary are of value to geese primarily as a safe nocturnal roosting area, with most of the feeding occurring on the marshes and inland. For waders the intertidal flats are the feeding grounds.  This particular common does not contain significant areas of intertidal mud, but it is an important component of the whole system and much of the above is of general relevance on this context.

Over 10 per cent of the total British population of the rare natterjack toad {\it Bufo calamita} occurs on the Solway, dispersed between several colonies. They breed in pools on the landward edge of the saltmarsh and are here at the northern limit of their range in Britain. There is no known breeding occurrence of natterjacks on this common (Erica Donnison, pers. comm.). The uncommon great crested newt {\it Triturus cristatus} also breeds within the SSSI. It is not known if the species is present on this particular common, although there are two brackish pools at the upper edge of the marsh.

The invertebrates of the estuary are a vitally important feature of the food chain and the reason why the high numbers of wading birds can be supported. See under CL 26C for a description of the types of invertebrates which occur on the intertidal mud flats in vast numbers. A specialised invertebrate fauna occurs on the saltmarshes. Records from the Invertebrate Site Register for Burgh Marsh are mostly rather old, but there is a recent record for the nationally notable waterbeetle {\it Haliplus apicalis}, a species typical of brackish waters.

VEG:
The common lies within the upper reaches of the Solway Estuary, part of the Upper Solway Flats and Marshes SSSI. The site is also part of a proposed Special Area of Conservation (pSAC) under the EC Habitats Directive. It is mentioned in "A Nature Conservation Review" (ed. D.A. Ratcliffe, 1977), and was covered by the Salt Marsh Survey of Great Britain in 1984. 

The saltmarshes of the Upper Solway are among the most important in Britain, and certainly in north-west Britain. Their geographical location provides a link between northern and southern elements in the range of saltmarsh communities and flora within Britain. Only a brief visit was made to the site (to view the saltmarsh from the road and to visit the King Edward I Monument), as there is already so much information available. 

There are target notes from the Phase 1 survey dated 1974, 1977 and 1986. Over this period there appears to have been a gradual agricultural improvement of the saltmarsh sward. Much of the upper marsh is now a closely grazed sward of improved or semi-improved neutral grassland dominated by {\it Lolium perenne}, with abundant {\it Cynosurus cristatus}, plus other species which include {\it Trifolium repens, Juncus effusus, J. articulatus, Achillea millefolium, Holcus lanatus, Ranunculus acris, R. repens} and {\it Agrostis capillaris}. 

Two brackish ponds near to the road contain {\it Potamogeton ? pusillus, Bolboschoenus maritimus} and {\it Ranunculus aquatilis. P. pusillus} is described as "local, but well scattered, occurring chiefly in eutrophic tarns especially near the coast" (Halliday, 1997). There is also a low embankment on this part of the common which supports a narrow strip of {\it Ulex europaeus} scrub. 

Land to the south of the road is even less diverse, being dominated by {\it J. effusus, C. cristatus} and {\it Deschampsia cespitosa} and some {\it Cirsium} spp.  

Beyond the fringe of improved grassland there remains a block of saltmarsh. There are several transects across this area in the Phase 1 survey, but these relate to 1977. However there is a more recent description of the saltmarsh composition in the form of the maps from the Salt Marsh Survey of Great Britain, prepared in 1984. Most of this area is dominated by either {\it Festuca rubra} or {\it Juncus gerardii} with abundant {\it Agrostis stolonifera, Glaux maritima}, and {\it Armeria maritima}, plus some {\it Trifolium repens, Plantago coronopus} and {\it Potentilla anserina}. To the eastern end (around NY 321 614), there is a suggestion that the marsh here is becoming improved, with abundant {\it Trifolium repens, Leontodon autumnalis} and some {\it Cynosurus cristatus}. 

The extreme seaward edge of the marsh has a "cliff", often up to 2.0m high and is somewhat eroded, with a restricted development of pioneer marsh comprising {\it Puccinellia maritima} and {\it Aster tripolium}. The large creek to the west of the common has {\it A. tripolium, Atriplex} sp., {\it Plantago maritima} and {\it Puccinellia maritima} on the banks. Apart from this large creek there are no pools or pans and a poorly-developed creek system. The 1984 survey suggests that {\it Ononis spinosa} is present at NY 330 617 or therabouts. This species is described as "rather local (in Cumbria) and largely restricted to the Solway Coast" (source: Halliday, 1997).

Re-survey of this marsh is needed to see if there has been any further decline in its botanical diversity since the previous surveys.

MANAGE:
The marsh is grazed by cattle and sheep. There is no information on the grazing regime, but the rights entries restrict grazing at certain times of year. There is insufficient information to discuss the grazing levels, although the upper marsh appeared quite heavily grazed at the time of the site visit. The site appears to be leased to the National Trust, although the Trust has little influence over the management of the common.

The road is cattle-gridded where it crosses the common. An earth bank is present here at the landward side of the road. 

The common appears to have considerable wildfowling interests - i.e. shooting rights leased to the Solway Wildfowlers. There may also be fishing as well. 

There may have been cutting of turf in the past (referred to in 1977 target notes), but this activity, which could stem from turbary rights, does not appear to have occurred in recent years.


VEG:
The common comprises several parcels of land at the periphery of the Buttermere/Derwent Fells complex, lying mostly within the Buttermere Fells SSSI. Most of the common lies in a single block to the south, adjacent to Buttermere village (Map 1). There are several much smaller parcels lying to the NE of the group (Map 2). 

The area as a whole is mostly common land, with one common, CL 11C, being by far the largest single unit. A fuller account of the whole complex can be obtained from consulting the site description for CL 11C, where there is also a map showing the distribution of commons of the area, plus one showing the SSSI boundary.

The habitat map is based on that of the Cumbria Phase 1 survey, which has several relevant target notes for the common. There was insufficient time to visit the site.

1. MAIN PORTION (MAP 1). This forms part of the steep hillside to the NE of Buttermere. The greater part of the common has an acidic grassland sward. This is dominated by {\it Agrostis capillaris} and {\it Festuca ovina} with {\it Anthoxanthum odoratum, Danthonia decumbens, Rumex acetosella, Potentilla erecta} and {\it Galium saxatile}. Mosses include {\it Dicranum scoparium} and hummocks of {\it Polytrichum piliferum. Senecio sylvaticus} occurs on the lower slopes. {\it Cryptogramma crispa} grows on the scree slopes. There are several craggy areas which have dwarf shrub vegetation of {\it Calluna vulgaris, Erica cinerea} and {\it Vaccinium myrtillus}. Other species include {\it Jasione montana, Thymus polytrichus} and {\it Campanula rotundifolia}. There are small stands of bracken {\it Pteridium aquilinum} toward the slope bases. 

To the SE of this part of the common are two steep rocky gills..... 

Goats Gill (GR NY 191 163): - "Steep sided but with few deep ledges, {\it Crypotgramma crispa} on valley sides, with {\it Erica cinerea} and {\it Teucrium scorodonia} on rock outcrops. 

Hassnesshow Beck Gill (GR 192 161): - "Much narrower than above and with a wider range of species. {\it Ilex aquifolium, Betula} sp., and {\it Sorbus aucuparia} on the ledges with {\it Lonicera periclymenum, Oxalis acetosella, Ranunculus acris, Epilobium palustre, Cardamine flexuosa, Digitalis purpurea, Hieracium perpropinquum, Succisa pratensis, Solidago virgaurea, Blechnum spicant, Dryopteris affinis, D. filix-mas, Athyrium filix-femina, Oeropteris limbosperma, Hymenophyllum wilsonii, Phegopteris connectilis} and {\it Luzula sylvatica}".

2. SMALLER PORTIONS (MAP 2). These are mainly acidic grassland and bracken. However a flush crosses one of these and was target noted by the Phase 1 survey in 1986. GR NY 214 231: - "Intakes of Masmill Beck - bryophyte-rich flush surrounded by moist slope of {\it Agrostis capillaris/Festuca ovina} grassland with {\it Polytrichum commune, Pogonatum urnigerum} forming tussocks, {\it Hylocomium splendens, Pleurozium schreberi} and {\it Hypnum cupressiforme. Juncus squarrosus} and {\it J. effusus} increase toward the flush. Species present: {\it Sphagnum papillosum, Polytrichum commune, Philonotis fontana, Aulacomnium palustre, Eriophorum vaginatum, Carex panicea, Montia fontana, Stellaria alsine, Myosotis scorpioides, Cardamine pratensis, Ranunculus flammula, Potamogeton polygonifolius, Viola palustris} and {\it Cirsium palustre}".

MANAGE:
The common is grazed by sheep and lies within the Lake District Environmentally Sensitive Area (ESA). This has been designated because of the outstanding environmental importance of the fells and valleys of the area. For reasons of confidentiality it has not been possible in this project to identify whether or not an individual common has been entered into the ESA scheme. However, for a general summary of the approximate area of Cumbrian Common Land covered by ESA agreements (as at 1995), please refer to the main report. For a fuller account of the management of the whole SSSI see under CL 11C.


FAUNA:
The Langdale Pikes and surrounding fells have a Grade C entry in the Invertebrate Site Register. These are described as sites of potential importance. 

The Nationally Notable mountain ringlet {\it Erebia epiphron} has been recorded from various sites within this area, including Langdale Pike, Langdale Combe, Stickle Tarn, Blea Rigg, High White Stones, Dungeon Ghyll, a pass behind Harrison's Stickle and the north of Thuncar Knott. 

The rare ground beetle {\it Leistus montanus}, a species typical of high altitudes, has been reported from the gully running down into Mickleden (GR NY 2607), as has the rare cranefly {\it Dactylolabis sexmaculata}, a species normally associated with hilly limestone districts.

CUMBRIA WILDLIFE TRUST RECORD:

GR NY 283 070: Foot of Harrison Stickle (1983), colony of mountain ringlet {\it Erebia epiphron}.

VEG:
The common runs along the valley of Great Langdale, the hillsides rising steeply from the valley floor to the Langdale Pikes. The area is formed by rocks of the Borrowdale Volcanic series. To the west there is a high horseshoe at the head of Great Langdale, dissected by a number of smaller valleys and tributary gills. The perimeter of this horseshoe is formed by a ring of summit peaks which include Pike of Blisco, Cold Pike, Crinkle Crags, Bow Fell, Rossett Pike and Crags. 

The habitat map and description for this common have been based to a large extent on the Cumbria Phase 1 survey. The common includes the entire area of one small SSSI, namely Dungeon Ghyll, a steep, fast-flowing mountain stream, which descends from the Langdale Pikes into the valley of Great Langdale. A brief site visit was made to the extreme northern part of this common. There is also a National Trust Biological Survey (Lord Lonsdale's Common, 1980), now rather out of date, and there was insufficient time to collate this source.

Dungeon Ghyll (GR NY 285 069 - Map 2) is one of the most botanically diverse features of its type in South Cumbria. The following description is drawn from the SSSI citation. It passes in a series of waterfalls through the steep rock gorge below Thorn Crag, entering a shallow open valley and finally plunges down a deep ravine, terminating at the lower end of Dungeon Ghyll Force.

The lower portion of the ghyll is wooded, with trees growing from ledges and clefts in the rocks of the valley-side. Tree species include {\it Betula pubescens} and {\it Sorbus aucuparia}, plus some {\it Ulmus} sp., {\it Acer pseudoplatanus, Fraxinus excelsior} and {\it Ilex aquifolium}. There are often rich and well-developed communities of higher plants, ferns and bryophytes present. The field layer is dominated by {\it Luzula sylvatica, Solidago virgaurea, Deschampsia flexuosa, Blechnum spicant} and {\it Phegopteris connectilis}. Mosses include {\it Dicranum majus, Pleurozium schreberi} and {\it Thuidium tamariscinum}. The bryophyte flora is particularly well-developed on the flushed, water-splashed rock walls, with large quantities of {\it Marsupella emarginata, Diplophyllum albicans} and {\it Hylocomium armoricum}. Locally abundant are {\it Scapania undulata, Nardia compressa, Racomitrium aquaticum}, plus the scarce {\it Rhabdoweisia crenulata}. Towards the top of the gorge the trees thin out, giving way to acidic grassland and heather in the shallow valley immediately above the ravine. Here, the scarce moss {\it Cynodontium jenneri} is to be found.

Above 500 metres the gill is again enclosed by sheer rock faces and crags. Fissures and seepage lines in the rock are dominated by {\it Luzula sylvatica, Chrysosplenium oppositifolium}, and {\it Phegopteris connectilis}. Elsewhere, northern montane Artcic-Alpine species are present: {\it Saxifraga aizoides, S. oppositifolia, S. stellaris, S. hypnoides}, together with a variety of tall herbs and other associates. These include {\it Sedum rosea, Geranium sylvaticum, Oxyria digyna, Trollius europaeus, Melica nutans, Asplenium viride, Cystopteris fragilis} and {\it Hymenophyllum wilsonii}.

The bryophyte flora reflects the submontane environment. The communities developed on base-rich rock are of particular note and include species such as {\it Anoectangium aestivum, Campylium stellatum, Fissidens cristatus, Pellia endiviifolia} and {\it Preissia quadrata}. Montane communities characterised by {\it Andraea rothii, A. rupestris} and {\it Gymnomitrion obtusum} are also abundant in this upper section of the site.

A second, much smaller gill feature was recorded during part of the Phase 1 surveys (GR NY 258 055 - Map 1, 1984). This appears to contain quite a number of the species found at Dungeon Ghyll. Of particular note are {\it Oxyria digyna, Thalictrum minus, Phegopteris connectilis, Hymenophyllum wilsonii, Trollius europaeus, Saxifraga aizoides}. Areas of base-rich influence have {\it Fragaria vesca, Pimpinella saxifraga, Linum catharticum} and {\it Melica nutans}.

Browney Gill (NY 2604 - Map 1), is a further small gill. Species of note here include {\it Sedum rosea, Oxyria digyna, Saxifraga aizoides, S. stellaris, Thalictrum minus, Potentilla crantzii} (NS), {\it Silene maritima, Asplenium viride, Hymenophyllum wilsonii, Rubus saxatile, Trollius europaeus, Geum rivale, Pimpinella saxifraga, Crepis paludosa} and {\it Geranium sylvaticum}. 

N.B. NS = Nationally Scarce plants: those recorded from between 16 - 100 ten km squares of the National Grid (JNCC, 1994).

Finally, there are two small ravines on the northern slopes of Pike of Blisco (GR NY 273 048 - Map 1), lying within an area of {\it Vaccinium myrtillus} heath. The ravines have scattered individuals of {\it Sorbus aucuparia} plus quite luxuriant fern/bryophyte communities. Higher plants include {\it Saxifraga aiziodes}.

The most extensive habitat type on the common is acidic grassland, which lies on the more gentle slopes and around and within much of the outcropping rock. This is generally dominated by either {\it Nardus stricta} or {\it Juncus squarrosus}. Along the more sheltered, rocky hillsides along the northern side of Great Langdale, dense bracken {\it Pteridium aquilinum} is dominant.

Areas of acidic/neutral flushing occur throughout the common. For example, there are present amongst acidic grassland slopes around Buscoe Sike/Greenhole (NY 2505 - Map 1); amongst steeper, rocky slopes around the western horseshoe; along the valley of Mickleden (including a small valley mire at NY 268 064 - Map 1). Typical species include {\it Sphagnum} spp. (incl. {\it S. papillosum, S. capillifolium, S. cuspidatum}), {\it Polytrichum} spp., {\it Carex echinata, C. viridula} subsp. {\it oedocarpa, C. panicea, Juncus squarrosus, J. effusus, J. bulbosus, Eriophorum angustifolium, E. vaginatum, Narthecium ossifragum, Nardus stricta, Huperzia selago, Diphasiastrum alpinum, Potentilla erecta, Anagallis tenella, Calluna vulgaris, Erica tetralix, Potamogeton} sp. and {\it Menyanthes trifoliata}.

In the area between Langdale Combe and Martcrag Moor (NY 2608 - Map 1) there is a complex mosaic of habitats. Acidic grassland is punctuated by a series of what appear to be acidic flushes. This grades locally onto deep, probably remnant, peat deposits with some bare peat exposures - these have been interpreted as Phase 1 'E18' - dry modified bog. There are also distinct areas mapped as wet heath with {\it Calluna vulgaris, Trichophorum cespitosum} and {\it Erica tetralix}. 

{\it Cryptogramma crispa} and {\it Polypodium vulgare} found amongst rocks and screes. There are extensive scree slopes on the northern side of Mickleden, beneath Pike of Stickle and Mart Crag (NY 2607, NY 2706 and NY 2707) - Map 1.

Rocks among the higher peaks include areas of dry heath. In particular around Harrison Stickle, dominated by {\it Vaccinium myrtillus}, with some {\it Huperzia selago}. Rocky slopes to the south-west have dry heath dominated by any of {\it Calluna vulgaris, V. myrtillus} and {\it Empetrum nigrum}.

Stickle Tarn is an extensively studied oligotrophic Lake, lying in a hanging valley. Sources include the National Trust Biological Survey (K. Hearn, 1980); Lakes and Tarns survey, R. Stokoe, 1983; Carrick and Sutcliffe, 1982 (consult English Nature library, Kendal). Although of natural origin, the water level has been raised artificially.

A smaller water body is Red Tarn (GR NY 267 037 - Map 1). This is relatively shallow with a peaty substrate, plus small stones. There is an adjacent valley mire. There is growth of submerged {\it Juncus bulbosus}, plus marginal stands of {\it Carex rostrata}. Survey data: C. Gilham, 1978; "Aquatic Macrophytes", R. Stokoe, 1983; Carrick and Sutcliffe, "Major Ions" survey, 1982 (E.N. library); NT Biological Survey, K. Hearn, 1980.

At NY 305 076 (1986) - Map 2 there is a complex of basin mire and flush surrounding "small peaty tarns with little aquatic vegetation apparent apart from {\it Menyanthes trifoliata}. Each tarn has a fringe of boggy and flushed ground, containing {\it E. angustifolium, Erica tetralix} and {\it Sphagnum} spp. nearest the water, {\it Carex panicea, Juncus squarrosus, Nardus stricta, Juncus effusus} and {\it Polytrichum commune} further away, and {\it Nardus/J. squarrosus} grassland on higher ground".

There are two further small tarns outlined/referenced in the Phase 1 target notes:

(1). GR NY 319 067 (Map 2): Surrounded by fringe of acid bog species such as {\it E. angustifolium, Carex rostrata, Menyanthes trifoliata, Potamogeton polygonifolius} and {\it Sphagnum cuspidatum. Utricularia} sp. recorded from 1980, but was not re-found in 1986. Very small islands in the tarn with {\it Calluna vulgaris, Erica tetralix} and large individuals of {\it Ranunculus flammula}. Sources: National Trust Biological Survey, 1980. "Major Ions" survey, Carrick and Sutcliffe, 1982 (EN library).

(2). GR NY 317 068 (Map 2): Similar species to above, also with {\it Equisetum fluviatile} (1980). As at 1986, "colonised by {\it Carex rostrata}, leaving a much smaller area of open water". Sources: "Major Ions" survey, Carrick and Sutcliffe, 1982; Aquatic Macrophytes, R. Stokoe, 1983 (EN library).

High Raise: NY2708/NY2808/NY2809 (Map 1). 

Here the slopes have extensive areas of wet acidic grassland, again dominated by either {\it Juncus squarrosus} or {\it Nardus stricta}. Locally there are small remnants of blanket mire (i.e. dry modified bog), where the peat is eroded to reveal a depth of up to 1.0m. The dominant species of this habitat are {\it Eriophorum vaginatum, E. angustifolium, Trichophorum cespitosum, Deschampsia flexuosa, Polytrichum} spp. and {\it Sphagnum} spp. Locally there are small amounts of {\it Vaccinium myrtillus}. 

An example of this type of vegetation was encountered during the present survey, on the col to the south of High Raise (GR NY 280 089). Hagged edges were visible around some of the peat "islands". A typical quadrat has abundant {\it Eriophorum vaginatum}, frequent {\it E. angustifolium}, locally abundant {\it T. cespitosum}, frequent/abundant {\it Juncus squarrosus} and locally abundant {\it Polytrichum commune}. Very occasionally there are small patches of {\it Sphagnum}, mainly {\it S. papillosum} (generally also with {\it P. commune}) and rarely, {\it Sphagnum capillifolium}. 

In NVC terms this is a poor fit to any one community, being transitional, possibly with the main elements being {\it Juncus squarrosus} (U6) acidic grassland and (M20) degraded blanket bog. The surrounding grassland is a mosaic of {\it Nardus stricta} (U5) and {\it J. squarrosus}. Locally there are drier grassland areas with a {\it Festuca ovina} sward, where locally occasional plants of {\it Diphasiastrum alpinum} were noted. Occasional rock outcrops and boulders have associated locally frequent {\it Racomitrium lanuginosum}. 

CUMBRIA WILDLIFE TRUST SITES:

(1). GR NY 266 052: Oxendale. Site for {\it Lycopodium annotinum} (Nationally Scarce).

MANAGE:
The common is grazed by sheep. It is widely-accepted that stocking densities in recent decades have been in excess of what is desirable to maintain the nature conservation value of this ecologically important area. In particular, these fells include a diversity of upland habitats such as heathland and several mire types, which feature amongst the "Priority Habitats" of the UK Biodiversity Action Plan.  

This situation is a function of Common Agricultural Policy which pays a sheep subsidy (with an additional premium for upland areas), coupled with the registration of grazing rights on common land in 1965. The levels of grazing rights established at this time were based entirely on the numbers given by individual claimants. As a consequence, the numbers of stock registered are far higher, both in ecological terms, and to some extent also in agricultural terms, than the land can support. Headage payments under the CAP have therefore encouraged graziers to hold as many stock as possible, this being related primarily to their holding of commoners rights.

There is, however, some scope for the amelioration of these problems since the establishment of the Lake District Environmentally Sensitive Area (ESA). Farms entering the scheme do so under a 10 year management argeement and receive a variety of payments in return for farming in a manner which is compatible with the special character of the Lake District. There are two tiers of entry and the first applies to the whole area of the farm. Of particular relevance to common land amongst the provisions of the first tier are specified maximum stocking densities on the open fell which take into account the presence of heather.

The second tier is optional and provides for even lower stocking densities on "heather fell". There is also an optional tier aimed at making better provision for public access, plus certain payments aimed at maintaining/enhancing juniper scrub/ghylls/water margins etc.

For an individual common to be entered into the ESA scheme, it requires all of the relevant commoners to join on a whole farm basis and this is often unrealistic to achieve. However, here are many circumstances where farmers have individually joined the ESA, who also have grazing rights on common land. In such cases, these commons have been designated "Common land with controlled grazing rights". These farmers are not allowed to put additional stock onto the common above pre-scheme levels, even if these were above those allowed by the grazing rights. 

For reasons of confidentiality it has not been possible in this project to identify whether or not an individual common has been entered into the ESA scheme. However, for a general summary of the approximate area of Cumbrian Common Land now covered by ESA agreements, please refer to the main report (but note that this information is likely to be somewhat out of date). 

The National Trust have an on-going programme of footpath repair and maintenance on this common. A particular problem on this common is where paths cross peat substrate and also on steep sections.

CUMBRIA WILDLIFE TRUST SITES:

(1). NY 318 055, ref. 624: Thrang Quarry - Geological Conservation Review Site. Excellent exposures in volcanitic rocks of the upper part of the Borrowdale Volcanic Series.


FAUNA:
The Moor House/Dunn Fell area has a Grade A entry in the Invertebrate Site Register, relating to the Moor House NNR. The reserve has been well-studied for a number of Orders, partcularly the flies (Diptera) and beetles (Coleoptera). Moor House is one of the best recorded areas of the North Pennines for its fly fauna, with many rare and notable species being recorded. Many of the beetles are typical of upland moorland habitats; these include the endangered rove beetle {\it Olophrum assimile}, a species that has been found on only two mountain tops in Britain. The northern dart {\it Xestia alpicola} is also present; this is one of its few English stations. 

The Moor House and Cross Fell SSSI as a whole is of regional importance for its upland breeding birds, with more than 40 species recorded. These include important breeding populations of merlin, peregrine, buzzard, kestrel, raven, short-eared owl, golden plover, dunlin, common sandpiper, lapwing, redshank, curlew and snipe. The latter four wading species nest here at their highest recorded elevations in Britain. There are passage records for golden eagle, hen harrier and snow bunting. 

Mammals recorded on the reserve include hedgehog, common, pygmy and water shrews, water vole, mole, wood mouse, house mouse, brown rat, pipistrelle bat, rabbit, brown hare, fox, badger, stoat, weasel, otter and roe deer.

VEG:
This common lies on the North Pennine fringe of Cumbria, completely within the Moor House and Cross Fell SSSI and also the Moor House NNR. For a full account of the habitats and species of this area, see under the contiguous CL 5W, which lies to the north. The comon appears to have a good representation of many of the habitats present within the NNR. 

The site was visited by the surveyor, not as part of the common land survey, but while participating in a bryophyte identification course run by the Blencathra Centre of the Field Studies Council (course tutor: Dr M.E. Newton). The English Nature site manager for the NNR was also a course participant on this occasion. Relevant records dating to this visit are outlined later in this report. 

The highest point on the common is Knock Old Man, which lies on the ridge at the head of the scarp face overlooking the Eden Valley. To the east lies the relatively gentle dip slope upon which there has been development of blanket peat. The most widespread vegetation type is dominated by {\it Eriophorum vaginatum} and {\it Calluna vulgaris} (NVC type M19). For the most part this appears to be relatively intact. Where the water table is high, bogmosses such as {\it Sphagnum papillosum, S. magellanicum, S. capillifolum} and {\it S. cuspidatum} are abundant, with other mosses such as {\it Rhytidiadelphus loreus, Hypnum jutlandicum} and {\it Pleurozium schreberi}, either in lawns, or with a mixture of {\it Eriophorum angustifolium, Trichophorum cespitosum, Erica tetralix} and {\it Drosera rotundifolia}. Locally there are also {\it Vaccinium vitis-idaea} and {\it Rubus chamaemorus}. 

While the above could be said to represent intact and unmodified blanket mire, there are smaller areas of degraded mire, where grazing and burning have encouraged the spread of {\it Eriophorum vaginatum} and {\it Juncus squarrosus} (NVC types M20 and U6 respectively). These areas equate to the Phase 1 category of 'E18' dry modified bog. Where these effects are severe, peat erosion and "hagging" has occurred.

Further small pockets of blanket peat lie on relatively gentle slopes around the summit and to the west of Knock Old Man. However, for the most part the summit and the western scarp slope is mainly dominated by acidic grassland. Generally this is species-poor and dominated either by {\it Nardus stricta} (NVC type U5) or {\it Juncus squarrosus} (NVC U6). Other more localised associates include {\it Agrostis capillaris, Festuca ovina, Deschampsia flexuosa, Anthoxanthum odoratum, Galium saxatile, Potentilla erecta} and {\it Polytrichum commune}. The scarp slope also has diffuse areas of acidic/neutral flushing.

A further feature of interest of the Scarp slope are outcrops of calcareous strata, which have associated with them, base-rich grasslands (see under CL 5W for full description). 

Site visit 20.08.96 (FSC course)......

Several localities in the Great Dun Fell area were visited (i.e. mainly on the contiguous CL 5W, although the two localities outlined below occur on or overlap with CL 80W).

(1). Limestone outcrops on southern side of Knock Ore Guill (GR NY 717 310).
{\it Agrostis/Festuca} calcicolous grassland surrounding oucrops with associates including {\it Sesleria caerulea, Thymus polytrichus, Galium sterneri, G. boreale, Sedum rosea, Carex caryophyllea, Saxifraga hypnoides, Carex pulicaris, Euphrasia} sp., {\it Alchemilla} sp., {\it Viola} sp., {\it Luzula campestris, Oxalis acetosella,} and {\it Linum catharticum}. In between the outcrops is {\it Agrostis/Festuca} acidic grassland. 

Bryophytes noted here: {\it Schistidium apocarpum, Ctenidium molluscum, Tortella tortuosa, Orthotrichum anomalum, Hypnum lacunosum, Racomitrium lanuginosum, Plagiobryum zierii, Distichium capillaceum, Climacium dendroides, Pseudoleskeela catenulata, Fissidens cristatus, Encalypta streptocarpa, Acaulon multicum, Barbula recurvirostra, Scleropodium tourretii, Thamnobryum alopecurum, Plagiochila porelloides, Scapania aspera, Seligeria} sp. and {\it Neckera crispa}.
 
(2). Basic flushes/springs along Knock Ore Gill (GR NY 717 313) - i.e. along boundary between this common and the contiguous CL 5W. Associated higher plants include locally abundant {\it Juncus articulatus, Carex echinata, C. viridula, C. panicea, C. pulicaria} and locally occasional {\it Selaginella selaginoides}. 

Bryophytes recorded from here were: {\it Jungermannia exsertifolia} subsp. {\it caudifolia, Amblyodon dealbatus, Fissidens adianthoides, Plagiomnium elatum, Atrichum undulatum, Blindia acuta, Preissia quadrata, Cratoneuron commutatum} var. {\it commutatum, C. commutatum} var. {\it falcatum, Marchantia polymorpha, Brachythecium rivulare, Barbula vinealis, Barbula} sp. (? {\it B. spadicea}), {\it Dichodontium pellucidum, Rhyncostegium riparioides, Philonotis fontana, P. calcarea, Aneura pinguis} and {\it Pellia endiviifolia}.

MANAGE:
The common is grazed by sheep and there is also probably grouse shooting. See under CL 5W for a more detailed account.


FAUNA:
The Moor House/Dunn Fell area has a Grade A entry in the Invertebrate Site Register, relating to the Moor House NNR. The reserve has been well-studied for a number of Orders, partcularly the flies (Diptera) and beetles (Coleoptera). Moor House is one of the best recorded areas of the North Pennines for its fly fauna, with many rare and notable species being recorded. Many of the beetles are typical of upland moorland habitats; these include the endangered rove beetle {\it Olophrum assimile}, a species that has been found on only two mountain tops in Britain. The northern dart {\it Xestia alpicola} is also present; this is one of its few English stations. 

The Moor House and Cross Fell SSSI as a whole is of regional importance for its upland breeding birds, with more than 40 species recorded. These include important breeding populations of merlin, peregrine, buzzard, kestrel, raven, short-eared owl, golden plover, dunlin, common sandpiper, lapwing, redshank, curlew and snipe. The latter four wading species nest here at their highest recorded elevations in Britain. There are passage records for golden eagle, hen harrier and snow bunting. 

Mammals recorded on the National Nature Reserve include hedgehog, common, pygmy and water shrews, water vole, mole, wood mouse, house mouse, brown rat, pipistrelle bat, rabbit, brown hare, fox, badger, stoat, weasel, otter and roe deer.

The Appleby Fells support an outstanding assemblege of breeding bird species. Upland waders are particularly important, with good populations of species such as golden plover, dunlin, snipe, oystercatcher, common sandpiper and redshank. Birds of prey are also regularly observed, most notably merlin, peregrine, raven and barn owl. 

Other faunal interest is provided by abandoned mine shafts which now provide hibernation sites for Brant's and whiskered bats.

A range of upland streams cutting through acidic basic strata are likely to be of importance for invertebrate communities, although they have not been studied as yet.

VEG:
This common is an extensive area of upland fell, forming part of the North Pennine range of hills which flanks the eastern edge of Cumbria. All of the common is scheduled as SSSI. The greater part lies within the Appleby Fells SSSI (see map), while the northern section lies within the Moor House NNR (itself forming a part of the Moor House and Cross Fell SSSI). For a map and description of the characteristics of this latter area, please consult the site report for CL 5W. 

The Moor House NNR was declared as the fisrt British "Biosphere Reserve" by UNESCO in 1975. In addition, the NNR was also declared a "Special Protection Area" in 1982 under the EC Directive on the conservation of wild birds. Both SSSI are also listed in "A Nature Conservation Review" (ed. D.A. Ratcliffe, 1977).
 
The Pennine uplands rise sharply along a scarp slope to the eastern side of the Eden Valley. This is incised by a number of deeply dissected valleys. To the east of this lies a plateau area which has seen extensive development of blanket peat. Lying almost centrally on the "plateau" of this common is Meldon Hill, from where the land slopes north and eastwards into Teesdale and the edge of the Cow Green Reservoir. The underlying geology is largely of Carboniferous sandstones and limestones, which have marked influences on the vegetation of the area. There is also significant geological interest, with exposures of the Great Whin Sill, an igneous Dolerite intrusion.  

This particular common is in fact the most extensive single unit registered in Cumbria. The site was mapped mainly using the Cumbria Phase 1 survey, with an earlier vegetation map being available for the Moor House NNR (see CL 5W). The following description of the site is based on the SSSI schedule for the Appleby Fells, there being insufficient time to visit the area.

The most extensive habitat type is the blanket peat which occupies much of the plateau area. This is predominantly of a type dominated by {\it Eriophorum vaginatum} and {\it Calluna vulgaris}, generally showing little evidence of erosion (in contrast to more southerly parts of the Pennine chain). However, areas of actively growing mire are rather restricted, although there are a few extensive areas with hummocks of {\it Sphagnum papillosum} and {\it S. magellanicum}, interspersed with bog pools colonised by {\it Sphagnum cuspidatum, Narthecium ossifragum} and {\it Drosera rotundifolia}. In parts, the blanket mire also has abundant {\it Rubus chamaemorus} and {\it Vaccinium vitis-idaea}. 

Locally (for example, to the north of Meldon Hill) there are also areas of degraded blanket mire (i.e. Phase 1 'E18' - dry modified bog), dominated by {\it Eriophorum vaginatum} and {\it Juncus squarrosus}. These may have resulted partly from the combined effects of a high grazing pressure and past burning. Where these effects are severe, peat erosion and "hagging" has occurred.  

Throughout the altitudinal range of the Appleby Fells, especially at the margins of the blanket mire, are numerous base-rich flushes. These are distinctly rich in carices, with {\it Carex nigra, C. pulicaris, Carex viridula} subsp. {\it brachyrrhyncha} and {\it Carex diocia}. Other less common plants occurring at their highest English locations include {\it Primula farinosa} (NS) and {\it Epilobium alsinifolium}. Others of a more montane distribution include {\it Myosotis stolonifera} (NS), {\it Saxifraga hirculus} (NR), plus {\it Epilobium anagallidifolium} and {\it S. aizoides}.  

