# file3

VEG:
The site consists of roadside verges, most of which are neutral grassland with some scrub and tall herbs, but the areas outside the houses are reseeded. 
(1) B22. Semi-improved neutral grassland. The verges are mostly short rough grassland  dominated by Arrhenatherum elatius, Dactylis glomerata, Festuca sp and Holcus lanatus. Typical herbs include Centaurea nigra, Plantago lanceolata, Agrimonia eupatoria and Rumex acetosa. Uncut areas tend to be rank. 
(2) J5. The verge outside the houses has been reseeded and is mown as lawn. It is crossed by drives. 
(3) A21 Continuous scrub. Some Crataegus monogyna and Prunus spinosa scrub occurs, with Rubus fruticosus and some Reynoutria japonica. 
(4) C31. Tall herb species are common where the verge is uncut.

MANAGE:
The verges are mown, and the areas outside the houses are kept as lawns. Some trees have been planted on the southern part of the site.


FAUNA:
Birds:- Woodpigeon, Carrion Crow, Pheasant, pair Kestrels.

VEG:
The common is either cultivated or improved pasture divided up into fields by internal fences. 
(1) B4. Improved, cattle-grazed pasture. 
(2) J11. Cereal fields and fields lying fallow. (3) A111. Semi-natural broadleaved woodland. The woodland is dominated by Fraxinus excelsior with abundant Taxus baccata, and frequent Fagus sylvatica on the margins. Open areas caused by storm damage have been colonised by Eupatorium cannabinum and Brachypodium sylvaticum. Although the fields are divided by fences, there are several gappy thorn hedges with some standard Fagus sylvatica trees.

MANAGE:
The pasture fields are all cattle grazed. The arable fields are used for growing cereals, but it is likely that there is a cycle of cultivation and grassland ley, as some of the arable fields have water troughs, and crop plants are scattered in some of the pasture fields.
The hedges and woodland should be retained, as these are the only parts of the site likely to be of benefit for wildlife. The hedges could be thickened up with native shrubs and some trees planted to grow as boundary standard trees.


FAUNA:
Birds:- Swift, Carrion Crow, Woodpigeon, Black- headed Gull.

VEG:
B4. Improved  reseeded grassland, dominated by Lolium perenne. There is a bank of Urtica dioica along one boundary, and the field is bounded by woodland and scrub on three sides.

MANAGE:
The site is grazed by cattle, with approximately 20 being present at the time of the visit. The site also appears to have been cut for hay or silage. The grassland has been reseeded and is probably fertilized. The site is also used for feeding pheasants.


FAUNA:
Birds:- Wren, Robin, Long-tailed Tit, Great Tit, Blue Tit, Nuthatch, Tree-creeper, Whitethroat, Swift, Swallow, Blackbird, Woodpigeon, Carrion Crow, Jay, Sparrowhawk.

VEG:
The majority of the verge is wooded or scrubbed over  with some areas of tall herb. 
(1) A111. The woodland is dominated by Quercus robur and Fraxinus excelsior, with Betula sp and Ulmus procera locally abundant. The shrub layer consists of Acer campestre, Crataegus monogyna, Corylus avellana, Prunus spinosa, Viburnum opulus and Salix sp. The ground flora varies with the density of shade and leaf litter, but includes Rubus fruticosus, Lonicera periclymenum, Hedera helix, Rosa canina, Stellaria holostea and Geranium robertianum. Where the canopy is open Pteridium aquilinum and Rubus fruticosus are dominant. 
(2) A21. The main area of scrub is by Goose Green. It appears that it floods occasionally, as species such as Iris pseudacorus, Carex acutiflorus and Scirpus sylvaticus are present under the very large multi-stemmed willows. This area merges with dry scrub of Prunus spinosa, Corylus avellana, Salix, Crataegus monogyna, Ulmus procera, Acer campestre and Thelycrania sanuinea. Scrub is scattered elsewhere on the common, generally over tall herbs.
(3) C31. Tall herb community. Wetter areas are characterised by Epilobium hirsutum, Urtica dioica, Pulicaria dysenterica, Deschampsia caespitosa and Juncus effusus. Otherwise, the main species are Heracleum sphondylium, Calystegia sepium and abundant Pteridium aquilinum, mixed with Holcus lanatus, Arrhenatherum elatius and Agrostis stolonifera.

MANAGE:
The trees and shrubs have been cut down under the powerlines, but are regenerating well. Surfaced tracks have been constructed across the verge, and areas outside the houses have been mown short. Some tipping of garden waste has occurred. The woodland opposite Goff's Plantation has been coppiced in the past.


FAUNA:
Birds:- Robin, Great Tit,  Woodpigeon, Magpie. Mammals:- Rabbit. 
Invertebrates:- Speckled Wood (Pararge aegeria).

VEG:
A wooded strip of land between the road and the woodland of Torberry Hill itself. A111. At the northern end of the common, the woodland consists of very old Corylus avellana and Fraxinus excelsior stools under occasional Quercus robur standards. The ground flora includes Mercurialis perennis, Hedera helix, Arum maculatum and Bracypodium sylvaticum. The woodland then narrows to a strip of old Corylus avellana coppice, but widens out into an area of large Fagus sylvatica standards over abundant Ilex aquifolium and Acer campsetre, some Ligustrum vulgare, Crataegus monogyna, Taxus baccata, Viburnum lantana and Thelycrania sanguinea. The ground flora includes grasses, Carex sylvatica and Epipactis helleborine. There is standing and fallen dead wood. Opposite the main road, the verge is mown grassland, with some Agrimonia eupatoria and Pimpinella saxifraga.

MANAGE:
The path is cleared and signed. The verge at the southern end is mown and has a bus shelter.

No management is needed, apart from routine path maintenance.


FAUNA:
Birds:- Robin, Blue Tit,  Coal Tit, Nuthatch,  Carrion Crow,  Woodpigeon.

VEG:
The common consists of the wooded verges of a minor road and a small woodland. It has an area of poor fen, and some scrub and tall herbs. 
(1) A111. Semi-natural broadleaved woodland. The northern part is predominately Quercus robur with some Fraxinus excelsior and Betula sp. Corylus avellana is the main shrub layer species, with some Acer campestre and Prunus spinosa. Salix sp occurs on the margin. The ground flora is dominated by Urtica dioica and Hedera helix, with Rubus fruticosus along the road edge. The wooded verges have a similar mix of trees and shrubs. 
(2) A21. Continuous scrub. Scrub occurs along the wood margins as described, and a mixture of Salix, Corylus avellana, Prunus spinosa, Crataegus monogyna, Acer pseudoplatanus, A. campestre, Prunus avium, Thelycrania sanguinea, young trees and mature standard trees, occur on the road verges.
(3) C31. Tall herbs are associated with the scrub margins and occur on wooded and uncut areas of verge. The main species are Urtica dioica, Heracleum sphondylium, Cirsium arvense and Pteridium aquilinum, with coarse grasses such as Arrhenatherum elatius and Deschampsia caespitosa. Damper areas have Pulicaria dysenterica, and there are a number of garden escapes from past tipping.
(4) B5 poor fen. This may be an old pond site, as it is damp, and dominated by Epilobium hirsutum, Juncus inflexus, Mentha aquatica and Apium nodiflorum, with some Typha latifolia. Tall herbs occur on the margins. This area appears to be drying out.

MANAGE:
There is no obvious management. Some tipping of garden waste has occurred. The site could be improved for wildlife by digging a pond in the damp area and clearing back the surrounding vegetation.


FAUNA:
Birds:- Wren, Great Tit,  Blackbird, Woodpigeon.

VEG:
A small area of woodland and scrub, bisected by a minor road. 
(1) A111. Semi-natural broadleaved woodland. The woodland is predominately Quercus robur and Fraxinus excelsior over old Corylus avellana stools and very tall old Crataegus monogyna. Other shrub layer species include Sambucus nigra, Acer campestre and Prunus spinosa. Although the trees are well-spaced, they cast a dense shade, which is reflected in the sparse ground flora. However, a damp clearing in the wood does have abundant Chrysosplenium oppositifolium, Equisetum sp, Ranunculus repens, Mentha aquatica and some Filipendula ulmaria. 
(2) A21 Continuous scrub. Generally tall Salix caprae, with Corylus avellana, Quercus robur and Fraxinus excelsior occasional. Holcus lanatus, Dactylis glomerata, Rubus fruticosus and Urtica dioica occur beneath.
(3) A22 Scattered scrub. Bushes of Salix capraea, Crataegus monogyna and Sambucus nigra, growing over tall herbs - mainly Urtica dioica, Heracleum sphondylium, Epilobium hirsutum, Filipendula ulmaria, Rubus fruticosus and Symphytum x uplandicum.
(4) G2 The small stream which runs through the wood is dry, but does have some Chrysosplenium oppositifolium, Angelica sylvestris and Carex sylvatica growing beside it.

MANAGE:
No management evident, although some small scale tipping has occurred. The woodland could be managed by re-coppicing the shrubs and allowing the standard trees to grow on. This would encourage ground flora species and the regeneration of trees and shrubs, but might prove impractical for such a small area.


VEG:
The majority of the site is woodland, with a small area of grassland and a road. 
(1) A111. Semi-natural broadleaved woodland. The woodland occurs on the slope and is dominated by Quercus robur and Fraxinus excelsior, with Fagus sylvatica locally abundant in the canopy. The trees are densest in the middle of the common  with young Fraxinus excelsior, some Ilex aquifolium, Prunus spinosa and abundant Rubus fruticosus beneath. Where Fagus sylvatica dominates the canopy, the ground flora is very sparse, due to dense shade. The trees are more widely spaced away from the central section, with Rubus fruticosus  Lonicera periclymenum and Pteridium aquilinum beneath, and frequent young trees in the sub canopy. 
(2) J5. The common is crossed by a minor road and a surfaced track. 
(3) B4. Reseeded grassland which has been mown as a lawn.

MANAGE:
The woodland does not appear ro be managed, although some tipping of soil and garden waste has occurred. This should be removed and further tipping prevented. The small area of grassland is mown regularly, and the rough grasses of the verges are mown occassionally. The site does not require any management at present.


VEG:
The map shows this area to be wooded to the north and a track to the south. The track is heavily over-grown with scrub of Prunus spinosa, Crataegus monogyna, Corylus avellana and Betula sp.

MANAGE:
The common has been fenced off from the footpath to the south and is very over-grown. No management was evident at the southern end, and access was not possible to the rest of the site.


FAUNA:
Birds:- Wren, Robin, Blue Tit, Great Tit, Nuthatch

VEG:
The common is predominately woodland with open areas of Pteridium aqwuilinum. 
(1) A111. Semi-natural broadleaved woodland. Most of the area west of the road is Quercus robur and Betula sp. woodland. Much of the Betula is multi-stemmed. Fagus sylvatica is frequent on the boundaries, and is locally dominant within the wood. The understorey varies, but generally consists of Sorbus aucuparia, Ilex aquifolium and young Fagus sylvatica and Betula. The ground flora reflects the amount of shade, with tussocks of Vaccinium myrtillus under a closed canopy, and Pteridium aquilinum, Rubus fruticosus and tree seedlings occurring where there is more light. Some Castanea sativa and Pinus sylvestris occur along the northern edge of the common. This area has been storm-damaged, but is regenerating naturally. Much of the steep bank to the east of the road is Betula woodland with some Fagus sylvatica, Quercus robur, Sorbus aucuparia and Ilex aquifolium. This area has been storm damaged.

(2) C11. Continuous Pteridium aquilinum. The top of the slope to the east of the road is all dominated by Pteridium aquilinum, with patches of Molinia caerulea and locally dominant Vaccinium myrtillus. The cleared area under the powerlines is also dominated by Pteridium aquilinum, with some Digitalis purpurea, Hedera helix, Lonicera periclymenum and clumps of rubus fruticosus and Ilex europaeus.

MANAGE:
The footpaths are signed and maintained. Some of the wind-thrown trees have been sawn up and removed, but wood has also been left in place to rot down. The area beneath the powerlines has been cleared, but is regenerating. An area of Pteridium aquilium has been cleared and a seat placed at a viewpoint at the top of the slope. No other management is needed at presesnt.


FAUNA:
Birds:- Wren, Robin, Coal Tit, Blue Tit, House Sparrow, Goldcrest, Chaffinch, Magpie.