NB. NS = Nationally Scarce; i.e. species recorded from between 16 - 100 ten km squares of the Ordnance Survey grid; NR = Nationally Rare; i.e. species recorded from 15 or fewer 10 km squares.

Around the hilltops of the plateau, along the valleys which dissect this and  also along the western scarp slope, the blanket peat gives way to a range of other habitats, most prominent of which is acidic grassland. This is mainly dominated either by {\it Nardus stricta} or {\it Juncus squarrosus} and locally by {\it Agrostis capillaris, Festuca ovina} and {\it Deschampsia flexuosa}. Other associates include {\it Potentilla erecta} and {\it Galium saxatile}. In some areas this vegetation has a dwarf shrub element, mostly {\it Vaccinium myrtillus} and occasionally {\it Calluna vulgaris, Erica cinerea} and {\it Empetrum nigrum}, generally present as a mosaic within the grassland, but occasionally taking the form of discrete heath vegetation. This vegetation is well-developed on some of the gritstone boulder screes which occur on the western scarp slope. Mosses present include {\it Hypnum cupressiforme, Pleurozium schreberi} and {\it Dicranum scoparium}.

Locally throughout the SSSI as a whole there are outcrops of Carboniferous Limestone. In association with these have developed areas of calcicolous grasslands. These habitats appear to be poorly-represented on this, and several of the other commons which lie within the SSSI. They appear to be most fully represented to the south of the SSSI, with good examples occurring on CL 122W (i.e. please refer to CL 122W for details of this habitat). This said, there are small areas of outcropping limestone/calcicolous grassland along Swindale Beck (GR NY 707 287 - Map 1).

Tall herb ledge vegetation is a further important feature of the Appleby Fells. This occurs on the ungrazed crags and ledges as well as on some of the steeper, inaccessible screes. The richest vegetation occurs on limestone rock, or ledges flushed by base-rich water. Many "uncommon" species are locally dominant, including {\it Minuartia verna} and {\it Thlaspi caerulescens} (both NS), plus {\it Pimpinella saxifraga, Hypericum montanum, Draba incana, Thalictrum minus} and {\it Cochlearia pyrenacia}. A similar vegetation is also found on the shallow limestone pavement on Musgrave Scar and Middle Fell (partly overlapping with CL 122W). 

On the more acidic sandstone, gritstone or Whin Sill ledges an acidic flora has developed, dominated by {\it Teucrium scorodonia, Dryopteris dilatata, Calluna vulgaris} and {\it Empetrum nigrum}. In some instances this is overtopped by a dwarf canopy of {\it Sorbus aucuparia, Ulmus} sp., {\it Crataegus monogyna} and on the more basic crags, {\it Sorbus rupicola} (NS). In addition, there is an excellent range of upland crustose lichens especially on the acidic silaceous rocks: {\it Cladonia} spp., {\it Cornicularia aculeata, Cetraria islandica} and {\it Ptarmica incurva}, the latter being confined to such montane habitats. 

Open water occurs in the Appleby Fells in the form of several upland streams and as peat pools and some larger tarns on peat (e.g. Little Rundale) or gritstone (e.g. Great Rundale) - both occurring on this common. The range of upland streams cutting through basic and acidic strata is important and although little-studied, they are likely to support valued and characteristic algal and invertebrate communities. This is also true of the pools and tarns, which are too acidic to support any significant higher plant vegetation.

Woodland is found as small fragments throughout the site, but does not appear to be present on this common.

MANAGE:
The common is grazed by sheep. The vegetation is markedly affected by the grazing patterns. For example, accessible areas of palatable base-rich grassland and flush tend to be very heavily grazed. In addition, selective grazing of dwarf shrub vegetation has encouraged the localised spread of unpalatable species such as {\it Eriophorum vaginatum} on the more accessible areas of blanket mire; {\it Nardus stricta} on acidic grassland and {\it Juncus squarrosus} onto both habitats. Conversely, the more remote areas of blanket mire are only very slightly grazed. 

Other factors besides the overall stocking levels, such as the flocking behaviour of sheep, shepherding, location of supplementary feeding, the points of entry onto the common for stock, and whether sheep are kept on the fell over the winter, all have siginifcant impacts on the effect of livestock on the vegetation of the site. There is probably also grouse shooting on parts of the common.

The SSSI as a whole is important geologically, with exposures of the Great Whin Sill quartz Dolerite, most notably at Cauldron Snout (to the south of Cow Green Reservoir, just beyond the easternmost point of CL 81W).


FAUNA:
The Appleby Fells support an outstanding assemblege of breeding bird species. Upland waders are particularly important, with good populations of species such as golden plover, dunlin, snipe, oystercatcher, common sandpiper and redshank. Birds of prey are also regularly observed, most notably merlin, peregrine, raven and barn owl.

VEG:
This common forms a small portion of the North Pennines Fells and lies within the Appleby Fells SSSI. For a full account of this and the surrounding area please refer to the two much larger contiguous commons: CLs 80W and 81W. 

CL 82W itself lies on the low summit of Knock Old Man and appears to comprise mainly a mosaic of degreded blanket mire giving way to acidic grassland. The dominant species here are {\it Eriophorum vaginatum} and {\it Juncus squarrosus}. The southern edge of the common lies at the edge of the extensive blanket mire which sits on the plateau at the top of the escarpment. For a full account of this, please refer to CL 81W.

MANAGE:
The common is grazed by sheep and there is also probably grouse shooting. See under CLs 5W and 81W for a more detailed account. The SSSI as a whole is important geologically, with exposures of the Great Whin Sill quartz Dolerite, most notably at Cauldron Snout (to the south of Cow Green Reservoir, just beyond the easternmost point of CL 81W).


FAUNA:
Kidsty Pike (GR NY 4412) has an ungraded entry in the Invertebrate Site Register. There is a record for the nationally notable mountain ringlet {\it Erebia epiphron} (old record from 1950).

VEG:
This large block of common land stretches eastwards from the summit ridge of High Street. This includes plateau/hilltop areas such as those at High Raise, Low Raise, Long Grain, Wether Hill, High Kop and Low Kop. Along the south-eastern edge there are steep slopes leading down to the shore of Haweswater, while a series of valleys cut westwards into the plateau: Cawdale Beck, Measand Beck, Randale Beck, Fordingdale etc. 

The habitat map and species description have been based primarily on that of the Cumbria Phase 1 survey. This originates from the 1979 survey of the NWWA Haweswater Estate by Gilham and Kirkland and it is recognised that this source is now somewhat out of date. However, there was insufficient time available to re-survey, although this is recommended. There was the opportunity to view various parts from adjacent commons.

The most extensive habitat type on the common is unimproved acidic grassland. That on the upper slopes is dominated mainly by either {\it Nardus stricta} or {\it Juncus squarrosus}. On the lower slopes there is a tendency to an {\it Agrostis-Festuca} sward. Other associates include {\it Deschampsia flexuosa, Potentilla erecta, Luzula campestris} and {\it Galium saxatile}. Dwarf shrubs apepar to be infrequent: {\it Calluna vulgaris} and {\it Vaccinium myrtillus}.

The high plateaux, principally around Wether Hill, have remnants of blanket mire, with the hagged edges of deep peat (i.e. greater than 0.5m) being clearly visible from adjacent vantage points. A revision in the classification of mire habitats within the Phase 1 system was made in 1990. This introduced the additional categories of wet and dry modified bog (i.e. degraded bog with less than 25 per cent {\it Sphagnum} moss cover), as distinct from blanket mire (non-dergaded, with more than 25 per cent {\it Sphagnum}), within which all three types had been previously grouped. 

All of the blanket mire present on the common appears to lie in the category of 'E18' - dry modified bog. This is dominated by {\it Eriophorum vaginatum}; other associates include {\it Eriophorum angustifolium, Deschampsia flexuosa, Nardus stricta, Juncus squarrosus, Trichophorum cespitosum, Empetrum nigrum, Festuca ovina} and occasionally, {\it Calluna vulgaris} and {\it Vaccinium myrtillus}. Away from the central areas this gives way acidic grassland on thin peat (or a grass/heath mosaic where dwarf shrubs are present). All of this blanket mire vegetation is described as degraded, with eroded strips up to 10.0m wide noted, and hagged edges revealing a peat depth of up to 1.5m. 

The steep slopes leading down to the shore of Haweswater, together with some of the other valleys which dissect the plateaux, support swards of dense bracken {\it Pteridium aquilinum}. These areas also posess steep rocky gills/waterfalls etc., where the inaccessible slopes allow vegetation to develop beyond the influence of grazing by sheep. The gillsides may have scattered individuals of {\it Sorbus aucuparia, Betula} sp., {\it Ulex europaeus} and {\it Salix capraea} etc. Other associates include {\it Alchemilla alpina, Saxifraga stellaris, Filipendula ulmaria, Primula vulgaris, Rubus idaeus, Viburnum opulus, Geranium robertianum, G. sylvaticum, Asplenium trichomanes, Epilobium montanum, Valeriana officinalis, Erica cinerea, Luzula sylvatica, Dryopteris affinis} subsp. {\it affinis, D. dilatata, Polypodium vulgare, Rosa} agg., {\it Urtica dioica, Oxalis acetosella, Hieracium} sp., {\it Athyrium filix-femina, Cryptogramma crispa, Solidago virgaurea} and {\it Crepis paludosa}. 

These valleys and slopes may also contain areas of base-rich flushing, features which occur elswehere on other parts of the common (NY 4717, NY 4815, NY 4817, NY 4818, NY 4915, NY 4916). Species recorded include {\it Primula farinosa} (NS), {\it Pinguicula vulgaris, Prunella vulgaris, Valeriana dioica, Saxifraga aizoides, Cirsium acaule, Triglochin palustris, Mentha aquatica, Euphrasia officinalis} agg., {\it Linum catharticum, Briza media, Parnassia palustris, Drosera rotundifolia, Pinguicula vulgaris, Pedicularis sylvatica, Carex} spp. 

N.B. NS = Nationally Scarce species (i.e. recorded from between 16 - 100 ten km squares of the Ordnance Survey Grid - JNCC, 1994). 

The common also supports a diverse assemblage of acidic/neutral-type flushes/valley mires. These tend to be dominated by {\it Juncus} spp. ({\it J. effusus, J. acutiflorus}). Other associates include {\it Sphagnum} spp., {\it Anthoxanthum odoratum, Holcus lanatus, Deschampsia cespitosa, Molinia caerulea, Narthecium ossifragum, Epilobium palustre, Cirsium palustre, Drosera rotundifolia, Carex rostrata, C. viridula} subsp. {\it oedocarpa, C. panicea, C. echinata, Lychnis flos-cuculi, Hydrocotyle vulgaris, Lotus pedunculatus, Caltha palustris, Equisetum fluviatile, Potamogeton polygonifolius, Viola palustris, Menyanthes trifoliata, Eriophorum vaginatum, E. angustifolium, Ranunculus flammula, Caltha palustris, Potentilla palustris, Chrysosplenium oppositifolium, Montia fontana, Ranunculus aquatilis, R. flammula} and {\it Vaccinium oxycoccos}. There appears to be a particularly extensive valley mire feature, dominated by {\it Juncus effusus}, occupying the lower valley floor of Cawdale Beck.

The common includes a portion of the Naddle Forest SSSI, lying on the steep slope at the eastern end of Haweswater (see map). This site is also listed in "A Nature Conservation Review" ed. D.A. Ratcliffe, 1977. This site has been scheduled principally for a variety of semi-natural woodland types. However, these lie in the larger section of the SSSI, to the south of Haweswater and therefore outside the boundary of the common. In fact, there is no specific reference in the citation to the significance of the part to the north of Haweswater. 

One of the other features of the SSSI are a range of geological exposures from the Borrowdale Volcanic series and perhaps the northern portion is included for this reason. In particular, there are important exposures of an Ordovician intrusive igneous complex which contains calcite in places, producing a mosaic of both base-poor and base-rich substrate, including areas of base-rich flushing. The most extensive habitat on these steep slopes leading down to Haweswater is dense bracken, plus a variety of rock outcrops/small gills etc. Other habitats present include base-rich and acidic/neutral flushes, often running through the bracken, plus acidic grassland (see above).

The extreme southern edge of the common lies along Riggindale. Here there are extensive screes which support {\it Alchemilla alpina} and {\it Cryptogramma crispa}.

Note four small blocks of conifer plantation, two within the upper valley of Cawdale Beck (NY 4717) and a further two on the flanks of The Hause (NY 4817).

The north-eastern segment of the common appears to be heavily-grazed by sheep and ponies and mainly supports acidic grassland, tending towards a semi-improved sward. Scattered scrub noted, consisting of topiary form {\it Ulex europaeus}. Some dense and scattered bracken. 

Cumbria Wildlife Trust records: Little Birkhouse NY 492 163 (ref. 6146). Type of record not known.

MANAGE:
The common is grazed by sheep and ponies. The presence of large areas of acidic grassland dominated by species of low palatability to sheep, coupled with a general lack of dwarf shrubs, suggests a sustained high grazing pressure. The only vegetation which appears to have not been so-modified is restricted to inaccessible crags/ledges etc.

It is widely-accepted that stocking densities in recent decades have been in excess of what is desirable to maintain the nature conservation value of this ecologically important area. In particular, these fells include a diversity of upland habitats such as heathland, and several mire types, which feature amongst the "Priority Habitats" of the UK Biodiversity Action Plan. 

This situation is a function of Common Agricultural Policy which pays a sheep subsidy (with an additional premium for upland areas), coupled with the registration of grazing rights on common land in 1965. The levels of grazing rights established at this time were based entirely on the numbers given by individual claimants. As a consequence, the numbers of stock registered are in general often higher, both in ecological terms, and to some extent also in agricultural terms, than the land can support. Headage payments under the CAP have therefore encouraged graziers to hold as many stock as possible, this being related primarily to their holding of commoners rights.

There is, however, some scope for the amelioration of these problems since the establishment of the Lake District Environmentally Sensitive Area (ESA). Farms entering the scheme do so under a 10 year management argeement and receive a variety of payments in return for farming in a manner which is compatible with the special character of the Lake District. There are two tiers of entry and the first applies to the whole area of the farm. Of particular relevance to common land amongst the provisions of the first tier are specified maximum stocking densities on the open fell which take into account the presence of heather.

The second tier is optional and provides for even lower stocking densities on "heather fell". There is also an optional tier aimed at making better provision for public access, plus certain payments aimed at maintaining/enhancing juniper scrub/ghylls/water margins etc.

For an individual common to be entered into the ESA scheme, it requires all of the relevant commoners to join on a whole farm basis and this is often unrealistic to achieve. However, here are many circumstances where farmers have individually joined the ESA, who also have grazing rights on common land. In such cases, these commons have been designated "Common land with controlled grazing rights". These farmers are not allowed to put additional stock onto the common above pre-scheme levels, even if these were above those allowed by the grazing rights. 

For reasons of confidentiality it has not been possible in this project to identify whether or not an individual common has been entered into the ESA scheme. However, for a general summary of the approximate area of Cumbrian Common Land now covered by ESA agreements, please refer to the main report (but note that this information is likely to be somewhat out of date).

There are no physical boundaries between the various commons which make-up this block.

Cumbria Wildlife Trust site: Haweswater GCR site NY 492 163 (ref. ??). Boundary of defined area lies within that part of the common which lies within the Naddle Forest SSSI.


FAUNA:
Noted during site visit were: roosting black-headed gulls, oystercatcher, pied wagtail, carrion crow, small tortoiseshell.

The common lies on the NE side and forms a small part of the Duddon Estuary SSSI. The SSSI as a whole is of national and international importance for wintering wildfowl and wading birds and provides a vital link in the chain of west coast estuaries used by migrating birds, as well as being of particular importance as one of a series of estuaries on the north-west coast where the majority of the British Population of natterjack toads occurs (see below).

The Duddon estuary regularly supports 12,880 wintering waders, with internationally important numbers (i.e. exceeding 1 per cent of the European population) of redshank (1,440) and knot (3,800). A further five species occur at nationally important levels (i.e. numbers exceeding 1 per cent of the British population): oystercatcher (6,220); ringed plover (250); curlew (1,940); dunlin (5,460) and sanderling on passage (380). Passage counts indicate the international significance of the estuary for sanderling, with recent spring counts of over 1,500. 

The estuary also supports an average population of 5,000 wintering wildfowl, with internationally important numbers of pintail (1,230) and nationally important numbers of shelduck (780) and red-breasted merganser (180).
The coastal habitats also provide nesting areas for oystercatcher, ringed plover, mallard, shelduck, coot, lapwing, lesser black-backed gull, redshank amd snipe. Barn owls breed on the estuary and the area is used for feeding by peregrine and merlin.

The Duddon Estuary is also a major site for natterjack toad, containing an estimated 18-24 per cent of the UK population (equivalent to 50 per cent of the Cumbrian natterjack population). The toads breed in ephemeral pools associated with a range of habitats including dune slacks, marshy grassland, bare sand and slag banks and hibernate and forage in the surrounding semi-natural vegetation, artificial habitats and semi-improved pastures. The species is distributed over the whole estuary and the Phase 1 target notes report a sighting at GR SD 227 830 (i.e. on this particular common).

The SSSI also has important invertebrate populations, with a number of rare and nationally scarce species including the digger wasp ({\it Psen littoralis}), the solitary bee {\it Colletes cunicularis}, water beetles associated with brackish waters - {\it Octhebius marinus} and {\it O. auriculatus} and moths, including the shore wainscot ({\it Mythimna litoralis}) and the Portland moth ({\it Ochropleura praecox}).   

NB. The natterjack toad is protected under Schedule 5 the Wildlife and Countryside Act, 1981, while the little tern and the barn owl are protected under Schedule 1 of the same Act. 

The Duddon Estuary meets the criteria for designation as a Wetland of International Importance under the Ramsar Convention and also as a Special Protection Area under Article of the E.C. Directive 79/409/EEC on the Conservation of Wild Birds.

VEG:
The common lies at the eastern side of the Duddon Estuary opposite the hamlet of Sand Side (Kirkby-in-Furness). It forms a small portion of the Duddon Estuary SSSI (see map). The major source of information relating to this common is a saltmarsh survey undertaken by K. Charman in 1985. A brief visit was also made to the common, viewing from the railway station and the bridge over Kirkby Pool. 

Most of the saltmarsh appears to comprise a closely-grazed sward of {\it Puccinellia maritima} and {\it Festuca rubra}, with {\it Armeria maritima} and {\it Glaux maritima}. Significant quantities of standing water could be seen in hollows within the marsh surface. Towards the landward edge of the main block (1) are several small patches of {\it Juncus maritimus}. Other species noted from the marsh at (2) are {\it Lolium perenne} (locally dominant), {\it Potentilla anserina, Trifolium repens, Plantago maritima, P. coronopus, Triglochin maritima, Spergularia media} and {\it Juncus gerardii}. The sward here is very short (1-2 cm), with abundant sheep droppings, which have formed a deep layer at the strand line.

The area to the east of Kirkby Pool, known as Sand Side Marsh (3), has a dry sward at the landward edge dominated by {\it Festuca rubra} and {\it Agrostis capillaris}. From the railway footbridge at the station, several areas of eroding saltmarsh could be seen on the western bank of Kirkby Pool - an attempt has been made to re-map the margin of the saltmarsh in this area (see map). 

To the north, the saltmarsh grades into an improved grassland sward (4) and locally to {\it Juncus effusus}-dominated marshy grassland. 

A final feature to note is Whelpshead Crag (5). This was target noted in 1984: GR SD 212 841 - "Rock outcrop (not limestone?). {\it Ulex europaeus, Cytisus scoparius, Quercus} sp., {\it Crataegus monogyna, Sedum anglicum, Digitalis purpurea, Ilex aquifolium} and {\it Galium saxatile}".

MANAGE:
The common is grazed by sheep. Grazing levels appear high - the turf is short and there are numerous sheep droppings on the upper marsh, parts of which show signs of progression to improved grassland. In addition to its general importance as part of the SSSI, there appear to be several specific references to pools on this common being used as breeding sites by natterjack toads. Parts of the marsh along Kirkby Pool are eroding.


FAUNA:
There is no information relating specifically to the fauna of the common. However, information on the fauna in general can be drawn fron the citation for the Mallerstang and Swaledale Head SSSI, which the common adjoins. The Pennine Moors of this area support important populations of golden plover and dunlin, while dotterel have been recorded on eroded, stony summits. Red grouse, curlew, lapwing and redshank are locally abundant as breeding birds. Peregrine, raven and ring ouzel nest on gritstone crags. The numerous watercourses are habitat for breeding common sandpiper and dipper. Areas of tall heath are especially important for breeding merlin and short-eared owl.

VEG:
The common comprises a modest section of the fells of the Pennine fringe, lying to the east of Kirkby Stephen. The North Pennines were the subject of a Phase 2 survey undertaken in the early 1990s. The relevant report for this common is that for Block 7, surveyed in 1993 and covering Nine Standards Rigg-Rogan's Seat-Melbeck's Moor (see references section). The habitat map is a translation to Phase 1 of the NVC communities mapped by the Phase 2 survey. 

The common itself comprises an extensive plateau area lying to the south-east with steeper slopes to the north-west descending into the Eden Valley. In view of the recent detailed survey, the site has not been visited. The underlying geology is Carboniferous, mainly grey musdtones and siltstones. On the higher ground there are caps of millstone grits and sandstones. Along the northern slopes of the common there is also a band of outcropping limestone. The "Stainmore Common" area is also a Cumbria Wildlife Trust "County Wildlife Site". Most of the common lies within its boundaries (see map).

The plateau of the common carries extensive areas of blanket bog. This is mainly of NVC type M19b. This vegetation is dominated by {\it Eriophorum vaginatum} and {\it Sphagnum} spp. and characterised by an abundance of {\it Calluna vulgaris, Vaccinium myrtillus, V. vitis-idaea} and {\it Empetrum nigrum}. Other species recorded for the area as a whole include {\it Erica tetralix} and {\it Rubus chamaemorus}. 

In the Hartley Fell area, at the margin of the plateau, the blanket mire gives way to an acidic grassland sward (see below). The mire here is probably heavily-eroded and has been mapped as the Phase 1 category of dry modified bog. The blanket mire of the area as a whole is recorded to have extensive signs of erosion in the form of obvious hagging and gully erosion. Parts have many small wet hollows which have bog pools supporting the {\it Sphagnum cuspidatum/recurvum} bog pool community (NVC M2). Pool margins and bare peat around hagged areas also support the {\it Eriophorum angustifolium} bog pool community (M3).

Grassland on the northern slopes is either of {\it Nardus stricta} (NVC U5) or {\it Juncus squarrosus} (NVC U6). These communities, particularly U6, are also found on the margins of eroded blanket mire, where peat erosion has exposed the underlying mineral soils.  Scattered throughout the slopes and within some of the gills leading onto the plateau are acidic flush features mostly dominated by {\it Sphagnum recurvum} and {\it Juncus effusus} (NVC type M6c).

MANAGE:
The common is grazed by sheep. These tend to favour the more sheltered grassland slopes to the north. Sustained heavy grazing pressure is thought to have been a factor in the degradation and erosion of the blanket mires at the plateau margins. Supplementary feeding is provided in the winter. There is grouse shooting on the moors as a whole, but it is not thought that any of the heather on the blanket mire of the common has been burnt. There are a number of old mine sites on the common.


FAUNA:
An area centred upon Sunbiggin Tarn is identified in the Invertebrate Site Register as a Grade B site. These are of regional importance, equivalent to SSSI status on invertebrate grounds. 

This is an important area for relict late-glacial molluscs. This is the only known British locality for {\it Vertigo geyeri} and one of only two sites for {\it Catinella arenaria}. Other molluscs recorded include {\it Pyramidula rupestris, Lauria cylindracea} and {\it Vallonia exentrica}. 

Several rare and local beetles (Coleoptera) and files (Diptera) have been reported. These include the nationally notable ground beetle {\it Miscodera arctica}. This is associated with moorland and heathland. Also recorded is the nationally rare cranefly {\it Tipula limbata}, which is usually associated with boggy flushes in woodlands, so this record may represent a vagrant. 

The SSSI as a whole is very important for birds, with extensive areas of calcareous open water and fen, as well as the heathland, providing suitable cover and food for many breeding, passage and wintering birds. Most obvious is the nationally important colony of over 12,000 pairs of black-headed gulls around Sunbiggin Tarn (exceeding 1 per cent of the British breeding population). However, several species of waterfowl also breed around the tarns or on the moor. These are wigeon, teal, tufted duck, gadwall, and mallard. Other breeding species of note include little grebe, sedge warbler and water rail, with the wetlands also being used by lapwing, curlew, redshank and snipe. The area is important for wintering wildfowl and other birds and also seems to be a well-used resting place for for many species on passage. Regularly recorded are species such as goldeneye, pochard, whooper swan, goosander, whimbrel, merlin, peregrine, raven and short-eared owl. A significant area of {\it Calluna vulgaris} dry heath on the common is managed for red grouse through a programme of controlled rotational burning. 

Sunbiggin Tarn is also a recorded site for great crested newt (1986).

VEG:
The common forms part of a block of common land within an area of low limestone hills, which link the Pennines with the Lake District. All of the common lies within an SSSI: Sunbiggin Tarn and Moors and Little Asby Scar. This incoroprates Sunbiggin Tarn, Sunbiggin Tarn Fen and Orton Fells, listed in "A Nature Conservation Review" (Ed. D.A. Ratcliffe, 1977). This SSSI in turn forms a part of the "Asby Complex" proposed Special Area of Conservation (pSAC), to be designated under the EC Habitats Directive.
 
Sunbiggin Tarn itself is also managed as a nature reserve by the Cumbria Wildlife Trust, while areas of dwarf shrub heath have been the subject of a heather condition survey conducted in (1989?) by English Nature. 

The area as a whole, was mapped by the Cumbria Phase 1 survey in 1984, and the accompanying habitat map has been based upon this source. Boundaries of the above designated areas are to be found under CL 4W. A very brief visit was made to this block of common land, driving northwards across CL 33W from Brownber, crossing onto CL 4W and then CL 105W to the road junction at GR NY 685 091, then turning SW and proceeding to a lay-by at Sunbiggin Tarn and finally passing onto CL 96W.

Sunbiggin Tarn lies at the point there the boundaries of three CLs meet, namely this common, plus CLs 4W and 105W. The common also includes the smaller Cow Dub Tarn, lying less than 100m to the south of Sunbiggin. They lie within an area of Carboniferous Limestone, with scars and pavements of geological interest surrounded by heath, acidic grassland and areas of acid and calcareous mire. The whole area is of outstanding importance for its range of habitats and for the important flora and fauna they support.

The two tarns form an area of about 6ha of open water. The water is generally shallow and base-rich, being derived from calcareous springs to the north of Sunbiggin Tarn. The outflow is westwards across the common, along Tarn Sike. This is bounded by base-rich flushes along much of its course through the site. The open water of the two tarns supports few submerged higher plants, probably due to increased planktonic algal growth fed by nutrients from the droppings of a large colony of black-headed gulls. However, aquatic species are found in Tarn Sike and the base-rich flushes. These tend to be dominated by {\it Potamogeton crispus} and {\it P. natans}, with other species present including {\it P. berchtoldii, Groenlandia densa, Myriophyllum spicatum, Chara} sp., {\it Ranunculus aquatilis} and {\it Utricularia vulgaris}.

Adjacent to the tarns are extensive areas of swamp and fen communities. {\it Phragmites australis} dominates a large zone extending into standing water up to 1.0m deep. {\it Carex rostrata} dominates a more mixed fen with species such as {\it Carex lasiocarpa, C. paniculata, Eleocharis palustris, Juncus effusus, Equisetum fluviatile, Menyanthes trifoliata} and {\it Hippuris vulgaris}. More restricted fen communities include a type dominated by {\it Carex elata} (a very local and eastern species in Britain), stands of {\it Cladium mariscus} (which is uncommon in the north-west and is here at its highest recorded altitude), and other types dominated either by {\it Filipendula ulmaria} or {\it Potentilla palustris}, which occurs with the nationally scarce (NS) {\it Carex diandra}.

N.B. Nationally Scarce = species recorded from between 16 - 100 ten km squares of the Ordnance Survey grid (JNCC, 1994).

West of the Tarns, the fen communities merge into calcareous flushes bordering Tarn Sike as it meanders across Tarn Moor. Further base-rich flushes also occur along Potts Valley (i.e. CLs 4W/105W and the northern edge of CL 33W). The main communities range from springs and tufa-forming mounds of the mosses {\it Cratoneuron commutatum} and {\it Philonotis} spp. to a mixed short sedge community characterised by {\it Schoenus nigricans} and small carices such as {\it Carex dioica, C. viridula} subsp. {\it brachyrrhyncha, C. hostiana} and {\it C. flacca}. There are also several species of particular note which are confined to this habitat: {\it Eleocharis quinqueflora, Eriophorum latifolium, Parnassia palustris, Equisetum variegatum, Blysmus compressus, Carex capillaris, Selaginella selaginoides} and the nationally scarce {\it Primula farinosa}. 

Around the flushes are areas of wet pasture which support a rich flora with species such as {\it Succisa pratensis, Dactylorhiza purpurella} and {\it D. incarnata}, occurring in a sward dominated by carices, {\it Molinia caerulea} or {\it Juncus acutiflorus}. A further feature of note within this area is the close association of acidic mire adjacent to calcareous flushes or hollows. The acidophilous species include {\it Sphagnum} spp. mosses, {\it Erica tetralix} and {\it Drosera rotundifolia}, all of which can occur within inches of the calcareous species. 

Sunbiggin Tarn also has the following surveys: Aquatic Macrophytes, R. Stokoe, 1983 and Cumbria Small Tarn Survey, E. Charter, 1983 - both should be available at English Nature at the Kendal office.

The remaining part of the common is primarily {\it Calluna vulgaris} dry dwarf shrub heath. The heather condition survey shows several different blocks. To the NW of the central flush the {\it Calluna} is at above 75 per cent cover and between 20-35 (55)cm tall. On the NE side, the cover falls to between 51-75 per cent (locally between 10-25 per cent) and is mostly between 20-30cm tall. To the south of the common is a block of {\it Calluna} which is mostly in the range of 51-75 per cent cover and (5) 20-30cm tall. In the area around the central flush part, there is much more variability in the composition of sward heights and cover. These flushed areas within heather moorland are known to be especially important as sources of invertebrate food for young grouse chicks.

MANAGE:
This block of common land is managed by sheep grazing. The individual units which make up the block are all separated from each other by boundary walls.  These make the commons into separate grazing units. The roads across the area are cattle-gridded at the boundaries between the individual commons. 

Each grazing unit shows obvious signs of a different intensity of grazing management. This can be seen in crossing from one common to another, in the distribution of {\it Calluna} heath. For example, CL 33W, to the south, has an acidic grassland sward, while on the other side of the boundary wall on this common, there is {\it Calluna} heath. A particularly good point from which to view this feature is on the road to the west of Sunbiggin Tarn, where the boundaries of three separate CLs meet. 

The {\it Calluna} heath on this common is managed for grouse shooting by a regular programme of burning. The pattern of burning was clearly evident from the road at the time of the site visit.

Sunbiggin Tarn is managed as a reserve of the Cumbria Wildlife Trust and is fenced from the remainder of the common. As a result of it being an important breeding site for the black-headed gull colony, its botanical quality has declined in recent years. There is also reported to be some fishing and shooting in this area.


FAUNA:
The Helvellyn and Fairfield SSSI has a good montane avifauna with peregrine falcon, buzzard, raven and ring ouzel recorded as breeding.

Red Tarn is important as a site for the schelly, a rare fish recorded from only two other English water bodies, both in the Lake District.

Parts of the area to the east of Helvellyn and Fairfield (but not all of that scheduled as SSSI) have a grade C entry in the Invertebrate Site Register. These are sites of potential importance. A number of old records of northern montane invertebrates from a variety of invertebrate orders, but little recent information. The nationally notable mountain ringlet {\it Erebia epiphron} has been noted from this area, making use of the extensive {\it Nardus stricta} grassland slopes (although the available records are all comparatively dated).

VEG:
The common stretches from the north and east of Helvellyn towards Patterdale. A major portion lies within the boundary of the Helvellyn and Fairfield SSSI. This site is listed in "A Nature Conservation Review" (ed. D.A Ratcliffe, 1977) and is also now a proposed Special Protection Area (pSPA) under the EC Habitats Directive. A significant component of the following description has been based on the SSSI citation. The habitat map has been based primarily upon that of the Cumbria Phase 1 survey. A heather condition survey was conducted during 1991, plus a survey of montane heath in 1992. The common was not visited specifically as part of the survey, but parts were familiar to the surveyor from earlier fellwalking activities.

The topography of the area has been highly modified by successive glaciations. In contrast to the western flanks of the Helvellyn Range, which rise generally in smooth, steep slopes to the summit ridge, the glaciated eastern aspect exhibits a series of corries, bounded by high crags and scree slopes. One of these, occurring on this particular common, contains Red Tarn, a classic example of a corrie lake. From the corries, several parallel glaciated valleys run roughly NE-SW, with steep, rocky sides rising to high intervening ridges.

The underlying geology comprises the Borrowdale Volcanic Series. These volcanic tuffs and lavas are generally acidic, although the eastern cliffs of the Helvellyn range are particularly rich in basic minerals and weather to produce pockets of base-rich soil. This feature, coupled with the harsh micro-climate and inaccessibility to sheep of the high altitude corries, has enabled a remnant Arctic-Alpine flora to persist. This is the main feature of biological interest. Other features include large stands of juniper scrub/woodland, a variety of montane and upland heath, grassland and flush communities, plus two high-level oligotrophic tarns (one of these being situated on this common, namely the aforementioned Red Tarn).

The crags, cliff ledges and stony flushes of the high level corries form one of the most important areas in Cumbria for the lime-loving montane flora. On ledges with moist, base-rich soils, species-rich tall herb communities, more typical of woodland or northern meadows, have developed. These support species such as {\it Gerainum sylvaticum, Angelica sylvestris, Geum rivale, Luzula sylvatica, Heracleum sphondylium} and occasionally, {\it Trollius europaeus} and {\it Orchis mascula}. Also associated with the rock ledges, but also found on bare rock outcrops are many montane or northern species such as {\it Sedum rosea, Oxyria digyna, Galium boreale, Rubus saxatilis, Saussurea alpina, Saxifraga oppositifolia} and {\it Silene acaulis}. 

A number of rare Arctic-Alpine species occur very locally, representing the last remnants of populations which have declined since the last glaciation. These include the Nationally Rare (NR) {\it Potentilla fruticosa}, plus a number of Nationally Scarce (NS) species: {\it Potentilla crantzii, Cerastium alpinum, Salix lapponum, Dryas octopetala, Poa alpina, Poa glauca, Carex atrata, Saxifraga nivalis} and {\it Thlaspi caerulescens}, in addition {\it Draba incana}. Helvellyn represents the only English station for {\it Salix lapponum} (Halliday, 1997). 

N.B. Nationally Scarce: species recorded from 16 - 100 tem km squares of the National Grid (JNCC, 1994). Nationally Rare: species recorded from 15 or fewer squares.

The Helvellyn range has been subject to a high level of sheep grazing for many years and this has had a marked influence on the composition of the accessible vegetation (i.e. the vast majority). Dry ground supports extensive areas of {\it Agrostis/Festuca} acidic grassland, giving way to either {\it Nardus stricta} or {\it Juncus squarrosus} in damp/wet soils. However, the site still supports the greatest diversity of acidic grassland communities in West Cumbria. The lower slopes have an {\it Agrostis/Festuca} sward. These tend to be relatively species-poor, apart from where they are flushed with base-rich water. These features support species such as {\it Carex viridula} subsp. {\it oedocarpa, C. panicea, Thymus polytrichus, Euphrasia officinalis} agg., {\it Linum catharticum, Prunella vulgaris} and {\it Leontodon autumnalis}. The middle slopes support extensive areas of acidic grassland dominated by {\it Nardus stricta}. 

On the summit ridges this grassland merges into a grassy montane lichen/heath community. There is a fairly extensive area of this vegetation on this common, to the east of the summit of Raise. This vegetation is described as a "grassy variant" of NVC type U10a. As a montane heath community it is relatively species-poor, with a short sward dominated by {\it Festuca ovina} and {\it Deschampsia flexuosa}.  Other associates include {\it Carex bigelowii, Vaccinium myrtillus, Cladonia} spp., {\it Galium saxatile, Racomitrium lanuginosum, Huperzia selago, Salix herbacea} and {\it Campylopus paradoxus}. However, this particular stand of vegetation is said to be more diverse than that occurring on other commons to the south of Helvellyn. 
 
The U10a community in fact accounts for the vast majority of montane heath in the Lake District and that on Raise is said to be comparable with many other Lakeland sites. Lichen/bryophyte heath was formerly widespread on the summit ridges, but this montane heath, dominated by {\it Racomitrium lanuginosum}, is now restricted to small areas of boulder scree due to the grazing and recreational pressures.

A few areas of {\it Calluna vulgaris} dominated heath occur on parts of the common, mainly on slopes along the northern side of Glenridding (Heron Pike, Sheffield Pike, Glenridding Dodd). A limited extent of wet heath, grading into degraded blanket mire occurs on the southern flanks of Sheffield Pike. Cover rates of {\it Calluna} are generally less than 25 per cent in a grass/heath mosaic, with plants generally less than 15cm tall. However, the cover rises locally to as much as 75 per cent, in a pure heath sward, with plants reaching above 30 cm tall. The degraded blanket mire south of Sheffield Pike has {\it Eriophorum vaginatum, E. angustifolium} and {\it Juncus squarrosus}.

Both acidic/neutral and base-rich flushes are well-represented on this site. Most extensive are acidic flushes, usually comprising a carpet of {\it Sphagnum} mosses under a {\it Juncus} spp. or {\it Carex} spp. sward. Base-rich flushes are of more restricted occurrence, but have a diverse species composition with abundant sedges: {\it Carex panicea, C. viridula} subsp. {\it oedocarpa, C. pulicaris} and {\it C. nigra}. Characteristic herbs include {\it Succisa pratensis, Parnassia palustris, Euphrasia officinalis} agg. and {\it Saxifraga aizoides} on stony ground. Locally, on a very small scale, are bryophyte-dominated springs with species such as the moss {\it Philonotis fontana} and the leafy liverwort {\it Scapania undulata}. Herbs associated with these springs include {\it Saxifraga stellaris, Chrysosplenium oppositifolium} and {\it Montia fontana}.

The site supports the second largest area of {\it Juniperus communis} scrub in West Cumbria. This nationally rare habitat occurs most extensively on this common in Glenridding with, in addition, scattered juniper bushes on many of the inaccessible cliffs.

Red Tarn is a good example of a high altitude, nutrient-poor water body. Typically species-poor, Red Tarn contains supports {\it Callitriche hamulata, C. platycarpa} and {\it Juncus bulbosus}, plus the aquatic moss {\it Fontinalis antipyretica}. 

Lower plants are well-represented, with many uncommon bryophytes and lichens. Notable mosses include {\it Hypnum hamulosum, Oncophorus virens, Dicranum starkei, Hygrohypnum dilatatum, Leptodontium recurvifolium} and {\it Bryum weigelii}. The SSSI is the only known English station for four lichens: {\it Lecanora achariana, Phaeophyscia sciastra, Collema glebulentum} and {\it Aspicilia leucophyma}.

MANAGE:
The common is grazed by sheep. It is widely-accepted that stocking densities in recent decades have been in excess of what is desirable to maintain the nature conservation value of this ecologically important area. In particular, these fells include a diversity of upland habitats such as heathland and several mire types, which feature amongst the "Priority Habitats" of the UK Biodiversity Action Plan.  

This situation is a function of Common Agricultural Policy which pays a sheep subsidy (with an additional premium for upland areas), coupled with the registration of grazing rights on common land in 1965. The levels of grazing rights established at this time were based entirely on the numbers given by individual claimants. As a consequence, the numbers of stock registered are far higher, both in ecological terms, and to some extent also in agricultural terms, than the land can support. Headage payments under the CAP have therefore encouraged graziers to hold as many stock as possible, this being related primarily to their holding of commoners rights.

There is, however, some scope for the amelioration of these problems since the establishment of the Lake District Environmentally Sensitive Area (ESA). Farms entering the scheme do so under a 10 year management argeement and receive a variety of payments in return for farming in a manner which is compatible with the special character of the Lake District. There are two tiers of entry and the first applies to the whole area of the farm. Of particular relevance to common land amongst the provisions of the first tier are specified maximum stocking densities on the open fell which take into account the presence of heather.

The second tier is optional and provides for even lower stocking densities on "heather fell". There is also an optional tier aimed at making better provision for public access, plus certain payments aimed at maintaining/enhancing juniper scrub/ghylls/water margins etc.

For an individual common to be entered into the ESA scheme, it requires all of the relevant commoners to join on a whole farm basis and this is often unrealistic to achieve. However, here are many circumstances where farmers have individually joined the ESA, who also have grazing rights on common land. In such cases, these commons have been designated "Common land with controlled grazing rights". These farmers are not allowed to put additional stock onto the common above pre-scheme levels, even if these were above those allowed by the grazing rights. 

For reasons of confidentiality it has not been possible in this project to identify whether or not an individual common has been entered into the ESA scheme. However, for a general summary of the approximate area of Cumbrian Common Land now covered by ESA agreements, please refer to the main report (but note that this information is likely to be somewhat out of date). 

The recent Helvellyn Management Plan (LDNPA, 1977), discusses a wide variety of proposed/planned management. The area covered by the management plan includes the entire area of this common and the document includes several relevant issues:

1. Identify areas of heathland that might benefit from reduced grazing pressure. This could take the form of an overall lowering of stocking rates and/or a reduced stocking density in winter, or changes in flock management, such as moving winter feeding areas. This to be done with relevant landowners and graziers in relation to various options offered within the ESA system (as mentioned above). 

2. Encourage regeneration of the juniper woodland/scrub situated near Greenside Mine (Glenridding). Presently grazed and in consequence, there is no natural regeneration taking place. Juniper seedlings require low competition from surrounding plants to become established. Occasional grazing by sheep suppresses the competing plants, but too high a stocking rate reduces the ability of seedlings to become established. Management to involve the erection of temporary fencing to exclude grazing animals and also the planting of suitable cuttings. This to be done pending consent from the Secretary of State for the Environment following the provisions of the 1965 Commons Registraton Act. This fencing to be removed once the young juniper are able to resist grazing.

3. Downy Willow Conservation Plan. 

{\it Salix lapponum} is a small Arctic-Alpine species whose only English location is on the cliffs along the eastern side of Helvellyn. The conservation requirements of this species need to be assessed. The plants are restricted to the crags as a result of grazing. However, research suggests that the willow does less well in this habitat. There is a proposal to temporaily fence a larger area at the base of one of the crags to allow a self-sustaining population of the plant to develop. However, the fence may in fact need to be permanent (or overall stocking rates reduced), as removal might result in destruction of the new stand by subsequent grazing. Nor is it clear as yet what reduced level of grazing would allow survival of {\it Salix lapponum}. 

4. Install experimental exclosures at selected sites within the montane lichen/bryophyte heath to investigate the potential for the restoration of this habitat, following a reduction in both levels of grazing and trampling by humans.

5. Establish conservation plans for other rare or endangered species. These to be in accordance with the production of species action plans as part of the UK Biodiversity Plan, and as the designation of the site as SAC under the European Habitats Directive. This will relate primarily to the rare Arctic/Alpine flora.

Another important recreational issue is the effect of ice climbing upon the rare Arctic-Alpine flora (eastern crags only, therefore not relevant to this particular common). There appears to be little damage caused when there is abundant hard-packed snow/ice. The main potential for damage appears to be the poor snow conditions of early and late winter. A strategy for monitoring this problem is to be established and a comparison to be made of ice climbing/scrambling routes with the distribution of Arctic-Alpine flora. 

6. The National Park to continue its programme of footpath restoration and maintenance. This work to be done in the context of landscape impact, nature conservation needs and safety to walkers. An especial consideration is to be given to paths which have become eroded, not due necessarily to the high numbers of users, but due to the fragility of the substrate. This is a particular problem on wet/peaty areas, where even light use can cause enormous damage. One option may be to re-align routes to avoid such areas. 

7. Proposals by the LDNPA for a bat survey of old mine adits, plus survey of archaeological sites,  

8. To aid public understanding of the Lakeland Fells environment and the need for various management work, the LDNPA are to produce visitor information boards, to be sited at the main access car parks.

The Helvellyn Range is important for glacial and periglacial geomorphology, with an excellent assemblage of features occurring. There is a long history of metal-mining in the area. Many of the issues raised are applicable to the common.


FAUNA:
No fauna noted during site visit. 

See under the Mallerstang and Swaledale Head SSSI (i.e. CL 93W) for general information relating to fauna of the area. Tailbridge Hill has records on the BTO site register and is one of a number of locally important sites with a high breeding density of golden plover. The area is also thought to be important for breeding dunlin and, in some years, lapwing. 

The eastern part of the common, which lies within the area containing the limestone outcrops, is part of a Grade C site on the Invertebrate Site Register. The records, however, appear to relate specifically to an area of blanket bog at the extreme eastern edge of the common, known as Lamps Moss. Several nationally notable species of beetles (Coleoptera) and flies (Diptera) were reported from this moss in 1979. Amongst those reported were several with a northern distribution and more usually associated with upland habitats i.e. the ground beetle {\it Calathus micropterus} and the rove beetle {\it Oxypoda islandica}. Both the empid fly {\it Hilara clypeata} and the dolichopidid fly {\it Sympycnus spiculatus} have been reported; these are normally associated with wetter areas and shady streams. Further survey of the invertebrate fauna is recommended.

VEG:
The common forms a transect across the scarp edge of the Pennine plateau. Part lies within the Mallerstang and Swaledale Head SSSI (see CL 93W for map). Important areas of limestone pavement within its boundary have been notified to Cumbria County Council by English Nature under Section 34 of the Wildlife and Countryside Act, 1981. Land to the north of the B6270 lies within the North Pennines AONB.

The habitat map is based both upon the Cumbria Phase 1 survey and also a survey of upland vegetation done by NCC in 1988, using the Ratcliffe and Birks Classification. A brief visit was made to the common, driving along the road up from Nateby, as far as the car park at the top of the hill, just within the limestone pavement area. 

The notified limestone pavement lies at the edge of the plateau (see map). The main outcrops of pavement lie to the east, at Lamps Moss, with smaller, narrow bands following the crest of Tailbridge Hill, a little way to the north-west. The overall appearance of the notified area is one of sheep-grazed grassland. A variety of grass species are found in the grikes and surface solution features of the pavement. These include {\it Koeleria macrantha, Festuca ovina, F. rubra, Helictotrichon pratensis, Briza media} and the nationally scarce (NS) {\it Sesleria caerulea}, plus occasional patches of {\it Deschampsia cespitosa}.

N.B. Nationally Scarce = species recorded from bewteen 16 - 100 ten km squares of the Ordnance Survey grid (JNCC, 1994). 

These features also provide a sheltered habitat for a wide range of ferns on an otherwise very exposed site. Species present include {\it Asplenium ruta-muraria, A. trichomanes, A. viride} and {\it Cystopteris fragilis}. The deeper grikes also have a relict woodland flora with species such as {\it Anemone nemorosa} and {\it Oxalis acetosella}. 

In the shallower and wider grikes, species present include {\it Carex caryophyllea} and more rarely, {\it C. pulicaris}, plus {\it Euphrasia nemorosa, Prunella vulgaris, Linum catharticum, Bellis perennis, Campanula rotundifolia, Alchemilla filicaulis, Viola riviniana, Fragaria vesca, Lotus corniculatus} and {\it Potentilla sterilis}. In the shallower solution features are mats of low-growing herbs such as {\it Thymus polytrichus, Galium sterneri, Saxifraga tridactylites, S. hypnoides, Arenaria serpyllifolia} and {\it Pilosella officinarum}. More rarely found are {\it Persicaria vivipara} and {\it Gentianella amarella}. 

The description of the site in "A Nature Conservation Review" (ed. D.A. Ratcliffe, 1977), notes other features of this area. In between the pavements is a mosaic of acidic and calcicolous grassland mostly dominated by {\it Festuca ovina}. The turf has a hummocky structure, with lichens growing in a 'crown' on the top ({\it Cladonia impexa, C. arbuscula} and {\it C. rangiferina}). Other species noted in the turf are {\it Minuartia verna} (NS), plus {\it Antennaria dioica, Draba incana} and {\it Viola lutea}. "Pot holes" have tall ungrazed growths of forbs such as {\it Urtica dioica, Mercurialis perennis} and {\it Chamerion angustifolium} and ferns such as {\it Polystichum aculeatum}.
 
The acidic grassland stretches westwards down the hillside and dominates much of the common. This is dominated mainly by either {\it Nardus stricta} or {\it Juncus squarrosus}. The Phase 1 target notes also mention (GR NY 797 054) {\it Deschampsia flexuosa, Galium saxatile, Polytrichum} sp. and occasional {\it Vaccinium myrtillus} and {\it Sphagnum} spp. "There are some small pools on the plateau. To the east the ground rises steeply and the vegetation consists of {\it Nardus} and {\it Agrostis} grassland on mineral soil".  

Within this grassland are further small, localised limestone outcrops and the Phase 1 survey indicates further calcicolous grassland along the road to the NW of the common. This appears to comprise a very closely-grazed {\it Agrostis/Festuca} sp. sward. Much is probably semi-improved in character, with locally abundant clumps of {\it Cirsium} spp. 

A number of small ?acidic flushes are also present on the slopes to the west of the common. One such feature was target noted by the Phase 1 survey: GR NY 794 054: - "Area of {\it Sphagnum cuspidatum} pools surrounded by {\it S. recurvum/Polytrichum commune}. General area dominated by {\it Juncus squarrosus, Galium saxatile} and occasional {\it Molinia caerulea} and {\it Nardus stricta}".  

One final target note reads as follows: GR NY 798 054: - "Area of blanket bog vegetation with {\it Sphagnum recurvum} pools, surrounded by {\it Narthecium ossifragum, Carex nigra, Eriophorum angustifolium, Juncus squarrosus} and {\it Trichophorum cespitosum}". This reference is puzzling as it has been placed within an area of acidic grassland!

To the east of the pavements is the edge of the blanket bog which lies on the plateau. The part which lies on the common is dominated by {\it Eriophorum vaginatum} (after the Ratcliffe and Birks map). As the edge the blanket mire tends to be somewhat species-poor, degraded and lacking in {\it Sphagnum} spp. mosses, it has therefore been interpreted as the Phase 1 category of 'E18' - dry modified bog.

MANAGE:
The common is grazed by sheep. Grazing levels appear high, particularly on the more palatable calcicolous grassland. The sward along the road to the NE of the common is very closely grazed and is showing evidence of eutrophication.


FAUNA:
Noted during site visit were: wren, ringlet.

VEG:
The common, together with the contiguous CL 485C (this being less than one hectare in size), lies within the Bowness Knott SSSI. This has been scheduled for geological reasons. 

The major portion of the common comprises a steep scree slope (approx. 75-80 per cent exposed scree). Locally there are patches of dwarf shrub heath in the form of bushes of {\it Calluna vulgaris} and {\it Erica cinerea}, patches of bracken {\it Pteridium aquilinum}, and occasional trees of {\it Betula pendula}.

Beneath the scree slope is an area of {\it Larix decidua} plantation, lying at the edge of a much larger block of forestry. Beneath the trees is an understorey either of bracken, or acidic grassland dominated by {\it Agrostis capillaris}, with abundant {\it Pleurozium schreberi}, frequent {\it Holcus lanatus, Galium saxatile} and {\it Hylocomium splendens}, plus locally frequent {\it Potentilla erecta, Rhytidiadelphus squarrosus} and {\it Deschampsia flexuosa}. Occasional clumps of {\it Digitalis purpurea} were noted under the bracken. 

At the edge of the road are occasional self-seeded trees of {\it Betula pendula} and planted individuals of {\it Prunus} sp.

MANAGE:
The common is largely unmanaged (although part has been incorporated into a block of forestry). Some deciduous trees have been planted, presumably to screen the larches. 

The common lies within the Lake District Environmentally Sensitive Area (ESA). This has been designated because of the outstanding environmental importance of the fells and valleys of the area. For reasons of confidentiality it has not been possible in this project to identify whether or not an individual common has been entered into the ESA scheme. However, for a general summary of the approximate area of Cumbrian common land covered by ESA agreements (as at 1995), please refer to the main report. 

The scree slope is an interesting feature, part of a much larger expanse beneath Bowness Knott, which together have been scheduled as SSSI for geological reasons. The crags and rock outcrops around Bowness Knott provide excellent exposures of an igneous rock-type known as the Ennerdale Granophyre. These outcrops illustrate the contact of the granophyre with the surrounding "country rocks". This is an important site for the study of the Ennerdale Granophyre, demonstrating many features of geological interest.


FAUNA:
An area centred upon Sunbiggin Tarn is identified in the Invertebrate Site Register as a Grade B site. These are of regional importance, equivalent to SSSI status on invertebrate grounds. 

This is an important area for relict late-glacial molluscs. This is the only known British locality for {\it Vertigo geyeri} and one of only two sites for {\it Catinella arenaria}. Other molluscs recorded include {\it Pyramidula rupestris, Lauria cylindracea} and {\it Vallonia exentrica}. 

Several rare and local beetles (Coleoptera) and files (Diptera) have been reported. These include the nationally notable ground beetle {\it Miscodera arctica}. This is associated with moorland and heathland. Also recorded is the nationally rare cranefly {\it Tipula limbata}, which is usually associated with boggy flushes in woodlands, so this record may represent a vagrant. 

The SSSI as a whole is very important for birds, with extensive areas of calcareous open water and fen, as well as the heathland, providing suitable cover and food for many breeding, passage and wintering birds. Most obvious is the nationally important colony of over 12,000 pairs of black-headed gulls around Sunbiggin Tarn (exceeding 1 per cent of the British breeding population). However, several species of waterfowl also breed around the tarns or on the moor. These are wigeon, teal, tufted duck, gadwall, and mallard. Other breeding species of note include little grebe, sedge warbler and water rail, with the wetlands also being used by lapwing, curlew, redshank and snipe. The area is important for wintering wildfowl and other birds and also seems to be a well-used resting place for for many species on passage. Regularly recorded are species such as goldeneye, pochard, whooper swan, goosander, whimbrel, merlin, peregrine, raven and short-eared owl. An area of {\it Calluna} heath on this common is part of a larger block on the surrounding area of common land, and is important for red grouse. 

Sunbiggin Tarn is also a recorded site for great crested newt (1986).

VEG:
The common forms part of a block of common land within an area of low limestone hills, which link the Pennines with the Lake District. All of the common lies within an SSSI: Sunbiggin Tarn and Moors and Little Asby Scar. This incoroprates Sunbiggin Tarn, Sunbiggin Tarn Fen and Orton Fells, listed in "A Nature Conservation Review" (Ed. D.A. Ratcliffe, 1977). This SSSI in turn forms a part of the "Asby Complex" proposed Special Area of Conservation (pSAC), to be designated under the EC Habitats Directive.

Sunbiggin Tarn itself is also managed as a nature reserve by the Cumbria Wildlife Trust, while areas of dwarf shrub heath have been the subject of a heather condition survey conducted in (1989?) by English Nature. 

In addition, part of the common falls within an area covered by a Limestone Pavement Order, notified under Section 28 of the Wildlife and Countryside Act, 1981. The area was mapped by the Cumbria Phase 1 survey in 1984, and the accompanying habitat map has been based upon this. Boundaries of the SSSI and the CWT site can be seen under CL 4W, while a map showing parts of the common subject to a Limestone Pavement Order can be found in this site description. 

A very brief visit was made to this block of common land, driving northwards across CL 33W from Brownber, crossing onto CL 4W and then CL 105W to the road junction at GR NY 685 091, then turning SW and proceeding to a lay-by at Sunbiggin Tarn and finally passing onto CL 96W.

Sunbiggin Tarn lies at the point there the boundaries of three CLs meet, namely this common, plus CLs 96W and 4W. It lies within an area of Carboniferous Limestone, with scars and pavements of geological interest surrounded by heath, acidic grassland and areas of acid and calcareous mire. The whole area is of outstanding importance for its range of habitats and for the important flora and fauna they support. 

The tarn, together with its smaller neighbour, Cow Dub Tarn (situated to the south on the contiguous CL 96W), form an area of about 6ha of open water. The water is generally shallow and base-rich, being derived from calcareous springs to the north of Sunbiggin Tarn. The outflow is westwards, along Tarn Sike (CL 96W again). 

The open water of the two tarns supports few submerged higher plants, probably due to increased planktonic algal growth fed by nutrients from the droppings of a large colony of black-headed gulls. However, aquatic species are found in Tarn Sike and the base-rich flushes. These tend to be dominated by {\it Potamogeton crispus} and {\it P. natans}, with other species present including {\it P. berchtoldii, Groenlandia densa, Myriophyllum spicatum, Chara} sp., {\it Ranunculus aquatilis} and {\it Utricularia vulgaris}.

Adjacent to the tarns are extensive areas of swamp and fen communities. {\it Phragmites australis} dominates a large zone extending into standing water up to 1.0m deep. {\it Carex rostrata} dominates a more mixed fen with species such as {\it Carex lasiocarpa, C. paniculata, Eleocharis palustris, Juncus effusus, Equisetum fluviatile, Menyanthes trifoliata} and {\it Hippuris vulgaris}. More restricted fen communities include a type dominated by {\it Carex elata} (a very local and eastern species in Britain), stands of {\it Cladium mariscus} (which is uncommon in the north-west and is here at its highest recorded altitude), and other types dominated either by {\it Filipendula ulmaria} or {\it Potentilla palustris}, which occurs with the nationally scarce (NS) {\it Carex diandra}.

N.B. Nationally Scarce - species recorded from between 16 - 100 ten km squares of the Ordnance Survey grid (JNCC, 1994).

Just to the north of the tarn lies one of the calcareous springs which feeds it. Associated with this are base-rich flush commmunities. These are similar to the more extensive features adjacent to Tarn Sike, crossing CL 96W (i.e. please refer to this site for a description). There are further base-rich flushes, along Potts Valley, at the eastern boundary of the common. 

Sunbiggin Tarn also has the following surveys: Aquatic Macrophytes, R. Stokoe, 1983 and Cumbria Small Tarn Survey, E. Charter, 1983 - both should be available at English Nature at the Kendal office.

To the north-east of the tarn is a small extensive area of {\it Calluna vulgaris} dry dwarf shrub heath (part of a larger area on this block of commons). A heather condition survey was conducted probably in 1989. Information from this has been used to map this area. The survey shows a complex pattern of small blocks of {\it Calluna} of different ground cover and sward height. To the west there is between 25-75 per cent cover (5-15cm), while to the east, the cover falls to no more than 25 per cent (this area having been mapped as a mosaic of acidic grassland plus dwarf shrub heath). 

Within this area is a small area of open water, known as Spear Pots Tarn, which was target noted in 1984 during the Phase 1 survey: GR NY 679 085 "Spear Pots Tarn with multitudinous gulls and surrounded by shooting 'hides'. The flora includes {\it Carex} spp., including {\it C. nigra} and {\it C. panicea, Veronica scutellata, Erica tetralix, Juncus effusus, J. squarrosus} and {\it Ranunculus aquatilis}". This tarn was also the subject of a survey by R. Stokoe in 1983 (see English Nature files: RO 7/3/4/1).

The area containing the limestone pavements lies to the north and east of the common and includes the area between Muddy Gill Plain and Potts Valley (see map). Numerous small blocks, covering the sections of limestone pavement in this area appear to have been highlighted by the Cumbria Wildlife Trust (Little Asby - E/NY60/63). 

The area is described within the limestone pavement schedule as having a "depauperate flora and absence of mature trees", a situation which is due to grazing pressure. Species found only occasionally include {\it Asplenium viride, Cystopteris fragilis, Arabis hirsuta, Mycelis muralis, Viola hirta, Geranium lucidum, Calamagrostis epigejos} and the nationally scarce {\it Gymnocarpium robertianum}. Commoner species occurring frequently include {\it Asplenium ruta-muraria, Dryopteris filix-mas, Epilobium montanum} and occasionally {\it Allium ursinum} and {\it Tussilago farfara}. Common species normally associated with woodland ground flora but which occur here include {\it Mercurialis perennis, Hyacinthoides non-scripta, Anemone nemorosa} and {\it Stachys sylvatica}. 

Present in the grikes and the surrounding calcicolous grassland is {\it Sesleria caerulea}, a nationally scarce plant characteristic of northern limestone, while the nationally rare {\it Carex ornithopoda} is found on the scars above Potts Valley (presise location not given, so this may relate to either or both of CLs 4W and 105W). 

N.B. Nationally Rare - species recorded from 15 or fewer ten km squares of the Ordnance Survey grid (Perring and Farrell, 1983).

In between the bands of limestone outcrops and calcicolous grassland are areas of acidic grassland which appear to be mostly dominated by {\it Nardus stricta}. The Phase 1 survey provides a target note for grassland to the extreme NW of the common, at Muddygill Plain. This appears to suggest that the grassland in this area has been agriculturally imrpoved. GR NY 674 102 (1986) "Improved pasture. Much of the limestone pavement has been removed near the gate leaving limestone scree with areas of calcareous grassland, with {\it Sesleria caerulea, Galium sterneri} and {\it Saxifraga hypnoides}. There are some quite extensive areas of calcareous grassland, presumably overlying pavement, on the eastern edge of this field".

MANAGE:
This block of common land is managed by sheep grazing. The individual units which make up the block are all separated from each other by boundary walls.  These make the commons into separate grazing units. The roads across the area are cattle-gridded at the boundaries between the individual commons. Each grazing unit shows obvious signs of a different intensity of grazing management. This can be seen in crossing from one common to another, in the distribution of {\it Calluna} heath. For example, CL 33W, to the south, has an acidic grassland sward, while on the other side of the boundary wall on this common, there is {\it Calluna} heath. A particularly good point from which to view this feature is on the road to the west of Sunbiggin Tarn, where the boundaries of three separate CLs meet. 

The {\it Calluna} heath on this common is managed for grouse shooting by a regular programme of burning. The pattern of burning was clearly evident from the road at the time of the site visit.

Sunbiggin Tarn is managed as a reserve of the Cumbria Wildlife Trust and is fenced from the remainder of the common. As a result of it being an important breeding site for the black-headed gull colony, its botanical quality has declined in recent years. There is also reported to be some fishing and shooting in this area.

The area which is covered by the Limestone Pavement Order comprises a steep and prominent south-facing scar with extensive scree slopes dropping into Potts Valley which cuts through the limestone escarpment separating Little Asby Common and Crosby Garrett Fell. All the pavements lie amidst heavily grazed common land with alternating bands of calcareous and acidic grassland marking the boudaries of the limestone and shale beds. This creates a bold striped effect, visible from, for example, the Little Asby to Raisbeck Road.Of the whole block, this common and CL 33W are considered to be ths ones with the biggest grazing problem; a reduction of the present grazing levels on this common is considered to be desirable in nature conservation terms, for the flora of the limestone pavament areas.

Under the Limestone Pavement Order, removal of any limestone is an illegal act.


VEG:
The common lies just to the north of the hamlet of Little Asby. A significant part lies within an SSSI: The Little Asby Inrakes and Outrakes (see map). The name derives from the two fields which make up the site: to the south-east, the "Outrakes", which lie on this CL unit and to the north-west, the "Inrakes", which form the contiguous CL 107W. The area was covered by the Cumbria Phase 1 survey in 1979/82, which makes reference also to records held at the Cumbria Wildlife Trust. A brief visit was made to the common, which was viewed from the road. 

The part of the common which lies within the SSSI is of outstanding importance for the richness and diversity of grassland communities. This area has an irregular microtopography (? old spoil mounds) with zones of species-rich neutral/acidic grassland, interspersed with acidic flushes. The drier grassland tends to be dominated by {\it Festuca ovina}, but {\it Danthonia decumbens, Nardus stricta} and {\it Anthoxanthum odoratum} are abundant, with {\it Briza media} and {\it Cynosurus cristatus} also common. Abundant herbs include {\it Succisa pratensis, Sanguisorba officinalis, Stachys officinalis, Potentilla erecta} and {\it Galium saxatile}. 

Locally the grassland grades to an acidic sward with {\it Calluna vulgaris, Lathyrus montanus} and {\it Pedicularis sylvatica}; or to a more calcicolous type with {\it Leontodon hispidus, Galium verum} and {\it Sanguisorba minor}. The great diversity of species is striking and unusual for this type of grassland. Of additional note is the occurrence of {\it Silaum silaus} and {\it Serratula tinctoria}, both plants characteristic of unimproved grassland and here approaching the northern limit of their British distribution. Also found are {\it Polygonum viviparum}, a species normally associated with open mountain grassland and the uncommon {\it Pseudorchis albida}. 

The drier grassland grades into the calcareous flushes, which have higher proportions of {\it Carex} spp. (incl. {\it Carex nigra, C. pulicaris, C. panicea}), and {\it Juncus} spp. (incl. {\it Juncus effusus, J. acutiflorus, J. articulatus}), but are most notable for the nationally scarce (NS) {\it Primula farinosa}, plus {\it Valeriana dioica}. Other species present include {\it Pinguicula vulgaris, Cirsium heterophyllum, Salix repens, Antennaria dioica, Gymnadenia conopsea, Gentianella campestris, Listera ovata, Orchis mascula, Caltha palustris, Primula veris, Pinguicula vulgaris, Geranium sylvaticum, Thymus drucei, Alchemilla vulgaris?, Vaccinium myrtillus, Centaurea nigra, Stachys officinalis, Deschampsia cespitosa, Sphagnum} spp., {\it Dactylorhiza maculata} and {\it D. purpurella}.  

N.B. Nationally Scarce = species recorded from between 16 - 100 ten km squares of the Ordnance Survey grid (JNCC, 1994).
  
One area of grassland immediately to the north of the road was viewed during the present survey (see photo location). This had abundant {\it Festuca ovina, Euphrasia officinalis} agg., {\it Lotus corniculatus, Carex caryophyllea} and {\it Agrostis capillaris}, locally abundant {\it Achillea millefolium, Thymus} sp., {\it Pilosella officinarum} and {\it Sanguisorba minor}, frequent {\it Plantago media, P. lanceolata, Centaurea nigra, Trifolium pratense, Briza media, Cynosurus cristatus, Carex flacca} and {\it Potentilla erecta}, plus locally occasional {\it Alchemilla} sp., {\it Sanguisorba officinalis, Calluna vulgaris} and {\it Stachys officinalis}. The ground has an undulating surface and could derive from old quarrying activity. In the "hollows" were noted plants such as {\it Juncus inflexus, Senecio aquaticus, Ranunculus flammula, Cirsium arvense, Succisa pratensis} and {\it Achillea ptarmica}. Occasional small bushes of {\it Crataegus monogyna} and small trees of {\it Fraxinus excelsior} were noted locally within this area. 

The grassland continues north-eastwards along the roadside, but the verge narrows and this then gives way to dense scrub of {\it Ulex europaeus, C. monogyna, Rubus idaeus, R. fruticosus} agg. and {\it Prunus spinosa}. To the south of the common, outside the SSSI boundary, is further neutral grassland, plus occasional outcrops of limestone, with scattered small patches of scrub and trees of {\it P. spinosa, C. monogyna, F. excelsior} and {\it Acer pseudoplatanus}.

MANAGE:
The common is grazed by cattle (and possibly occasionally also by sheep). Rabbits are also present. It is contiguous with, but probably fenced from CL 107W. The principal road which runs SW-NE across the common is protected by cattle grids. The site is clearly recorded as being one of outstanding botanical merit. Unfortunately there was insufficient time during the present survey to determine whether the common retains all of its diversity, but there are likely to be further monitoring records available. The site seems to have had a long history of grazing and this would appear to be essential in maintaining the value of the site, although the numbers of stock present and the times of year are probably quite critical. Parts of the common have a complex microtopography, possibly resulting from past quarrying activity (limestone?). These features appear to be partly responsible for some of the botanical diversity, creating a diverse mosaic of neutral, with slightly calcicolous and acidic conditions, plus wet and dry areas.


VEG:
The common lies just to the north of the hamlet of Little Asby. It lies entirely within an SSSI: The Little Asby Inrakes and Outrakes. The name derives from the two fields which make up the site: to the north-west, the "Inrakes", which lie on this CL unit and to the south-east, the "Outrakes", which form part of the contiguous CL 106W. The area was covered by the Cumbria Phase 1 survey in 1979/82. This makes reference also to records held at the Cumbria Wildlife Trust. 