VEG:
The verges of the track are mostly wooded, although there are also areas of scrub and tall herbs. 
(1) J5 Track. The track is surfaced along most of its length as it provides access to the cottages. (2) A111. Woodland. The verges are generally wooded with a mixture of Quercus robur, Fraxinus excelsior and Acer pseudoplatanus, with patches of Salix capraea, and some young trees and scrub beneath and on the margins. There is a small area of widely-spaced Quercus robur and occasional Fraxinus excelsior over Ulex europaeus and a ground flora of seedling Crataegus monogyna, Quercus robur, Betula sp and acid grasses. This area appears to have been thinned. The northern part of the track runs between Castanea sativa,  Betula sp, Quercus robur, Corylus avellana, Ilex aquifolium and Taxus baccata. 
(3) C31 Tall herbs grow on the uncut verges, and mainly consist of Epilobium hirsutum, Pulicaria dysenterica, Urtica dioica, Centaurea nigra and Cirsium arvense, amongst coarse grasses, Rubus fruticosus and Rosa canina.
(4) A21. Continuous scrub. There is an area of dense scrub at the southern end of the common, consisting of Salix cinerea, Prunus spinosa, Corylus avellana, Acer campestre, Crataegus monogyna and young trees. Scrub also occurs between areas of woodland.

MANAGE:
The track is signed as a footpath and a bench has been provided. One area of woodland appears to have been thinned, and cut wood is stacked at the northern end. Some tipping of garden waste has occurred. The verges are cut short outside the houses. At present, the clippings are left in place. They should really be removed, to prevent the vigorous growth of coarser grasses.


VEG:
The common occupies a steep slope and was wooded until the 1987 storm. It now supports regenerating, open canopy woodland. 
(1) A131. Mixed woodland. Prior to the storm, the woodland canopy was dominated by Quercus robur and Larix sp  with dense Rhododendron scrub beneath, and some Castanea sativa coppice. The woodland had a poorly developed, but quite varied ground flora, which included Hyacinthoides non-scripta, Oxalis acetosella, Glechoma hederacea and several species of fern. The woodland is now very open, with some mature trees remaining on the western boundary and southern end, and scattered over the rest of the site. Castanea sativa is regenerating well from cut or damaged stumps, and Betula sp seedlings and saplings are abundant. Some Taxus baccata, Ilex aquifolium and Sorbus aucuparia remain, and Rhododendron is still frequent. There is much disturbed ground, and species such as Rubus fruticosus, Digitalis purpurea and Pteridium  are abundant in the clearings. Some of the original woodland flora occurs where the canopy is more intact.

MANAGE:
The National Trust Management Plan was written before the storm, but there was a policy of non-intervention which the storm will not have invalidated. No replanting had been carried out to date, and the only management is to improve the access by constructing footpaths, and to restore the lime kiln. Now would be a good time to eradicate the Rhododendron, as the site is already disturbed and access is easier than in an intact woodland.


VEG:
The majority of the common is semi-improved neutral grassland, but there is an area of woodland east of the main road, and some scrub. A small stream crosses the site. 
(1) B22. Semi-improved neutral grassland. The grassland was mown short at the time of the survey, but appears to be mainly Holcus lanatus and Agrostis tenuis, with patches of Dactylis glomerata. The NT survey also records Festuca arundinacea, Festuca rubra, Anthoxanthum odoratum and Holcus mollis in varying amounts. The grassland is poor in herbs with occasional Trifolium pratense, Ranunculus repens and Plantago lanceolata. The NT survey records a more species-rich area along the stream, with Achillea ptarmica, Senecio aquaticus, Mentha aquatica, Galium palustre, Lotus uliginosus, Angelica sylvestris, Ranunculus acris, Cirsium palustre and Juncus spp. These species were not relocated during the survey, although several occur along the ditch.
(2) A131. The woodland occurs to the east of the main road. It is dominated by Betula sp. with Quercus robur, Sorbus aucuparia, Pinus sylvestris and other conifers. Young Quercus robur, Fagus sylvatica and Corylus avellana occur in open areas, and a clump of multi-stemmed Salix sp. by the road. Rhododendron is frequent under the trees. The ground flora consists of Molinia caerulea and Juncus effusus, with rough grasses and tall herbs in clearings and on the uncut verges.
(3) G2. The main channel is rather dry and overgrown with grasses.

MANAGE:
The grassland is closely mown, but the cuttings have been left. These should be removed in future, or the grassland may become rank. The verges of the access road are mown as lawn, and may have been reseeded in the past. The main road verges are roughly mown, and uncut areas are rather rank. The footpath is well maintained. This is probably due to the recent dry summers.


FAUNA:
Birds:- Wren, Robin, Blue Tit, Blackbird, Woodpigeon. 
Mammals:- Rabbit. 
Invertebrates:- Holly Blue (Celastrina argiolus), Gatekeeper (Pyronia tithonus), Meadow Brown (Maniola jurtina), Small Tortoiseshell (Aglais urticae).

VEG:
The western part of the common is Castanea sativa coppice. The rest is storm damaged woodland with open areas of Pteridium aquilinum and Rubus fruticosus. 
(1) A111. Semi-natural broadleaved woodland. The western part of the common is worked Castanea sativa coppice with Quercus robur on the boundary. The coppice is tall and dense and the ground flora is predominately Hyacinthoides non-scripta. The rest of the woodland has been severly storm damaged, so is very open. The remaining trees are mainly Quercus robur and Betula sp. with young Betula sp, Castanea sativa, Corylus avellana, Sambucus nigra, Ilex aquifolium and Sorbus aucuparia beneath. There are occasional mature Ilex aquifolium trees and large Fagus sylvatica, with a small amount of Pinus sylvestris (but less than the 10% required for classification as mixed woodland). The woodland narrows to a strip at the southern end.
(2) C11. Continuous Pteridium aquilinum. The amount of Pteridium aquilinum must have spread considerably since the storm opened up the woodland canopy, as all clearings are dominated by it. Some Rubus fruticosus and Lonicera periclymenum occur amongst it. Root plates, dead wood and disturbed ground are abundant.

MANAGE:
The coppice is part of a much larger area and is worked. The majority of the wind-thrown timber has been removed, causing considerable, but probably temporary, disturbance. It would be beneficial to leave as much dead wood as possible, as this is a valuable habitat for a variety of birds, invertebrates and fungi. If left alone, the woodland should regenerate naturally, although planting some native trees would accelerate the process. The footpaths are maintained. Some tipping has occurred and this should be prevented.


FAUNA:
Typical woodland birds including Robin, Great Tit,  Nuthatch, Blackbird, Magpie, Jay, Pheasant. Mammals: Grey Squirrel, Rabbit.

VEG:
The common is predominately Quercus robur or Q. robur/Fraxinus excelsior woodland, with areas of coppice, forming a ring around improved pasture  and narrowing to a wooded verge to the south. 
(1) A111. Semi-natural broadleaved woodland. The main part of the woodland lies to the north, and is a mixture of Q. robur and F. excelsior over a dense shrub layer of Crataegus monogyna, Prunus spinosa and Corylus avellana, with Rubus fruticosus and Rosa canina beneath. The central area is more open, with Q. robur dominant and the shrub layer more patchy. R. fruticosus is still abundant beneath, and Deschampsia caespitosa occurs along tracks and in clearings where R. fruticosus is absent. Betula sp. is abundant by the northern boundary, growing over Pteridium aquilinum, although it is occasional in other parts of the wood. Salix sp. occurs along the stream which runs along the eastern edge of the common, and the ground flora also indicates damper ground with species such as Phalaris arundinacea, D. caespitosa and Mentha aquatica present. The south-east corner by Brookland is old Corylus avellana coppice under standards. Some very tall Crataegus monogyna trees also occur, and some scrub.
(2) B4. Improved field.
(3) A21/B22. The verges support semi-improved neutral grassland with occasional herbs, and areas of dense scrub.

MANAGE:
The verges are mown and parts have been incorporated into gardens. At 1a), the woodland has been thinned to a few standard trees and the shrub layer grubbed up and burnt. This area is likely to be reseeded. The rest of the woodland is generally unmanaged, apart from some clearing of storm damage. Some trees and shrubs have been planted near the cottage. The field is in an area previously mapped as woodland. Little management is needed, but further encroachments should be prevented. The bridleway is maintained.


FAUNA:
Birds:- Wren, Robin, Blue Tit, Starling, Woodpigeon, Magpie. 
Mammals:- Mole

VEG:
The common is predominately deciduous woodland with one reseeded area used as a garden, and a small pond. 
(1) A111. Semi-natural broadleaved woodland. Mainly Quercus robur with Fraxinus excelsior locally abundant, especially to the north. Crataegus monogyna dominates the shrub layer  especially on the western part, where it is very tall and multi-stemmed and associated with old multi-stemmed Malus sylvestris and Acer campestre. Other species of the shrub layer include younger C. monogyna, Prunus spinosa, Corylus avellana, Euonymus europaeus, and young trees. Sambucus nigra is occasional on the verge  and there is a dense margin of scrub along the wood edge. The ground flora is dominated by Rubus fruticosus and Hedera helix, with Agrostis stolonifera, Lonicera periclymenum, Mercurialis perennis, Ajuga reptans, Brachypodium sylvaticum and the ancient woodland indicators Lysimachia nemorum and Festuca gigantea in more open areas. Some of the standard trees appear to be very old, and these may indicate old wood pasture.
(2) B4. Improved, reseeded grassland. The area in front of the houses has been reseeded as lawn and has bedding plants and trees planted.
(3) J5. A surfaced track with wide, mown verges and boundary hedges.
(4) G1. The pond is surrounded by trees and scrub. It is dry, but has some Alisma plantago-aquatica, Iris pseudacorus and Mentha aquatica.

MANAGE:
The northern part of the wood has tracks cleared through it and cross-country fences built. Stable bedding has been dumped and some cut wood piled. The scrub along the road edge is regularly cut and the verge is mown. The wood to the west is used for shooting and has been thinned. The track is maintained. The verge opposite the houses has been reseeded and mown as a lawn, and has bedding plants and shrubs. The southern part of the common is a surfaced track.


FAUNA:
Birds:- Wren, Blue Tit, Jay, Woodpigeon.

VEG:
The common is old Hazel coppice under Oak standards, with some scrub. 
(1) A111. Semi-natural broadleaved woodland. The canopy is dominated by Quercus robur and locally abundant Fagus sylvatica standards over old Corylus avellana coppice. The canopy is generally open. The ground flora includes Hyacinthoides non-scripta, Viola sp, Ajuga reptans, Geranium robertianum, Brachypodium sylvaticum, Dryopteris dilata, Lonicera periclymenum, Euphorbia amygdaloides, and patches of Ruscus aculeatus and Rubus fruticosus, and is likely to be much richer in the spring. Bryophytes are frequent on stumps and areas of bare ground. Shrubs such as Ilex aquifolium, Acer campestre, Crataegus monogyna and Prunus spinosa occur alongst the coppice, and there is some Taxus baccata near the road. Saplings and seedlings are frequent. 
(2) A21. A dense thicket of C.avellana, P.spinosa and C.monogyna scrub.

MANAGE:
The wood has been managed in the past as coppicer with standards, and the best management would be to continue this system. The only recent management has been tipping of tree cuttings, soil and stable bedding on the old pond site. This should be removed and further tipping should be prevented. It might be possible to reinstate the pond by clearing back the surrounding trees and scrub and digging a deeper hole with sloping sides.


FAUNA:
Birds:- Wren, Robin, Great Tit, Blackbird,  Collared Dove, Woodpigeon, Heron.

VEG:
The larger parcel is improved grassland. The other areas are dominated by tall herbs and scrub  with some mown grassland. 
(1) B4. Improved, reseeded grassland. Very heavily grazed, herb-poor reseeded grassland. Rumex sp is spreading as a result of over-grazing  and there are patches of bare earth. 
(2) C31 Tall herb. Where the verges are uncut  tall herbs such as Cirsium arvense, Pulicaria dysenterica, Urtica dioica, Epilobium hirsutum and Rubus fruticosus are dominant amongst coarse grasses and scattered bushes. 
(3) A22. Scattered scrub. This mostly occurs at the eastern end of the long verge, consisting of large Fraxinus excelsior trees over Prunus spinosa, Crataegus monogyna, Acer campestre, Malus sylvestris, Ulmus procera and Salix cinerea. Tall herbs occur around the scrub.

MANAGE:
The northern part of the common is enclosed and is heavily grazed by horses. It appears to be grazed all year round, as there are supplementary feeders on the site. The field is poor in herbs and appears to have been reseeded in the past: the grassland was so short at the time of the visit, it was virtually impossible to identify any grass species.
The other verges are generally unmanaged, except where they are used for storage or bonfire, or are mown to lawn in front of houses.


FAUNA:
Birds: Wren, Blue Tit, Great Tit, Long-tailed Tit, Robin, Blackbird.

VEG:
The common is predominately Pine and Birch woodland, with bracken in clearings, and some heath. 
(1) A132. The majority of the woodland is mixed Pinus sylvestris and Betula pendula, although large amounts of Betula have been thinned out. Rhododendron is frequent beneath and some Vaccinium myrtillus occurs. 
(2) A111. The margins support broadleaved woodland of Quercus robur, Sorbus aucuparia,  Castanea sativa and Betula, over a shrub layer of Corylus avellana and Ilex aquifolium. Fagus sylvatica is occasional. 
(3) C11. Dense Pteridium aquilinum occurs in clearings in the woodland especially towards the southern end. It also dominates the bank to the north, merging with, and encroaching upon, the heathland. 
(4) D1. Dry dwarf shrub heath occurs on the south-facing bank. It is dominated by Calluna vulgaris, with Erica cinerea, Erica tetralix and Ulex minor. P.aquilinum is encroaching  especially south of the path, where V. myrtillus largely replaces C. vulgaris.

MANAGE:
Much of the Betula has been thinned, leaving some brashings and dead wood. The majority of the timber has been removed. The main forestry tracks are cleared, and new tracks have been cut. The footpaths are clear and signed.

The heath is the most important habitat, and management should be concentrated on enhancing and extending it. Where paths have been cut through the P. aquilinum, the heath is regenerating well, so further areas could be cut and the cutting raked off. Scattered fronds can be hand-pulled, but some spraying may also be needed. Tree seedlings and saplings will also need to be removed periodically.


FAUNA:
Birds:- Robin, Blue Tit, Nuthatch, Blackbird,  Magpie. 
Mammals:- Mole. 
Invertebrates:- Large White (Pieris brassicae),  Small Tortoiseshell (Aglais urticae), Speckled Wood (Pararge aegeria).

VEG:
The common consists of a small area of storm-damaged woodland, the grounds of a pub, and two improved fields. 
(1) A131. Semi-natural mixed woodland. The central part of the woodland is badly storm-damaged, leaving a very open canopy of Quercus robur, Betula sp, Castanea sativa, Fagus sylvatica and Pinus sylvestris, over Sorbus aucuparia, Ilex aquifolium, Laurus sp and small amounts of Ulex europaeus. Young trees and shrubs are regenerating well. The ground flora is dominated by Pteridium aquilinum and Rubus fruticosus with clumps of Teucrium scorodonium,  Lonicera periclymenum and Juncus effusus. Areas clear of P.aquilinum support acid grassland. Dead wood and root plates are abundant, and the ground is very disturbed. The margins of the woodland are virtually intact, especially to the north. 
(2) B4. Improved grassland. A small reseeded paddock has been enclosed behind the pub. The field south of the pub is rougher, but appears to  have been improved in the past. It is not grazed at present, so the vegetation is tussocky. The woodland will regenerate naturally if left undisturbed, so no management is needed. The remaining dead wood should be left on site, as it is a valuable habitat for birds, invertebrates and fungi.
(3) J5. The pub area, with its forecourt, lawns and flower beds.

MANAGE:
Much of the storm damaged timber has been removed, although some wood and root plates have been left. The site is crossed by large tracks, used by the machinery; these have been roughly surfaced in places. The pub is apparently built on the common and is surrounded by a forecourt, lawns and flower beds. Two fields have been enclosed. One is heavily grazed by a goat, the other is ungrazed.


FAUNA:
Birds:- Rook, Woodpigeon. 
Invertebrates:- Large White (Pieris brassicae),  Speckled Wood (Pararge aegeria).

VEG:
The common is a narrow strip of storm damaged woodland on the western edge of a busy road. 
(1) A131. Semi-natural mixed woodland. The northern end of the wood is virtually intact Quercus robur and Fagus sylvatica, with abundant Laurus sp beneath, and abundant Pteridium aquilinum in the clearings. Moving south, the canopy is much more open, due to storm damage. Some areas of Q.robur, Castania sativa, Betula sp, Acer pseudacorus, F. sylvatica and Pinus sylvestris remain, over Laurus sp and Corylus avellana, but much of the area is open P.aquilinum and Rubus fruticosus. Ruderal plants occur where the ground has been disturbed. 
(2) A service road has been constructed across the common. The edges have been reseeded, and shrubs planted, but a ruderal community is developing.

MANAGE:
Most of the storm damage has been cleared up, and the fallen wood removed or burnt. A road has been constructed to the new estate, and some landscaping carried out along its edges. Many of the planted shrubs are dying, as they have not been looked after. The site does not need management, as the woodland will regenerate naturally in time. However, the planted shrubs need urgent attention.


FAUNA:
Birds:- Wren, Blue Tit, Nuthatch, House Martin, Collared Dove, Woodpigeon. 
Mammals:- Rabbit 
Invertebrates:- Speckled Wood (Pararge aegeria),  Green-veined White (Artogeia rapae)

VEG:
The common is predominately wooded, with some areas of tall herb. A house and garden is included in the boundary. 
(1) A111. Semi-natural broadleaved woodland. The verges are wooded with a mixture of Quercus robur and Fraxinus excelsior over a shrub layer of Corylus avellana, Sambucus nigra and some Prunus spinosa and Acer campestre. The ground flora includes Geranium robertianum, Oxalis acetosella, Hedera helix and Circaea lutetiana, with Rubus fruticosus locally abundant. Urtica dioica and Mercurialis perennis occur on damper and shadier ground. There are several garden shrubs etablished from dumped garden waste. 
(2) J5 Surfaced parking areas and tracks. 
(3) C31. Tall herbs occur on open, uncut areas of the verge. These include Heracleum sphondylium, Epilobium hirsutum, Tussilago farfara and Symphytum x uplandicum. 
(4) This area appears to be within the common boundary, but is an enclosed garden.

MANAGE:
The car parking area is used for tipping garden and domestic waste. Some clearing has been carried out.


FAUNA:
Birds:- Wren, Blue Tit, Great Tit, Willow Tit,  Nuthatch, Chiffchaff, Tree-creeper, Robin, Green Finch, Blackbird.
Mammals:- Rabbit, Grey Squirrel, Stoat. Invertebrates:- Comma (Polygonia c-album), Speckled Wood (Pararge aegeria),  Red Admiral (Vanessa atalanta).

VEG:
The common is predominately open canopy woodland  with Bracken abundant in clearings, and an area of Sweet Chestnut coppice. 
(1) A131. Semi-natural mixed woodland. The majority of the common is very open woodland of Quercus robur, Betula sp and Pinus sylvestris with locally abundant Acer pseudoplatanus. Sorbus aucuparia, S. aria and Ilex aquifolium are abundant. The clearings are dominated by Pteridium aquilinum, with some areas of acid grassland and very small patches of Calluna vulgaris. Where the trees form a complete canopy there is a ground flora of Lonicera periclymenum, Rubus fruticosus, grasses and Galium saxatile. Some areas have been planted up with exotic conifer and broadleaved trees. 
(1a) is an area of severe storm-damage  with some large old Q.robur and A.pseudoplatanus left over a mass of dead wood, R.fruticosus and P.aquilinum. 
(1b) has a much higher proportion of P.sylvestris  with Laurus sp beneath. This area has also been storm damaged.
(1c) is completely enclosed by a fence and hedge of I. aquifolium and is a mixture of conifers and Q. robur, with under-storey Laurus sp., Betula sp., Fagus sylvatica, Malus sylvestris and I. aquifolium. P. aquilinum is abundant in clearings.
(1d) Worked Castanea sativa coppice with no ground flora, due to litter and shade.
(2) J5. House and garden. The inclusion of this may be a boundary error.

MANAGE:
The coppice is worked. Footpaths are kept open and signed, and planted trees have been protected from rabbits and squirrels. Much of the dead wood has been left to rot down. If any more tree planting is carried out, it should be with native species typical of the area. The site probably had extensive heathland when it was grazed, and cutting and raking areas of P. aquilinum might encourage regeneration of heath. This will involve regular management, or the cleared areas will quickly will be recolonised by P. aquilinum and young trees.


FAUNA:
Birds:- Coal Tit, Nuthatch. 
Invertebrates:- Speckled Wood (Pararge aegeria).

VEG:
A narrow strip of mixed woodland on a road verge  with areas of rough grasses and herbs. A131. Semi-natural mixed woodland. The wider part of the verge is dominated by mature Pinus sylvestris, Betula pendula, Quercus robur and Fagus sylvatica, growing over Salix sp and Corylus avellana. The woodland becones a narrow strip along the verge, with P. sylvestris and B. pendula or Q. robur, A.pseudoplatanus and B.pendula being locally dominant. Ilex aquifolium is generally associated with Q.robur. Hedera helix is abundant in shade, and Rubus fruticosus, Lonicera periclymenum and seedlings occur in clearings and on the margins. The trees are well-spaced by the houses, and the grass under them cut to form lawns. Some garden shrubs have been planted here. Open areas of verge which are not managed are dominated by rough grasses and herbs such as Heracleum sphondylium, Calystegia sepium, Urtica dioica, Ranunculus repens and Solanum dulcamara.

MANAGE:
Tracks have been constructed across the verge to give access to the allotments. The main wooded area is not managed, although some thinning has been carried out on the verge, especially near houses. The verges outside houses are often managed as garden extensions, with mown grass and planted shrubs under the trees.


FAUNA:
Birds:- Wren, Robin, Great Tit, Nuthatch, Blackbird, Woodpigeon. 
Mammals:- Mole

VEG:
The common is predominately woodland with some old coppice and tall herbs on open parts of the road edge. 
(1) A111. Semi-natural broadleaved woodland. The woodland is dominated by Quercus robus with some Fraxinus excelsior. Very tall Crataegus monogyna trees form a sub-canopy, with young F. excelsior. The shrub layer consists of Prunus spinosa, Malus sylvatica and locally abundant Corylus avellana. Ilex aquifolium is occasional. The woodland is generally quite open, but the dense growth of young trees makes it impenetrable in places. The ground flora is dominated by Rubus fruticosus  growing over Hedera helix, and there are signs of abundant Hyacinthoides non-scripta. Some Rosa sp., Scrophularia nodosa, Ajuga reptans and Carex pendula occur. The small clearings caused by thinning are dominated by R.fruticosus. There is some dead standing wood (mostly Betula sp) and fallen branches from crown damage during the storm. There is a small area of C. avellana coppice with Sambucus nigra and young trees. The ground flora is sparse, due to dense shade.
(2) A21. Continuous scrub. Mainly concentrated in the south-west corner, but scrub also occurs along the woodland margins and on parts of the verge to the north. The main species are Salix cinerea, S. fragilis, S. caprea, P. spinosa, C. avellana and young trees, with abundunt R. fruticosus and tall herbs mixed in.
(3) C31. Tall herbs occur on uncut parts of the verge. Mown areas are generally dominated by Festuca arundinacea.

MANAGE:
A small amount of clearing has been carried out, and the wood stacked. More clearing could be carried out to create open sunny glades and the coppice could be reworked, as this would encourage a diverse ground flora and provide a suitable habitat for invertebrates.


FAUNA:
Birds:- Wren, Dunnock, Woodpigeon, Magpie. Mammals:- Rabbit. 
Invertebrates:- Speckled Wood (Pararge aegeria).

VEG:
The site is an old track which runs between steep wooded banks. The woodland is dominated by Beech  with Ash frequently part of the canopy, and Yew local. Young Ash, Hazel, Elder, Holly, Wild Privet and Field Maple form the shrub layer. The ground flora includes dense Hedera helix, Mercurialis perennis, Circaea lutetiana, Brachypodium sylvaticum and tree seedlings. The wood has been badly storm damaged towards the northern end, resulting in Rubus fruticosus dominated clearings, with some typical woodland species, such as M. perennis, Euphorbia amygdaloides, G. urbanum, Articum minor, Scrophularis nodosa and Festuca gigantea, and some more ruderal species which have colonised the disturbed ground. 
(1a) This is a wider strip of Beech which has been badly storm damaged. Young Field Maple, Yew and Elder are coming up in the gaps. 
(2) J5. Track is generally open, chalky clay.

MANAGE:
The bridleway is signed and storm timber has been cleared from the track and left to rot down. The dead standing wood has also been left. No management is needed, as the wood will regenerate naturally in time.
The track lies within an SSSI, and the woodland is ancient in origin.


FAUNA:
Birds:- Wren, Robin, Blue Tit, Long-tailed Tit, Nuthatch, Goldcrest, Blackbird, Woodpigeon, Jay.