The common, which the Phase 1 survey maps as a sward of neutral grassland, was not visited during the present survey. The SSSI citation gives the impression that all of the interesting plants lie in the "Outrakes" portion (i.e. on CL 106W and not on this CL unit). There is no discussion of why the "Inrakes" (i.e. this CL unit) were included in the SSSI boundary, or any description of what plants are found here.

MANAGE:
The common is contiguous with, but appears fenced from CL 106W. It is probably grazed by sheep and cattle. It may be as botanically diverse as the contiguous common, but a full survey is needed to investigate this.


FAUNA:
Noted during site visit were: willow warbler, buzzard. 

The SSSI, which includes part of the common, has an entry in the Invertebrate Site Register. This includes most of Ennerdale Water itself, but also takes in much of the woodland along the southern shore, and includes the lower portion of the common. The entry is Grade B - these are sites considered to be of regional importance for invertebrate conservation, equivalent to SSSI status on grounds of invertebrate interest. 

Most of the records relate to the lake itself. However, there are some records from the terrestrial habitat. These include a number of Lepidoptera (butterflies and moths) - speckled yellow {\it Pseudopanthera macularia}, a nationally rare species; small pearl-bordered fritillary {\it Boloria selene}, Mother Shipton {\it Callistege mi}, green hairstreak {\it Callophrys rubi}, holly blue {\it Celastrina argiolus} and dingy skipper {\it Erynnis tages}, all local species. It is not clear, however, which records relate specifically to the common.

VEG:
The common comprises a portion of the northern slope of Ennerdale Fell, running from the SE corner of the lake itself, to an altitude of about 380m up the slope. As such, it offers a cross-section of the various habitats which run along the valley side. 

The lower portion of the common lies within the boundary of the Ennerdale Water SSSI (see map). There is no significant target noted information available from the Phase 1 survey. The common was inspected from the footpath along the lake shore, with the habitats up the hillside being viewed through binoculars.  

Crossing the common, about half way up, is a strip of semi-natural broadleaved woodland. Part of this is shown in the Cumbria Ancient Woodland Inventory to be "Ancient" in origin (i.e. continuously wooded or in continuous use as woodland since 1600 AD). It forms part of a larger stand which runs north-westwards along the valley. This feature, known as Side Wood, lies within the SSSI, and is one of the best examples of upland {\it Betula} sp. - {\it Quercus petraea} woodland in West Cumbria. It posesses a rich bryophtye flora, with a number of uncommon species, and is also noted for its lichen communities, particularly the rare {\it Ochrolechia inversa}, which is abundant on trees of {\it Betula} sp, and far more plentiful here than its other Lake District locations in Borrowdale. The dominant tree type on that portion of the wood present on the common appeared to be {\it Betula pendula}.  

Up-slope from the wooded area is dry dwarf shrub heath dominated by {\it Calluna vulgaris}.  The {\it Calluna} was classified during the 1989 condition survey as Grade 5 (i.e. more than 75 per cent cover) and 30 (25)cm tall. At the time of the present visit, bracken {\it Pteridium aquilinum} appears to have invaded some of this area since the Phase 1 survey, especially at the top of the slope. In addition, trees of {\it B. pendula} are colonising up-slope from the woodland boundary. The {\it Calluna} looks like a mature sward, probably ungrazed, and within it are occasional plants of {\it Erica cinerea} and {\it Vaccinium myrtillus}. 

Below the woodland is an area of dense bracken, punctuated by rock outcrops, with scattered trees of {\it Sorbus aucuparia, Betula pendula} and {\it Crataegus monogyna}. 

Just inland from the lake is a small basin supporting an attractive mire. This appears to be one of a number of features within the SSSI, formed at the head of the lake behind an interrupted shingle spit. This is dominated by {\it Molinia caerulea}, with abundant {\it Narthecium ossifragum} and {\it Sphagnum papillosum}, locally abundant {\it Trichophorum cespitosum}, frequent {\it Erica tetralix} and occasional {\it Carex panicea, C. binervis, Juncus squarrosus, Drosera rotundifolia} and {\it Eriophorum angustifolium}. Wet channels also have {\it Sphagnum auriculatum} and {\it S. palustre}. Occasional individuals of {\it Dactylorhiza maculata}. This vegetation appears to be of NVC type M21.

MANAGE:
The common appears ungrazed. The boundary walls appear intact. The site is interesting in that it provides a cross-section through the different habitat types along the northern flanks of Ennerdale Fell. The {\it Calluna} heath may be in the process of invasion both by bracken, and birch trees. Further monitoring of this situation is recommended. The small basin mire is an attractive feature, with an impressive display of {\it Narthecium ossifragum} (bog asphodel) at the time of the site visit.


FAUNA:
No fauna noted during brief site visit. The SSSI as a whole is a Grade B site on the Invertebrate Site Register. These are sites of regional importance, equivalent to SSSI status on grounds of invertebrate interest. The site supports an impressive and rich waterbeetle (Coleoptera) fauna, many of the species found are typical of poorer, more acid bog conditions e.g. the nationally notable {\it Acilius canaliculatus}. In addition the whirlygigg beetle {\it Gyrinus natator} has been recorded here. This is one of only two English stations for the species, although the record researched is an old one. A number of rare and notable flies (Diptera) have also been recorded, including species typical of this type of habitat; this includes the endangered cranefly {\it Limnophila fasciata} and three other RDB species - {\it Acrometopia wahlbergi, Hercostomus angustifrons} and {\it Tetanocera freyi}. 

The area around and including the Moss is considered to be of county significance for breeding birds (BTO site register).

VEG:
The common lies some 4 miles SE of Penrith. The Cumbria Phase 1 survey provides a detailed habitat map of the area (1984). The common also forms the major portion of the Cliburn Moss SSSI (see map); this is also listed in "A Nature Conservation Review" (ed. D.A. Ratcliffe, 1977). Only a very brief visit was made to the site, by walking along the public footpath which runs across the western end. 

The moss is essentially a basin mire. This supports a mosaic of fen, bog, wet grassland and heathland types. However, the most striking visual character is one of woodland, as much of the site has been more or less densely colonised by self-seeded trees of {\it Pinus sylvestris} and {\it Betula} sp. The main interest centres on the wetter communities of old peat cuttings. There is also open water in the form of flooded hollows in the peat cuttings; a system of old ditches and drains; and a small artificial pond.

The old peat cuttings support a 'poor fen' vegetation in the hollows, with a more acidic, bog vegetation on ridges of peat. The poor fen is dominated by {\it Carex lasiocarpa, C. rostrata, Menyanthes trifoliata} and {\it Potentilla palustris}, with 'brown mosses' such as {\it Scorpidium scorpidioides} and {\it Calliergon giganteum}. Other species present include {\it Carex diandra, C. limosa, C. pseudocyperus, Dactylorhiza purpurella} and {\it D. incarnata}. Patches of open or seasonal water hold {\it Utricularia minor, Eleogiton fluitans, Catabrosa aquatica} and {\it Sparganium minimum}. 

The vegetation of the peat ridges has {\it Eriophorum vaginatum, E. angustifolium, Trichophorum cespitosum, Erica tetralix, Calluna vulgaris} and {\it Sphagnum} spp. (incl. {\it S. papillosum} and {\it S. magellanicum}). 

In drier parts of the site the ground flora is more like heathland with {\it Calluna, Vaccinium myrtillus, Empetrum nigrum} and locally, {\it Myrica gale}. Further uncommon plant species recorded from the site include {\it Goodyera repens} (NS), plus {\it Vaccinium uliginosum, Listera cordata, Osmunda regalis, Genista anglica, Trollius europaeus}, the moss {\it Hypnum imponens} and the lichen {\it Cladonia rangiferina}.

N.B. NS = nationally scarce: species recorded from between 16 - 100 ten km squares of the Ordnance Survey Grid.

The area to the west of the public footpath was viewed through binoculars during the present survey. This was found to have a central area of wet heath of {\it Calluna vulgaris} and occasional {\it Erica tetralix} plus locally frequent {\it Molinia caerulea, Deschampsia flexuosa} and {\it Juncus squarrosus} and possibly {\it Carex nigra}. Frequent small seedlings of {\it Betula} sp. were also seen. Along the edge of the track is marshy grassland dominated by {\it Juncus effusus} with frequent {\it M. caerulea} and locally frequent {\it Succisa pratensis}. 

To the south is a strip of neutral grassland dominated by {\it Arrhenatherum elatius}. To the north is developing woodland of {\it Betula} sp. with occasional {\it Sorbus aucuparia} and {\it Salix cinerea}. Also noted in this area were {\it J. effusus, Phalaris arundinacea, Filipendula ulmaria} and {\it Galeopsis tetrahit}. To the east of the track, an area shown as marshy grassland on the Phase 1 map is now {\it Betula} sp. woodland.

MANAGE:
The SSSI is managed by English Nature, although it has not been designated as a National Nature Reserve. The main problems identified in managing the site are water table fluctuations, shading from encroaching scrub and trees, and eutrophication from agricultural runoff draining into the basin. Thus the ideal management objectives are aimed at addressing the above issues and to encourage and enhance the populations of rare invertebrate and plant species. Particular attention has been given to the hydroligical characteristics of the site, with a new drainage system having been proposed. This would both attempt to maintain water levels and prevent nutrient-rich water from entering the basin. A further major requirement is the clearance of trees and scrub. The portion of the common to the west of the track is apparently grazed by sheep, and a barbed wire fence has been erected along the track.


FAUNA:
No information available on fauna relating specifically to this particular common, which was not visited during the course of the present survey.

VEG:
The common comprises three small parcels of land peripheral to the western fringe of the much larger CL 11C. Due to severe constraints on available fieldwork time, it was not possible to visit any of these areas during the course of the present survey. Basic habitat information has been taken from the Cumbria Phase 1 survey, which does not provide any specific target notes.

1. GR NY 163 228. A small strip of land which includes areas of acidic grassland and acidic/neutral flush.

2. GR NY 174 173 - SSSI portion. The site of a small disued quarry. Shown to be dense bracken {\it Pteridium aquilinum}. Also includes a small enclosure of improved grassland.

3. GR NY 178 169. The greater portiuon comprises a small block of conifer plantation - {\it Larix decidua} and {\it Pinus sylvestris}. There is also a small block of broadleaved woodland dominated by {\it Fagus sylvatica}.
 
Ideally, all portions of the common should be properly surveyed.

For a more detailed account of habitats on the adjacent open fell, please refer to the site description for the contiguous CL 11C.

MANAGE:
The various elements of the common are probably open to grazing by sheep from the contiguous CL 11C.

The common lies within the Lake District Environmentally Sensitive Area (ESA). This has been designated because of the outstanding environmental importance of the fells and valleys of the area. For reasons of confidentiality it has not been possible in this project to identify whether or not an individual common has been entered into the ESA scheme. However, for a general summary of the approximate area of Cumbrian Common Land covered by ESA agreements (as at 1995), please refer to the main report.


VEG:
This common is an extensive area of upland fell, forming part of the North Pennine range of hills which flanks the eastern edge of Cumbria. All of the common lies within the Appleby Fells SSSI (see map under CL5W). The Appleby Fells site is also listed in "A Nature Conservation Review" (ed. D.A. Ratcliffe, 1977).

The Pennine uplands rise sharply along a scarp slope to the eastern side of the Eden Valley. This is incised by a number of deeply dissected valleys. To the east of this lies a plateau area which has seen extensive development of blanket peat. The underlying geology is largely of Carboniferous sandstones and limestones, which have marked influences on the vegetation of the area. There is also significant geological interest, with exposures of the Great Whin Sill, an igneous Dolerite intrusion. The site was mapped mainly using the Cumbria Phase 1 survey. The following description of the site is based on the SSSI schedule for the Appleby Fells, there being insufficient time to visit the area.

The most extensive habitat type is the blanket peat which occupies much of the plateau area. This is predominantly of a type dominated by {\it Eriophorum vaginatum} and {\it Calluna vulgaris}, generally showing little evidence of erosion (in contrast to more southerly parts of the Pennine chain). However, areas of actively growing mire are rather restricted, although there are a few extensive areas with hummocks of {\it Sphagnum papillosum} and {\it S. magellanicum}, interspersed with bog pools colonised by {\it Sphagnum cuspidatum, Narthecium ossifragum} and {\it Drosera rotundifolia}. In parts, the blanket mire also has abundant {\it Rubus chamaemorus} and {\it Vaccinium vitis-idaea}. There are smaller areas of degraged mire, mapped as dry modified bog and acidic grassland, dominated by {\it Eriophorum vaginatum} and {\it Juncus squarrosus}. 

Throughout the altitudinal range of the Appleby Fells, especially at the margins of the blanket mire, are numerous base-rich flushes. These are distinctly rich in carices, with {\it Carex nigra, C. pulicaris, Carex viridula} subsp. {\it brachyrrhyncha} and {\it Carex diocia}. Other less common plants occurring at their highest English locations include {\it Primula farinosa} (NS) and {\it Epilobium alsinifolium}. Others of a more montane distribution include {\it Myosotis stolonifera} (NS), {\it Saxifraga hirculus} (NR), plus {\it Epilobium anagallidifolium} and {\it S. aizoides}.  

NB. NS = Nationally Scarce; i.e. species recorded from between 16 - 100 ten km squares of the Ordnance Survey grid; NR = Nationally Rare; i.e. species recorded from 15 or fewer 10 km squares.

Around the hilltops of the plateau, along the valleys which dissect this and  also along the western scarp slope, the blanket peat gives way to a range of other habitats, most prominent of which is acidic grassland. This is mainly dominated either by {\it Nardus stricta} or {\it Juncus squarrosus} and locally by {\it Agrostis capillaris, Festuca ovina} and {\it Deschampsia flexuosa}. Other associates include {\it Potentilla erecta} and {\it Galium saxatile}. In some areas this vegetation has an element of dwarf shrubs, mostly {\it Vaccinium myrtillus} and occasionally {\it Calluna vulgaris} and {\it Empetrum nigrum}, generally present as a mosaic within the grassland, but occasionally taking the form of discrete heath vegetation. This vegetation is well-developed on some of the gritstone boulder screes which occur on the western scarp slope. Mosses present include {\it Hypnum cupressiforme, Pleurozium schreberi} and {\it Dicranum scoparium}.

Locally throughout the site there are outcrops of Carboniferous Limestone,  features which are well-represented on this common, including small areas of limestone pavement. In association with these have developed areas of calcicolous grassland. In places they resemble those found around Tailbridge Hill to the south, being formed over limestone pavement and thus forming a microtopography of hummocks and hollows. This grassland is dominated by {\it Festuca ovina} with other associates such as {\it Sesleria caerulea} (NS) {\it Koeleria cristata} and {\it Thymus polytrichus} plus, less commonly, {\it Saxifraga hypniodes, Viola lutea, Botrychium lunaria} and {\it Galium sterneri}. Species confined to or typical of northern montane habitats include  {\it Gentiana verna} and {\it Myosotis alpestris} (both NR), plus {\it Cochlearia officinalis}.

N.B. For {\it Myosotis alpestris}, the Appleby Fells are its only known English location, while {\it G. verna} is only recorded within Britain from the Northern Pennines. 

Another form of {\it Agrostis/Festuca} grassland occurs along steep, partially scree-covered slopes around limestone scars. Here {\it S. caerulea} dominates with {\it Carex caryophyllea, C. flacca, Thymus polytrichus} and {\it Galium sterneri}. Other notable and characteristic associates include {\it Linum catharticum, Saxifraga tridactylites, Helianthemum nummularium, Carlina vulgaris} and the nationally rare (NR) {\it Viola rupestris}. The Appleby Fells are for the last named, one of only three British localities. On less-stable screes where grazing is minimal, a different flora develops composed of montane calcicolous fern species - {\it Gymnocarpium robertianum} (NS), plus {\it Cryptogramma crispa, Asplenium viride} and {\it Cystopteris fragilis}. 

Tall herb ledge vegetation is a further important feature of the Appleby Fells. This occurs on the ungrazed crags and ledges as well as on some of the steeper, inaccessible screes. The richest vegetation occurs on limestone rock, or ledges flushed by base-rich water. Many "uncommon" species are locally dominant, including {\it Minuartia verna} and {\it Thlaspi caerulescens} (both NS), plus {\it Pimpinella saxifraga, Hypericum montanum, Draba incana, Thalictrum minus} and {\it Cochlearia pyrenacia}. A similar vegetation is also found on the shallow limestone pavement on Middle Fell, which lies mainly on this common and on Musgrave Scar, which lies to the south, outside the CL boundary. Here, woodland species, such as {\it Mercurialis perennis, Geranium robertianum, Mycelis murails} and {\it Phyllitis scolopendrium} are found in the deeper 'grikes'. 

On the more acidic sandstone, gritstone or Whin Sill ledges, an acidic flora has developed, dominated by {\it Teucrium scorodonia, Dryopteris dilatata, Calluna vulgaris} and {\it Empetrum nigrum}. In some instances this is overtopped by a dwarf canopy of {\it Sorbus aucuparia, Ulmus} sp., {\it Crataegus monogyna} and, on the more basic crags, the nationally scarce (NS) {\it Sorbus rupicola} has been recorded. In addition, there is an excellent range of upland crustose lichens especially on the acidic silaceous rocks: {\it Cladonia} spp., {\it Cornicularia aculeata, Cetraria islandica} and {\it Ptarmica incurva}, the latter being confined to such montane habitats. 

Open water occurs in the Appleby Fells in the form of several upland streams and as peat pools and some larger tarns on peat (the best examples occurring on CL 81W). The range of upland streams cutting through basic and acidic strata is important and although little-studied, they are likely to support valued and characteristic algal and invertebrate communities. This is also true of the pools and tarns, which are too acidic to support any significant higher plant vegetation.

Woodland is found as small fragments throughout the site, mostly on the lower fells and along some stream sections. Most of this appears to lie outside the boundaries of any common land. However, the SSSI citation mentions a mixed {\it Quercus petraea-Betula} sp. woodland which occurs on Warcop Fell (i.e. this common - but not shown on the Phase 1 map). The ground flora is dominated by grasses and {\it Hyacinthoides non-scripta} with occasional wet fen areas characterised by {\it Viola palustris, Cardamine pratensis, Juncus conglomeratus} and {\it J. effusus}. Uncommon lichens include {\it Pertusaria leioplaca} and {\it P. hemisphaerica} (the last-named being a species with a markedly southern distribution).


FAUNA:
The Moor House and Cross Fell SSSI as a whole is of regional importance for its upland breeding birds, with more than 40 species recorded. These include important breeding populations of merlin, peregrine, buzzard, kestrel, raven, short-eared owl, golden plover, dunlin, common sandpiper, lapwing, redshank, curlew and snipe. The latter four wading species nest here at thier highest recorded elevations in Britain. There are passage records for golden eagle, hen harrier and snow bunting.

VEG:
The common lies on the North Pennine fringe to the east of the county. The vegetation map has been based partly on the Cumbria Phase 1 survey (1983) and partly on a (1984) upland vegetation survey by NCC which used the Birks and Ratcliffe classification. Other sources include a 1985 heather condition survey and aerial photographs (1992). There was insufficient time to visit the common. For a map showing the boundary of the Moor House and Cross Fell SSSI, within which this common lies, see under CL 5W.

The underlying geology comprises mainly Carboniferous sandstones, mudstones and limestones which variously affect the overlying vegetation. The greater part of the site comprises the undulating dip slope to the east of Melmerby Scar. This supports extensive areas of blanket mire dominated by {\it Eriophorum vaginatum} and {\it Calluna vulgaris}. This is the most extensive habitat type occurring within the SSSI. For a fuller account of its general features, see under CL 5W. The cover of {\it Calluna} on the blanket mire of CL 124C is recorded at above 75 per cent, although in the area around and to the north of Hard Rigg Edge, the cover is much lower. The aerial photorgaphs show that the portion to the north-east has been gripped and numerous burnt strips are evident. 

Around the edges of the deep peat, along the valley sides of Rowgill Burn, Black Burn and Snittergill Burn, this vegetation gives way to a mosaic of wet heath/acidic grassland, and elsewhere to a pure acidic grassland sward.
Along the western edge of the common the blanket mire gives way to acidic grassland dominated by {\it Nardus stricta, Juncus squarrosus, Agrostis capillaris} and {\it Festuca ovina}. Locally there are also areas of dry heath with acidic boulders/scree dominated by {\it Vaccinium myrtillus} and abundant lichens, plus locally frequent {\it Empetrum nigrum}. In the area around GR NY 656 380, this heath also appears to have {\it Calluna vulgaris} present.

At GR NY 640 383 is an area of vegetation comprising tussocks of {\it Eriophorum vaginatum} with {\it E. angustifolium} in between. Peat depth is less than 0.5m and there are large patches of bare peat. {\it Vaccinium myrtillus} and {\it Juncus squarrosus} occur on the higher ground, but {\it Sphagnum} mosses are absent. This description appears to relate to an extremely degraded area of blanket mire progressing to grassland.

At the top of the scarp slope, along the western edge of the common there is outcropping limestone along Melberby High Scar. This has not been target noted.

MANAGE:
The common is grazed by sheep. No information relating to the grazing regime has been found. Significant parts of the blanket mire are also managed as grouse moor and have been burnt in strips. Burning of heather on deep peat is thought to have an adverse effect on such habitats: e.g. it may encourage erosion. 

Large areas to the north-east have also been gripped. This describes the process of cutting a system of parallel drains into the surface of the peat. This activity was carried out extensively in the 1970s, encouraged by a system of grants. Research by the Game Conservancy Trust has shown that the grips have little effect on the hydrology of the blanket mire surface, apart from a localised lowering of the water table in the immediate vicinity of the grips themselves.


VEG:
The common lies on the North Pennine fringe, to the east of the county. The vegetation map has been based partly on the Cumbria Phase 1 survey (1983) and partly on a 1984 upland vegetation survey by NCC, which used the Birks and Ratcliffe classification. Other sources include a 1985 heather condition survey and aerial photographs (1992). There was insufficient time to visit the common during the course of the present project. For a map showing the boundary of the Moor House and Cross Fell SSSI, within which this common lies, see under CL 5W.

The underlying geology comprises mainly Carboniferous sandstones, mudstones and limestones which variously affect the overlying vegetation. The greater part of the site comprises an undulating dip slope to the north of Cross Fell, dissected by several valleys draining in a north-easterly direction. This area supports extensive areas of blanket mire characterised variously by {\it Eriophorum vaginatum, E. angustifolium, Trichophorum cespitosum, Calluna vulgaris, Empetrum nigrum} and {\it Vaccinium myrtillus}. This is the most extensive habitat type occurring within the SSSI and retains a good representation of {\it Sphagnum} mosses. For a fuller account of its general features, see under CL 5W. Recorded at GR NY 693 365 is {\it Rubus chamaemorus} (1983), but described as "very local". 

The cover of {\it Calluna} on the blanket mire appears to be rather variable. Along the northern edge of the common there appears to be greater than 75 per cent cover; i.e. the area from Stony Rigg (1) running north-eastwards along the southern side of Snittergill Burn (2). Cover is lower to the north of Rigg End (3), quite variable on a local scale, but always at less than 50 per cent. Blanket mire to the south and east of the common, however, appears to have little or no {\it Calluna}.

The aerial photorgaphs show that several areas have been gripped, while at (2), numerous burnt strips are evident. Around the edges of the deep peat and along the dissecting valley sides, this vegetation gives way to a mosaic of wet heath/acidic grassland, and elsewhere to a pure acidic grassland sward. This wet heath is dominated by {\it Erica tetralix, Eriophorum vaginatum} and {\it E. angustifolium}, while the acidic grassland is characterised by {\it Nardus stricta}.

Along the western edge of the common the blanket mire gives way to a mosaic of other habitats. Stony Rigg has an extensive area of {\it Vaccinium myrtillus} heath. Elsewhere there is an acidic grassland sward dominated by {\it Nardus stricta, Juncus squarrosus, Agrostis capillaris} and {\it Festuca ovina}. Locally within this are outcrops of Carboniferous Limestone with associated {\it Agrostis/Festuca} calcicolous grassland. There are no relevant target notes for this particular common, but see under CL 5W for a general description of these features within the SSSI. Black Burn has further areas of calcicolous grassland, target noted at GR NY 693 372 (1983). This has {\it Linum catharticum, Thymus polytrichus, Carex flacca, Briza media} and the nationally scarce (NS) {\it Minuartia verna} - the latter species typically associated with old lead mining spoil heaps within the SSSI. 

N.B. Nationally Scarce (NS) = species recorded from between 16 - 100 ten km squares of the Ordnance Survey grid (JNCC, 1994).

A further feature frequently found throughout the SSSI are flushed areas associated with the calcareous strata. One such is target noted for this common: GR NY 676 368 - Skirwith Fell (1983). "A herb-rich montane flush with {\it Chrysosplenium oppositifolium, Epilobium alsinifolium, Veronica beccabunga, Cochlearia alpina, Alchemilla vestita} and {\it Ranunculus hederaceus}". 

Throughout the SSSI as a whole, particularly at the periphery of the blanket mire, there are in fact a wide range acidic and base-rich flushes. Most of the acidic flushes are typically species-poor and occur along stream and river valleys where there are gleyed peaty silts. These areas are dominated by {\it Juncus effusus} and the mosses {\it Polytrichum commune} and {\it Sphagnum recurvum}. Other flushes however, have a mixed carpet of {\it Sphagnum mosses} with a variety of carices such as {\it Carex nigra, C. curta} and {\it C. echinata}. 

Base-rich fluses are found in areas where the drainage water is influenced by the underlying limestone (these features too small and diffuse to map clearly at the chosen scale of 1:25,000). Many of these communities grade into bryophyte-dominated spring and rill communities. Carices are common with other local and rare species such as {\it Saxifraga hirculus} (NR),  {\it Alopecurus borealis} (NS), plus {\it Selaginella selaginoides, Saxifraga stellaris} and {\it Juncus triglumis}. Brown mosses can be very abundant and include {\it Philonotis fontana, Cratoneuron commutatum} and {\it Scorpidium scorpidioides}.

N.B. NR = Nationally Rare: i.e. species recorded from 15 or fewer ten km squares of the Ordnance Survey Grid (Perring and Farrell, 1983).

MANAGE:
The common is grazed by sheep. No information was found relating to the grazing regime. Significant parts of the blanket mire are also managed as grouse moor and a part to the north has been burnt in strips. Burning of heather on deep peat is thought to have an adverse effect on such habitats: e.g. it may encourage erosion. Large areas of the blanket mire have also been gripped. This describes the process of cutting a system of parallel drains into the surface of the peat. This activity was carried out extensively in the 1970s, encouraged by a system of grants. Research by the Game Conservancy Trust has shown that the grips have little effect on the hydrology of the blanket mire surface, apart from a localised lowering of the water table in the immediate vicinity of the grips themselves.


FAUNA:
The Cross Fell area has a Grade C entry in the Invertebrate Site Register. There is a record for the rove beetle {\it Olophrum assimile} (RDB 1) from the fell. In Britain this species is confined to only a few mountain tops in Cumbria and Scotland. There are numerous old records of other scarce montane beetles, but very little modern information. 

The Moor House and Cross Fell SSSI as a whole is of regional importance for its upland breeding birds, with more than 40 species recorded. These include important breeding populations of merlin, peregrine, buzzard, kestrel, raven, short-eared owl, golden plover, dunlin, common sandpiper, lapwing, redshank, curlew and snipe. The latter four wading species nest here at their highest recorded elevations in Britain. There are passage records for golden eagle, hen harrier and snow bunting.

VEG:
The common lies on the North Pennine fringe, to the east of the county. The vegetation map has been based partly on the Cumbria Phase 1 survey (1983) and partly on an upland vegetation survey by NCC during 1984, which used the Birks and Ratcliffe classification. This common was also visited during the present survey, following the path/bridleway down from the summit of Cross Fell, across High Cap, to the hamlet of Kirkland, on the western boundary. For a map showing the boundary of the Moor House and Cross Fell SSSI, within which this common lies, see under CL 5W.

The underlying geology comprises mainly Carboniferous sandstones, mudstones and limestones which variously affect the overlying vegetation. The eastern portion of the common lies on the northern flank of Cross Fell itself, while to the west, the common also includes a section of the steep scarp slope, overlooking the Eden Valley. 

The less steeply-sloping ground of the common has seen the development of blanket peat, the most extensive habitat type within the SSSI as a whole. Most of this is dominated by {\it Eriophorum vaginatum} and {\it Calluna vulgaris}, with a good cover of {\it Sphagnum mosses}. Other associates include {\it Eriophorum angustifolium, Trichophorum cespitosum, Drosera rotundifolia, Empetrum nigrum, Vaccinium myrtillus} and {\it Erica tetralix}. More localised are {\it Vaccinium vitis-idaea} and {\it Rubus chamaemorus}. 

To the western side of the plateau there are areas where {\it Spahgnum} is much reduced and {\it E. vaginatum} and {\it Juncus squarrosus} dominate, with few dwarf shrubs being present. These areas have been mapped as dry modified bog (locally present with acidic grassland). Peat erosion and "hagging" are features of the more severely degraded areas of blanket peat. Several such areas were crossed or noted during the present survey, with particularly significant erosion of peat by walkers and motorcycles along the path, revealing a peat depth of 1.0-1.5m (possibly 2.0m locally).

After blanket peat, acidic grassland is the second-most extensive habitat type present on the common. This is the main habitat type on the scarp slope to the west, dominated mainly either by {\it Nardus stricta} or {\it Juncus squarrosus}. Smaller areas of species-poor {\it Agrostis/Festuca} grassland are also present. Similar grassland occurs in the valleys which dissect the eastern side of the plateau, while {\it Juncus squarrosus} dominates the acidic grassland which has developed around and within the areas of eroding blanket mire.

Surrounding the summit plateau of Cross Fell itself are extensive gritstone boulder screes, amongst which the moss {\it Racomitrium lanuginosum} is abundant. Other species found amongst these screes include the moss {\it Pohlia nutans}, the leafy liverwort {\it Diplophyllum albicans} and the lichens {\it Parmelia alpicola, P. incurva} and various {\it Umbilicaria} species. 

A further feature of the western scarp slope are localised outcrops of Carboniferous Limestone. Associated with these are species-rich calcicolous grasslands with {\it Agrostis capillaris, Festuca ovina} and {\it Sesleria caerulea}. Other associates include {\it Carex caryophyllea, Thymus polytrichus, Galium sterneri} and {\it Linum catharticum}. In addition, several montane and submontane and otherwise notable species are also present:  {\it Gentiana verna} and {\it Myosotis alpestris} (both nationally rare - NR), {\it Carex capillaris, Minuartia verna} and {\it Phleum alpinum} (all nationally scarce - NS), in addition to {\it Galium boreale, Antennaria dioica, Viola lutea} and {\it Gentianella amarella}.

N.B. Nationally Scarce (NS): species recorded from bewteen 16 - 100 ten km squares of the Ordnance Survey grid (JNCC, 1994). Nationally Rare (NR): species recorded from 15 or fewer 10km squares (Perring and Farrell, 1983).

Throughout the SSSI, particularly at the periphery of the blanket mire, there are important acidic and base-rich flushes. Most of the acidic flushes are typically species-poor and occur along stream and river valleys where there are gleyed peaty silts. These areas are dominated by {\it Juncus effusus} and the mosses {\it Polytrichum commune} and {\it Sphagnum recurvum}. Other flushes however, have a mixed carpet of {\it Sphagnum} mosses with a cariety of carices such as {\it Carex nigra, C. curta} and {\it C. echinata}. 

Base-rich fluses are found in areas where the drainage water is influenced by the underlying limestone, for example, on this common, below the cap of Cross Fell (these features too small and diffuse to map clearly at the chosen scale of 1:25,000). Many of these communities grade into bryophyte-dominated spring and rill communities. Carices are common with other local and rare species such as {\it Saxifraga hirculus} (NR), {\it Alopecurus borealis} (NS), plus {\it Selaginella selaginoides, Saxifraga stellaris} and {\it Juncus triglumis}. Brown mosses can be very abundant and include {\it Philonotis fontana, Cratoneuron commutatum} and {\it Scorpidium scorpidioides}.

Lead mining has occurred in the past throughout the site, with examples to the east of this common. Many of the spoil heaps are botanically interesting, supporting {\it Minuatria verna} and {\it Thlaspi caerulescens} (both NS), {\it Cochlearia alpina} and {\it Gentianella amarella}.

MANAGE:
The common is grazed by sheep. The vegetation is markedly affected by the grazing patterns. For example, acessible areas of palatable base-rich grassland and flush tend to be very heavily grazed. In addition, selective grazing of dwarf shrub vegetation has encouraged the spread of unpalatable species such as {\it Eriophorum vaginatum} on the more accessible areas of blanket mire, {\it Nardus stricta} on acidic grassland and {\it Juncus squarrosus} onto both habitats. Conversely, the more remote areas of blanket mire are only very slightly grazed. 

Other factors besides the overall stocking levels, such as the flocking behaviour of sheep, shepherding, location of supplementary feeding, the points of entry onto the common for stock, and whether sheep are kept on the fell over the winter, all have siginifcant impacts on the effect of livestock on the vegetation of the site. There is probably also grouse shooting on parts of the common.

As mentioned elswehere, the track/path up to Cross Fell appears to be used by motorbikers and also possibly 4-wheel drive vehicles (as a route across the hills to Alston), and this is leading to a significant erosion problem across some of the areas of blanket mire.


FAUNA:
The Cross Fell area has a Grade C entry in the Invertebrate Site Register. There is a record for the rove beetle {\it Olophrum assimile} (RDB 1) from the fell. In Britain this species is confined to only a few mountain tops in Cumbria and Scotland. There are numerous old records of other scarce montane beetles, but very little modern information. 

The Moor House and Cross Fell SSSI as a whole is of regional importance for its upland breeding birds, with more than 40 species recorded. These include important breeding populations of merlin, peregrine, buzzard, kestrel, raven, short-eared owl, golden plover, dunlin, common sandpiper, lapwing, redshank, curlew and snipe. The latter four wading species nest here at thier highest recorded elevations in Britain. There are passage records for golden eagle, hen harrier and snow bunting.

VEG:
The common lies on the North Pennine fringe, to the east of the county. The vegetation map has been based partly on the Cumbria Phase 1 survey (1983) and partly on a 1984 upland vegetation survey by NCC, which used the Birks and Ratcliffe classification. This common was also visited during the present survey, following the path/bridleway from the hamlet of Blencarn, along the southern edge of the common, to the summit of Cross Fell itself, and then proceeding northwards onto CL 126C. For a map showing the boundary of the Moor House and Cross Fell SSSI, within which this common lies, see under CL 5W.

The underlying geology comprises mainly Carboniferous sandstones, mudstones and limestones which variously affect the overlying vegetation. The eastern portion of the common is dominated by the summit plateau of Cross Fell (the highest point of the North Pennines), while to the west, the land slopes towards the scarp-edge of the North Pennine Hills, overlooking the Eden Valley. 

The fairly steeply sloping western flanks of Cross Fell are mainly dominated by acidic grassland. Less-steep areas have small pockets of degraded blanket mire, possibly eroded remnants of a more well-developed complex of blanket peat. This is species-poor and dominated by {\it Eriophorum vaginatum}. Generally lacking any significant component of {\it Sphagnum} mosses, this has been placed in the Phase 1 category of 'E18' - dry modified bog.
 
The acidic grassland of these western slopes is generally species-poor and dominated by {\it Nardus stricta}, with {\it Juncus squarrosus} present locally. Toward the lower portion of the scarp slope there are localised outcrops of calcicolous strata, which have allowed the development of a more species-rich, calcicolous grassland sward, dominated by {\it Agrostis capillaris, Festuca ovina} and, locally {\it Sesleria caerulea} (NS). 

Noted from such features within the SSSI as a whole are {\it Carex caryophyllea, Thymus praecox, Galium sterneri} and {\it Linum catharticum}. 

In addition, several montane and submontane and otherwise notable species are also present:  {\it Gentiana verna} and {\it Myosotis alpestris} (both nationally rare - NR), {\it Carex capillaris, Minuartia verna} and {\it Phleum alpinum} (all nationally scarce - NS), in addition to {\it Galium boreale, Antennaria dioica, Viola lutea} and {\it Gentianella amarella}.

N.B. Nationally Scarce (NS): species recorded from bewteen 16 - 100 ten km squares of the Ordnance Survey grid (JNCC, 1994). Nationally Rare (NR): species recorded from 15 or fewer 10km squares (Perring and Farrell, 1983).

Surrounding the summit plateau of Cross Fell itself are extensive gritstone boulder screes, amongst which the moss {\it Racomitrium lanuginosum} is abundant. These are described as being the largest area of gritstone scree on any British mountain. Other species found amongst these screes include the moss {\it Pohlia nutans}, the leafy liverwort {\it Diplophyllum albicans} and the lichens {\it Parmelia alpicola, P. incurva} and various {\it Umbilicaria} species.

The summit plateau itself is very wind-swept and exposed. This supports a montane lichen-bryophyte heath belonging to a range of communities. At the NW and SE ends the dominant species are {\it Festuca} spp., {\it Deschampsia flexuosa, Carex bigelowii} and {\it Vaccinium} spp. Small bare patches occur and these recolonise with {\it Festuca ovina, Vaccinium} and various lichens. Other parts of the plateau support a distinct mosaic, with areas dominated by {\it F. ovina} alternating with areas co-dominated by {\it Racomitrium lanuginosum, Festuca} and {\it Carex bigelowii} (NVC type U10)., grading into a sparse rocky acidic grassland sward dominated by {\it Festuca ovina}. Cross Fell in fact supports the best and most extensive area of this habitat type in England. Other species recorded include {\it Galium saxatile, Dicranum fuscescens, D. scoparium, Ditrichum flexicaule, Pohlia nutans, Lophocolea bidentata, Lophozia ventricosa, Ptilidium ciliare, Cetaria aculeata, C. islandica} and {\it Cladonia gracilis}.  

Throughout the SSSI, particularly at the periphery of the blanket mire, there are important acidic and base-rich flushes. Most of the acidic flushes are typically species-poor and occur along stream and river valleys where there are gleyed peaty silts. These areas are dominated by {\it Juncus effusus} and the mosses {\it Polytrichum commune} and {\it Sphagnum recurvum}. Other flushes however, have a mixed carpet of {\it Sphagnum mosses} with a cariety of carices such as {\it Carex nigra, C. curta} and {\it C. echinata}. 

Base-rich flushes are found in areas where the drainage water is influenced by the underlying limestone, for example, on this common, below the cap of Cross Fell (these features too small and diffuse to map clearly at the chosen scale of 1:25,000). Many of these communities grade into bryophyte-dominated spring and rill communities. Carices are common with other local and rare species such as {\it Saxifraga hirculus} (NR), {\it Alopecurus borealis} (NS), plus {\it Selaginella selaginoides, Saxifraga stellaris} and {\it Juncus triglumis}. Brown mosses can be very abundant and include {\it Philonotis fontana, Cratoneuron commutatum} and {\it Scorpidium scorpidioides}.

MANAGE:
The common is grazed by sheep. The vegetation has been markedly affected by the grazing patterns. For example, most of the acidic grassland of the western slopes is dominated by species unpalatable to sheep such as {\it Nardus stricta} and {\it Juncus squarrosus}.  Accessible areas of palatable base-rich grassland and flush tend to be very heavily grazed. Grazing by sheep may also be a factor associated with the erosion of blanket peat. 

Other factors, besides the overall stocking levels, such as the flocking behaviour of sheep, shepherding, location of supplementary feeding, the points of entry onto the common for stock, and whether sheep are kept on the fell over the winter, all have siginifcant impacts on the effect of livestock on the vegetation of the site.

As mentioned elswehere, the Pennine Way long distance footpath crosses the summit of Cross Fell. Despite the number of walkers, this path is not significantly eroded, except where it crosses small areas of peat. However, the lack of a defined path may mean that walkers trample a wide area of the montane vegetation of the plateau along the route to the summit. This would also cause disturbance to ground-nesting birds. Numerous cairns are present.


VEG:
The common did not have any significant information available from the Cumbria Phase 1 survey. To the north is a grassy track, which runs south-eastwards along the edge of the common. This has {\it Arrhenatherum elatius, Dactylis glomerata, Polygonum} sp., {\it Rumex obtusifolius, Cirsium arvense, Heracleum sphondylium, Aegopodium podagraria, Anthriscus sylvestris}, with {\it Lolium perenne} along the track itself. Along the edge of this is a line of small trees - {\it Crataegus monogyna, Malus sylvestris, Sambucus nigra, Salix} spp., plus two probably planted individuals of {\it Fraxinus excelsior} and {\it Acer pseudoplatanus} (2.0-3.0m tall). To the side of this is a fenced area which is being used to keep a horse. This has a mix of short improved grassland, with at the far end, a stand of coarse grassland with tall ruderal species - {\it A. elatius, D. glomerata, Heracleum sphondylium, Senecio jacobaea, Urtica dioica} and {\it Cirsium arvense}. This type of vegetation continues a short distance beyond the fenced area, beyond which there is what appears to be a stand of scrubby deciduous woodland - {\it Alnus glutinosa} plus {\it Salix} spp.

MANAGE:
Part of the common is fenced and being used to keep a horse. A mobile caravan was also seen stored in this area. Part of the grassland along the track may have been cut earlier in the summer. Two trees appeared to have been planted.


FAUNA:
Noted during the site visit were: dipper (along Wandale Beck), carrion crow, wren, meadow pipit, blue tit, raven (calling overhead) and large white butterfly.

VEG:
The common lies 8km NE of Sedbergh. It occupies the south and west facing sides of a spur between the River Rawthey and the Wandale Beck. The whole of the common coincides with the Murthwaite Park SSSI. 

The main feature is a relict woodland which is uncommon in this part of Cumbria. This is identified as "Ancient Semi-natural Woodland" in the Cumbria Ancient Woodland Inventory. These are woodlands which are thought to have existed since at least the year 1600 AD. The woodland composition varies considerably over the site, largely as a result of changes in soil wetness and base status. {\it Betula} sp. and {\it Corylus avellana} woodland is the most extensive stand type, especially on the drier and more acidic upper slopes. Downslope, as soil moisture and base status increase, {\it Fraxinus excelsior} becomes more abundant and there are also areas of {\it Alnus glutinosa. Quercus petraea} is largely restricted to one small area in the south of the wood, apparently as the result of selective removal from the {\it Quercus} sp.,/{\it F. excelsior,/C. avellana} woodland which would naturally be expected on such a site.  

Adjacent to the two streams on the wettest and most base-rich soils are strips of {\it F. excelsior/Ulmus glabra} and {\it Prunus padus/A. glutinosa} woodland. 

Clearings within the wooded area are generally occupied by developing {\it Betula} sp. and {\it Salix} sp. scrub. The woodland ground flora is diverse, containing species characteristic of a range of soil conditions and canopy density. Under closed canopy woodland, for example dense {\it C. avellana} coppice, the field layer is rather sparse with species such as {\it Oxalis acetosella, Lysimachia nemorum, Viola riviniana, Sanicula europaea} and {\it Potentilla erecta}. Under a more open canopy, bracken {\it Pteridium aquilinum} and grasses tend to dominate. Areas with more acid soils have {\it Deschampsia flexuosa, Calluna vulgaris} and {\it Vaccinium myrtillus}. 

The great majority of field layer species are however characteristic of wet places. Open marshy areas support {\it Epilobium palustre, Equisetum sylvaticum, Pedicularis sylvatica, Senecio aquaticus, Triglochin palustris} and {\it Viola palustris}, as well as {\it Juncus} spp., {\it Carex} spp. and patches of {\it Sphagnum} spp. mosses. Some of the more nutrient-rich areas have a number of uncommon and attractive species including the nationally scarce (NS) {\it Primula farinosa} plus {\it Trollius europaeus} and {\it Dactylorhiza fuchsii}. 

N.B. Nationally Scarce - species recorded from between 16 - 100 ten km squares of the Ordnance Survey grid (JNCC, 1994).

Additional species noted during the site visit were {\it Agrostis capillaris, Oxalis acetosella, Hyacinthoides non-scripta, Blechnum spicant, Succisa pratensis, Ranunculus flammula, Holcus lanatus, Prunella vulgaris, Veronica beccabunga, Mentha} sp., {\it Stachys sylvatica, Carex viridula} subsp. {\it oedocarpa, Angelica sylvestris, Galium palustre, Juncus effusus, J. acutiflorus}. In addition, a wide variety of mosses were noted: {\it Pseudoscleropodium purum, Pleurozium schreberi, Thuidium tamariscinum, Dicranum majus, Rhytidiadelphus loreus, R. squarrosus, Mnium hornum, Polytrichum formosum, Isothecium myosuroides} and {\it Hypnum mamillatum}. Other trees/shrubs noted were {\it Sorbus aucuparia} and {\it Ilex aquifolium}. 

At the upper edges of the wood there is a gradual transition to acidic grassland, with a scrubby band of {\it Crataegus monogyna} bushes, which has an understorey either of grasses, bracken or {\it Rubus fruticosus} agg. The top of the slope is a more gently-sloping area of acidic grassland. this appears to be mainly dominated by {\it Agrostis capillaris} and {\it Festuca ovina} (NVC type U4) with locally abundant {\it Potentilla erecta} and {\it Galium saxatile} and locally frequent {\it Holcus lanatus} and {\it Danthonia decumbens}. Clumps of {\it Juncus effusus} are also present.

MANAGE:
The whole site, which appears to be an enclosed grazing unit, is grazed by sheep and horses. The latter animals appear to be causing considerable trampling and poaching of the woodland floor. The grazing of the wood appears to be inhibiting natural processes of regeneration - few seedling trees being noted. A number of quite large old hazel coppice stools are present. There are moderate quantities of dead timber on the mature trees, plus fallen branches on the ground - all potential habitat for dead wood invertebrates. The wood also appears to support a varied avifauna and, as there are few other nearby woodlands, appears important in this context.


FAUNA:
Noted during site visit were: swallow, swift, housemartin, blue tit, wren and pied wagtail. 

That part within the SSSI has records from the Invertebrate Site Register. Only the phytophagous Coleoptera (beetles) have been investigated, and two nationally notable weevils associated with oak have been recorded - {\it Acalles ptinoides} and {\it Coelioides ruber}.

VEG:
The common lies on the fell-side to the west of Crummock Water. There is good information on the site from a variety of sources, and only a brief visit was made. 

The common includes the Scales Wood SSSI. This is the wooded portion as indicated - the SSSI boundary coinciding almost exactly with this (see map). This is a nationally important example of upland {\it Betula} sp. - {\it Quercus petraea} woodland, a type once widespread in western Britain. It has an oustanding flora of mosses and lichens, including some uncommon "Atlantic" species. The site is also listed in "A Nature Conservation Review" (ed. D.A. Ratcliffe, 1977). This block of woodland is identified as "Ancient Semi-natural Woodland" in the Cumbria Ancient Woodland Inventory, - i.e. woods which are thought to have existed continuously since the year 1600 AD, or have at least been in continuous land-use as woodland. This particular example is the largest and least-modified example of this highly oceanic type of woodland to be found in the Lake District, and more extensive than any Welsh example. The site also includes a narrow strip of damp heathland above the wood, and some small areas of damp grassland and moss-dominated flushes below (these form the main vegetation on the remainder of the common).

The upper heathland mainly comprises {\it Calluna vulgaris} and {\it Vaccinium myrtillus}, with large patches of {\it Sphagnum} spp. mosses, a community which extends into the {\it Betula} sp. dominated woodlands. These grade into {\it Quercus petraea} woodlands further down the hillside, with scattered {\it Sorbus aucuparia} and {\it Ilex aquifolium}. Much of the woodland floor is moss-dominated ({\it Polytrichum, Racomitrium} and {\it Thuidium}), along with grasses: {\it Festuca ovina, Deschampsia flexuosa} and {\it Anthoxanthum odoratum}. Herb species include {\it Hyacinthoides non-scripta, Oxalis acetosella, Galium saxatile} and {\it Potentilla erecta}. Bracken {\it Pteridium aquilinum} is common throughout and dominates clearings. Additional tree species on slightly richer soils at the foot of the slope include {\it Fraxinus excelsior, Ulmus glabra, Corylus avellana, Crataegus monogyna} and {\it Prunus padus}. 

A long history of sheep grazing has left the woodland with no shrub layer and no apparent regeneration of major trees. At the time of the site visit, good amounts of dead timber were seen - standing and fallen dead trees and fallen branches on the woodland floor. 

Small streams and three major stream-ghylls provide additional habitat diversity. These support fern species such as {\it Dryopteris dilatata, D. filix-mas, Gymnocarpium robertianum, Polypodium vulgare} (the latter also epiphytic on tree trunks), plus the uncommon "Atlantic" filmy fern, {\it Hymenophyllum wilsonii}.

The site is of particular interest for its mosses, liverworts and lichens, in particular the epiphytic communities on acid leached bark. Uncommon liverwort species include {\it Plagiochila spinulosa, Scapania gracilis, Bazzania trilobata} and a very rare oceanic moss is present - {\it Sematophyllum novae-caesarae} (unknown elsewhere in England outside Borrowdale). Of the many lichen species, {\it Parmelia saxatilis, Hypogymnia physodes, Sphaerophorous globosus} and the "very rare" {\it Baccidia affinis} (known from only three other English localities) are of particular note. Together these lichens form the best and most extensive example in the Lake District of a lichen community typical of upland, high rainfall oakwoods such as those found in the Scottish Highlands and co-dominated by {\it Parmelia laevigata} and {\it P. taylorensis}.
   
The northern portion of the common is mainly acidic grassland. Unfortunately the Phase 1 survey does not target note its species composition. Throughout this area are small rock outcrops and boulders, small patches of bracken, scattered trees of {\it Betula} sp., and scattered scrub (probably {\it Crataegus monogyna}). 

The most notable feature of this area are several large acidic/neutral flush features, plus some areas mapped as {\it Juncus acutiflorus} marshy grassland. The flushes are also mostly dominated by {\it J. acutiflorus}, with abundant {\it Sphagnum} mosses - {\it S. papillosum, S. capillifolium, S. recurvum} and {\it Polytrichum commune}. Other species recorded include {\it Molinia caerulea, Juncus effusus, J. squarrosus, Drosera rotundifolia, Potentilla erecta, Narthecium ossifragum, Pinguicula vulgaris, Succisa pratensis, Dactylorhiza maculata, Viola palustris, Hydrocotyle vulgaris, Carex echinata, C. panicea, C. binervis, Pedicularis sylvatica} and {\it Festuca vivipara}. At the time of the site visit, abundant flowers of {\it N. ossifragum} were visible.

MANAGE:
The common is grazed by sheep, including Scales Wood. This has restricted the development of a field layer and has hindered any natural regeneration of the wood. However, grazing is thought to enable many of the mosses and liverworts to thrive, by keeping more competitive higher plants under control. 

The footapth has become eroded in places and stone pitching has been done in these areas, probably by the Lake District National Park Authority. 

The common lies within the Lake District Environmentally Sensitive Area (ESA). This has been designated because of the outstanding environmental importance of the fells and valleys of the area. For reasons of confidentiality it has not been possible in this project to identify whether or not an individual common has been entered into the ESA scheme. However, for a general summary of the approximate area of Cumbrian common land covered by ESA agreements (as at 1995), please refer to the main report.


FAUNA:
The Helvellyn and Fairfield SSSI has a good montane avifauna with peregrine falcon, buzzard, raven and ring ouzel recorded as breeding.

Parts of the area to the east of Helvellyn and Fairfield (but not all of that scheduled as SSSI) has a grade C entry in the Invertebrate Site Register. These are sites of potential importance. A number of old records of northern montane invertebrates from a variety of invertebrate orders, but little recent information. The nationally notable mountain ringlet {\it Erebia epiphron} has been noted from this area, making use of the extensive {\it Nardus stricta} grassland slopes (although the available records are all comparatively dated.

A further section of the common lies within an area with ISR records. This is the site known as Glenamara Park/Arison Crag, part of which overlaps the extreme north-eastern tip of the common. This ISR entry is ungraded i.e. either sites recommended to the ISR without supporting species records, sites recorded in the literature as being of interest but unknown to present day entomologists, or other sites where there is insufficient information for evaluation. There is a record for this site for {\it Erebia epiphron} from Arison Crag from 1962.

VEG:
The common runs north-eastwards, on either side of Deepdale, from the summit of Fairfield, towards Patterdale. A significant portion lies within the boundary of the Helvellyn and Fairfield SSSI. This site is listed in "A Nature Conservation Review" (ed. D.A Ratcliffe, 1977) and is also now a proposed Special Protection Area under the EC Habitats Directive. A significant element of the following description has been based on the SSSI citation. The habitat map has been based primarily upon that of the Cumbria Phase 1 survey. A heather condition survey was conducted during 1991. The common was not visited specifically as part of the present survey.

The topography of the area has been highly modified by successive glaciations. In contrast to the western flanks of the Helvellyn Range, which rise generally in smooth, steep slopes to the summit ridge, the glaciated eastern aspect exhibits a series of corries, bounded by high crags and scree slopes. From the corries, several parallel glaciated valleys run roughly NE-SW (Deepdale being one of these), with steep, rocky sides rising to high intervening ridges.

The underlying geology comprises the Borrowdale Volcanic Series. These volcanic tuffs and lavas are generally acidic, although the eastern cliffs of the Helvellyn range are particularly rich in basic minerals and weather to produce pockets of base-rich soil. This feature, coupled with the harsh micro-climate and inaccessibility to sheep of the high altitude corries, has enabled a remnant Arctic-Alpine flora to persist. This is the main feature of biological interest within the SSSI. Other features include large stands of juniper scrub/woodland, a variety of montane and upland heath, grassland and flush communities, plus two high-level oligotrophic tarns.

The crags, cliff ledges and stony flushes of the high level corries form one of the most important areas in Cumbria for the lime-loving montane flora. On ledges with moist, base-rich soils, species-rich tall herb communities, more typical of woodland or northern meadows, have developed. These support species such as {\it Geranium sylvaticum, Angelica sylvestris, Geum rivale, Luzula sylvatica, Heracleum sphondylium} and occasionally, {\it Trollius europaeus} and {\it Orchis mascula}. Also associated with the rock ledges, but also found on bare rock outcrops are many montane or northern species such as {\it Sedum rosea, Oxyria digyna, Galium boreale, Rubus saxatilis, Saussurea alpina, Saxifraga oppositifolia} and {\it Silene acaulis}. 

A number of rare Arctic-Alpine species occur very locally, representing the last remnants of populations which have declined since the last glaciation. These include the Nationally Rare (NR) {\it Potentilla fruticosa}, plus a number of Nationally Scarce (NS) species: {\it Potentilla crantzii, Cerastium alpinum, Salix lapponum, Dryas octopetala, Poa alpina, P. glauca, Carex atrata, Saxifraga nivalis} and {\it Thlaspi caerulescens}, in addition {\it Draba incana}. Helvellyn represents the only English station for {\it Salix lapponum} (Halliday, 1997). 

N.B. Nationally Scarce: species occurring in 16 - 100 tem km squares of the National Grid (JNCC, 1994). Nationally Rare: species occurring in 15 or fewer squares.

The Helvellyn range has been subject to a high level of sheep grazing for many years and this has had a marked influence on the composition of the accessible flora (i.e. the vast majority). Dry ground supports extensive areas of {\it Agrostis/Festuca} acidic grassland, giving way to either {\it Nardus stricta} or {\it Juncus squarrosus} in damp/wet soils. However, the site still supports the greatest diversity of acidic grassland communities in West Cumbria. 

The middle and upper slopes of this common support extensive areas of acidic grassland dominated by {\it Nardus stricta} or {\it Juncus squarrosus}, while the lower slopes have an {\it Agrostis/Festuca} sward. These tend to be relatively species-poor, apart from where they are flushed with base-rich water. These features support species such as {\it Carex viridula} subsp. {\it oedocarpa, C. panicea, Thymus polytrichus, Euphrasia officinalis} agg., {\it Linum catharticum, Prunella vulgaris} and {\it Leontodon autumnalis}. Along the slopes to the lower, northern side of Deepdale the acidic grassland has scattered bushes which include {it Crataegus monogyna} and {\it Ilex aquifolium} with, elsewhere, scattered or dense swards of bracken {\it Pteridium aquilinum}.

A number of heathland communities are represented on the common. The steep and free-draining slopes of Bannerside support dry heath dominated by {\it Calluna vulgaris}. Cover rates here range from between 50 to above 75 per cent, with plants being between 15 - 30cm tall. Higher ground along the summit ridge of St. Sunday Crag has a sub-montane heath with {\it Vaccinium myrtillus} and {\it Empetrum nigrum}. This vegetation has dwarf shrubs at up to 75 per cent cover, but plants are generally shorter (i.e. less than 15cm). There are also further extensive areas of dry heath vegetation among the steep crags to the south-west of the common.

Both acidic/neutral and base-rich flushes are well-represented on this site. Most extensive are acidic flushes, usually comprising a carpet of {\it Sphagnum} mosses under a {\it Juncus} spp. or {\it Carex} spp. sward. Base-rich flushes are of more restricted occurrence, but have a diverse species composition with abundant sedges: {\it Carex panicea, C. viridula} subsp. {\it oedocarpa, C. pulicaris} and {\it C. nigra}. Characteristic herbs include {\it Succisa pratensis, Parnassia palustris, Euphrasia officinalis} agg. and {\it Saxifraga aizoides} on stony ground. Locally, on a very small scale, are bryophyte-dominated springs with species such as the moss {\it Philonotis fontana} and the leafy liverwort {\it Scapania undulata}. Herbs associated with these springs include {\it Saxifraga stellaris, Chrysosplenium oppositifolium} and {\it Montia fontana}. Gravel Moss (GR NY 377 138) is a moderately-sized valley mire dominated by {\it Eriophorum angustifolium, Sphagnum} spp. and {\it Calluna vulgaris}. 

The SSSI as a whole supports the second largest area of {\it Juniperus communis} scrub in West Cumbria. This is a "nationally rare" habitat and occurs on this common on the southern slopes above Hartsop Above How (GR NY 385 118). There are also scattered juniper bushes on many of the inaccessible cliffs and also on slopes east of Arnison Crag, to the extreme north of the common.

Lower plants are well-represented, with many uncommon bryophytes and lichens. Notable mosses include {\it Hypnum hamulosum, Oncophorus virens, Dicranum starkei, Hygrohypnum dilatatum, Leptodontium recurvifolium} and {\it Bryum weigelii}. The SSSI is the only known English station for four lichens: {\it Lecanora achariana, Phaeophyscia sciastra, Collema glebulentum} and {\it Aspicilia leucophyma}.

MANAGE:
The common is grazed by sheep. It is widely-accepted that stocking densities in recent decades have been in excess of what is desirable to maintain the nature conservation value of this ecologically important area. In particular, these fells include a diversity of upland habitats such as heathland and several mire types, which feature amongst the "Priority Habitats" of the UK Biodiversity Action Plan.  

This situation is a function of Common Agricultural Policy which pays a sheep subsidy (with an additional premium for upland areas), coupled with the registration of grazing rights on common land in 1965. The levels of grazing rights established at this time were based entirely on the numbers given by individual claimants. As a consequence, the numbers of stock registered are far higher, both in ecological terms, and to some extent also in agricultural terms, than the land can support. Headage payments under the CAP have therefore encouraged graziers to hold as many stock as possible, this being related primarily to their holding of commoners rights.

There is, however, some scope for the amelioration of these problems since the establishment of the Lake District Environmentally Sensitive Area (ESA). Farms entering the scheme do so under a 10 year management argeement and receive a variety of payments in return for farming in a manner which is compatible with the special character of the Lake District. There are two tiers of entry and the first applies to the whole area of the farm. Of particular relevance to common land amongst the provisions of the first tier are specified maximum stocking densities on the open fell which take into account the presence of heather.

The second tier is optional and provides for even lower stocking densities on "heather fell". There is also an optional tier aimed at making better provision for public access, plus certain payments aimed at maintaining/enhancing juniper scrub/ghylls/water margins etc.

For an individual common to be entered into the ESA scheme, it requires all of the relevant commoners to join on a whole farm basis and this is often unrealistic to achieve. However, here are many circumstances where farmers have individually joined the ESA, who also have grazing rights on common land. In such cases, these commons have been designated "Common land with controlled grazing rights". These farmers are not allowed to put additional stock onto the common above pre-scheme levels, even if these were above those allowed by the grazing rights. 

For reasons of confidentiality it has not been possible in this project to identify whether or not an individual common has been entered into the ESA scheme. However, for a general summary of the approximate area of Cumbrian Common Land now covered by ESA agreements, please refer to the main report (but note that this information is likely to be somewhat out of date). 

The recent Helvellyn Management Plan (LDNPA, 1977), discusses a wide variety of proposed/planned management. This common lies entirely within the study area of the management plan. A number of issues are relevant to this particular common. 

1. Identify areas of heathland that might benefit from reduced grazing pressure. This could take the form of an overall lowering of stocking rates and/or a reduced stocking density in winter, or changes in flock management, such as moving winter feeding areas. This to be done with relevant landowners and graziers in relation to various options offered within the ESA system (as mentioned above). 

2. Encourage regeneration of juniper woodland/scrub (discussed in more detail under CL 101W). 

3. Downy Willow Conservation Plan. 

{\it Salix lapponum} is a small Arctic/Alpine species whose only English location is on the cliffs along the eastern side of Helvellyn. The conservation requirements of this species need to be assessed. Plants monoecious (ie. either male or female). The plants are restricted to the crags as a result of grazing. However, research suggests that the willow does less well in this habitat. There is a proposal to temporaily fence a larger area at the base of one of the crags to allow a self-sustaining population of the plant to develop. However, the fence may in fact need to be permanent (or overall stocking rates reduced), as removal might result in destruction of the new stand by subsequent grazing. Nor is it clear as yet what reduced level of grazing would allow survival of {\it Salix lapponum}. 

4. Establish conservation plans for other rare or endangered species. These to be in accordance with the production of species action plans as part of the UK Biodiversity Plan, and as the designation of the site as SAC under the European Habitats Directive. This will relate primarily to the rare Arctic-Alpine flora.

Another important recreational issue is the effect of ice climbing upon the rare Arctic-Alpine flora (eastern crags only, therefore not relevant to this particular common). There appears to be little damage caused when there is abundant hard-packed snow/ice. The main potential for damage appears is in the poor snow conditions of early and late winter. A strategy for monitoring this problem is to be established and a comparison to be made of ice climbing/scrambling routes with the distribution of Arctic-Alpine flora. 

6. The National Park to continue its programme of footpath restoration and maintenance. This work to be done in the context of landscape impact, nature conservation needs and safety to walkers. An especial consideration is to be given to paths which have become eroded, not due necessarily to the high numbers of users, but due to the fragility of the substrate. This is a particular problem on wet/peaty areas, where even light use can cause enormous damage. One option may be to re-align routes to avoid such areas. 

7. Proposals by the LDNPA for a bat survey of old mine adits, plus survey of archaeological sites,  

The Helvellyn Range is important for glacial and periglacial geomorphology, with an excellent assemblage of features occurring. There is a long history of metal-mining in the area.


FAUNA:
Noted during site visit: nuthatch. 

The Gelt Woods are important as a habitat for associated insect and other animal groups. The breeding bird community includes such species as pied flycatcher, redstart and wood warbler, and is unusually rich for this form of northern woodland. 

The location is recorded as Grade C on the Invertebrate Site Register. These are sites of potential importance where habitat structure or a small number of records of notable species indicate that the site is likely to be of importance. All grade C sites are recommended for further survey. The site has a large number of records of scarce species of Coleoptera and Lepidoptera, but there has apparently been no recent recording. For full details refer to the ISR.

VEG:
The common lies in the central section of the Gelt Woods SSSI. This woodland is also identified in the Cumbria Ancient Woodland Inventory as "Ancient Semi-natural Woodland". These are defined as woodlands which are known to have survived from at least 1600AD to the present day, which do not obviously originate from planting, and which have not been cleared for uses other than wood or timber prodution.  

The Gelt Woods are an important example of a gorge woodland, of a type peculiar to N. Cumbria and parts of Scotland. The deep gorge has been cut through the New Red Sandstone. The habitat map has been produced from the Cumbria Phase 1 survey, while most of the species description has been based on the SSSI citation. The site visit was used to gather additional information relating to recreation and management etc. 

A variety of woodland types are present in the gorge. In the broader zones, spreading away form the river, the woodland is predominantly of {\it Quercus petraea}. Some of this woodland has been modified by the planting and subsequent spread and regeneration of {\it Fagus sylvatica}. However, it retains a good diversity of other typical species such as {\it Betula pendula, B. pubescens, Sorbus aucuparia} and {\it Ilex aquifolium}. Planted trees of {\it Acer pseudoplatanus, Larix decidua} and {\it Pinus sylvestris} are also present. The ground flora typically has abundant {\it Luzula sylvatica}, plus {\it Deschampsia flexuosa, Anthoxanthum odoratum, Pteridium aquilinum} and {\it Lonicera periclymenum}. Elsewhere there are either {\it P. aquilinum, Dryopteris dilatata} and {\it D. filix-mas}, or {\it Holcus lanatus, Conpopodium majus} and {\it Oxalis acetosella}. 

At the edges of the river there are more enriched soils which have trees of {\it Fraxinus excelsior} and {\it Ulmus glabra}, with {\it Alnus glutinosa} in the wetter areas. Several standing old dead {\it U. glabra} were noted. Associated undershrubs include {\it Corylus avellana, Betula pubescens, Salix caprea, S. aucuparia} and {\it Crataegus monogyna}. Also present are self-sown trees of {\it A. pseudoplatanus} and {\it Pinus sylvestris}. The ground flora is luxuriant, with {\it Mercurialis perennis, Geum urbanum, Geranium robertianum, Stachys sylvatica, O. acetosella, Sanicula europaea, Anemone nemorosa,  Galium odoratum} and {\it Melica uniflora}. In the wetter areas there are {\it Valeriana officinalis, Crepis paludosa, Geum rivale, Adoxa moschatelliana, Chrysosplenium oppositifolium} and {\it C. alternifolium}. Damp riverside rocks are excellent for ferns, mosses and liverworts, most notable amongst which are {\it Phegopteris connectilis, Fissidens exiguus} and {\it Lepidozia sylvatica}.

MANAGE:
The woods are ungrazed. Management is through the Brampton Parish Council and the East Cumbria Countryside Project and includes features such as thinning, conifer removal, replanting and regeneration. Some of the sandstone cliffs are likely to have been used for quarrying in the past.


FAUNA:
The Skiddaw Group supports the most diverse assemblages of montane breeding birds in West Cumbria and also the second most important upland bird population. This rich avifauna is due to the extent, diversity and quality of the upland vegetation of the site, particularly the abundance of heather-dominated communities and the presence of montane grass-heath. Breeding waders include curlew, snipe, golden plover and dotterel. Raptors are well-represented with nesting peregrine, buzzard, kestrel and merlin. Other breeding birds include raven, ring ouzel, whinchat and red grouse.

The Skiddaw-Caldbeck group as a whole have a Grade B entry in the Invertebrate Site Register. This is described as "An important area for the invertebrate fauna of upland habitats". Species recorded include the rare montane ground beetle {\it Leistus montanus} and the nationally notable northern dart {\it Xestia alpicola}, one of the few English stations for this moth. The damper areas of the site support species such as the nationally notable beetle {\it Carabus nitens}, a species associated with boggy areas, and {\it Bembidion atrocoeruleum}, this being linked to gravelly streams. The large heath {\it Coenonympha tullia} has also been recorded.

VEG:
This common forms a minor part of the Skiddaw Group SSSI. This site is also listed in "A Nature Conservation Review", Ed. D.A Ratcliffe, 1977. The summit of Skiddaw itself, the highest point within the SSSI, lies just to the east, on the contiguous CL 64C. The underlying geology here is dominated by by the Skiddaw Slates. 

The main biological interest of the SSSI as a whole lies in extensive tracts of sub-montane blanket mire and heathland, plus smaller reserves of montane lichen-bryophtye heath. The habitat map and following description have been taken mainly from the Cumbria Phase 1 habitat survey and the SSSI citation. The common was was not visited as part of this survey. See under CL 20C for map showing boundary of the Skiddaw Group SSSI and the location of commons within this block.