VEG:
The common consists of the wooded verges of a minor road. 
(1) A111. Semi-natural broadleaved woodland. The northern area is Hazel coppice with Oak standards  and a small amount of Hawthorn, Hazel, Holly and Willow scrub. The ground flora is sparse, being mainly scattered Rubus fruticosus, Hedera helix and abundant Ash seedlings. The rest of the woodland is dominated by Oak and some Beech. The shrub layer is generally Hawthorn, multi-stemmed Hazel, Holly and some very tall Field Maple. Young Beech occurs. The ground flora includes Euphorbia amygdaloides, Mercurialis perennis, Lonicera periclymenum, Glechoma hederacea and Rosa canina  and is likely to be much richer in spring and early summer. The woodland has good structure. Where the verges are narrow, the road is lined with a similar strip of Oak Beech and shrubs. The northern part at least is likely to be ancient. 
(2) J5. Newly constructed track to house.

MANAGE:
Areas of the common have been coppiced in the past, but there is no sign of recent woodland management. The site could be managed by reworking small areas of coppice in rotation. This would open up the canopy and encourage the growth of ground flora species. A track has been constructed to the new house and building materials are stored by the side of it.


FAUNA:
Birds:- Robin, Blue Tit, Chaffinch, Nuthatch, Blackbird, Swift, Woodpigeon, Green Woodpecker, Pheasant.
Mammals:- Grey Squirrel, signs of Deer. Amphibians:- Common Frog.

VEG:
The larger parcel is mainly a surfaced track  running between strips of woodland. The smaller area includes verge, trees, tall herbs and a garden. 
(1) A111. Semi-natural broadleaved woodland. Dominated by mature Oak and Ash, which form an open canopy over patchy Hazel. Large Alders occur along the stream. Rowan and Birch are occasional, but Birch becomes locally abundant towards the southern end. Holly is abundant on the steep bank by the stream, and Laurus sp is becoming frequent. The ground flora is predominately Rubus fruticosus, with Urtica dioica, Geum urbanum,  Digitalis purpurea and clumps of Juncus effusus. Where coppicing has been carried out, the ground flora is more diverse, with Hyacinthoides non-scripta, Stellaria holostea, Viola riviniana, Lonicera periclymenum and Oxalis acetosella in addition to the the other species mentioned. The woodland generally has good structure. Some oak trees occur on the smaller parcel of land over young Ash, Hazel, Blackthorn and Elder, and ground flora of U. dioica, Heracleum sphondylium, Euphorbia amygdaloides, coarse grasses and R. fruticosus.
(2) J5. The main track is unsurfaced. The smaller area is crossed by a surfaced track and apparently includes a garden.
(3) G2. The stream is a tributary of the River Rother, an important river for wildlife. It contains running water, even in a dry summer and has good bankside cover, although little aquatic vegetation.

MANAGE:
Some coppicing is being carried out, resulting in a richer ground flora and more light. The storm damaged trees have been left on site. Laurel is spreading into the woodland and should be controlled, or it will shade out the ground flora and prevent regeneration of trees and shrubs. The smaller area is used for parking, and part is a garden.


FAUNA:
Birds:- Wren, Robin, Blue Tit, Great Tit, Tree-creeper, Nuthatch, Woodpigeon, Sparrowhawk. Mammals:- Rabbit.

VEG:
The common is predominately woodland which is not ancient, but does show evidence of being wood pasture in the past. 
(1) A111. Semi-natural broadleaved woodland. The woodland is extremely variable, and has been storm damaged in places. North of the central track, the woodland is dominated by Oak and Beech  with Beech dominant along the northern and north-east boundaries. The trees are generally mature standards, but the Beech has been badly storm-damaged. Birch is occasional. The shrub layer is dominated by young Holly, especially under Beech, with Hyacinthoides non-scripta, Lonicera periclymenum, Lysimachia nemorum and Ajuga reptans typical ground flora species. The main area of storm damage is very open, with abundant Pteridium aquilinum and young Birch, but little regeneration of Oak. South of the main track, the woodland is dominated by Oak, with Birch co-dominant in places, and Ash, Sweet Chestnut and Yew local. The shrub layer is mostly Holly, some Hawthorn and Rowan, and the ground flora of storm clearings is dominated by Rubus fruticosus and P aquilinum. There are  several old oak pollards and groves of very old Hawthorn which indicates an old wood pasture site. The wooded verges are mostly oak, with Birch, Ash, Beech and Yew occasional.
(2) A21. Dense scrub occurs on the verges and is often associated with the margins of wooded areas. The main species are Hawthorn and Holly, with Willow, Blackthorn and young trees. Tall herbs, P. aquilinum and R. fruticosus often occur beneath.
(3) J5. The central track is surfaced. The other tracks are unsurfaced.

MANAGE:
Recent management has been confined to removal of storm timber and to some tipping of garden waste and storage of materials. The crowns have been left to rot down. No replanting has been carried out, and the woodland has been left to regenerate naturally.


FAUNA:
Birds:- Wren, Robin, Blue Tit, Great Tit, Nuthatch, Yellowhammer, Blackbird, Woodpigeon, Buzzard, Pheasant. 
Invertebrates:- Small Copper (Lycaena phlaeas).

VEG:
The common consists of a tree and scrub-lined track, and grass verges. It includes a derelict pond and a damp depression. 
(1) J5 Track. The track is unsurfaced. 
(2) The track is lined by mature Oak and Ash standards over old Hawthorn, Blackthorn and Field Maple. The ground flora includes Urtica dioica, Rubus fruticosus, Hedera helix, Lonicera periclymenum and Festuca gigantea. Although narrow, the wooded strips have good structure and have numerous birds. The old pond is dry and over-grown, over-hung by multi-stemmed Salix alba and with Alisma plantago-aquatica, Mentha aquatica, Epilobium hirsutum, Pulicaria dysenterica, Juncus effusus and Solanum dulcamara on the margins. 
(3) B21. The verges appear to be unimproved and moderately herb-rich. Arrhenatherum elatius,  Dactylis glomerata, Holcus lanatus, Festuca arundinacea, Agrostis sp and Phleum pratense are the main grasses with P. dysenterica abundant over extensive areas, and other species, such as Lathyrus pratensis, Vicia cracca, Picris echioides and Heracleum sphondylium are common. The depression, possibly an old pond site, at the southern end has Sparganium erectum, M. aquatica, Epilobium hirsutum, Carex obtrubae, Juncus effusus, J. inflexus and Glyceria sp.
(4) A21. An area of Hawthorn, Blackthorn, Willow and young oak, with mature Ash  and oak on the boundary.  The scrub has a margin of tall herbs which benefit invertebrates and seed-feeding birds.

MANAGE:
The verges are mown, but the cuttings are left in place. These should be removed, to prevent enrichment and the predominance of coarser grasses. The verges are used by farm vehicles, which may also cause enrichment if the tyres are covered in muck or soil. The ponds could be reinstated by cutting back over-hanging vegetation and dredging them out, but they are valuable as damp areas.


FAUNA:
Birds:- Wren, Woodpigeon, Crow. 
Mammals:- Rabbit, Weasle, Mole, Fox. Invertebrates:- Large White (Pieris brassicae), Speckled Wood (Pararge aegia), Comma (Polygonia c-album).

VEG:
The tracks are lined by tall herbs, coarse grasses, trees and hedges. The western track is surfaced along part of its length and runs between gappy hedges of Ash, Hazel and Elder, with a margin of grasses and herbs. These include Arrhenatherum elatius, Rubus fruticosus, Heracleum sphondylium, Cirsium arvense, Chamaenerion angustifolium and  Pteridium aquilinum. One large  mature Oak remains and several young Oaks have been planted. The eastern track generally runs between steep, high banks  especially towards the southern end, where the banks have stone out-crops. The track is shaded along most of its length by over-hanging trees  with Ash, Hazel and Elder common on shallower banks to the north, and Field Maple, Hazel, Sycamore and Hawthorn on the steep banks to the south. The ground is mostly bare, due to dense shade.

MANAGE:
The western track is surfaced in places and is used by farm vehicles. A few trees have been planted, and some wood has been stacked on the eastern track, but there are no other signs of management. The tracks are kept clear. Both areas are shot over. The hedges of the western track could be thickened up by planting native shrubs, such as those already present, and occasional trees to grow  on as standards. This would serve to provide better cover and a good food source for a variety of fauna. The footpath sign needs replacing.


FAUNA:
Birds:- Wren, Robin, Great Tit, Blue Tit, Long-tailed Tit, Blackcap, House Sparrow, House Martin, Pheasant. 
Mammals:- Rabbit, Mole.

VEG:
The majority of the common consists of wooded verges, with some areas of scrub and tall herbs. (1) A111. Semi-natural broadleaved woodland. The verge is wooded, with Oak and Ash as the main canopy species. Birch is locally abundant, and dominates the canopy in places such as the pylon run. The shrub layer consists of multi-stemmed Hazel, young Ash and Oak, Blackthorn, Elder, Hawthorn and occasional Gorse. The ground flora generally consists of Rubus fruticosus, Pteridium aquilinum and tall herbs. 
(2) A21. Scrub occurs throughout, where there is no woodland, but is especially concentrated to the south. The main species are Hawthorn, Blackthorn, Hazel, Elder and young Elm, with Willow locally abundant. 
(3) C31. Tall herbs, such as Chamaenerion angustifolium, Epilobium hirsutum, Urtica dioica and Cirsium arvense occur on open parts of the verge and around areas of scrub.

MANAGE:
An area has been cleared to form a lawn in the wider, northern part of the common, and trees have been thinned to occasional standards over lawn in other areas. The vegetation under the pylons is regularly cut, and the verge in front of the houses and by the Petworth Estate gate has been mown short as lawn. The verge by the road is cut, presumably by the Highways Authority.
The common does not require management, but further encroachments into the woodland to make garden extensions should be prevented, as this will affect the integrity of the site.


FAUNA:
Birds:- Woodpigeon, House Martin. 
Invertebrates:- Anax imperator.

VEG:
The common consists of a steep wooded slope  which has been badly storm-damaged, and an area of tall herbs along the river. 
(1) F12 Tall fen. The flat area by the river is dominated by a mixture of tall herb species  including Epilobium hirsutum, Valeriana officinalis, Filipendula ulmaria, Urtica dioica, Iris pseudacorus, Lythrum salicaria and some Pulicaria dysenterica, with Phalaris arundinacea and an area of Glyceria maxima. It was not possible to survey this area in more detail  owning to problems of access. 
(2) A111. Semi-natural broadleaved woodland. The steep slope to the north of the site was wooded until the storm. Some intact Oak and Ash woodland remains, but over much of the area, the shrub layer of Hazel, Elder and Field Maple is all that remains, although trees are regenerating well. The fallen trees are covered in Hedera helix, Humulus lupulus and Clematis vitalba. The clearings are dominated by U. dioica, Heracleum sphondylium, Rubus fruticosus and H. lupulus.
(3) A3. A clump of very large Willows, with some Ash and Hawthorn.
(4) A ruderal community has developed on the dumped soil, including Impatiens glandulifera, Solanum nigrum, Mentha aquatica, Capsella bursa-pastoris and some garden escapes.

MANAGE:
The track is partly surfaced with rubble and is blocked off at the entrance to the common to prevent vehicular access. A large heap of spoil has been dumped near here, and garden cuttings have been tipped. The two chalets in the wood do not appear to be occupied at present. Some exotic trees have been planted around them. The tree clump is used by children playing, and has a swing and a fire site. The site is needs little management, and the woodland will regenerate naturally. The Bankside vegetation should be disturbed as little as possible, but I. glandulifera must be prevented from spreading.


FAUNA:
Birds:- Wren, Robin, Great Tit, Blue Tit, Nuthatch, Blackbird, Woodpigeon. 
Mammals:- Rabbit. 
Invertebrates:- Invertebrates:- Speckled Wood (Pararge aegeria), Comma (Polygonia c-album).

VEG:
The common consists of a series of verges and tracks, some of which are grassy and others are wooded. 
(1) J5. 1a) ia a green lane, running between a mixture of woodland and scrub. Where open and unshaded, the track supports tall vegetation of herbs and grasses, indicative of damp conditions  including Lotus uliginosus, Cirsium palustre, Ranunculus repens, Juncus effusus, Holcus lanatus and Deschampsia caespitosa. Where the track is shaded there is little flora and abundant leaf litter. 1b) is surfaced, with narrow verges and boundary hedges of Hazel, Holly, Field Maple and Ash. Tall herbs and coarse grasses occur on wider  uncut areas. 1c) appears to be a sunken track  over-hung by Oak, Ash, Beech and Hawthorn, and covered in deep leaf litter. 1d) is a grassy track, with Oenanthe crocata, Veronica beccabunga, Mentha aquatica, Ajuga reptans and Carex pendula near the dry stream.

MANAGE:
A metre wide strip has been mown along the road verge and the verges of the farm track are cut. Much tipping of garden and household waste has occurred; this should be removed, and further tipping prevented. Machinery is parked by the farm track and the verge is being dug up for a drain.


VEG:
The common is predominately grassland, with some scrub on the verge. 
(1) B22. The main area is short-mown neutral grassland. Grasses were difficult to identify, as they were very short, but the main species appear to be Festuca arundinacea and Holcus lanatus  with Agrostis stolonifera and Poa sp. The grassland is not especially herb-rich, but does have Centaurea nigra, Heracleum sphondylium, Plantago lanceolata, Achillea millefolium, Trifolium pratense, Rumex acetosa, Ranunculus repens and Potentilla anserina. The verges are also neutral grassland. 
(2) J5. The common boundary appears to include the road and drives to houses. 
(3) A22. Scattered Hazel, Holly, Field Maple, Spindle and Goat Willow occur on the steep road bank, with coarse grasses, Urtica dioica and Hedera helix beneath. Mature trees are occasional.  
(4) B4. A small, reseeded area which is mown as lawn and crossed by a drive.

MANAGE:
The central area is mown, and the lack of herbs indicates that it is partly improved. The cuttings are left on the site; they should be removed or they will enrich the ground and encourage the growth of the coarser grasses. The verges are also cut. The scrub on the steep bank has been cut, but is resprouting.


FAUNA:
Birds:- Wren, Robin, Nuthatch, Blue Tit, Woodpigeon, Green Woodpecker, Rook, Magpie, Pheasants. 
Mammals:- Rabbit.

VEG:
The common has been much modified and is mostly improved grassland, with old Pine plantation, some deciduous woodland, scrub and a pool. 
(1) B4. Improved grassland. The woodland shown on the map has been cleared and the area reseeded on both sides of the central track. Small Patches of Calluna vulgaris and acid grassland occur by the track and on the edge of the field to the north. (2) A132. Old Pine plantation with varying amounts of mature Oak and Birch over locally abundant Rhododendron. Young Birch, Rowan and Oak are becoming established. The ground flora consits mostly of Pteridium aquilinum, with patches of C. vulgaris and acid grasses. 
(3) A111. Broadleaved woodland. Similar to (1)  without the Pine. 
(4) A21. Grey Willow and Blackthorn scrub is dense around the pool. 
(5) B12. Semi-improved acid grassland, fenced off and difficult to see.
(6) C11. P. aquilinum dominates woodland glades and other open areas.
(7) G1. The pool is dry, but has some Alisma plantago-aquatica, Angelica sylvestris, Polygonum amphibum, Lycopus europaeus, Equisetum sp., and Potamogeton natans on the edge. The mud is dry and cracked.

MANAGE:
The site is shown as woodland on the maps, and once had heathland. Much has recently been clear-felled, fenced and reseeded as pasture for cattle. The bridleway sign needs replacing. Any improvement of the rest of the site should be prevented. The conifer plantations should not be replanted when felled. Clearing areas of trees and P. aquilinum might encourage the regeneration of heath, as some C. vulgaris occurrs, and the  site used to have heathland. The pool is dry and may need deepening to make it hold water all year.


FAUNA:
Birds:- Wren, Robin, Dunnock, Great Tit, Nuthatch, Woodpigeon. 
Mammals:- Grey Squirrel.

VEG:
Predominately Beech woodland, but the common also includes some marshy grassland, an improved paddock and gardens and tracks. 
(1) A111. Semi-natural broadleaved woodland. 1a) is almost pure Beech woodland, although there are some areas of Oak and Ash, and one area of Hazel coppice. The shrub layer is dominated by Holly. The ground flora is very patchy, due to deep leaf litter and shade, and is generally confined to tracks and the banks of the stream. There are several damp depressions in the wood, and these have Chrysosplenium oppositifolium and Ranunculus repens. 1b) is Beech woodland on a very steep slope. Holly is abundant beneath, and Rowan occasional. There is virtually no ground flora under the dense canopy, but some bryophytes occur on rocks. Rubus fruticosus, Lonicera periclymenum and Pteridium aquilinum occur on the edges with young Birch and Rowan. The wood has been storm damaged. 1c) is more mixed, with Sycamore, Sweet Chestnut, Birch, Ash and Yew amongst the Beech, and the canopy becomes dominated by Oak and  Ash to the north.  The northern end  is dense Oak woodland, over Hazel, Hawthorn, Elder and young Oak and Beech.
(2) J5. The common boundary apparently includes a number of gardens, tracks and possibly the road.
(3) B5. The marshy grassland is dominated by tussocks of Deschampsia caespitosa, Holcus lanatus,  Agrostis sp., Festuca rubra and Juncus effusus, with scattered herbs. Damper areas have  Hydrocotyle vulgaris, Angelica sylvestris, Achillea ptarmica and Lotus uliginosus. Scrub is becoming established and Rubus fruticosus is spreading.
(4) B4. A small, reseeded paddock.

MANAGE:
The wood has been slightly storm damaged but is unmanaged. An area has been enclosed, reseeded and is horse-grazed, and there are several surfaced tracks. The marshy area needs to be managed, or it will scrub over. It should be grazed and the scrub controlled.


FAUNA:
Birds:- Robin, Wren,  Great Tit, Chaffinch,  Nuthatch, Woodpigeon. 
Mammals:- Rabbit.

VEG:
The common is predominately Beech woodland on steep slopes and includes tracks and a house and garden. 
(1) A111. Semi-natural broadleaved woodland. The main area of Beech woodland occurs on the steep slope to the south of the main road. The trees are tall and mature, casting dense shade and deep leaf litter. Holly is abundant beneath, with some Yew and Elder in places, but there is virtually no ground flora, besides sparse Pteridium aquilinum and bryophytes on boulders. However  where storm damage has opened up the canopy, young Beech, Birch, Oak and Elder are abundant, with dense P. aquilinum below. 1a) is a very badly storm-damaged area. Many of the fallen trees have been removed, leaving abundant Holly and Elder. Disturbed ground not dominated by P. aquilinum has species such as Digitalis purpurea, Rubus fruticosus, Urtica dioica and Juncus effusus 
J5) Tracks  gardens etc. A bank has been mown and shrubs planted.

MANAGE:
Much of the storm damaged timber has been cut up and removed, and the footpaths have been cleared. Some tipping has occurred and the common appears to be shot over. The woodland does not need management, as it will regenerate naturally. However, Rhododendron is spreading from one of the gardens and this will need to be erradicated before it becomes well established, as it can be a serious problem. Some dead wood should be left, especially dead standing trees.


FAUNA:
Birds:- Wren, Robin,  Great Tit, Carrion Crow. Mammals:- Mole.

VEG:
The common is an area of rather rank grassland and a short-mown cricket pitch. 
(1) B21. The grassland is dominated by tussocky Festuca rubra, Agrostis stolonifera and Holcus lanatus, with clumps of Dactylis glomerata. It is herb-poor, but contains species such as Pimpinella saxifraga and Galium verum which indicate a more calcareous influence. Rumex pulcher occurs in one area which has probably been disturbed in the past. Where the grassland is rougher, Cirsium arvense and Urtica dioica are abundant. 
(2) B4. Improved, amenity grassland. The cricket pitch is short-mown reseeded grassland. Some Copper Beech have been planted by the pavilion.

MANAGE:
The main area of grassland is very tussocky, but may be cut infrequently. It is becoming rank, and needs to be cut  or grazed to control the more vigorous grasses. All cuttings should  be removed. The grassland looks as if it could have been more calcareous in the past, but is tending towards neutral as a result of lack of management.
The cricket ground  is short-mown, although a margin of grassland has been left around it. Some trees have been planted.


FAUNA:
Birds:- Wren, Chaffinch,  Greenfinch, Nuthatch,  Blackbird, House Martin, Woodpigeon,  Green Woodpecker. 
Mammals:- Rabbit.
Reptiles:- Common Lizard. 
Invertebrates:- Red Admiral (Vanessa atalanta),  Small Copper (Lycaena phlaeas),  Meadow Brown (Maniola jurtina), and Comma (Polygonia c- album)

VEG:
Fuller's Piece is an area of woodland, Bracken and scrub. The other parts include improved grassland and a wooded track. 
(1) A111. Semi-natural broadleaved woodland. The largest part of the common consists of open canopy Birch woodland with Rowan and some self-seeded conifers (less than 10% cover). Pteridium aquilinum is abundant beneath. There is also an area of dense, over-grown Birch coppice with tussocky Molinia caerulea beneath. The central area is partly Hazel coppice with some Oak and Ash standards, forming part of a larger wood. The small area to the south is a wooded track, with mature Ash, Birch, Hazel and Hawthorn, over grasses and Urtica dioica. 
(2) C11/A3. The woodland of Fuller's Piece forms a mosaic with areas of dense P.aquilinum and scattered Birch, Oak, Rowan, Gorse and Holly. 
(3) B4. Most of the middle section is now part of a reseeded field. 
(4) C31. An area of tall herb, grasses and scrub.

MANAGE:
The tall herb area is used for dumping rubble and gravel, and for parking and  storing logs. This area is very rank and is becoming quite scrubby. The flowering plants are valuable for insects, but the area may need to be cut every few years and the scrub controlled. The central area is now part of a reseeded field which is cut for hay. Fuller's Piece is unmanaged, although part has been fenced. It is secondary woodland, probably developed on a heath or acid grassland site after cessation of grazing. It has some self-seeded conifers from the surrounding plantations, but these are not a problem at present. The tracks and footpaths are kept clear.


FAUNA:
Birds:- Canada Goose,  Moorhen and Mallard breed. Kingfisher and Heron fish in pond. 
Amphibians:- Common Toad, Common Frog.
Fish:- Common Eel. 
Invertebrates:- Extensive lists of species  including Aeshna grandis,  A. mixta,  Sympetrum striolatum,  Libellula depressa,  Orthetrum cancellatum, Pyrrhosoma nymphula, Anax imperatora, Velia caprai,  Gammerus pulex,  Anodonta cygnea, Corixa sp,  Gerris lucustris,  Notonecta glauca,  Haemopsis sanguisuga,  Limnaea sp, and numerous larvae.

VEG:
The common consists of two ponds, some carr and a small area of marshy ground. Furnace pond is a shallow artificial pond, fringed by Alder and Sallow carr. The marginal vegetation is dominated by Typha latifolia which is encroaching on the open water. Fish pond is smaller and has become very silted and overgrown with Sallow. It has a small marshy area at its head. Both ponds are fed by streams.

MANAGE:
Furnace Pond is managed by regular pulling of T. latifolia in September. This is preventing it from encroaching too far into the open water. Over-hanging Alders have been cut back, to prevent them falling into the pond. A footpath and steps have been constructed and the spillway repaired. Much of the Willow has been winched out of Fish Pond and there are plans to dredge it with a dragline and bucket. All this is in accordance with the Management Plan. The common has its own band of volunteers who carry out ambitious tasks.


FAUNA:
Birds:- Wren, Robin,  Great Tit, Nuthatch,  Blackbird, Woodpigeon,  Jay, Mallard.

VEG:
A large area of woodland with areas of Pteridium aquilinum and tall herbs. The common is crossed by numerous tracks. 
(1) A111. Semi-natural broadleaved woodland. The area to the west of the road is ancient in origin  and is predominately Oak and Ash, with occasional Birch and some Beech on the margins. There are areas of Hazel coppice under Oak standards, and some multi-stemmed Oak, Ash and Hawthorn. The canopy is generally quite open. Holly, Hawthorn and Hazel form a dense shrub layer and deep leaf litter and shade have resulted in a patchy ground flora, including the ancient woodland indicators Oxalis acetosella, Primula vulgaris, Sanicula europaea, Euphorbia amygdaloides, Lysimachia nemorum, and Carex pendula. Rubus fruticosus and Pteridium aquilinum occur in clearings. The wood narrows to strips along the tracks. The eastern part is much more variable, reflecting its secondary origins, past management and possibly different soils. The southern end is similar to the above, with Oak and Ash over very old Hawthorn, Elder and Hazel understorey, and  similar ground flora. The central section is Oak and Birch over P. aquilinum, with some Lonicera periclymenum, R. fruticosus and Teucrium scorodonia, and a shrub layer of Ulex europaeus, Alder, Buckthorn and Blackthorn. This area was probably cleared and grazed in the past. The northern end is similar to the western part, only with areas of open Birch-dominated woodland and P. aquilinum.
(2) J5. Houses, gardens, car park and timber yard.
(3). C11. Clearings dominated by P. aquilinum and scattered scrub.
(4) B22. Rough field, grazed by geese, and a mown area.

MANAGE:
Trees have been cleared by the timber yard for vehicular access. There is a large gravelled car park opposite the vineyard. The boundary includes the timber yard, houses and gardens and a small field. The wood is unmanaged. Further encroachments should be prevented.