The habitats present on this common comprise acidic grassland, dry dwarf shrub heath dominated by {\it Calluna vulgaris}, plus acidic rocks and scree. See under CL 64C for a more detailed accound of the vegetation of this part of the SSSI.

MANAGE:
The common is grazed by sheep and lies within the Lake District ESA. This has been designated because of the outstanding environmental importance of the fells and valleys of the area. Of particular relevance to Lake District commons is the impact of grazing levels upon the ecology of certain upland habitats such as  heathland and a range of mire types, many of which feature amongst the "Priority Habitats" of the UK Biodiversity Action Plan.  

Farms entering the scheme do so under a 10 year management argeement and receive a variety of payments in return for farming in a manner which is compatible with the special character of the Lake District. There are two tiers of entry and the first applies to the whole area of the farm. Of particular relevance to common land amongst the provisions of the first tier are specified maximum stocking densities on the open fell which take into account the presence of heather.

The second tier is optional and provides for even lower stocking densities on "heather fell". There is also an optional tier aimed at making better provision for public access, plus certain payments aimed at maintaining/enhancing juniper scrub/ghylls/water margins etc.

For an individual common to be entered into the ESA scheme, it requires all of the relevant commoners to join on a whole farm basis and this is often unrealistic to achieve. However, here are many circumstances where farmers have individually joined the ESA, who also have grazing rights on common land. In such cases, these commons have been designated "Common land with controlled grazing rights". These farmers are not allowed to put additional stock onto the common above pre-scheme levels, even if these were above those allowed by the grazing rights. 

For reasons of confidentiality it has not been possible in this project to identify whether or not an individual common has been entered into the ESA scheme. However, for a general summary of the approximate area of Cumbrian Common Land now covered by ESA agreements, please refer to the main report (but note that this information is likely to be somewhat out of date). 

Please refer to the contiguous commons for a fuller account of the management of this part of the SSSI.


VEG:
The common lies entirely within the Skiddaw Group SSSI. This site is also listed in "A Nature Conservation Review", Ed. D.A Ratcliffe, 1977. The western flank of Skiddaw, the highest point within the SSSI, lies on the contiguous CL 64C, less than 1km to the south. The underlying geology here is dominated by by the Skiddaw Slates. 

The main biological interest of the SSSI as a whole lies in extensive tracts of sub-montane blanket mire and heathland (the former, poorly represented on this common). In addition, there are also significant areas of montane lichen/bryophyte heath. The habitat map and following description have been taken mainly from the Cumbria Phase 1 habitat survey, the SSSI citation and the survey of lichen-bryophyte heath in the Lake District undertaken by R. Jerram. Due to severe time constraints, the common was not visited as part of the common land survey. See under CL 20C for map showing boundary of the Skiddaw Group SSSI and the location of commons within this block.

This particular common lies on the fells to the north Skiddaw itself. Skiddaw as a whole has the best example of montane lichen-bryophyte heath in the Lake District. This lies mainly to the east of the common land boundary, although there is an area of this habitat overlapping with the common, to the north of the summit ridge (1). This area of habitat as a whole shows the altitudinal succession from sub-montane {\it Vaccinium myrtillus} and {\it Calluna vulgaris} heath through to the lichen-bryophyte communities. Represented on Skiddaw are a mosaic of NVC types H19 and U10a. The former, the {\it Vaccinium myrtillus - Cladonia arbuscula} community, is characterised by carpets of {\it Racomitrium lanuginosum} among frequent rocks, on the higher summits. This has the appearance of a greeny-grey mat with abundant {\it Cladonia impexa}, frequent {\it C. arbuscula} and occasional {\it Cetraria islandica} and {\it Cornicularia aculeata}, amongst which are frequent shoots of {\it Vaccinium myrtillus} and {\it Vaccinium vitis-idaea}. Locally, other species such as {\it Empetrum nigrum, Hypnum cupressiforme} and {\it Polytrichum alpinum} are also present.

Vegetation belonging to NVC type U10a ({\it Carex bigelowii - Racomitrium lanuginosum: Galium saxatile} sub-community) is a short, sometimes sparse, grassy sward with frequent and extensive areas of bare ground. In fact, there are two variants within this category. The first accounts for the vast majority of montane heath in the Lake District. The short sward in this variant has relatively little bare ground and is dominated by {\it Deschampsia flexuosa} and {\it Festuca ovina}. Locally abundant are {\it Galium saxatile} and {\it Racomitrium lanuginosum}, while a number of other species are constant throughout, generally at low frequency: {\it Cladonia squamosa, C. uncialis, C. coccifera, Carex bigelowii, Vaccinium myrtillus, Campylopus paradoxus, Cetraria islandica, Cornicularia aculeata} and {\it Polytrichum alpinum}.

The second U10a variant has bare substrate acccounting for much of the ground cover, but with a similar species composition to the above type. In addition, {\it Salix herbacea}, which occurs on the west-facing face of Skiddaw, is associated with this community. It is important to note that a significant proportion of these lichen-bryophyte heaths are under pressure from trampling of the vegetation around the summit areas.

On the slopes of Broad End to the north of here, the dominant vegetation type is acidic grassland, mainly dominated by {\it Festuca ovina} and {\it Agrostis capillaris}.

To the NE of the common are the prominent "Dead Crags", below which are rocks and scree. This part of the common has a dry heath vegetation dominated by {\it Calluna vulgaris}. There is further similar vegetation to the SW of the common on the steep west-facing slope at "White Horse". Heather cover varies over these two areas in the range of 26-75 per cent. {\it Vaccinium myrtillus} tends to dominate on the less rocky lower slopes.

Along gentle slopes to the sides of Dead Beck, there are several small areas of blanket mire. These are shown to be dominated by {\it Eriophorum} spp. and {\it Sphagnum} spp. 

There are a number of small flush features present, mainly at the bases of the peripheral northern slopes. A fairly diverse example was target noted within Cockup Gill (GR NY 254 313, 1986). This has {\it Sphagnum} spp. and {\it Polytrichum} sp., with {\it Pedicularis sylvatica, Vaccinium myrtillus, Viola palustris, Saxifraga stellaris, Carex} spp. and {\it Potentilla erecta}.

MANAGE:
The common is grazed by sheep and lies within the Lake District ESA. This has been designated because of the outstanding environmental importance of the fells and valleys of the area. Of particular relevance to Lake District commons is the impact of grazing levels upon the ecology of certain upland habitats such as  heathland and a range of mire types, many of which feature amongst the "Priority Habitats" of the UK Biodiversity Action Plan.  

Farms entering the scheme do so under a 10 year management argeement and receive a variety of payments in return for farming in a manner which is compatible with the special character of the Lake District. There are two tiers of entry and the first applies to the whole area of the farm. Of particular relevance to common land amongst the provisions of the first tier are specified maximum stocking densities on the open fell which take into account the presence of heather.

The second tier is optional and provides for even lower stocking densities on "heather fell". There is also an optional tier aimed at making better provision for public access, plus certain payments aimed at maintaining/enhancing juniper scrub/ghylls/water margins etc.

For an individual common to be entered into the ESA scheme, it requires all of the relevant commoners to join on a whole farm basis and this is often unrealistic to achieve. However, here are many circumstances where farmers have individually joined the ESA, who also have grazing rights on common land. In such cases, these commons have been designated "Common land with controlled grazing rights". These farmers are not allowed to put additional stock onto the common above pre-scheme levels, even if these were above those allowed by the grazing rights. 

For reasons of confidentiality it has not been possible in this project to identify whether or not an individual common has been entered into the ESA scheme. However, for a general summary of the approximate area of Cumbrian Common Land now covered by ESA agreements, please refer to the main report (but note that this information is likely to be somewhat out of date). 

There is little detailed information available about grazing levels on the common. These are likely to be highest on the grassy slopes of Broad End. As already mentioned, erosion and trampling of the summits poses a threat to the lichen-bryophyte heath communities. 

Skiddaw summit itself is geologically important for periglacial landforms and processes.


VEG:
The common lies for the most part within the south-eastern portion of the Skiddaw Group SSSI. This site is also listed in "A Nature Conservation Review", Ed. D.A Ratcliffe, 1977. The summit of Blencathra, the second highest point within the SSSI, lies just to the south, on the contiguous CL 66C. The underlying geology here is dominated by by the Skiddaw Slates. 

The main biological interest of the SSSI as a whole lies in extensive tracts of sub-montane blanket mire and heathland (poorly represented on this particular common). The habitat map and following description have been taken mainly from the Cumbria Phase 1 habitat survey and the SSSI citation. The common was viewed from the eastern edge, but was not visited as part of this survey. See under CL 20C for map showing boundary of the Skiddaw Group SSSI and the location of commons within this block.

The most extensive habitat type present on this common is upland acidic grassland dominated by {\it Nardus stricta} and {\it Juncus squarrosus}, locally also with {\it Agrostis/Festuca} and {\it Deschampsia flexuosa}. 

On the plateau area around Mungrisdale Common (1), to the west and on gently sloping hilltops elsewhere, are areas of blanket mire. This is shown to be dominated by {\it Eriophorum} spp. ({\it E. vaginatum} and {\it E. angustifolium}), with locally frequent {\it Calluna vulgaris} and {\it Juncus squarrosus}. Most of this appears to belong to a type of blanket mire present within the SE of the SSSI, described as degraded. This vegetation appears to lack a significant {\it Sphagnum} component and has therefore been placed in the Phase 1 category of dry modified bog. The only exception to this is a small area of blanket mire at an area known as "The Tongue", on Bowscale Fell (2), which appears to have abundant {\it Sphagnum} present.

To the north-east of the common at Bowscale Fell (3), there is dry dwarf shrub heath dominated by {\it Calluna vulgaris}. The heather condition survey by R. Jerram (1989), shows the {\it Calluna} plants here to be at more than 75 per cent cover and around 30cm tall. Further south on the Bannerdale Crags (4), there is {\it Calluna} heath in a mosaic with acidic grassland, where the cover is less than 10 per cent.

Many of the valleys of the common contain acidic flush features, variously dominated by {\it Juncus, Carex} and {\it Sphagnum} spp. The largest such feature is the valley mire below Bannerdale (5). Although these mires are generally acidic in character, the very local influence of base-rich waters occasionally results in the presence of species such as {\it Parnassia palustris, Prunella vulgaris} and {\it Ranunculus flammula}. The Nationally Scarce (NS) {\it Myosotis stolonifera} is present in species-poor rills, especially alongside the River Caldew, which passes along the NW boundary of this common.

At the base of the fell, to the east at Mungrisdale, is a band of dense bracken along the fellside.

Along the steep south-facing slope above Bullfell Beck (6) there is a small remnant of dwarf sessile oak {\it Quercus petraea} woodland. The ground flora is generally grassy and tree regeneration is prevented by grazing pressure.   

The SSSI as a whole supports the third largest area of {\it Juniperus communis} scrub in West Cumbria. There is a small area of this vegetation on "The Tongue" (? not shown on Phase 1 map). Regeneration of the juniper is prevented by grazing pressure and consequently the scrub has a poor age-structure. Burning has been used in the past to eradicate patches of juniper to improve rough grazing.

MANAGE:
The common is grazed by sheep and lies within the Lake District ESA. This has been designated because of the outstanding environmental importance of the fells and valleys of the area. Of particular relevance to Lake District commons is the impact of grazing levels upon the ecology of certain upland habitats such as  heathland and a range of mire types, many of which feature amongst the "Priority Habitats" of the UK Biodiversity Action Plan.  

Farms entering the scheme do so under a 10 year management argeement and receive a variety of payments in return for farming in a manner which is compatible with the special character of the Lake District. There are two tiers of entry and the first applies to the whole area of the farm. Of particular relevance to common land amongst the provisions of the first tier are specified maximum stocking densities on the open fell which take into account the presence of heather.

The second tier is optional and provides for even lower stocking densities on "heather fell". There is also an optional tier aimed at making better provision for public access, plus certain payments aimed at maintaining/enhancing juniper scrub/ghylls/water margins etc.

For an individual common to be entered into the ESA scheme, it requires all of the relevant commoners to join on a whole farm basis and this is often unrealistic to achieve. However, here are many circumstances where farmers have individually joined the ESA, who also have grazing rights on common land. In such cases, these commons have been designated "Common land with controlled grazing rights". These farmers are not allowed to put additional stock onto the common above pre-scheme levels, even if these were above those allowed by the grazing rights. 

For reasons of confidentiality it has not been possible in this project to identify whether or not an individual common has been entered into the ESA scheme. However, for a general summary of the approximate area of Cumbrian Common Land now covered by ESA agreements, please refer to the main report (but note that this information is likely to be somewhat out of date). 

The northern and western portions of the SSSI have until relatively recently managed as grouse moor. The portion to the SE of the River Caldew, which includes this common, has not been so managed and has a long history as sheep walk, with consequent grazing of the vegetation and conversion to acidic grassland over much of the area.


FAUNA:
The common is a Grade B site on the Invertebrate Site Register. These are sites considered to be of regional importance for invertebrate conservation, equivalent to SSSI status on grounds of invertebrate interest. 

The site supports a rich leaf and flea beetle (Coleoptera; {\it Chrysomelidae}) and weevil (Coleoptera; {\it Curculionidae}) fauna. Several rare and local species have been noted, including the now rare reed beetle {\it Donacia crassipes}. This species has declined seriously during this century. 

A few species of butterfly (Lepidoptera) have been reported, including the local green hairstreak. Other butterflies recorded include painted lady, peacock, red admiral, small tortioseshell, small copper and common blue. 

The register notes the threat to the site from dumping of farm waste near the south entrance (GR NY 063 013). 

There are also records for the site of peregrine and buzzard.

VEG:
The common coincides very closely in outline with the SSSI of the same name. The site is also a National Nature Reserve, and is listed in "A Nature Conservation Review" (ed. D. A. Ratcliffe, 1977). The common was not visited; the habitat map is based on that from the Cumbria Phase 1 survey, with the species description coming from the target notes (1977, 1985), plus the SSSI citation. 

Areas of dry heath are characterised by abundant {\it Calluna vulgaris}, with associated species which include {\it Erica tetralix, Vaccinium myrtillus, Potentilla erecta, Eriophorum vaginatum, Empetrum nigrum} and colonies of {\it Dactylorhiza maculata} subsp. {\it ericetorum}. 

The larger areas of wet heath exist in a mosaic of {\it Molinia caerulea} and {\it Narthecium ossifragum} and, in the wetter areas, {\it Sphagnum compactum, S. tenellum} and {\it Polytrichum} mosses, plus lesser amounts of {\it Sphagnum molle}. 

The heath communities grade into mire vegetation with carpets of {\it Sphagnum} mosses upon which {\it Drosera rotundifolia} is frequent. These carpets are interspersed with clumps of {\it Osmunda regalis} and other wetland species which include {\it Juncus acutiflorus, Carex curta, Eriophorum angustifolium, Dryopteris carthusiana, Erica tetralix} and {\it Succisa pratensis}. Where the water level is at or above the surface of the peat, small nutrient-poor fen communities have developed with {\it Carex rostrata, Angelica sylvestris, Lychnis flos-cuculi, Potentilla palustris, Cisrium palustre, Caltha palustris, Equisetum fluviatile, Menyanthes trifoliata} and {\it Hypericum elodes}. 

Dense scrub of {\it Salix cinerea, S. pentandra} and {\it Betula pubescens} has developed in the SW corner. Some scattered bushes of {\it Ulex europaeus} are present also.

MANAGE:
The common is unmanaged at present. However, it is grazed by deer. The range of habitats found on the site complement those found on other peatland SSSIs in West Cumbria. In addition to the threat mentioned under "fauna", a nearby sand quarry is going to be extended, which could alter both the water table and the quality of the water on the common. Bore hole and seismic studies have been undertaken in this connection.


FAUNA:
Wedholme Flow has a good range of breeding birds including curlew, snipe, redshank, reed bunting, grasshopper warbler, skylark, meadow pipit and linnet. Kestrel and sparrowhawk nest regularly in the marginal woodlands, whilst merlin have been seen in recent years and are known to have bred successfully in the past. 

The site has a Grade C entry in the Invertebrate Site Register. These are sites which are of potential importance where habitat structure or a small number of records of notable species indicate that the site is likely to be of importance. The Flow is noted for its colony of the nationally notable large heath butterfly {\it Coenonympha tullia}. Also present is the banded demoiselle {\it Agrion splendens}.

VEG:
The common is an extensive lowland raised mire, the largest of a series on the south Solway plain. These mires as a whole support the largest area of this habitat remaining in Great Britain. The site has been much-modified by peat cutting, and commercial peat workings still extend across the central portion of the site, leaving large sections of intact raised mire to the north and south. There are small scale former peat cuttings, especially to the north of the common; these have created an uneven mosaic of cutaways which have been recolonised differently by {\it Sphagnum} mosses and other species. There are also a diverse range of other habitats around the margins of the mire, including fen, herb-rich grasslands, broadleaved and mixed secondary woodland. 

The common occupies the greater part of the Wedholme Flow SSSI, much of which is also a National Nature Reserve (South Solway Mosses). The site is also listed in "A Nature Conservation Review" (ed. D.A. Ratcliffe, 1977). The Solway Mosses as a whole are proposed for designation as a Special Area of Conservation (pSAC) under the EC Habitats Directive. 

The central peat-winning area has been intensively drained and cut-over so that a total depth of 2-3m of peat has been removed. Slumping and peat wastage have further reduced the surface height of the bog by a further 1-2m. Where peat has not been exposed, {\it Calluna vulgaris} and {\it Erica tetralix} dominate an impoverished flora with scattered clumps of {\it Molinia careulea} and {\it Deschampsia cespitosa}. {\it Andromeda polifolia} and {\it Drosera rotundifolia} persist very locally on the bare peat, but {\it Sphagnum} mosses are scarce. The most extensive areas of peat cutting appear to be at the areas marked (1) and (2) on the habitat map. 

The northern section of the intact raised mire is the best remaining area of the Cumbrian Solway raised mires. The original surface patterning remains, with a very well-developed hummock/hollow microtopography. {\it Sphagnum magellanicum} is a particularly obvious hummock former. There are extensive {\it Sphagnum} lawns, with {\it S. capillifolium, S. tenellum, S. magellanicum, S. papillosum} and {\it S. cuspidatum}. Locally abundant are {\it Drosera rotundifolia} and {\it Andromeda polifolia}, with creeping mats of {\it Vaccinium oxycoccos}, and frequent patches of {\it Eriophorum vaginatum, E. angustifolium, Narthecium ossifragum} and {\it Rhynchospora alba}. {\it Calluna vulgaris} and {\it Erica tetralix} are well-represented, usually present on the hummocks, mainly as plants of no more than 30cm tall. 

In the centre of the southern portion there are scattered small colonies of {\it Sarracenia purpurea}, an introduced plant.

Old peat cuttings to the N.W. of Wedholme House and W. of Lawrenceholme Wood support a regenerating semi-natural vegetation with {\it Calluna vulgaris} and {\it Erica tetralix} along the ridges, with wet cutaways in between having abundant cover of {\it Sphagnum}, including {\it S. compactum} and {\it S. molle}. 

Toward the edge of the raised mire the vegetation grades into a wet heath community with abundant {\it Myrica gale}. 

Much of the site is fringed by broadleaved woodland (and mixed scrub woodland with {\it Pinus sylvestris} to the SW). Wetter areas have {\it Alnus glutinosa/Salix} spp. woodland, with {\it Viburnum opulus} and {\it Frangula alnus} in the shrub layer. Open fen areas have {\it Filipendula ulmaria, Angelica sylvestris} and {\it Valeriana officinalis}. The areas of woodland along the N.W. margin (3) are of {\it Salix cinerea} plus {\it Betula pendula}, with some {\it Salix aurita, Ilex aquifolium, Sorbus aucuparia, Rubus fruticosus} agg., {\it Rosa canina} and {\it Lonicera periclymenum}, with a ground flora of {\it Sphagnum} spp., {\it Holcus lanatus, Vaccinium myrtillus, Dryopteris dilatata, D. carthusiana, Digitalis purpurea} and {\it Corydalis claviculata}. Bracken {\it Pteridium aquilinum} is also invading the margins of the mire along this edge, a symptom of drying-out of the peat. The pattern of narrow strips running into the edge of the mire at this point appears to reflect the location of former peat awards. 

There are also a variety of grassland types around the magrins of the site. {\it Molinia caerulea} tends to dominate old peat cuttings. Areas of thinner peat have usually been undisturbed by past peat cutting; summer grazing and occasional mowing have produced a species-rich marshy grassland, which merges into drier grassy heath at the edges of the raised mire. {\it Holcus lanatus} and {\it Alopecurus geniculatus} are conspicuous grasses in the wetter areas, with a range of sedges which include {\it Carex panicea, C. echinata} and {\it C. ovalis}. Other herbs include {\it Potentilla palustris, Caltha palustris, Lychnis flos-cuculi} and occasionally, {\it Dactylorhiza purpurella}. Drier ground has {\it Potentilla erecta, Succisa pratensis and {\it Polygala vulgaris}, with locally abundant {\it Dactylorhiza maculata} subsp. {\it ericetorum} and {\it Listera ovata}.

MANAGE:
As discussed above, a significant part of the common is being used for commercial peat extraction (Levington's Horticulture Ltd.). The site is now mainly owned by English Nature, and clearly defined extraction and conservation zones have been established. Areas within the extraction zone which have been worked to a remaining peat depth of a minimum of 0.5m are handed over to English Nature to commence restoration work. One of the main objectives is to control the drainage of the site to maintain a high water table in the conservation area. One of the challenges is to avoid the danger of also flooding the surrounding farmland and the extraction area. 

Heather burning is not encouraged by English Nature, who have operate a policy of putting-out all uncontrolled fires. Controlled burning is carried-out by English Nature, or under their direction, as part of heather/scrub management.

Small-scale shooting takes place.


FAUNA:
Noted during site visit were: rabbits, yellowhammer, meadow pipit, rook.

VEG:
The common has a habitat map and dominant species codes available from the Cumbria Phase 1 survey. Additional information was gathered while walking along the bridleway which runs the length of the common (in the process of ascending Cross Fell, CLs 126C/127C etc). 

The site is a thin ribbon of upland acidic grassland extending westwards from the fringe of the Cross Fell escarpment, the track along the common possibly being an ancient route from the village of Blencarn onto the open fell. Most of this common supports a heavily grazed semi-improved grassland sward. This is typically dominated by {\it Agrostis capillaris} and {\it Festuca ovina}. That in the western portion of The Rigg (1) has locally frequent {\it Rhytidiadelphus squarrosus, Galium saxatile, Anthoxanthum odoratum, Potentilla erecta, Nardus stricta} and occasional {\it Leontodon autumnalis}. Rare, very suppressed plants of {\it Calluna vulgaris} were also noted here. 

Locally the grassland is damp in character, with frequent {\it Juncus squarrosus} and {\it J. articulatus}. Numerous small patches of dense {\it Ulex europaeus} scrub occur here (also with occasional bushes of {\it U. gallii}), some having being recently burnt. Numerous vehicle ruts occur in the vegetation along the route of the track; these support {\it Gnaphalium uliginosum}. 

A distinct marshy grassland patch is mapped in this area, but this was rather dried-out at the time of the site visit. It contains {\it Agrostis stolonifera, Juncus articulatus} and {\it Ranunculus flammula}. The grassland on this part of the common was mostly very parched and brown at the time of the survey (prolonged hot summer). 

A narrow strip of flushed grassland at (2) has {\it A. stolonifera, Carex panicea, Prunella vulgaris} and {\it Ranunculus flammula}. Moving further eastwards, to Stubmire Moor, the grassland is generally somewhat drier and lacks the {\it Juncus} spp. Occasional {\it Campanula rotundifolia} was noted here. However a few small areas of damp grassland are still present, containing {\it J. effusus, J. articulatus, J. squarrosus, A. stolonifera, C. panicea, Deschampsia cespitosa}, and rare, very small individuals of {\it Succisa pratensis}. 

At (3) is a small heathy patch shown on the Phase 1 map as {\it Calluna vulgaris} dry dwarf shrub heath. It was decided to change this to a mosaic of dry heath with acidic grassland, as the overall cover of {\it Calluna} was only around 25 per cent. These plants have been grazed into a very short carpet and are scarcely noticeable. The remainder of the common comprises more semi-improved acidic grassland with small areas of dense and scattered {\it U. europaeus} scrub, and occasional areas of {\it Juncus} spp. marshy grassland.

MANAGE:
The common is grazed by sheep, and ponies at the western end. The vegetation on the common reflects a high level of grazing. Remnants of {\it Calluna} heath are very restricted and very suppressed and are unlikely to be recoverable with reduced grazing. There has been recent burning of some of the gorse scrub. Much of the vegetation has been flattened by vehicle tyres, with rutting in places. Most of the site may be too disturbed to have particular value for ground nesting birds such as meadow pipit, although some were noted during the site visit. 

Two small fields of improved grassland at the edge of the common appear to have been erroneously included in the registered area.


VEG:
The common lies on the North Pennine fringe, to the east of the county. The vegetation map has been based partly on the Cumbria Phase 1 survey (1983) and partly on an upland vegetation survey by NCC, which used the Birks and Ratcliffe classification (1984). This common was also visited during the present survey, following the path/bridleway from the hamlet of Blencarn, along the northern edge of the common and then crossing onto CL 127C to reach the summit of Cross Fell itself. For a map showing the boundary of the Moor House and Cross Fell SSSI, within which this common lies, see under CL 5W.

The underlying geology comprises mainly Carboniferous sandstones, mudstones and limestones which variously affect the overlying vegetation. The common lies on the southern flanks of Cross Fell (the highest point of the North Pennines). To the southern edge, the ground falls steeply into the valley of Littledale Beck, with rock outcrops to the north of this at Wildboar Scar.

The steep slopes are dominated by acidic grassland. This is generally species-poor and dominated by {\it Nardus stricta}, with {\it Juncus squarrosus} present locally. Along Wildboar Scar there are localised outcrops of limestone, which have allowed the development of a more species-rich, calcicolous grassland sward, dominated by {\it Agrostis capillaris, Festuca ovina} and the nationally scarce (NS) {\it Sesleria caerulea}. 

Noted from such features within the SSSI as a whole are {\it Carex caryophyllea, Thymus polytrichus, Galium sterneri} and {\it Linum catharticum}. In addition, several montane and submontane and otherwise notable species are also present:  {\it Gentiana verna} and {\it Myosotis alpestris} (both nationally rare - NR), {\it Carex capillaris, Minuartia verna} and {\it Phleum alpinum} (all nationally scarce - NS), in addition to {\it Galium boreale, Antennaria dioica, Viola lutea} and {\it Gentianella amarella}.

N.B. Nationally Scarce (NS): species recorded from bewteen 16 - 100 ten km squares of the Ordnance Survey grid (JNCC, 1994). Nationally Rare (NR): species recorded from 15 or fewer 10km squares (Perring and Farrell, 1983).

At Tees Head, to the extreme east of the common is a less-steep area with a small pocket of degraded blanket mire. This is species-poor and dominated by {\it Eriophorum vaginatum} and {\it Juncus squarrosus}.

Tall herb vegetation of the ungrazed crags and ledges is another important feature of the SSSI. The most species-rich occur on the limestone of the western scarp slope, such as on this common along Crowundle Beck (along the boundary with the contiuguous CL 5W). Species present include {\it Sedum villosum} and {\it Potentilla crantzii} (both NS), in addition to {\it Asplenium viride, Cystopteris fragilis, Draba incana} and {\it Sedum rosea}. 

Open water occurs on the SSSI in the form of several upland streams, which include, on this common, Crowundle Beck, together with various bog pools.

MANAGE:
The common is grazed by sheep, overall levels being high. See under contiguous commons for a fuller discussion of the management the commons of the area. The blanket mire at Tees Head is crossed by the Pennine Way long distance footpath, where a boardwalk has been constructed across the peat.


FAUNA:
Noted during the site visit were: herring gull, oystercatcher, skylark, curlew, whinchat, meadow pipit.

The site has a Grade A entry in the Invertebrate Site Register. These are sites of national importance for invertebrate conseravtion (i.e. of SSSI quality for invertebrates alone). The area as a whole has good invertebrate records, with at least 10 species of dragonfly, over 20 species of butterfly, including colonies of the "rarer" dark green and small pearl-bordered fritillaries; the nationally rare weevil {\it Ceutorhynchus hirtulus} and the woodlouse {\it Armadillidium album}. 

The beetles (Coleoptera) have been investigated in detail and a large number of RDB and nationally notable species recorded, mainly species associated with salt marsh and sand dune. The RDB tiger beetle {\it Cicindela hybrida}, a large predatory species primarily associated with coastal habitats has also been reported recently. The rare bug {\it Heterogaster artemisiae} has also been found. This coastal species is largely confined to SW Britain. 

The numerous slacks, pools and ditches throughout the site support one of the two largest colonies of the natterjack toad {\it Bufo calamita} in England, as well as populations of all four common amphibians and the great crested newt {\it Triturus cristatus}. The great crested newt and natterjack toad are both protected species on Schedule 5 of the Wildlife and Countryside Act, 1981. Adder, slow worm and common lizard also inhabit the sand dune system.

VEG:
The common lies along the Cumbrian Coast at Drigg. It forms a major northern portion of the Drigg Coast SSSI, this also being a proposed Special Area of Conservation (pSAC) under the EC Habitats Directive. This SSSI is also listed in "A Nature Conservation Review", Ed. D.A. Ratcliffe, 1977. The common was covered by the National Sand Dune Survey during 1987/88. This provides a very detailed account of the vegetation communities present across the site. A minor component of salt marsh was covered by a specific survey of Cumbrian sites during 1986. Only a brief summary of the available information sources have been provided here. A brief site visit was also made.

The dunes of the system as a whole are the most extensive in Cumbria. As well as both fixed and mobile dunes, there are dune slacks, vegetated shingle, fixed dune grasslands and large areas of dune heath and salt marsh. To the north of Shore Road the dunes comprise shallow sand blow over boulder clay with deeply incised stream valleys. South of Shore Road the level plain of boulder clay with sand blow is fronted by taller coastal dunes. Most of the coastline fronting the common appears to be relatively stable or slowly eroding. The dune heath of northern Drigg lies on this common and represents the largest and best known example of this rare habitat on the English and Welsh west coasts.

Strand-line vegetation occurs ephemerally along the exposed seaward edge of the dunes. This contains {\it Honkenya peploides, Cakile maritima} and {\it Salsola kali} (NVC type SD2). This habitat also includes several uncommon species such as {\it Crambe maritima, Rhyncosinapis monensis, Euphorbia paralias, E. portlandica} and {\it Polygonum oxyspermum. Euphorbia portlandica} is a nationally scarce species; i.e. recorded from between 16-100 ten km sqaures of the Ordnance Survey grid (JNCC, 1994).  

Fragmented low fore dunes grade into mobile dunes dominated by {\it Ammophila arenaria} (NVC SD6). In the most mobile systems, {\it A. arenaria} is the only species, while along much of the western edge, {\it Elytrigia juncea} occurs as an understorey (NVC SD6b). In slightly more stable areas the vegetation is co-dominated by {\it E. arenarius} and {\it Festuca rubra} and other species such as {\it Sonchus arvensis, Cerastium diffusum} and {\it Cochlearia officinalis} (NVC SD6e). Additonal species recorded from these dune systems include {\it Eryngium maritimum, Calystegia soldanella} and {\it Erigeron acer}. 

Further inland this gives way to fixed dunes with a rich assemblage of lichens and mosses, together with numerous higher plants such as {\it Thymus polytrichus, Lotus corniculatus, Ononis repens, Viola tricolor, Sedum acre, Rosa pimpinellifolia, Geranium sanguineum} and {\it Carlina vulgaris}. There are also several stable areas in the lee of the fore dunes where {\it E. arenarius} is co-dominant with {\it Ononis repens} (NVC SD9).

Between the dunes are extensive slacks. These occur mainly in the area to the south of Shore Road. On the whole, dune slack vegetation is of rather restricted occurrence due to the free-draining nature of the shingle which often underlies dune systems. This vegetation is dominated by {\it Salix repens} and {\it Holcus lanatus} with associates such as {\it Hydrocotyle vulgaris, F. rubra} and the moss {\it Calliergon cuspidatum} (NVC SD15). Also present is a community with {\it Carex nigra, C. panicea, Potentilla anserina} and {\it Agrostis stolonifera}. Also found within the dune slacks are good populations of {\it Botrychium lunaria}, together with {\it Ophioglossum vulgatum, Osmunda regalis, Anacamptis pyramidalis} and {\it Dactylorhiza purpurella}.

A further wet habitat found on the common are hollows and runnels which tend to drain seawards from the site. A number of these features have been mapped on the Phase 1 survey map as acidic flushes. These are dominated by {\it Juncus acutiflorus} or {\it J. effusus}, sometimes with {\it Sphagnum} spp. (incl. {\it S. subsecundum}). In NVC terms these belong to M23. Comparison of the Phase 1 and Phase 2 maps reveals that the former has mapped these features as being much more extensive than in the latter source. Other species occurring in association with these features include {\it Potamogeton} sp., {\it Montia fontana, Oenanthe crocata, Eriophorum angustiolium, Caltha palustris, Aulacomnium palustre, Viola palustris, Lotus pedunculatus, Cirsium palustre, Polytrichum commune, Ranunculus flammula, R. repens, Potentilla palustris, Cardamine pratensis, Equisetum palustre} and {\it Mentha aquatica}. 

Dune grassland is at its most diverse on the Drigg hinterlands where coastal and inland species occur together. On the stable dune, where the base status is fairly high, this is dominated by {\it F. rubra, Galium verum, Veronica chamaedrys, Plantago lanceolata} and {\it Poa pratensis} (NVC type SD10). Also recorded from the more base-rich dune grasslands are {\it Galium sterneri, Galium verum} and {\it Listera ovata}. In short swards {\it Thymus praecox} is often a constant species, while in less base-rich areas {\it Hypochaeris radicata} tends to occur (NVC SD10d). Along the cliff at the edge of the dunes to the north, the vegetation is tall and lush with {\it Geranium sangineum} and {\it Rosa pimpinellifolia}.

On steep, dry dune sides, dune grassland is replaced by a more open vegetation with {\it A. arenarius, Carex arenaria, F. rubra} and a range of dune annuals such as {\it Phleum arenarium, Cerastium diffusum, Valerianella locusta} and {\it Erophila verna} (NVC SD14). Some of the dry dune hollows have vegetation dominated by {\it Carex arenaria} with a high cover of lichens {\it Cladonia} spp. Also associated with these situations are areas of underlying exposed shingle with carpets of the moss {\it Racomitrium canescens}. 

Leaching of the dune vegetation occurs fairly rapidly at Drigg, leading to the formation of acidic dune grassland. These areas have {\it A. arenaria, Festuca ovina, Agrostis capillaris, Carex arenaria, Luzula campestris} and {\it Galium saxatile} (NVC SD11). In more leached conditions there are pure acidic grassland swards with by {\it F. ovina, A. capillaris, G. saxatile, Anthoxanthum odoratum} and {\it Potentiila erecta} (NVC U4). In damper areas to the north of the site the acidic grassland contains {\it Nardus stricta, A. odoratum, Juncus squarrosus} and {\it F. ovina} (NVC U6).  
 
Dune heath is particularly well-developed on the common, especially to the north, with a further area on the southern portion. {\it Erica cinerea} occurs in association with {\it Calluna vulgaris, Carex arenaria, F. ovina} and various lichens (NVC H11). Other associates include {\it Genista tinctoria}, occasional {\it Ulex gallii} and the "locally rare" {\it Gentianella campestris}. In damp areas {\it Erica tetralix} becomes the dominant species. {\it G. campestris} is described as "Rather rare and rapidly declining, as over much of England. Cumbria now has more sites for this gentian than any other area south of the Border". Found chiefly on limestone and sand dunes (source: Halliday, 1997).

Scrub occurs in very small quantities on the dunes. There are small patches of {\it Ulex europaeus} and {\it Ulex gallii} in the north, plus one small clump of {\it Hippophae rhamnoides} at GR SD 046 987. 

Along the south-eastern edge of the common, facing the channel of the River Irt, there is a transition to salt marsh communities. Hummocks of acidic dune grassland occur in a mosaic with damp acidic grassland and mire communities in areas of water seepage. As the influence of salt water increases and there is less blown sand, the dune and mire communities are replaced by salt marsh. Pioneer and low-marsh types are represented by {\it Puccinellia maritima, Salicornia europaea} and {\it Halimione portulacoides} (the latter at the northern limit of its range). Mid-marsh communities are dominated either by {\it Festuca rubra} or {\it Juncus maritimus}, often with {\it Armeria maritima}. On ungrazed and lightly grazed sections, {\it Limonium vulgare} and the nationally scarce {\it L. humile} are to be found.

The upper marsh contains areas dominated by {\it Blysmus rufus}, a notable northern upper salt-marsh community, while {\it Juncus gerardii} may also become locally dominant. A further feature of interest is the presence of {\it Eleocharis uniglumis}, representing areas with a fresh-water influence. Stands of {\it Phragmites australis} occur in association with some of the salt marshes, either directly colonising estuarine muds with {\it J. maritimus} or growing at the rear of the salt marsh.

MANAGE:
The dunes have in the past had very large areas of bare sand (particularly the section to the south of the common). This was evident on aerial photographs flowin in 1957. Possible factors explaining this include very high levels of rabbit grazing and army training during WW2. The dunes did not begin to extensively re-vegetate until the 1970s. The Drigg Dunes are now at their most vegetated since WW2.

The southern boundary of the common is marked by a stock-proof fence. This separates the common from the Gullery Local Nature Reserve to the south. The southern portion of the common, as far as Shore Road, has the grazing let to a local farmer. This involves summer grazing by Swaledale sheep and winter grazing by Herdwicks. There is also some pasturing of cattle. Sheep also graze the dunes to the north of Shore Road (grazing information taken from Sand Dune Survey report, 1987/88). Other sources of grazing include a small number of rabbits and roe deer. 

Overall grazing levels on the two portions currently appear to be fairly high. Sheep were present at the time of the site visit and evidence of cows was also noted. There appears to be an internal fence within the northern portion. On the southern section the boundary wall along the eastern edge has fallen into disrepair and sheep appear to have access onto the common from the adjacent permanent pasture. 

The main management objective at the present appears to be the need to get the grazing just right. Grazing needs to be at a high enough level to prevent colonisation by sea buckthorn. In addition, the present diversity of the vegetation appears to be a remnant of a certain degree of instability within the dune system created by past military use.


FAUNA:
Noted during site visit were: linnet, stonechat, meadow pipit, wren, kestrel, herring gull, whitethroat, yellowhammer, little owl, 6-spot burnet moth, plus large white, small skipper, grayling, meadow brown and small tortioseshell butterflies. Rabbits may be important grazers. The call of a peregrine was also heard in the general vicinity of the cliffs. 

The SSSI as a whole is also a Grade B site on the Invertebrate Site Register. These are sites of regional importance for invertebrate conservation, equivalent to SSSI status on grounds of invertebrate interest. It is a relatively well-recorded site, both historically and currently. A number of scarce coastal and grassland species have been recorded from a number of taxonomic groups. A number of species reach their northern limit in this area, e.g. the dark bush cricket {\it Pholidoptera giseoaptera}. Particular records which appear relevant to the common itself note that beetles (Coleoptera) appear to be the main and most important invertebrate interest (please refer to ISR for full details).

VEG:
The common lies on the cliffs immediately to the south of Whitehaven. A major part lies within the St. Bees Head SSSI. The site was covered by the Cumbria Phase 1 survey in 1985. A site visit has also been made during the present survey. 

A significant feature of the common has been extensive tipping of industrial waste all along the base of the cliffs, over a long number of years. For the most part this has had a long period to recolonise with vegetation (1). This area forms the greater part of the entire common. It was viewed from the cliff path during the present survey, and appears to be largely dominated by dense bracken {\it Pteridium aquilinum}, with about 20 per cent cover of {\it Calluna vulgaris} heath, plus some dense patches of {\it Salix} spp. scrub. The latter appears to comprise {\it S. cinerea} and {\it S. aurita}, with occasional {\it Corylus avellana} and {\it Sorbus aucuparia}. Elsewhere are also individuals of {\it Digitalis pupurea} and {\it Dryopteris} spp. ferns. 

To the north (2) is an area of more recently reclaimed spoil, part of this was noted to be bare in 1985, but has now all been restored. This appears to have been re-seeded with a variety of {\it Festuca rubra} (having a glaucous colour). Frequent throughout are {\it Holcus lanatus, Hypochaeris radicata, Agrostis} sp., {\it Dactylis glomerata, Trifolium pratense, T. repens, T. campestre, Plantago lanceolata, Taraxacum officinale, Tussilago farfara, Heracleum sphondylium} and {\it Rumex crispus}. Elsewhwere there are also frequent {\it Cirsium vulgare, C. arvense} and {\it Chamerion angustifolium}. 

The steeper slopes leading down to the sea have a thin turf with much bare ground showing (75 per cent). Present here are frequent {\it Festuca rubra, Anthyllis vulneraria, Trifolium campestre, Hypochaeris radicata, Holcus lanatus, Tussilago farfara, Jasione montana} and {\it Centaurium erythrea} (some of these possibly self-seeded?). There were also occasional individuals of a {\it Dactylorhiza} sp. (flowers too old for identification). 

The cliff section of the common (3) has a complex mosaic of habitats. The cliff runs along the extreme eastern edge of the common and is of red sandstone. The major part comprises stands of {\it Calluna vulgaris}. Occasional individuals of {\it Athyrium filix-femina, Dryopteris filix-mas} and {\it D. dilatata} were noted. This heath extends all the way up into the cliffs themselves, growing on any suitable ledges. Smaller crevices support plants such as {\it Jasione montana, Campanula rotindifolia} and {\it Teucrium scorodonia}. 

To the north, the cliffs are less steep. Several clnmps of {\it Luzula sylvatica} were noted along here, and there are several dense patches of {\it Salix aurita} scrub. 

The path at the base of the cliff occupies a fairly level area which appears to be the result of past quarrying activity at the cliff face. Here, mixed in with the {\it Calluna} heath, are patches of neutral grassland. This is dominated by {\it Arrhenatherum elatius, Holcus lanatus} and {\it Dactylis glomerata}. Forbs associated with this include {\it Heracleum sphondylium, Trifolium repens, Lotus corniculatus, H. radicata, Chamerion angustifolium, Plantago lanceolata, Vicia sylvatica, Genista tinctoria} and {\it Centaurea nigra}. Other species recorded by the 1985 target notes are {\it Vaccinium oxycoccos???, Succisa pratensis} and {\it Artemisia vulgaris}.

MANAGE:
The common appears unmanaged. There has been dumping of spoil on the common in the past. The most recently dumped areas appear to have been landscaped and re-seeded; this area appears to lie outside the SSSI boundary. 

The diverse mosaic of habitats on the common appear to be of considerable value to a wide range of local wildlife. Rough grassland as a home for small mammals, providing good hunting for kestrels and also as habitat for butterflies, plus scrub for birds such as linnet, whitethroat and yellowhammer and the cliff face habitats. In addition, the common also includes a section of the foreshore. There is a wide botanical diversity - note the presence of {\it Genista tinctoria}. Rabbits may be important grazers. The spoil area to the north can be reached by vehicles from the Whitehaven end, and an old car has been abandoned here.


FAUNA:
Noted during the site survey were: yellowhammer, willow warbler, whitethroat.

VEG:
The common lies at the upper edge of an extensive area of salt marsh which fringes the South Solway Coast. It appears to have a minimal influence from the sea, with no maritime species recorded and is separated from the salt marsh by the road.  A target note from the Cumbria Phase 1 survey only referred to a 1981 natterjack toad survey, and additional information was therefore gathered during the present survey. 

Most of the common has a marshy grassland sward dominated by tussocky {\it Juncus effusus}. Within this are locally frequent {\it Deschampsia cespitosa, Lotus pedunculatus, Ranunculus repens, Holcus lanatus, Hydrocotyle vulgaris, Anthoxanthum odoratum, Juncus articulatus} and {\it Stellaria alsine}, plus locally occasional {\it Cardamine pratensis, Rumex acetosa, Cirsium palustre} and {\it Myosotis ?scorpioides} (affinities with both NVC M23b/MG10). One individual of {\it Dactylorhiza purpurella} was also noted. Wetter hollows have {\it Glyceria fluitans, Alopecurus geniculatus} and {\it Equisetum palustre}. 

Locally the grassland appears somewhat drier and shows features of acidic grassland, with {\it Agrostis capillaris, Anthoxanthum odoratum, Potentilla erecta, Galium saxatile} and {\it Rumex acetosa}. At the edge of the road there are signs of localised eutrophication, with abundant {\it Lolium perenne} and {\it Cynosurus cristatus} and occasional {\it Bellis perennis}.  

Toward the landward edge is a strip of scattered scrub containing {\it Crataegus monogyna, Rubus fruticosus} agg. and {\it Ulex europaeus}. There are scattered bushes of these elsewhere on the common.

MANAGE:
The common is open to grazing by cattle from the adjoining salt marsh and therefore forms a small part of a much larger grazing unit. The grassland of the common appears to be a popular area with the livestock, with localised evidence of trampling of the vegetation and much poaching of the substrate by cattle hooves. There are also abundant cowpats present. These latter two features could be important in creating invertebrate microhabitats.


FAUNA:
Noted during the site visit were: ringed plover and oystercatcher. 

The common lies at the very edge of the Upper Solway Flats and Marshes SSSI. This site is also a classified Special Protection Area under the EC Directive 79/409 on the conservation of wild birds and also listed as a wetland of international importance under the Ramsar Convention. 

The area as a whole is of outstanding importance for wintering wildfowl and wading birds and a vital part in a chain of west coast estuaries used by migrating birds. The relevant habitats in this context are not really represented on this small common. 

A full account of the significance of this SSSI is included with the larger commons which make up part of the complex: CL 26C and CL 70C. 

The same area also has an entry in the Invertebrate Site Register, but once again, the relevant detail is found in the descriptions to these other commons.

VEG:
The part of the common which lies within the SSSI appears to be:- 

1. To the east, everything seaward of the edge of the sea wall. 
2. to the west, the entire width of the common. 

For a full account of the significance of the SSSI, please refer to CL 26C and CL 70C, which are much bigger units and contain good representatives of the habitats for which the SSSI has been scheduled. The following description has been based on information gathered during the field visit, also making reference to the earlier target notes. 

The extreme western portion of the common (1) comprises an area of cattle-grazed saltmarsh. Locally at the seaward edge, this is eroding into discrete blocks, sometimes with small 'creeks' forming in between. The sward is dominated by {\it Festuca rubra} with locally frequent {\it Glaux maritima, Plantago maritima, Trifolium repens, Triglochin maritima, Juncus gerardii, Armeria maritima, Cochlearia officinalis} and {\it Eleocharis uniglumis}. Occasional bare patches of shingle have {\it Silene maritima, Potentilla anserina} and {\it Honkenya peploides}. This saltmarsh is a mid-upper marsh community and appears to belong to the {\it Festuca rubra-Glaux maritima} sub-community of NVC type SM16. 

The remainder of the common mostly comprises shingle, sand and mud, but the range of habitats is further complicated by the presence of a low concrete sea wall (c. 1.0m tall) which has a grassy bank running along the top of it up to the coastal road. 

This grassland is best-developed to the eastern end of the common (2). There is a mosaic of two grassland types, with coastal grassland lower down, giving way to unimproved neutral grassland at the top. The former type is dominated by {\it Festuca rubra} with locally frequent {\it Armeria maritima, Plantago coronopus, P. maritima} and {\it Lotus corniculatus}, while the latter is dominated by {\it Arrhenatherum elatius}, with {\it Urtica dioica, L. corniculatus, Centaurea nigra, Vicia sativa, Plantago lanceolata} and {\it Achillea millefolium}. 

Further along (3), the grassland is locally absent, revealing the bare surface of eariler sea defence works on the bank. At this point, the shingle area lying within the common is quite narrow, but toward the central portion, it becomes somewhat wider. At the top of the shingle are clumps of {\it Honkenya peploides, Cochlearia} sp., {\it Atriplex} sp., {\it Cardamine} sp., {\it Tripleurospermum maritimum, Capsella bursa-pastoris, Tussilago farfara} and {\it Tanacetum vulgare}. 

At (4) there is also a stand of {\it Elytrigia atherica}. Along the whole width of the beach on this part of the common was a deep layer of deposited organic material (c. 0.5m deep). This appeared to be a mix of tree leaves and other partly decomposed vegetable litter. However the origin was not clear, it had either been deposited by the sea, or else it had been dumped on the shore and worked by the tide along the coast.

MANAGE:
The salt marsh to the west of the common is grazed by cattle. The rest of the site appears unmanaged. The origin of the deep litter layer on the beach was not clear. This material may be of potential value as invertebrate habitat, but appears to be extensively re-worked by the tide, so may be a transient feature.


FAUNA:
During the site visit, several alarm-calling curlews were noted plus, near the wooded area, willow warbler and meadow pipit. 

Bowness Common as a whole has a good range of breeding birds including sparrowhawk, curlew, snipe and sedge and grasshopper warblers. Other species recorded include black grouse and hen harrier. 

The site also has a Grade C entry in the Invertebrate Site Register, being recognised for a sizeable colony of the nationally notable large heath butterfly {\it Coenonympha tullia}, although this may not exist on the common. Other groups are poorly recorded in recent years, but there are old records of nationally scarce species from a variety of groups. The small weevil {\it Hydronomus alismatis} (nationally notable), has been recorded recently (1989) and is associated with ponds and drainage ditches. Grade C sites are those of potential invertebrate importance where habitat structure or a small number of records of notable species indicate that the site is likely to be of importance. All sites graded C are recommended for further survey.

VEG:
The common lies to the eastern edge of the Bowness Common SSSI. This site is also cited in "A Nature Conservation Review" (ed. D.A. Ratcliffe, 1977). In addition to the SSSI file, habitat and dominant species information is also available from the Cumbria Phase 1 survey. A brief site visit was made to the edges of the common via the two public rights of way. 

The site as a whole is the largest raised mire remaining in England. A considerable area of active bog growth remains, but there has been localised modification by peat cutting, drainage works and burning. 
 
The mire was originally part of an even more extensive peatland system which lay to the south of the Solway Estuary. A number of other SSSI form existing remnants of this feature and, as a whole, the "Solway Mosses" are a proposed Special Area of Conservation (pSAC) under the EC Habitats Directive. 

On the common land itself, the raised mire adjacent to the southern edge has abundant {\it Eriophorum vaginatum, Erica tetralix}, and {\it Sphagnum} spp. (quite dried-out, but appear to be {\it S. cuspidatum} and {\it S. papillosum}), with frequent/abundant {\it Calluna vulgaris}, frequent {\it Eriophorum angustifolium}, locally frequent {\it Myrica gale} and locally occasional {\it Trichophorum cespitosum} and {\it Drosera rotundifolia}. The dwarf shrubs all appear fairly short, with {\it Calluna vulgaris} around 30cm tall, with no evidence of modification by grazing. This appears to be of NVC type M19. The SSSI citation points out that these areas with {\it Calluna vulgaris} and {\it Erica tetralix} are likely to be those which have been more modified by human activity. Also recorded from these situations are {\it Sphagnum tenellum}, lichens (mostly {\it Cladonia} spp.), and toward the edges of the bog, {\it Dactylorhiza maculata}. Along the edge of the path to the south, {\it Molinia caerulea} and {\it Myrica gale} are both abundant and there appear to be old peat workings in this area. 

The best areas of actively-growing mire have {\it Sphagnum magellanicum} as the main species, also with {\it S. pulchrum} and other species, and are probably mainly of NVC type M18. Other mire species recorded include {\it Narthecium ossifragum, Rhyncospora alba, Drosera intermedia, D. anglica} and {\it Vaccinium oxycoccos}, with the rare mosses {\it Dicranum undulatum} and {\it D. polysetum} also present. 

In the NE corner of the common the mire gives way to marshy grassland dominated by {\it Molinia caerulea}. This area is quite overgrown with bushes and small trees of {\it Betula pendula, Salix cinerea, Quercus} sp. and {\it Rubus fruticosus} agg., plus locally abundant individuals of {\it Dryopteris dilatata} and, at the edge, clumps of {\it Urtica dioica} and {\it Chamerion angustifolium}. This area has possibly been cut for peat in the past. 

The margins the common show local scrub/woodland development, with a small block of {\it Betula} sp. woodland at the SE corner, surrounded by a stand of dense bracken {\it Pteridium aquilinum}. However, there appears to be no colonisation of shrub/tree species onto the mire surface proper.

MANAGE:
Little information is available about the management specifically of the common, although it appears essentially unmanaged at present. The various information sources refer to past drainage, peat cutting and burning on the SSSI as a whole (see above). Note that the common is unfenced from the remainder of the SSSI. The eastern edge (ie. at the SSSI boundary) is fenced.


FAUNA:
The Buttermere and Derwent Fells are a Grade C site on the Invertebrate Register. Most records date from the National Trust Biological Survey of 1980, with a number of scarce upland species recorded from among the Coleoptera (beetles) and Lepidoptera (butterflies and moths). 

The SSSI as a whole is an important breeding site for birds such as peregrine, merlin and raven and occasionally dotterel. In addition, this is one of only two sites in the Lake District where twite breed. Also includes a small section of broadleaved woodland at Brandlehow Park (CWT site), which is an important site for woodland birds.

VEG:
This common forms a significant part of a group of several which constitute the Buttermere/Derwent Fells complex (see map under CL 11C). This is an extensive range of hills which lie between Keswick and Buttermere. All of this common lies within the Buttermere Fells SSSI, a site which is also listed in "A Nature Conservation Review", ed. D.A. Ratcliffe, 1977. The SSSI as a whole is important for a range of montane and sub-montane dwarf shrub communities. For example, it has the largest known area of {\it Vaccinium myrtillus} heath in the Lake District, and the second largest area of {\it Calluna vulgaris} heath (after the Skiddaw Massif - also common land). 

In addition to the major portion of the common, there are three smaller portions lying at the eastern periphery of the SSSI (all except one lying beyond its boundary) - see site map. One of these, which lies on the shore of Derwent Water itself, is situated within a Cumbria Wildlife Trust Site. 

The habitat map for the common has been based on that of the Cumbria Phase 1 survey, which also provides numerous target notes (1986). Additional information has been drawn from a heather condition survey of the Buttermere Fells SSSI done by P. Evans, 1992). The site was covered by a National Trust Biological Survey in 1980, but there was insuffient time to collate this source.

The geology of the site belongs to the Skiddaw Slates. These slates differ from those on the Skiddaw massif in their tendency to form cliffs. As a result of this, the topography and vegetation of the Buttermere Fells is unique in the Lake District. The resulting soils are generally acidic, with only very localised base-enrichment.

The common lies on a steep fellside situated to the west of a ridge which runs retween Maiden Moor and High Spy. This craggy slope supports extensive areas of sub-montane {\it Calluna vulgaris} heath. The most frequent associates of this vegetation include {\it Vaccinium myrtillus, V. vitis-idaea} and mosses such as {\it Hylocomium splendens, Pleurozium schreberi} and {\it Plagiothecium undulatum}. However, on this common at High Spy (plus several other locations within the SSSI) there is a montane heath of wind-flattened heather growing with dwarf {\it Juniperus communis} subsp. {\it nana, Erica tetralix, Empetrum nigrum} and very locally, {\it Arctostaphylos uva-ursi}. This is described as a "rare habitat" recorded from only a few sites in England.

The survey of heather condition by Paul Evans was undertaken in the spring of 1992. The measured cover was compared to an earlier estimate from aerial photographs, from which it appears that extent of cover has not declined. In general, however, the acutal condition of the heather was considered to be poor and clearly suffering from the effects of high grazing pressures. In fact is appears that the condition of the heather has reached a critical phase where it is rapidly being lost, with the heath edge retreating rapidly upslope into the crags. There are several major "hotspots" where this process is occurring, including on this common, Maiden Moor (CLs 166C, 168C, 255C and 394C). For more discussion of heather management and condition see under management section.

The {\it V. myrtillus} heaths are more extensive within the SSSI than on any other site in north-western England. Associated species include {\it V. vitis-idaea, Nardus stricta, Luzula campestris} and various mosses (incl. {\it Pleurozium schreberi, Hypnum cupressiforme, Polytrichum commune, Hylocomium splendens, Dicranum scoparium} and {\it Rhytidiadelphus squarrosus}). Some of this vegetation appears to have replaced {\it Calluna} heath after grazing and burning.

The Phase 1 target notes also refer to an area of scree at GR NY 229 194. This is partially vegetated by acidic grassland/dry heath, with {\it Deschampsia flexuosa, Nardus stricta, Calluna vulgaris, Vaccinium myrtillus, Galium saxatile, Juncus squarrosus, Agrostis capillaris, Euphrasia} sp., {\it Campanula rotundifolia, Viola} sp., {\it Thymus polytrichus, Prunella vulgaris, Oxalis acetosella, Alchemilla} sp., {\it Alchemilla alpina, Potentilla} sp., {\it Carlina vulgaris} and {\it Cryptogramma crispa}, plus various bryophytes and lichens. Rocky outcrops at GR NY 229 169 have {\it V. myrtillus, Calluna, Erica cinerea, Luzula sylvatica, Huperzia selago, Sorbus aucuparia, Betula} sp., {\it Blechnum spicant}, lichens and {\it Cryptogramma crispa}. A further feature of interest in this area are Eel Crags (GR NY 2316), which have {\it Alchemilla alpina, Huperzia selago, Lycopodium clavatum} and {\it Diphasiastrum alpinum}.  

Along the western edge of the common, at the base of the slope, the heath gives way to an acidic grassland sward. The grasslands of the common follow a similar pattern to all upland sites in the Lake District. On the lower slopes is {\it Agrostis/Festuca} grassland, some of which is invaded by bracken {\it Pteridium aquilinum}. This gives way to grassland of {\it Nardus stricta} and {\it Juncus squarrosus} at higher altitudes. Typical associates throughout include {\it Luzula campestris, Galium saxatile} and {\it Potentilla erecta}. Locally there are small stands of dense bracken.

Blanket mires are restricted over the SSSI as a whole because there is not much level ground upon which peat can form. The most extensive example of blanket mire is at High Scawdel, which overlaps the southern portion of the common. The vegetation is dominated by {\it Eriophorum vaginatum} and {\it Trichophorum cespitosum}. The peat is very wet, with a well-developed system of pools containing {\it Menyanthes trifoliata} and {\it Carex rostrata}. Other abundant species include {\it Drosera rotundifolia, Sphagnum papillosum, S. capillifolium} and {\it S. cuspidatum}. Just to the north of here is Dalehead Tarn (GR NY 229 153). This is being "ingrown" by {\it Sphagnum} spp and {\it Carex} spp. Species present in the surrounding area include {\it Eriophorum vaginatum, E. angustifolium, Calluna vulgaris, Erica tetralix, Trichophorum cespitosum, Menyanthes trifoliata, Equisetum} sp., {\it Caltha palustris, Potamogeton} sp., {\it Huperzia selago} and {\it Carex} spp.

Flush features are confined to the lower slopes and valley bottoms. Those present on the common appear to be quite species-rich and include {\it Juncus} spp. (incl. {\it J. effusus, J. squarrosus, J. conglomeratus}), {\it Drosera rotundifolia, Carex} spp. (incl. {\it Carex echinata, C. viridula} subsp. {\it oedocarpa}), {\it Vaccinium oxycoccos, Succisa pratensis, Molinia caerulea, Saxifraga stellaris, S. aiziodes, Narthecium ossifragum, Menyanthes trifoliata, Hydrocotyle vulgaris, Viola palustris, Potamogeton polygonifolius} and {\it Pinguicula vulgaris}.

Of the three smaller portions of the common, one is dominated by bracken. A second has a mixture of bracken, acidic grassland, {\it Ulex} sp. scrub, plus mining spoil. The third part lies ajacent to the shore of Derwent Water. This is an area of mature {\it Quercus} sp. woodland, within which are scattered trees of {\it Larix decidua}. The wood is described as having a varied ground flora and is also good for fungi.

MANAGE:
The common is grazed by sheep lies within the Lake District Environmentally Sensitive Area (ESA). This has been designated because of the outstanding environmental importance of the fells and valleys of the area. Of particular relevance to Lake District commons is the impact of grazing levels upon the ecology of certain upland habitats such as  heathland and a range of mire types, many of which feature amongst the "Priority Habitats" of the UK Biodiversity Action Plan.  

Farms entering the scheme do so under a 10 year management argeement and receive a variety of payments in return for farming in a manner which is compatible with the special character of the Lake District. There are two tiers of entry and the first applies to the whole area of the farm. Of particular relevance to common land amongst the provisions of the first tier are specified maximum stocking densities on the open fell which take into account the presence of heather.

The second tier is optional and provides for even lower stocking densities on "heather fell". There is also an optional tier aimed at making better provision for public access, plus certain payments aimed at maintaining/enhancing juniper scrub/ghylls/water margins etc.

For an individual common to be entered into the ESA scheme, it requires all of the relevant commoners to join on a whole farm basis and this is often unrealistic to achieve. However, here are many circumstances where farmers have individually joined the ESA, who also have grazing rights on common land. In such cases, these commons have been designated "Common land with controlled grazing rights". These farmers are not allowed to put additional stock onto the common above pre-scheme levels, even if these were above those allowed by the grazing rights. 

For reasons of confidentiality it has not been possible in this project to identify whether or not an individual common has been entered into the ESA scheme. However, for a general summary of the approximate area of Cumbrian Common Land now covered by ESA agreements, please refer to the main report (but note that this information is likely to be somewhat out of date).

There is also a history of heather burning on parts of the SSSI. Recent burning of heather has generally been rather unsuccessful, particularly on the Newlands Beck (to the NW of the common). Recent burns are generally characterised by much more open heath communities or by {\it Vaccinium}-dominated communities, many of which show growth forms indicative of overgrazing (as sheep commonly concentrate on young heather in these recently burnt areas). However, there is a lot of very old degenerative heather on parts of the fells. This heather is dying and the resulting gaps produced in the heather canopy (generally {\it Festuca-dominated}), are being grazed by sheep. The whole effect of heather loss through "old age" is thus exaggerated by the resulting browsing of heather on areas surrounding collapsed bushes. However, with the present stocking levels there it is clearly not possible to continue a burning regime on these areas. 

Trampling is an inevitable part of the grazing process and this may partially account for heather loss in these degenerative stands. The loss of heather produced through increased trampling by humans must also be reviewed, particularly in montane communities where recent research has shown that productivity of heather can be markedly reduced following relatively little trampling.

In addition, it is not just heather-dominated communities that are at risk from the high stocking levels on the fells. There appears to be evidence that the small areas of blanket bog present are being damaged and that there is widespread encroachment by {\it Juncus squarrosus}.


VEG:
The common lies entirely within the Skiddaw Group SSSI. This site is also listed in "A Nature Conservation Review", Ed. D.A Ratcliffe, 1977. The common lies along the southern flanks of Great Calva and Little Calva. The underlying geology here is dominated by the Skiddaw Slates. The main biological interest of the SSSI as a whole lies in extensive tracts of sub-montane blanket mire and heathland (both of which feature prominently on this common). The habitat map and following description have been taken mainly from the Cumbria Phase 1 habitat survey and the SSSI citation. There was insufficient time to visit the site during the present survey. See under CL 20C for map showing boundary of the Skiddaw Group SSSI and the location of commons within this block.

The heather moor on thic common forms part of an expanse lying north and west of the River Caldew and formerly managed as grouse moor. {\it Calluna vulgaris} dominates, often with {\it Vaccinium myrtillus} on dry ground, while in wet areas there are frequent {\it Erica tetralix} and {\it Sphagnum} spp. mosses (no discrete areas of wet heath shown on Phase 1 habitat map). {\it Listera cordata} is locally frequent beneath the heather in some areas. 

With increasing altitude, {\it Vaccinium myrtillus} and {\it Empetrum nigrum} sometimes replace {\it Calluna} as the dominant dwarf shrubs, especially in exposed situations such as Great Calva. Here, remaining {\it Calluna} is often semi-prostrate, with associated species including {\it Vaccinium vitis-idaea, Carex bigelowii} and occasionally, abundant {\it Cladonia} spp. lichens. The heather condition survey done by R. Jerram in 1989 shows the {\it Calluna} on this part of the common to vary between 20-40cm tall on the lower slopes, dropping to between 5-10cm around the summit of Great Calva. Cover rates are more than 75 per cent throughout.

Along the south-western edge of the common, where the slopes are less-steep, there is a fringe of blanket mire. This is shown to be dominated by {\it Eriophorum} spp., with locally frequent {\it Calluna}. This appears to be similar to the degraded blanket mires which lie to the south and east of the River Caldew, with no indication on the Phase 1 map of any significant quantities of {\it Sphagum} spp. mosses.

MANAGE:
The common is presumably grazed by sheep and lies within the Lake District ESA. This has been designated because of the outstanding environmental importance of the fells and valleys of the area. Of particular relevance to Lake District commons is the impact of grazing levels upon the ecology of certain upland habitats such as  heathland and a range of mire types, many of which feature amongst the "Priority Habitats" of the UK Biodiversity Action Plan.  

Farms entering the scheme do so under a 10 year management argeement and receive a variety of payments in return for farming in a manner which is compatible with the special character of the Lake District. There are two tiers of entry and the first applies to the whole area of the farm. Of particular relevance to common land amongst the provisions of the first tier are specified maximum stocking densities on the open fell which take into account the presence of heather.

The second tier is optional and provides for even lower stocking densities on "heather fell". There is also an optional tier aimed at making better provision for public access, plus certain payments aimed at maintaining/enhancing juniper scrub/ghylls/water margins etc.

For an individual common to be entered into the ESA scheme, it requires all of the relevant commoners to join on a whole farm basis and this is often unrealistic to achieve. However, here are many circumstances where farmers have individually joined the ESA, who also have grazing rights on common land. In such cases, these commons have been designated "Common land with controlled grazing rights". These farmers are not allowed to put additional stock onto the common above pre-scheme levels, even if these were above those allowed by the grazing rights. 

For reasons of confidentiality it has not been possible in this project to identify whether or not an individual common has been entered into the ESA scheme. However, for a general summary of the approximate area of Cumbrian Common Land now covered by ESA agreements, please refer to the main report (but note that this information is likely to be somewhat out of date). 

Parts of the area formerly managed as grouse moor are now being burnt again by English Nature (? on this area) in order to encourage regeneration of heather and to create a mosiac of stands with a varied age structure which is beneficial to many of the ground nesting bird species.


FAUNA:
The SSSI as a whole, of which the common forms a small part, has good breeding bird communities, including sparrowhawk, grasshopper warbler, willow tit, greater spotted woodpecker and woodcock. A total of 40 breeding bird species are currently listed. Red squirrel and adder are also present. 

The area is also important for invertebrates and is a Grade C site on the Invertebrate Site Register. These are sites of potential importance, where habitat structure, or a small number of records of notable species indicate that the site is likely to be of importance. Notable species include the marsh fritillary {\it Eurodryas aurinia} (see below), the waterbeetle {\it Acilius canaliculatus}, the silver hook moth {\it Eustrotia uncula} and green forester moth {\it Adscita statices}. Also recorded are small pearl-bordered fritillary {\it Boloria selene} and purple hairstreak {\it Quercusia quercus}.

The small population of marsh fritillary became extinct at this site in 1993, despite there being a good available area of suitable habitat for the species (see under management).

VEG:
The common forms a small portion of the Finglandrigg Woods SSSI. This site is also listed in "A Nature Conservation Review" ed. D.A. Ratcliffe, 1977. The major part of the SSSI is also a National Nature Reserve. However, the common is one of several smaller sections of the SSSI which do not also have NNR status. 

The following description has been derived from the SSSI citation/scientific files and the Cumbria Phase 1 survey. There was insufficient time to visit the site.  

The SSSI comprises is an area of woodland which has developed on acidic, peaty soils, forming a remnant of an extensive area of raised mire which used to lie on the Solway plain. The site as a whole comprises wet woodland with {\it Salix} spp. in the wettest parts, grading into self-sown {\it Betula} spp. and {\it Pinus sylvestris} woodland in the drier parts. There are also substantial areas of lowland heathland, wet grassland and fen. Although the vegetation types are good remnants of semi-natural vegetation in their own right, the main value of the site is having them aggregated together within a single locality. 