FAUNA:
Birds:- Wren, Great Tit,  Woodpigeon, Pheasant.

VEG:
The northern part of the track is rutted and grassy, with some Lysimachia nemorum, Ranunculus repens, Carex pendula and Agrostis sp. Iris pseudacorus occurs in damp ruts. Small amounts of Vaccinum myrtillus occur on the banks, which are wooded with Oak, Beech and Holly. Rhododendron grows on the bank near the garden. Bare ground occurs in areas of dense shade. The area south of the house has been surfaced and the banks are mown grass with shrubs planted.

MANAGE:
Storm damaged timber has been cleared from the track. The area by the house, which may not be in the common, has been surfaced, and is used for parking and turning. Its banks are mown and shrubs have been planted.


FAUNA:
Birds:- Blue Tit,  Long-tailed Tit, Blackbird,  Carrion Crow,  Jay. 
Mammals:- signs of Deer.

VEG:
The common consists of a dry, grassy track running between hedges or trees. The main grasses are Agrostis stolonifera, Dactylis glomerata and Holcus lanatus, with lusher vegetation in damper areas. The edges are often dominated by Urtica dioica, Heracleum sphondylium, Cirsium arvense, Rubus fruticosus and Pteridium aquilinum except where cut. The track is occasionally overhung by its hedges of Oak, Hazel, Willow, Hawthorn,  Blackthorn and Holly,  and some Elder and Blackthorn are spreading onto the track in places. 
A111 The southern end is a small area of Oak and Beech woodland, with Hazel and Hawthorn on the edges and abundant Holly beneath. Some Hedera helix and Lonicera periclymenum occur below.

MANAGE:
The bridleway is signed and kept clear. The verges are cut along part of the track, and wind-thrown trees have been removed where they block the bridleway. The dead wood has been left to rot down.


FAUNA:
Birds:- Wren, Robin,  Great Tit, Marsh/Willow Tit, Chiffchaff,  Nuthatch, Blackbird,  Woodpigeon, Carrion Crow,  Magpie.  Invertebrates:- Comma (Polygonia c-album), Speckled Wood (Pararge aegeria), Red Admiral (Vanessa atlanta).

VEG:
The common is predominately severely storm-damaged mixed woodland. It also includes disused quarries and is crossed by tracks. 
(1) A131. It is assumed that this is semi-natural mixed woodland, but the wood is so damaged that its original structure can only be guessed. There are some mature Oak, Birch, Pine, Sycamore and Yew still standing, and young Birch, Rowan and Holly, with dense Pteridium aquilinum dominating all open areas. Birch seedlings are abundant. Rubus fruticosus occurs amongst the P.aquilinum  but the only other herbs are opportunist species of distubed ground. There is abundant bare ground from disturbance and vehicle tracks, and numerous root-plates, holes and piles of branches. The margins and road verges have intact woodland. Small areas have been replanted. 
(2) J5. The common is crossed by surfaced and unsurfaced tracks, and includes reservoirs and possibly a house and garden. The reservoirs are fenced off and their grass covers are mown short.  A small area has been incorporated into garden by the Lodge, and the boundary may include another house and garden.
(3) I21. The quarries are disused and have been partly infilled. They have some bare ground  and ruderal herbs have become established.

MANAGE:
Most of the timber has been logged and removed, although root-plates and branches have been left. There are many tracks from forestry vehicles. A very small amount of replanting has been carried out, and the area by the Lodge is managed as a garden with planted shrubs and mown grass. The quarries are used for landfill with skips frequently arriving for unloading. The reservoir grass is mown. The woodland should be left to regenerate naturally, with some dead wood left to rot down,  or should be replanted with a mixture of native trees and shrubs, rather than conifers.


FAUNA:
Birds:- Blue Tit, Great Tit, Woodpigeon. Mammals:- Rabbit.

VEG:
The site is predominately Oak, Ash and Sycamore woodland. The woodland is most dense on the northern and western sides, where it is dominated by Oak, with occasional Sycamore, Birch and Yew. The shrub layer consists of Hazel, Elder, Holly and Hawthorn. Dense shade has resulted in a poor ground flora, with Some Urtica dioica, Glechoma hederacea and patches of Pteridium aquilinum. Sycamore is regenerating more than the other species. The southern part of the woodland is more open, with Oak, Ash and Sycamore co-dominant over Willow, Elder and young Ash and some Holly. Ash, Sycamore and Elder have regenerated along an old ride. The ground flora is similar to the rest of the wood, with some Juncus effusus and Heracleum sphondylium near the spring site. The woodland narrows to strips along a track in the northern corner, with abundant shrubs along the margin and tall herbs and rough grasses in open areas. The road verges are also wooded.

MANAGE:
The woodland is largely unmanaged. An area was cleared some years ago, but trees have regenerated, and small areas have been cleared opposite the cottages to allow for parking and turning. A small clearing has been made by the track in the northern corner. Some small-scale tipping of garden waste has occurred. The verges are mown. The woodland is secondary in origin, and may have developed with cessation of grazing. Some coppicing may have been carried out, but there is no coppice-with-standards structure, so it is likely that management was fairly haphazard. An enclosure is shown on the map, but could not be relocated.
The wood could be managed by some coppicing and thinning, to create sunny glades and rides to benefit invertebrates, and to encourage shrubby margins which will  provide flowers and berries for the birds and insects.


FAUNA:
Birds:- Wren, Robin,  Great Tit, Long-tailed Tit, Willow Tit/Marsh Tit, Nuthatch,  House Martin,  Green Woodpecker.
Amphibians:- Common Frog. 
Invertebrates:- Speckled Wood (Pararge aegeria).

VEG:
The common comprises woodland and a small area of neutral grassland. 
(1) A111. Semi-natural broadleaved woodland. The northern part of the woodland is Oak, with some large Ash and Sycamore. The understorey is virtually all Ash, although Hazel, Blackthorn and Hawthorn occur by the road. Rubus fruticosus occurs, but is not dense, and other ground flora species include Mercurialis perennis, Stellaria holostea, Urtica dioica, Brachypodium sylvaticum and Melica uniflora. South of the stream, the woodland is more open, due to storm damage, with very large old Oak, Beech and Ash in the canopy. Young Ash, Sycamore, Holly, Hazel, and some Hawthorn occur beneath. There is a wet area, possibly an old pond site, near the stream, with abundant Typha latifolia and a margin of Mentha aquatica, Hypericum tetrapterum, Angelica sylvestris, Lotus uliginosus, Lycopus europaeus, Epilobium hirsutum, Cirsium palustre, Solanum dulcamara and Juncus effusus.
(2) B21. Unimproved neutral grassland. This shows much variation in species and structure, despite its small size, probably reflecting soil moisture. The damper areas are richest, with Achillea ptarmica, Angelica sylvestris, Cirsium palustre and Succisa pratensis. Drier ground is dominated by tussocky grasses, with Rumex acetosa, Centaurea nigra and Heracleum sphondylium common. Rushes are frequent.
(3) G2. The stream is dry.

MANAGE:
The stream has a slatted gate which can be raised or lowered. An area of woodland has been thinned to a few standard trees and the ground beneath gravelled to make a drive and parking area for a house. The rights of way are signed. The grassland is cut for hay, but is becoming dominated by coarse grasses and scrub is becoming established. The scrub should be controlled by cutting. Ideally the aftermath should be grazed, to suppress the coarser grasses.


FAUNA:
Birds:- Great Tit,  Long-tailed Tit, Nuthatch,  Blackbird, Woodpigeon,  Moorhen.

VEG:
The common consists of wooded, grassy or tall herb-dominated verges along a minor road. 
(1) A111. Semi-natural broadleaved woodland. The verges are fringed with Oak and Ash standards over Hazel, Field Maple, Hawthorn and Holly. Hedera helix, Rubus fruticosus and Rosa canina form the main ground flora species. Beeches occur at the northern end. 
(2) J5. The south-east corner is being landscaped. The trees have been cleared, leaving clumps of Oak, Ash, Blackthorn and Field Maple, and the cleared area reseeded as lawn. The stream is being diverted into a series of ponds, with planted Carex pendula, Hazel, Hawthorn and Willow on the edges, and an old pollarded willow has been left. 
(3) C31. Areas of tall herb occur along the unwooded verges, dominated by Urtica dioica, Heracleum sphondylium and some Pteridium aquilinum. Scrub is often scattered. The cut verges support neutral grassland.

MANAGE:
The woodland is unmanaged, although parts have been coppiced in the past. The verges in front of the houses are managed as lawns and appear to have been reseeded. Where other parts of the verges are cut, they support neutral grassland with some herbs, so occasional cutting should be continued. The area in the south-east is being converted into a garden, but apart from the undesirability of encroachments, this could actually benefit wildlife, as several ponds are being constructed and some trees and shrubs have been left.


FAUNA:
Birds:- Wren, Blue Tit,  Whitethroat, Blackbird,  Woodpigeon. 
Mammals:- Stoat. 
Invertebrates:- Comma (Polygonia c-album), Large White (Pieris brassicae).

VEG:
A small triangle of severely storm-damaged woodland. 
(1) A111. Semi-natural broadleaved woodland. The margins of the common support mature Oak and Ash woodland, with some Beech, over a shrub layer of Rowan, Elder and Holly. The central area and strip south of the road have been badly damaged  and most of the canopy trees have fallen. Some Ash are resprouting from shattered trunks, and Rowan and Birch are regenerating well. Open areas are an impenetrable mass of Rubus fruticosus  with clumps of Urtica dioica and Pteridium aquilinum. Opportunist species, such as Chamaenerion angustifolium, Cirsium arvense,  Articum minor, Digitalis purpurea and Reynoutria japonica have become established on the disturbed soil. 
(2) A21. Some Blackthorn scrub, with Elder and abundant R. fruticosus occurs, and there are areas of shrubs left where the canopy trees have all fallen.

MANAGE:
Most of the wind-thrown trees have been logged and the timber removed or stacked for removal. The ground is very disturbed due to the heavy vehicles. The root plates and some dead standing timber have been left and these should remain, as they are valuable habitats for birds, insects and fungi. The wood will regenerate naturally if left. If replanting is carried out, it should be done with native species, such as those still present on the site. The footpath needs to be cleared.


FAUNA:
Birds:- Wren, Chiffchaff,  Robin, Whitethroat,  Song Thrush,  Woodpigeon. 
Mammals:- Rabbit. 
Invertebrates:- Invertebrates:- aegeria),  Brimstone (Gonepteryx rhamni), Large White (Pieris brassicae).

VEG:
The common is a large area of severely storm-damaged woodland over dense Pteridium aquilinum, bisected by a main road. 
(1) A111. Semi-natural broadleaved woodland. Some mature Oak, Ash and Birch remain from the original canopy, with scattered Holly, Rowan and young Birch. Birch seedlings dominate the ground flora in places, but the clearings are otherwise covered in dense P. aquilinum and abundant Rubus fruticosus. Ruderal species, such as Solanum nigrum and Polygonum aviculare, and woodland ground flora remnants occur over ground churned up by contractors vehicles. The site has abundant disturbed ground, root-plates and branches, although the timber has been removed. The woodland on the margins and along the roads has been left virtually intact, and has a good structure. It is predominately Oak, Ash and occasional Beech and Sycamore over Hazel, Blackthorn, Hawthorn, Rowan and Elder, with Hedera helix, R. fruticosus and some Lonicera periclymenum, Gelchoma hederacea and Arum maculatum. P. aquilinum occurs in sunny clearings.
(2) J5. The wood is crossed with numerous tracks and includes a depot, which is fenced off from the rest of the site.

MANAGE:
Most of the wind-thrown timber has been logged and removed, and the ground is heavily disturbed by vehicles. Root-plates and some branches have been left, but some of the small timber has been burnt on site. The woodland will regenerate naturally if left, but if it is to be replanted, native species should be used if possible. The dead wood should be left to rot down, and the root-plates left, as they provide valuable habitats for burrowing and hole-boring insects.


FAUNA:
Birds:- Wren, Blue Tit,  Great Tit, Chaffinch,  House Martin. 
Mammals:- Grey squirrel

VEG:
The common consists of the wooded or scrub-covered verges of a minor road. 
(1) A111. Semi-natural broadleaved woodland. Generally Oak and Beech woodland with some Sycamore, Ash and Sweet Chestnut. The canopy is open over a scattered shrub layer of Hawthorn. Yew and holly are local. The ground flora is poor  due to dense shade and deep leaf litter, and is mainly confined to Rubus fruticosus. The verge narrows to a line of Oak and Beech on a steep bank, and then widens at the southern end to Oak,  Beech, some Sweet Chestnut and Pine, over dense Holly. Birch seedlings and saplings are abundant in clearings caused by storm damage, and there are tiny Calluna vulgaris plants on the disturbed ground. 
(2) A21. Dense scrub. Mostly Willow with Elder and tall herbs. This may be an old pond site, but the scrub is impenetrable.