On the common itself, the central area appears to have a complex of "wet heath, dry heath and boggy hollows". This comprises {\it Calluna vulgaris, Erica tetralix, Molinia caerulea} and {\it Juncus effusus}. Scattered seedling trees of {\it Betula} sp. and {\it P, sylvestris} are also present. {\it Ulex minor}, a plant of major botanical importance for the SSSI as a whole, is also apparently mentioned on the common (GR 273 564). This dwarf shrub is almost exclusively restricted to southern England, and that present here forms the largest of a number of small outlying populations in the Carlisle area. The overall population at Finglandrigg consists of several hundred bushes, whilst all of the other populations are small and fragmentary (Halliday, 1977). Geoffrey Halliday is of the opinion that, despite their curious occurrence, the Cumbrian populations are native. 

A further important species present in this lowland heath is {\it Genista anglica}. Halliday describes this species as "scattered in the Eden Valley, otherwise very rare, and has all but disappeared from Furness and the Solway Plain."

Woodland surrounding the edge of the common appears to be of {\it Betula} sp. {\it Salix} sp. and {\it Pinus sylvestris}, with some {\it Quercus} sp.

MANAGE:
The complex mosaic of vegetation types present on this site, are of considerable conservation importance. 

Present management is aimed at maintaining the high habitat and species diversity, mainly through the prevention of woodland encroachment, especially onto the important areas of lowland heath. It is important that the particular niche requirements of a number of notable species are successfully maintained (eg. red squirrel, marsh fritillary, forrester moth and purple hairstreak). Activities which may need to be undertaken to meet these objectives include former management practices such as grazing, burning, drainage, thinning and scrub clearance. 

In particular, burning has been reintroduced on the common on a long rotation and in small blocks. Although not part of the NNR, English Nature have had some management control through the grazing rights and by close liason with the Parish Council. The main priority here has been to maintain the lowland heathland habitat. Pine and birch seedlings are removed by pulling or spraying. There has also in recent years been rotational burning on a 10 to 12 year cycle, with specified unburnt "control" areas. There has also been winter grazing by Hebridean sheep, which browse pine and birch scrub. This area was last grazed in this manner during 1992.

In the whole, the management regime for the SSSI appears to have been reasonably successful in achieving these goals. However, the loss of the marsh fritillary in 1993 is a notable exception. With only three remaining sites for the species in Cumbria, an action group was formed in this year to monitor and plan for the conservation of this species. Proposals to eventually reintroduce the species to this site have been made a high priority in this programme. The loss of the marsh fritillary followed a rapid decline in the population from 1991. Prior to this there had been a small, but gradually increasing population. The available area of apparently suitable habitat was large by comparison and the reasons for the extinction and any possible role of the management regime are not clear. 

Management considerations for the wooded sections have somewhat different priorities. A minimum intervention policy would see a seral succession to an oak {\it Quercus} spp. canopy with its characteristic trees, shrubs and herbs. Colonisation also by beech {\it Fagus sylvatica}, may pose a threat to this scenario, although there is no particular reason why the presence of this alien species should not be allowed. The woodland is important, among others, for the red squirrel, the purple hairstreak butterfly and a number of the breeding bird species. Many of the birds breed along the woodland edge, so these areas, together with rides and glades will need careful management. The red squirrel is the most important mammal on the site. This species is dependent mainly on Scots Pine {\it Pinus sylvestris}. Should the grey squirrel become established, it will have a distinct advantage if the canopy becomes dominated by oak and beech. It is therefore important that woodland management considerations take account of these factors. 

A continued external threat to the site is represented by agricultural improvement (eg. drainage) of the surrounding land.


FAUNA:
Noted during the site visit: A distant raven was heard calling while walking along Greenup Edge. Numerous skylarks noted. 

The SSSI as a whole is important for upland birds such as peregrine falcon, buzzard, raven, ring ouzel, wheatear, whinchat and red grouse, which all breed within the site. Merlin are occasionally seen but breeding is unconfirmed. 

The heather moorland occurring within the Armboth Fells has a good invertebrate fauna which includes northern eggar moth {\it Lasiocarpa quercus-callunae} and emperor moth {\it Saturnia pavonia}. Many small pools within flushed/mire habitats offer good potential for Odonata (dragonflies and damselflies) - e.g. common hawker {\it Aeshna juncea}.

There is an "Ungraded" entry for the SSSI in the Invertebrate Site Register. Further survey of this area recommended.

There are also two further ISR sites. The first of these is Whelpside Gill (Ungraded entry), a narrow, rocky gill on the steep slopes leading from the Helvellyn Plateau down to Thirlmere. There is a record for the local stonefly {\it Capnia bifrons}. This is a species associated with stony lake shores and small stony streams in northern and upland Britain. Several other local species of stonefly (Plecoptera) and mayfly (Ephemeroptera) are also known from this area. The water mites (Acari) have been surveyed by Mr. T. Gledhill of the Freshwater Biological Association.

The other ISR site is Wyth Burn (also ungraded). This is described as a bog alongside the Wyth Burn: GR NY 2911. There is a record for the nationally notable waterbeetle {\it Hydroporus longicornis}.  This is a species typical of spring-fed bogs and fens; most records are from northern Britain. 

The Launchy Gill area is a locality with records in the CWT site files. In addition to habitat/vegetation importance, it is also notable for a resident herd of red deer, and a few roe deer which depend on this part of the common for feeding, resting and territorial purposes.

VEG:
The common comprises a significant block of the Lake District Fells lying to both the western and eastern sides of Thirlmere. The eastern portion includes the slopes which lead down to the lake from the summit of Helvellyn. The larger, western portion, comprises the Armboth Fells, a broad ridge lying between Thirlmere and Borrowdale and, to the south, the Wythburn Fells and the eastern flanks of Ullscarf and High Raise.

Part of the common overlaps with the Armboth Fells SSSI (see map). This site is also listed in "A Nature Conservation Review" (ed. D.A. Ratcliffe, 1977). A heather condition survey of the SSSI was conducted during 1989.

The area as a whole has extensive target notes from the Cumbria Phase 1 survey (1979, 1980, 1986 and 1987). The habitat map for the common has been based largely upon this source.

The common also includes a Cumbria Wildlife Trust "County Wildlife Site": This is a grid-referenced site, with no boundary defined. It relates to  Launchy Gill and the surrounding south-easterly portions of the Armboth Fells. (GR NY 302 154). 

A brief visit was made to the extreme south-western corner of the common during the present survey.

ARMBOTH FELLS: MAP 1

This account is based to a large extent on the SSSI citation, with some reference of the Phase 1 target notes.

The area is composed of rocks of the Borrowdale Volcanic Group, with frequent expoures from the series being present. There is a varied small-scale topography. This has influenced the vegetation types found, giving rise to a complex mosaic of heath on the raised hillocks and mire/flush communities in the hollows and valleys. The site is said to have the second largest expanse of blanket mire in the Lake District. The other main habitats represented on the common include large areas of heather moorland and a range of soligenous mires. 

Well-represented on the common are areas of blanket mire which has developed across the ridge top and gentle slopes. This is dominated by {\it Calluna vulgaris} and {\it Eriophorum vaginatum}. Where the peat thins onto rocky ground, this gives way locally to both dry and wet heath. The former has {\it Calluna vulgaris} with {\it Vaccinium myrtillus} and {\it Empetrum nigrum}, while the wet heath has {\it Calluna} with {\it Erica tetralix} and {\it Sphagnum} spp.

Frequent within the blanket mire are {\it Sphagnum}-filled hollows and tracts of soligenous mire dependent on ground-water movement. The former have carpets of {\it Sphagnum papillosum, S. palustre, S. magellanicum} and {\it Polytrichum commune}, together with a low cover of {\it E. tetralix, Calluna, Eriophorum vaginatum, E. angustifolium, Vaccinium oxycoccos} and occasional {\it Andromeda polifolia}. There are a variety of base-poor soligenous mire types, for example: {\it Trichophorum cespitosum/Carex panicea; Carex rostrata/Sphagnum recurvum/S. auriculatum}; plus transitional {\it Juncus acutiflorus/Carex rostrata} swards. 

{\it Carex rostrata} is also present with {\it Menyanthes trifoliata} in frequent bog pools. These are particularly extensive at the head of the Launchy Gill (within the CWT site - GR NY 302 154). Here there is abundant {\it A. polifolia} on wet ground between peat haggs. There are also base-rich flushes with {\it Saxifraga aizoides, Carex viridula} subsp. {oedocarpa, C. pulicaris, C. dioica} and {\it Eriophorum latifoium}, plus "brown mosses" such as {\it Scorpidium scorpidioides, Campylium stellatum, Drepanocladus revolvens, Ctenidium molluscum} and {\it Cratoneuron commutatum}. 

Derek Ratcliffe mentions {\it Utricularia minor} from bog pools at GR NY 294 158. This species is largely restricted in England and Wales to the Lake District, plus the Purbeck and New Forest heaths (Halliday, 1997). 

Throughout the Armboth Fells, numerous {\it Carex}-dominated flushes are a prominent feature. Many are acidic in character and dominated by {\it Carex echinata} and {\it Sphagnum} spp. Others are more diverse/base-rich, with species such as {\it Prunella vulgaris, Viola palustris, Succisa pratensis} and often, pleurocarpous brown mosses with, or replacing {\it Sphagnum}. A number of uncommon sedges also occur in these situations: {\it Carex lasiocarpa, C. pauciflora, C. limosa} and {\it C. magellanica} (this latter species being Nationally Scarce (NS); i.e. occurring in between 16 - 100 ten km squares of the National Grid - source, JNCC, 1994). There are also examples of flushes dominated by {\it Carex viridula} subsp. {\it oedocarpa, Drosera rotundifolia, Pinguicula vulgaris, Narthecium ossifragum, Saxifraga aizoides} and {\it Triglochin palustris}.

HEATHER CONDITION:

Cover rates of {\it Calluna} across much of the blanket mire are generally above 75 per cent, with plants being recorded as between 20-30cm tall. Towards the eastern margins, however, cover rates tend to fall-off, giving way locally to a grass/heath mosaic. Locally there appears to be no {\it Calluna} present, as on acidic grassland to the extreme north and across areas of acidic grassland at the southern part of the SSSI: Brown Rigg-Stone Hause. The acidic grassland sward is dominated by {\it Nardus stricta} and {\it Juncus squarrosus}. 

In the north-eastern corner, the steep slopes rising from the valley floor have species-poor {\it Agrostis/Festuca} grassland with some bracken {\it Pteridium aquilinum} and scattered trees. Within this area are several rocky gills and other outcrops, such as Goat Crag and Iron Crag. These hold a diverse range of species: within the gills: {\it Saxifraga aizoides, S. hypnoides, S. stellaris, Chrysosplenium oppositifolium, Euphrasia officinalis, Geranium robertianum, Succisa pratensis, Epilobium brunnescens, Oxalis acetosella, Potentilla sterilis, Fragaria vesca, Thymus drucei, Pinguicula vulgaris, Sagina} sp., {\it Cystopteris fragilis, Linum catharticum, Empetrum nigrum, Cryptogramma crispa, Dryopteris affinis} subsp. {\it affinis, Asplenium adiantum-nigrum, A. trichomanes} and {\it Sphagnum} spp. 

Ledges/crags are also diverse with {\it Calluna, Erica cinerea, V. myrtillus, Sorbus aucuparia, Juniperus communis, Luzula sylvatica, Betula} spp., {\it Corylus avellana, Populus tremula, Fraxinus excelsior, Quercus} sp., {\it Ilex aquifolium, Hedera helix, Salix capraea, Crataegus monogyna, Larix decidua, Rosa} agg., {\it Rubus fruticosus} agg., {\it Teucrium scorodonia, Solidago virgaurea, Campanula rotundifolia, Alchemilla alpina, Digitalis purpurea, Epilobium montanum, Lathyrus montanus} and {\it Oreopteris limbosperma}.

WYTHBURN FELLS - ULLSCARF - HIGH RAISE: MAP 2

This is the south-western portion of the common, outside the Armboth Fells SSSI boundary. Once again there is a complex topography, somewhat similar to the SSSI, with abundant rock outcrops, hollows and small valleys, plus the larger valley feature of Wyth Burn. In contrast to the SSSI, heather moorland is very scarce on this section, having largely given way to acidic grassland.

The following is based essentially on a compilation of the numerous Phase 1 target notes. It has not been possible to ascribe or list them individually. 

The slopes flanking Ullscarf and High Raise support a mosaic of acidic grassland/blanket mire and flush vegetation. The level areas support degraded blanket mire, with some eroded areas showing a peat depth 1.0-2.0m.  The dominant species of this habitat are {\it Eriophorum vaginatum, E. angustifolium, Trichophorum cespitosum, Polytrichum} spp. and {\it Sphagnum} spp. Locally there are small amounts of {\it Vaccinium myrtillus} and {\it Empetrum nigrum}. In addition, there are also numerous small, shallow pools, the more permanent of which contain Carices such as {\it Carex rostrata}, plus {\it Menyanthes trifoliata}. 

Where the peat thins, and on steeper slopes moving eastwards, there is a transition to a wet acidic grassland, often dominated by {\it Juncus squarrosus}, with locally co-dominant {\it Nardus stricta}. Other associates include {\it Agrostis capillaris, Festuca ovina, Juncus squarrosus, Carex binervis, Galium saxatile, Potentilla erecta} and occasionally, {\it Deschampsia flexuosa}. Often there is a high bryophyte content. The rock outcrops are surrounded by a closely-grazed {\it Festuca/Agrostis} turf.

Locally there are small remnants of wet heath/acidic grassland with {\it Calluna vulgaris, Erica tetralix}, and {\it Empetrum nigrum. Huperzia selago} has been recorded from such a situation (GR NY 301 124, 1986). There are also small remnants dry heath/acidic grassland with {\it Vaccinium myrtillus} and some moribund {\it Calluna}. Ratio of 1:10 recorded in target notes for area around GR NY 301 124 (1986).

Flush/mire habitats are frequent along the drainage-lines and hollows across this area, plus numerous small pools/tarns and narrow streams. The most notable feature is the large valley mire complex lying within Wyth Burn. Dominant species include {\it Carex echinata, C. rostrata, Juncus effusus, J. acutiflorus} and {\it Eriophorum angustifolium}. Other associates include {\it Menyanthes trifoliata, Caltha palustris, Succisa pratensis, Narthecium ossifragum, Drosera rotundifolia, Potamogeton polygonifolius, Pedicularis sylvatica, Equisetum palustre, Sphagnum} spp., {\it Pinguicula vulgaris, Potentilla erecta, Vaccinium vitis-idaea, Calluna vulgaris, Erica tetralix, Empetrum nigrum, Juncus bulbosus, Carex viridula} subsp. {\it oedocarpa, C. pulicaris, Carex panicea, Succisa pratensis, Molinia caerulea, Agrostis canina, Triglochin palustris, Sphagnum cuspidatum, S.papillosum, S. palustre, S. magellanicum} and {\it Ranunuclus flammula}.

Flushes associated with rocky gills tend to be the most species/base-rich and include {\it Saxifraga aizoides, Cochlearia pyrenacia, Alchemilla glabra, Lysimachia nemorum, Anagallis tenella, Stellaria alsine, Chrysosplenium oppositifolium, Epilobium alsinifolium} and the moss {\it Philonotis fontana}.

Rocky gullies include occasional trees of {\it Sorbus} spp., {\it Betula} spp., areas of bracken {\it Pteridium aquilinum}, small areas of {\it Juniperus communis} scrub: GR NY 309 119 and NY 308 134. There are occasional records for {\it Solidago virgaurea}. Localised base-rich rocks have {\it Linum catharticum, Thymus drucei} and {\it Polygala vulgaris. Cryptogramma crispa} is locally abundant on some scree slopes.

HELVELLYN - WHELP SIDE - DOLLYWAGGON PIKE: MAP 3

The following description is based primarily on the Phase 1 survey target notes. This portion of the common comprises steep hillsides descending from the western side of the Helvellyn Massif to the Thirlmere Valley.

Most of this hillside supports an acidic grassland sward of {\it Festuca ovina, Nardus stricta} and {\it Juncus squarrosus. Vaccinium myrtillus} is present very occasionally, in a grazed/suppressed state (e.g. recorded for slope at GR NY 329 152, at upper edges of scree slope).  

On the slopes below Middle Tongue (GR NY 332 138) is a mosaic of habitats which includes remnant {\it Juniperus communis} scrub. Other elements are acidic grassland, plus areas of colonising bracken {\it Pteridium aquilinum}. The acidic grassland comprises locally frequent {\it Deschampsia flexuosa, D. cespitosa, Juncus squarrosus, Anthoxanthum odoratum, Luzula campestris, Galium saxatile, Cirsium} spp., {\it Achillea millefolium, Trifolium repens, Polytrichum} spp., {\it Cryptogramma crispa, Carex} spp. etc. and occasionally, {\it Vaccinium myrtillus}.

There are occasional rock outcrops and a number of steep, narrow and rocky gills descending the hillside. These include a portion of Helvellyn Gill, which lies partly along the northern boundary of the common, Whelp Side Gill and Comb Crags (GR NY 331 134). Species recorded from these habitats include {\it Calluna vulgaris, Vaccinium myrtillus, V. vitis-idaea, Erica cinerea, Cryptogramma crispa, Blechnum spicant, Deschampsia flexuosa, Festuca vivipara, Viola canina, Solidago virgaurea, Geranium robertianum, Teucrium scorodonia, Campanula rotundifolia} and {\it Digitalis purpurea}. Trees/shrubs include {\it Juniperus communis, Betula} sp., {\it Sorbus aucuparia, Fraxinus excelsior, Larix decidua, Ilex aquifolium} and {\it Salix capraea}.  Shaded/damp rocks have {\it Oxalis acetosella, Crepis paludosa, Pinguicula vulgaris, Saxifraga aizoides, S. stellaris, Alchemilla alpina, A. glabra, Viola ?lutea, Euphrasia officinalis, Luzula sylvatica, Cystopteris fragilis, Huperzia selago} and {\it Sphagnum} spp. 

Many of the gills also contain flushes. Species present include {\it Drosera rotundifolia, Narthecium ossifragum, Viola palustris, Succisa pratensis, Pedicularis sylvatica, Prunella vulgaris, Potentilla erecta, Molinia caerulea, Carex echinata, C. panicea, C. nigra, C. viridula} subsp. {\it oedocarpa, Eriophorum angustifolium, Trichophorum cespitosum, Juncus squarrosus} and {\it Sphagnum} spp. There are also base-rich examples with {\it Pinguicula vulgaris, Alchemilla alpina, Epilobium brunnescens, Chrysosplenium oppositifolium, Thymus drucei} and {\it Linum catharticum}. 

Slopes to the north-west of Helvellyn have screes, with smaller areas elsewhere. Here there are scattered trees and shrubs among the rocks: {\it Juniperus communis, Betula} sp., {\it Crataegus monogyna, Fraxinus excelsior Sorbus aucuparia. Cryptogramma crispa} occurs on some screes. 

The eastern fringe of the common lies on the summit ridge running south from Helvellyn, along Nethermost Pike and Dollywaggon Pike. This has a montane lichen-bryophyte heath. The most extensive vegetation community is a type described as being a "grassy variant" of NVC type U10a. This vegetation is species-poor, dominated by {\it Festuca ovina, Agrostis capillaris} and {\it Carex bigelowii}, with lichens and mosses poorly represented; it may have resulted from the effects of sheep-grazing. The community in fact accounts for the vast majority of montane heath in the Lake District. {\it Racomitrium lanuginosum} is generally only abundant where it is protected from grazing by the presence of rocks.

On steeper slopes at the edge of the plateau, where there is some protection from grazing, can be found a more typical U10, with frequent lichens, plus bryophytes such as {\it R. lanuginosum, Campylopus paradoxus, Diplophyllum albicans} and {\it Polytrichum} spp.

The summit of Helvellyn itself is largely devoid of vegetation due to trampling. Away from the cairns are areas of stony vegetation with U10a remnants.

MANAGE:
The common is grazed by sheep. It is widely-accepted that stocking densities in recent decades have been in excess of what is desirable to maintain the nature conservation value of this ecologically important area. In particular, these fells include a diversity of upland habitats such as heathland and several mire types, which feature amongst the "Priority Habitats" of the UK Biodiversity Action Plan.  

This situation is a function of Common Agricultural Policy which pays a sheep subsidy (with an additional premium for upland areas), coupled with the registration of grazing rights on common land in 1965. The levels of grazing rights established at this time were based entirely on the numbers given by individual claimants. As a consequence, the numbers of stock registered are far higher, both in ecological terms, and to some extent also in agricultural terms, than the land can support. Headage payments under the CAP have therefore encouraged graziers to hold as many stock as possible, this being related primarily to their holding of commoners rights.

There is, however, some scope for the amelioration of these problems since the establishment of the Lake District Environmentally Sensitive Area (ESA). Farms entering the scheme do so under a 10 year management argeement and receive a variety of payments in return for farming in a manner which is compatible with the special character of the Lake District. There are two tiers of entry and the first applies to the whole area of the farm. Of particular relevance to common land amongst the provisions of the first tier are specified maximum stocking densities on the open fell which take into account the presence of heather.

The second tier is optional and provides for even lower stocking densities on "heather fell". There is also an optional tier aimed at making better provision for public access, plus certain payments aimed at maintaining/enhancing juniper scrub/ghylls/water margins etc.

For an individual common to be entered into the ESA scheme, it requires all of the relevant commoners to join on a whole farm basis and this is often unrealistic to achieve. However, here are many circumstances where farmers have individually joined the ESA, who also have grazing rights on common land. In such cases, these commons have been designated "Common land with controlled grazing rights". These farmers are not allowed to put additional stock onto the common above pre-scheme levels, even if these were above those allowed by the grazing rights. 

For reasons of confidentiality it has not been possible in this project to identify whether or not an individual common has been entered into the ESA scheme. However, for a general summary of the approximate area of Cumbrian Common Land now covered by ESA agreements, please refer to the main report (but note that this information is likely to be somewhat out of date). 

The recent Helvellyn Management Plan (LDNPA, 1977), discusses a wide variety of proposed/planned management, this area overlapping with the eastern portion of the common (Map 3). Many of these issues are applicable in general to the whole common. 

1. Identify areas of heathland that might benefit from reduced grazing pressure. This could take the form of an overall lowering of stocking rates and/or a reduced stocking density in winter, or changes in flock management, such as moving winter feeding areas. This to be done with relevant landowners and graziers in relation to various options offered within the ESA system (as mentioned above). 

2. Encourage regeneration of the juniper woodland/scrub situated below Middle Tongue on the Whelpside section, either by temporarily fencing to reduce the grazing pressure, or by transplantation of saplings of known provenance. 

3. Future management and regeneration of hawthorn and other shrubs/trees on the base of the Helvellyn Screes. These scattered individuals of hawthorn, rowan and juniper would have become established at a period of time when there was a temporary reduction in the grazing pressure. They form part of an important habitat for certain upland birds such as ring ouzel and also help with forming a softer visual edge to the conifer plantation along the valley-bottom.  The threshold stocking rate for this to happen is not clear, but a reduced stocking rate (under the ESA scheme), would help the situation. Again, tree/shrub saplings could also be planted. 

4. Install experimental exclosures on the Helvellyn Summit lichen/bryophyte heath to investigate the potential for the restoration of this habitat, following a reduction in both levels of grazing and trampling by humans.

5. Encouragement of broadleaved woodland along Helvellyn Gill. This may be a remnant of more extensive woodland which occupied the lower fells and now only confined to inaccessible sites due to the grazing pressure. This to be achieved by planting of trees/shrubs of known provenance, with temporary fencing to be removed when they become established.

6. The National Park/North West Water to continue its programme of footpath restoration and maintenance. This work to be done in the context of landscape impact, nature conservation needs and safety to walkers. An especial consideration is to be given to paths which have become eroded, not due necessarily to the high numbers of users, but due to the fragility of the substrate. This is a particular problem on wet/peaty areas, where even light use can cause enormous damage. One option may be to re-align routes to avoid such areas. 

7. Proposals by the LDNPA for a bat survey of old mine adits, plus survey of archaeological sites,  

8. To aid public understanding of the Lakeland Fells environment and the need for various management work, the LDNPA are to produce visitor information boards, to be sited at the main access car parks.

The western boundary of the common has been fenced against Watendlath Fells (this being under National Trust ownership and not common land).


FAUNA:
The SSSI as a whole is of national and international importance for wintering wildfowl and wading birds and is a vital link in a chain of west coast estuaries used by migrating birds. The site is also noted for its populations of breeding birds, natterjack toads and invertebrates (Grade B site on Invertebrate Site Register). The site has been proposed for designation as a wetland of international importance under the RAMSAR Convention and also as a Special Protection Area under an EC Directive on the conservation of wild birds. (see under CL 26C for a fuller account of the important fauna of this area.).

VEG:
The common lies within the Wampool Estuary, forming a very small part of the Upper Solway Flats and Marshes SSSI. This site is also a classified Special Protection Area under the EC Directive 79/409 on the conservation of wild birds and also listed as a wetland of international importance under the Ramsar Convention.

The following description is based on the citation and target notes from the Cumbria Phase 1 survey. As it is such a small area, only a brief account of the overall importance of the SSSI as a whole is given here. For a fuller account refer to CL 26C or the SSSI citation itself. In addition, a brief inspection of the site was made from a nearby road at the edge of the estuary. 

The SSSI as a whole forms one of the largest continuous areas of intertidal habitat in Britain, exceeded only by Morecambe Bay and the Wash. The major portion of the common comprises a grazed saltmarsh sward. The Phase 1 target notes indicate the general area to be mainly dominated by {\it Festuca rubra}, with {\it Agrostis stolonifera, Poa} sp., {\it Juncus gerardii, Plantago maritima, P. coronopus, Glaux maritima} and {\it Carex} spp. At the edge of the marsh {\it Triglochin maritima} and {\it Armeria maritima} are present with {\it Puccinellia maritima} and {\it Spergularia} sp. colonising the sandy mud, which lies to the south of the common. {\it Alopecurus geniculatus} is recorded from a ditch on the marsh. The upper edge of the marsh has a small area of marshy grassland, but with no species information.

MANAGE:
The boundary of the common is fenced, although it has a similar visual appearance to the surrounding marsh, and is probably managed in the same way, being grazed by cattle at the time of the site visit.


VEG:
This common forms a minor part of the Skiddaw Group SSSI. This site is also listed in "A Nature Conservation Review", Ed. D.A Ratcliffe, 1977. The summit of Skiddaw itself, the highest point within the SSSI, lies just to the south-east, on the contiguous CL 64C. The underlying geology here is dominated by by the Skiddaw Slates. 

The main biological interest of the SSSI as a whole comprises extensive tracts of sub-montane blanket mire and heathland, plus smaller reserves of montane lichen-bryophyte heath. The habitat map and following description have been taken mainly from the Cumbria Phase 1 habitat survey and the SSSI citation. The common was was not visited as part of this survey. See under CL 20C for map showing boundary of the Skiddaw Group SSSI and the location of commons within this block.

The habitats present on this common comprise acidic grassland and acidic flush. See under CLs 64C and 252C for a more detailed account of the vegetation of this part of the SSSI.


FAUNA:
Noted during site visit were: 

(i) - 01.06.95. Near or on the river were oystercatcher, redshank, shelduck, black-headed gull, greater black-backed gull, mute swans, cormorant and grey heron. Sandmartins were also nesting in sandy banks at the edge of the river. Seen elsewhere were blue tit, willow warbler, songthrush, chaffinch, great tit, chiff chaff, robin, skylark and green-veined white butterfly. 

(ii) - 05.08.95. Seen on this occasion were swallow, black-headed gull, grey heron, goosander and small tortoiseshell butterfly. 

The area is said to be very good for birds, with a number of enthusiastic local birdwatchers. Sandmartins regularly nest along the river banks, but the river is tidal at this point and the nests are often destroyed by flooding.

VEG:
The common was covered by the Cumbria Phase 1 survey in 1986. This provided a couple of relevant target notes. The site was visited (twice) during the present survey in order to collect additional information. The common was viewed from the footpaths along both sides of the river. A second visit proved necessary in order to identify a conspicuous herbaceous plant which was too immature to recognise on the first occasion. Note that land to the west of the River Eden lies within the Solway Coast AONB (see map).

Land to the east (1) is predominantly poor semi-improved grassland dominated by {\it Lolium perenne}. This has abundant {\it Agrostis capillaris, Trifolium repens, Ranunculus acris}, frequent {\it Cynosurus cristatus} and {\it Poa trivialis} plus locally frequent {\it Cirsium arvense, Senecio jacobaea} and {\it S. aquaticus}. Localised damp areas also have {\it Juncus inflexus} and {\it Alopecurus geniculatus}. In addition, some areas display more diversity and have species such as {\it Achillea millefolium, Ranunculus ficaria, Conopodium majus, Plantago media} and {\it Pimpinella saxifraga} (mapped as semi-improved neutral grassland). 

In sandy substrate near to the river there are also occasional plants of {\it Ononis repens} (the 1986 Phase 1 survey also notes {\it Ononis spinosa}). There are a few small clumps of scrub with {\it Crataegus monogyna} and {\it Rosa} spp., the area underneath being choked by {\it Urtica dioica} and {\it Cirsium arvense}. The 1986 Phase 1 survey also notes {\it Salix alba} and {\it Prunus spinosa}. 

At (2) is a wet ditch dominated by {\it Glyceria fluitans} with locally abundant {\it J. inflexus} and occasional {\it Oenenthe crocata} and {\it Cardamine pratensis}. To the edge of this area (3) is an area of somewhat taller, mainly semi-neutral grassland, plus tall ruderal species. This area may be largely beyond the reach of cattle grazing. Recorded here were {\it Achillea millefolium, Galium cruciata, Geranium pratense, Centaurea nigra, Heracleum sphondylium, Potentilla reptans, Ononis repens, Anthriscus sylvestris, Cirsium arvense}, together with several large stands of {\it Senecio fluviatilis} (the reason for the second visit). Occasional small clumps of {\it Impatiens glandulifera} were also noted. 

N.B. {\it Senecio fluviatilis} is largely confined in Cumbria to riverbanks along the middle and lower reaches of the River Eden. The Cumbrian populations of this southern European species are second in Britain only to those found on the Somerset Levels (Source: Halliday, 1997).

Tall ruderal vegetation appears to dominate the "island" at (4), where several large stands of {\it S. fluviatilis}, together with {\it Tanacetum vulgare, Cirsium} spp., plus {\it Phalaris arundinacea} were noted. This area also appears to be out of the reach of cattle. Pools around the edge have {\it Butomus umbellatus} and surrounding the area is a band of river shingle and mud which supports inundation vegetation, mainly large stands of {\it Phalaris arundinacea}. 

On the western bank of the river there is an area mainly of semi-improved neutral grassland. To the south this typically has abundant {\it Lolium perenne, Cynosurus cristatus, Holcus lanatus, Ranunculus acris} and {\it R. bulbosus}, with locally frequent {\it Conopodium majus, Poa trivialis, Plantago lanceolata, Bellis perennis, Rumex acetosa, Cirsium arvense, Festuca rubra, Alopecurus pratensis, Achillea millefolium} and {\it Trifolium repens}, plus locally occasional {\it Senecio jacobaea} (NVC MG6). The Phase 1 survey target notes the long thin pond at NY 355 602. "Species present include {\it Glyceria fluitans, Veronica} sp., {\it Persicaria hydropiper, Juncus} sp., {\it Senecio aquaticus} and {\it Ranunculus repens}". Grassland further north appears to be improved, but this area was not visited. 

To the south-west of the common is a narrow steeply-wooded bank. The southern portion of this has, at the top of the bank, a canopy of tall {\it Fagus sylvatica} trees, also with occasional individuals of {\it Acer pseudoplatanus}. Lower down the slope, {\it A. pseudoplatanus} tends to dominate. Many of the trees have epiphytic {\it Hedera helix}. Along the edge of the river are mature trees of {\it Fraxinus excelsior}. At the top of the bank there are few undershrubs, but toward the base of the slope there is a shrub layer of {\it Crataegus monogyna} and {\it Rubus fruticosus} agg., plus occasional bushes of {\it Ribes rubrum} and seedlings of {\it Taxus baccata} and {\it Ilex aquifolium}. 

The field layer at the top is largely dominated by {\it Holcus mollis} with frequent {\it Conopodium majus}, plus locally frequent {\it Stellaria holostea} and {\it Veronica chamaedrys}. Lower down, the field layer is more diverse, with {\it Poa trivialis, Urtica dioica, Brachypodium sylvaticum, Ranunculus ficaria, Polypodium vulgare, Geum urbanum, S. holostea, Galium aparine, Stachys sylvatica, Digitalis purpurea, Silene dioica} and {\it Potentilla sterilis}. Overall, the wood appears to have little in the way of dead trees etc. 

At the extreme northern tip the wood gives way to dense scrub of {\it Crataegus monogyna}. The field layer is dominated by {\it Holcus mollis}, plus locally frequent {\it Oxalis acetosella, Viola riviniana} and {\it Veronica filiformis}, plus locally occasional {\it Saxifraga granulata}. A wet area also has {\it Veronica beccabunga}.

The river appears to have little emergent vegetation on the western side. Apparently, the entire common originally lay on the western bank, and the river is now cutting westwards across the floodplain and therefore also the common. This explains the presence of shingle to the east, while to the west there is an undercut bank of sand which has sandmartin nests. A small clump of what appeared to be {\it Eleocharis austriaca} was noted here.

MANAGE:
Most of the common is grazed by cattle. The wooded section and the shingle "islands" in the river appear to be avoided. Much of the grassland is significantly trampled by the cattle, but the poaching could be beneficial in creating invertebrate microhabitats and germination sites. 

Further invertebrate potential exists in the shingle areas in the river, together with the exposed bank of sand on the western side. As mentioned previously, this is used by nesting sandmartins. Breeding success is often denied due to flooding, although this in itself could be supplying sources of vegetative litter to other parts of the site. 

Although much of the grassland is at least semi-improved, there are still a number of interesting species remaining locally, particularly in sandy substrate along the eastern bank of the river. The scattered scrub here provides additional cover for birds. The presence of so much ragwort is probably much to the great annoyance of the graziers. 

Further habitat diversity is provided in the form of the shingle-dominated areas, the river itself, plus areas of inundation vegetation and the woodland. All of these factors indicate that the common is likely to have significant nature conservation importance. The site may eventually become part of a new SSSI covering the River Eden. 

Note that brick rubble has been dumped at the top of the wooded bank.