MANAGE:
The wood is unmanaged. The wind-thrown trees have been left in place to rot down. Some tipping of household and garden waste has been carried out; this should be removed and further tipping discouraged. Some materials are stored. It might be possible to reinstate a pond in the southern corner, by cutting back the scrub and digging a hole deep enough to retain water all year. This would be expensive, but would provide a habitat for a variety of animals and plants.


FAUNA:
Birds:- Robin, Great Tit,  Nuthatch, Goldfinch,  Blackbird, Magpie.

VEG:
A series of broad verges which support woodland,  scrub and tall herbs. 
(1) A111. Semi-natural broadleaved woodland. Dominated by rather spindly or multi-stemmed Oak over Hazel, Holly, Blackthorn and Hawthorn. The ground flora consists of Urtica dioica, Hedera helix, Rubus fruticosus and Glechoma hederacea. The northern end is more varied, with more widely spaced Oak and Ash standards over multi-stemmed Hazel and Hawthorn, young Ash and Elder. The narrow parts of the verge have lines of Oak,  Horse Chestnut and Ash and some shrubs. 
(2) A21. Continuous scrub. The main area is dominated by multi-stemmed Hazel, Elder, Blackthorn, Hawthorn and Grey Willow. Some trees occur on the boundary. 
(3) C31. Tall herbs, such as Urtica dioica and Epilobium hirsutum occur on the unwooded, uncut parts of the verge.

MANAGE:
The wooded areas were coppiced in the past and would benefit from some recoppicing and thinning, to remove spindly growth and open up the canopy in places. Some felling has been carried out under the telephone wires, but the trees and shrubs are growing up quickly. A 1m strip of verge either side of the road has been mown and the verge outside a house is managed as lawn. Some tipping of household waste has occurred. This should be removed and further tipping discouraged.


FAUNA:
Birds:- Blue Tit,  Sedge-warbler, Chiffchaff,  Magpie, Woodpigeon, Turtledove. 
Mammals:- Mole, Rabbit.
Amphibians:- Common Frog, Common Toad, Smooth Newt,  Palmate Newt. 
Invertebrates:- Small Copper (Lycaena phlaeas),  Pyronia tithonus, Brimstone (Gonepteryx rhamni), 6-spot Burnet moth (Zygaena filipendulae).

VEG:
An area of neutral grassland and tall herbs, with woodland and scrub on the margins, and a small pond. 
(1) B21. Unimproved neutral grassland. 1a) is dominated by Holcus lanatus and Deschampsia caespitosa, with a high proportion of herbs. Drier areas have abundant Lotus corniculatus,  Centaurea nigra, Silaum silaus and Achillea millefolium, with A. ptarmica, Cirsium palustre, Pulicaria dysenterica on damper soils. Festuca arundinacea dominates the verge of the track. 1b) is much wetter, with Filipendula ulmaria dominant  and some Oenanthe crocata, with Agrimonia eupatoria, Picris echioides, Dipsacus fullonum  and Cirsium arvense on drier margins. Areas which have not been cut for a long time support much ranker vegetation, with abundant Arrhenatherum elatius, Dactylis glomeratus, Chamaenerion angustifolium, Rubus fruticosus, C. arvense and scrub seedlings amongst the other herbs. 1d) is cut short for hay.
(2) A111. Semi-natural broadleaved woodland. Generally oak standards over dense Blackthorn, Hawthorn, Elder, Rubus fruticosus and grasses.
(3) A21. Scrub. Mostly Blackthorn and Hawthorn, with R. fruticosus.
(4) G1. The small pond has a diversity of aquatic plants, including Sagittaria sagittifoliaa and Stratiotes aloides, with Typha, Apium nodiflorum and Iris pseudacorus on the margins. Surrounded by scrub.

MANAGE:
The common needs to be mown, to supress coarser grasses and scrub development. Areas should be cut in rotation to maintain diversity of structure, and allow plants to set seed. It is important not to alter the management regime too drastically at first, or insect species in particular, will not be able to adjust. All cuttings must be removed from the site. One area is regularly mown. Scrub needs to be controlled, and tipping discouraged. Some trees have been planted, and nest boxes put up. Parking on the common should be prevented.


FAUNA:
Birds:- House Sparrow,  Swift, Blackbird,  Carrion Crow, and Magpie recorded during site visit,  but the common undoubtedly supports a wide range of resident and wintering birds.

VEG:
A mosaic of unimproved grassland, woodland and reed-bed. 
(1) B11/B21. The common is a mosaic of unimproved neutral and acid grassland, due to its underlying geology. Holcus lanatus, Dactylis glomeratus, Festuca rubra, Succisa pratensis, Centaurea nigra and Heracleum sphondylium are typically abundant on clays to the west with Angelica sylvestris, Ranunculus flammula, R. repens, Potentilla anserina, large numbers of Dactylorhiza praetermissa, and Juncus effusus occuring where drainange is impeded. The Greensand outcrops to the east support acid grassland, dominated by Agrostis capillaris, Festuca ovina and Anthoxanthum odoratum. Typical herbs include Potentilla erecta, Pedicularis sylvatica and mats of Calluna vulgaris and Genista anglica. 
(2) A111. Semi-natural broadleaved woodland of Oak, Birch and some Ash, over Hawthorn, Hazel and Holly. The canopy is open, due to storm damage  and there is much regeneration of Oak, Birch and Sycamore. The ground flora is a typical mixture of Rubus fruticosus and Hyacinthoides non-scripta.
(3) B5. Amenity grassland. The cricket pitch is closely mown and herb-poor. 
(4) F21. The reed-bed is dominated by Phragmites australis, with Typha latifolia, Epilobium hirsutum and invasive trees.
(5) B5. Tussocky Molinia caerulea with Hydrocotyle vulgaris, Ulex minor, C. vulgaris and G. angelica.

MANAGE:
The site is actively managed, in accordance with the detailed management plan. The grassland is mown for hay in July, but a later cut may soon replace this to allow plants to set seed. Otherwise the management is ideal. The water table is to be raised in the reedbed by means of a sluice, and invasive trees removed. There are plans to cut the reed in rotation, to improve its growth. Wind-thrown trees have been removed from the woodland and a mixture of native species planted. The cricket pitch is closely mown.


FAUNA:
Birds:- Robin, Great Tit,  Blackbird. 
Mammals:- Mole.

VEG:
An area of amenity grassland. The grassland is very short and burnt by the sun, so species are hard to distinuish. It appears to be a mixture of Festuca rubra, Lolium perenne, Agrostis sp., Holcus lanatus and some Dactylis glomerata. It is herb-poor, with Achillea millefolium most abundant. There are patches of Deschampsia caespitosa. The verges are reseeded Lolium perenne grassland. Trees have been planted round the edge, including Rowan, Maple, Cherry and Horse-chestnut, and some mature Oak trees occur along the northern boundary. The grassland is surrounded by dry ditches, which separate it from the road verges. These contain some tall herbs and coarse grasses, and the northern drain has a small amount of Iris pseudacorus and Oenanthe crocata. Ruderal species and garden escapes have become established around the bonfire site.

MANAGE:
It is difficult to tell if the common has been reseeded in the past, or whether its lack of species diversity is due to repeated heavy mowing. It is managed entirely as amenity grassland, and has seats, slides and swings. Trees have been planted along the edges. The ditches prevent vehicular access, although the verge is used for parking. Some tipping has occurred along the northern boundary, and this should be discouraged. There is a bonfire site in the centre. The common could be improved for wildlife by planting areas of native shrubs on the boundaries, to provide food and cover for birds, small mammals and insects. The grassland could be left longer around the clumps, to give some structural diversity for invertebrates. This management need not interfere with the present use of the common, as the shrubs would be attractive, and would help to screen the site from the roads.


FAUNA:
Only  Coal Tit recorded,  but the fauna will be similar to that found on Cl 201.

VEG:
The common is a small area of woodland, crossed by a track. 
(1) A111. Semi-natural broadleaved woodland. The majority of the woodland is Oak and Ash over very tall Willow, Holly and abundant Hazel. The ground flora consists of Ash seedlings, Mercurialis perennis, some Urtica dioica and Teucrium scorodonia, and locally abundant Rubus fruticosus and Pteridium aquilinum. The smaller area is overgrown Hazel coppice under Oak standards. There is one very large Oak near the boundary which is much older than the other trees. 
(2) J5. The track has been surfaced.

MANAGE:
Apart from surfacing the track and signing the footpath, there is no evidence of recent management. The Hazel has been coppiced in the past, but is now overgrown.  Reworking the coppice would encourage a more diverse ground flora, and provide sunny areas for invertebrates, but the site is very small.  Any management  would  need to be carried out in conjunction with Cl 201.


FAUNA:
Birds:- Blue Tit,  Great Tit, Blackbird,  Woodpigeon. 
Mammals:- Rabbit.

VEG:
The site consists of tracks and a small area of woodland. 
(1) J5. Tracks. The main part of the common is a broad, rutted track which runs between banks. At the south end, the track is sunken, but it becomes flatter to the north. The banks support boundary Oak and Ash trees over Hawthorn, Elder, Holly and Hazel, with Rubus fruticosus abundant. Beech becomes dominant towards the northern end  and the track is covered in dense leaf litter under these. The western part has a rough vegetation of Urtica dioica, Stachys sylvatica, Articum minor and Scrophularia nodosa, with Lysimachia nemorum and Ranunculus repens in open areas. It is lined by old Hazel coppice under Ash and Oak, and some young, self-seeded Firs. 
(2) A111. Semi-natural broadleaved woodland. A small area of Hazel coppice under Oak and occasional Ash standards. The ground flora includes Hedera helix, Hyacinthoides non-scripta,  Sanicula europaea and Elder seedlings.

MANAGE:
The footpath is signed and kept clear. The western area has been fenced off and is used for storing building materials. The verge along the minor road has been mown, and tree trunks placed to prevent parking. The coppice will need to be  reworked in 5 - 10 years. It contains some dead wood which should be left to rot down.


FAUNA:
Birds:- Wren, Robin,  Great Tit, Blackbird,  Woodpigeon, Great-spotted Woodpecker,  Green Woodpecker.

VEG:
A mosaic of conifer plantation, mixed woodland and broadleaved woodland, with Pteridium aquilinum in clearings. 
(1) A122. Conifer plantation. Mature plantation of Scot's Pine, with Birch, Oak and Rowan occasional in the canopy and on the margins. The ground flora is predominately P. aquilinum and Vaccinium myrtillus where the shade is not too heavy, and these species dominate rides and power cable runs, with some Ulex europaeus, Teucrium scorodonia and Deschampsia caespitosa, and also occur in storm clearings, with young Holly and Rowan. 
(2) A121. This area is predominately Birch, with Oak, Rowan, Holly, young Beech, occasional Sweet Chestnut and some old Pine over Holly and locally abundant Rhododendron. The ground flora is bushy V. myrtillus and some P. aquilinum. 
(3) A111. Semi-natural broadleaved woodland. The area west of the road is mostly Birch with occasional Oak and Rowan. Rhododendron is locally abundant and Holly is common under dense Birch. P. aquilinum is frequent where the canopy is more open. Ruderal species occur on ground disturbed by storm damage and timber removal. A small area of Oak, Beech and Birch woodland occurs at the north-east tip of the site.
(4) C11. Continuous P. aquilinum occurs in the main clearing, with V. myrtillus, Calluna vulgaris, Erica cinerea and Ulex minor. Birch seedlings are abundant.
(5) J5. Houses and gardens  (possibly a mapping error on the registers).

MANAGE:
The woodland is managed as plantation, and the large clearing is presumably where trees have been felled for timber. The trees have been cleared under power cables and along the rides. Timber is stacked for removal. The site is commercially managed woodland, but could be improved for wildlife by clearing areas of P. aquilinum and seedlings, to encourage regeneration of heath. This could be done by extending rides, thereby minimising the loss of timber production.


FAUNA:
Birds:- Blue Tit, Swift, Blackbird, Woodpigeon. Invertebrates:- Comma (Polygonia c-album).

VEG:
Scrub, tall herbs and mown grassland along a minor road. 
(1) A21. Continuous scrub. The main area of scrub is dense Willow which appears to flood occasionally. The ground is generally bare underneath, with patches of Urtica dioica, Hedera helix, Solanum dulcamara and Stellaria holostea. Oak and Ash standards occur on the boundaries  over dense Crab Apple, Blackthorn, Hazel and Holly; the shrubs merge with the Willow scrub. 
(2) C31. Tall herb species occur on the uncut verges. Epilobium hirsutum and Filipendula ulmaria occur amongst the Urtica dioica and Heracleum sphondylium over much of the area, indicating damp ground. Rubus fruticosus, Festuca gigantea and Arrhenatherum elatius occur on drier soils. Mown areas support herb-poor neutral grassland. 
(3) G2. The stream can only be seen at one end  where it is clear flowing water with no aquatic vegetation, and U. dioica on the banks.

MANAGE:
The verges are mown. The scrub is used by children playing and has a tyre swing, but the site is otherwise unmanaged.


FAUNA:
Birds:- Robin, Wren,  Bluetit, Woodpigeon.

VEG:
The common is an area of storm-damaged mixed woodland. It is contiguous with a much larger area of woodland, and its boundaries are difficult to define. It is predominately mature Sweet Chestnut and Scot's Pine, which form a very open canopy with abundant Birch and young Pine between. Pteridium aquilinum dominates the ground flora, as there is little shade. The woodland has lost much of its structure and its origins are difficult to determine, but it appears to be thinned plantation in which deciduous trees have become established.

MANAGE:
Some of the wind-thrown trees have been cleared and the Sussex Border Path has been cleared and signed. There is no other management evident.


FAUNA:
Birds:- Wren, Robin,  Magpie, Woodpigeon. Mammals:- Grey Squirrel. 
Invertebrates:- Speckled Wood (Pararge aegeria),  Small Copper (Lycaena phlaeas).

VEG:
The common consists of secondary woodland, scrub, a football pitch, areas of Pteridium aquilinum, and a stream. 
(1) A111. Semi-natural broadleaved woodland. Predominately Oak, with Sycamore more abundant towards the northern end, and a small amount of Larch. The woodland has a dense shrub layer of Blackthorn, Holly, some Elder and young Sycamore. The ground flora consists of locally abundant Rubus fruticosus and some P. aquilinum, especially where the canopy is more open. Oxalis acetosella, Lonicera periclymenum and Hedera helix also occur. Towards the southern end, there is a sub-canopy of very tall Hawthorn trees with old Crab Apple. Willows occur by the road. A wet depression has Iris pseudacorus, Mentha aquatica, Apium nodiflorum, Oenanthe crocata and Urtica dioica, with clumps of Willow. 
(2) B21. Unimproved neutral grassland. The largest area is the short-mown football pitch, which is dominated by Festuca rubra and some Dactylis glomerata and patches of Centaurea nigra. The verges are mostly Agrostis stolonifera, Holcus lanatus, D. glomerata and some Festuca arundinacea, with Pimpinella  saxifrage, Achillea millefolium and C. nigra. Uncut areas have Cirsium arvense.
(3) C11. Continuous P. aquilinum. This occurs in clearings within the wood, and along the pylon run. Scrub of Blackthorn, Hawthorn, young Birch and Willow is scattered.
(4) J5. The common is crossed by surfaced tracks and drives.
(5) The stream has some water in it, and appears to have been cleaned out recently. It has no aquatic vegetation.

MANAGE:
The football pitch is short-mown and the pitch is marked out. There is a building and a surfaced drive. Some tipping has occurred, and this should be prevented in future. The area under the pylons  has been cut. The verges are mown in places and the footpaths are clear and signed. The wood is unmanaged.


FAUNA:
Birds:- Robin, Blue Tit,  Great Tit, Starling,  Blackbird, Woodpigeon,  Jay. 
Mammals:- Mole.

VEG:
The common is predominately woodland, with some mown grassland. It includes a house and garden. (1) A111. Semi-natural broadleaved woodland. The woodland is mainly Oak over a shrub layer of Blackthorn, Hawthorn and some Elder. The Hawthorns are very tall and appear to be of considerable age. The canopy is generally open  with shrubs dominating the open areas. Rubus fruticosus, Lonicera periclymenum and Stellaria holostea form a patchy ground flora. Some Ash and Crab Apple occur on the margins. 
(2) J5. The common boundary appears to include a house and garden although these are fenced off from the rest of the site. It also includes a surfaced track. 
(3) B22. Semi-improved neutral grassland. The road verges, including the smaller parcel of land  and the area south of the chapel are species-poor Agrostis stolonifera, Holcus lanatus, Dactylis glomerata and Lolium perenne grassland. The area by the stream is slightly richer with Ajuga reptans, Pimpinella saxifraga, Centaurea nigra and Cruciata laevipes.

MANAGE:
The areas of grassland are regularly mown, including a strip leading to the stream on the southern boundary. The house and garden are fenced off from the rest of the site; their inclusion in the boundary may be a mapping error on the registers, rather than a genuine encroachment. The rest of the woodland is unmanaged at present, although it appears that some thinning has been carried out in the past. Some tipping has occurred; this should be discouraged.


FAUNA:
Birds:- Robin, House Sparrow,  Great Tit,  Yellowhammer, Blackbird,  Starling, Rook,  Woodpigeon.

VEG:
The common consists of roadside verges, the largest area of which has been improved. 
(1) B4. Reseeded amenity grassland. The largest part of the common has been reseeded, and is regularly mown. It is characteristically poor in herbs. A variety of trees have been planted along the edge, including Turkey Oak, Whitebeam, Sycamore, Red Maple, Variagated Sycamore, Cherry, Sumach and Birch. There are also several very old Horse Chestnut and Lime trees in one area. The verge is crossed by numerous drives and tracks. (2) C31. Tall herb. The verge to the south is generally uncut, and supports a tall herb community of Epilobium hirsutum, Cirsium arvense, Filipendula ulmaria, Urtica dioica and Pteridium aquilinum, with Rubus fruticosus and coarse grasses. Some patches of Hazel, Hawthorn and Blackthorn scrub occur, and there is a small clump of Oak to the south.

MANAGE:
The wide part of the verge has been reseeded and is regularly mown. Exotic trees have been planted, and seats and litter bins provided. The verge to the south is generally unmanaged, although the grassland outside houses is often mown short by the residents. The common is crossed by many tracks. 
The common could be improved for wildlife by planting  clumps of native berry and nectar-providing shrubs on the reseeded area, and maybe some  cultivated plants, such as Firethorn (Pyracantha coccinea) and Buddleia. These would attract a variety of birds and insects.


VEG:
The common consists of a small area of rough grassland, parts of which have been mown to give access. 
(1) B21. Unimproved neutral grassland. The grassland is dominated by Holcus lanatus, Agrostis sp and Dactylis glomerata, with frequent Heracleum sphondylium, Cirsium arvense, Achillea millefolium, Ranunculus acris, Hypericum sp and Cruciata laevipes. It is very rough and tussocky,  and Rubus fruticosus and Blackthorn seedlings are becoming established. 
(2) A21. A small clump of Hazel and Blackthorn scrub which casts very dense shade, so only Hedera helix and R. fruticosus occur beneath.

MANAGE:
The grassland has not been cut recently, and is becoming rank. It would benefit from cutting and raking, as this would control the more vigorous grasses and herbs, and help to control the spread of scrub. The BT post in the centre of the site might make cutting difficult, but management is essential if the site is not to lose its biological interest. A small area by the house has been mown to provide parking and storage space, and there is a shed. Logs have been placed along the road edge to prevent parking on the common.


FAUNA:
Birds:- Wren, Robin,  Blue Tit,  Great Tit,  Nuthatch, Blackbird,  Carrion Crow,  Woodpigeon. Mammals:- Grey Squirrel, Rabbit.
Invertebrates:- Pyrrhosoma nymphula.

VEG:
Wooded strips along the road. Part has been incorporated into a garden and the boundary includes a small field. 
(1) A111. Semi-natural broadleaved woodland. The largest area is to the north, comprising well-spaced Oak standards and multi-stemmed Ash over Hazel, old Hawthorn and young Ash. Holly is becoming established. The ground flora includes Hyacinthoides non-scripta, Digitalis purpurea and seedling Sweet chestnut and Beech. The woodland narrows to strips along the road. 1a) has mostly been cleared, leaving some Oak and Birch. The ground flora is mostly grasses and Rubus fruticosus, with abundant bare ground. 
(2) B4 Improved grassland. The verge has been reseeded and incorporated into the garden. Shrubs have been planted. 
(3) B22. The small field is semi-improved, and herb-poor, although Prunella vulgaris and Ranunculus repens are abundant. The verges have Lolium perenne, Holcus lanatus, Arrhenatherum elatius and tall herbs.

MANAGE:
Part of the woodland is managed. (1a) has largely been cleared and the wood cut up and stacked for removal. This area is used for parking Banger Racing cars, and has a shed. The woodland to the north has had wind-thrown trees removed, although the crowns have been left to rot down. This area was managed as coppice in the past, and a coppice cycle could be reinstated, to improve the ground flora, promote regeneration of trees and shrubs, and increase structural diversity. Areas of the verge have been reseeded and are regularly mown, and part has been incorporated into a garden, with planted shrubs. The common includes a small horse-grazed field, and appears to include a house and garden; this may be a mapping error on the registers. Further encroachments into the common boundary should be prevented.


FAUNA:
Birds:- Robin, Nuthatch,  Great Tit, Woodpigeon,  Moorhen.

VEG:
Predominately woodland with some reseeded grassland. 
(1) A111. Semi-natural broadleaved woodland occurs on the wider verges. 1a) is Ash, Sweet Chestnut and beech woodland. The middle is badly storm-damaged, but generating well. There is deep leaf litter. Pteridium aquilinum is dominant in clearings, and Rhododendron forms the shrub layer. Multi-stemmed and spindly Birch standards dominate the northern end, with Rowan, Sweet Chestnut and Holly. There are patches of grass and moss under the trees. The woodland narrows to strips of Birch, Oak, Beech, Sweet Chestnut and Holly along the road, with Rhododendron under. Some Ash,Yew and Hazel occurs on a bank. 1b) is mixed Oak, Birch and Beech woodland, with abundant Holly, and some Rowan amongst the Birch. The pools shown on the map could not be seen from the road. 
(2) B4. Part of a large reseeded field. There is no sign of the drain shown on the map.
(3) J5. The drive to the house is surfaced and lined by planted trees. It is fenced off from the field. The track to the farm is surfaced and runs between Oak, Beech, Elder and Hawthorn.
(4) C31. The uncut areas of the verge are dominated by tall herbs, and have some scrub and trees.

MANAGE:
The field has been reseeded and is grazed. All the other areas have been fenced off and there is no sign of management, even though there has been storm damage. The trees on the verges have been thinned in the past, and are used for parking and storing of wood. The garden hedges are regularly cut. The area of Birch to the north needs to be thinned and recoppiced, and Rhododendron should be erradicated, or it will prevent the regeneration of young trees and shrubs, and shade out any ground flora species.


FAUNA:
Birds:- Coal Tit, Swift, Blackbird, Green Woodpecker, Jay, Carrion Crow, Pheasant. Mammals:- Grey Squirrel, Rabbit.
Invertebrates:- Large White (Pieris brassicae),  Gatekeeper (Pyronia tithonus), Meadow Brown (Maniola jurtina), Holly Blue (Celastrina argiolus). There is an extensive list of Bees and Wasps for the common, most of which are common species. However, the notable Bee Andrena nigricaps occurs; this species occurs in 100 or less 10 Km squares in Britain.

VEG:
The majority of the common is wooded, with some open areas of Pteridium aquilinum and scrub. It includes a small field and a pond 
(1) A111. Semi-natural broadleaved woodland. The structure and composition of the woodland is complex, as a result of past management and soil types. The majority is Oak and Ash over Hawthorn,  Blackthorn, Hazel, and locally abundant Holly, Elder and Willow. The trees are generally tall and widely-spaced, although the shrub layer often forms dense thickets. The ground flora includes Lonicera periclymenum, Mercurialis perennis,  Urtica dioica, Oxalis acetosella, Sanicula europaea, Circaea lutetiana, Brachypodium sylvaticum and Carex pendula where the canopy is more closed, and P. aquilinum dominates clearings. This grades into dense Beech, Oak, Ash and Sycamore woodland, with Hazel and Holly under. The eastern corner is Oak and Sycamore, with some Scot's Pine and Hawthorn. The western edge is Oak, Beech and Sycamore woodland. The south-western corner is a steep, rocky bank which has been severely storm-damaged. This area is mostly Oak and Beech over Holly and Yew, with Oak and Birch becoming dominant over the lower slopes. 
(2) Continuous Pteridium aquilinum. The area south of the cottages is dominated by tall P. aquilinum, with scattered Elder, Hawthorn, Birch and Rowan. P. aquilinum occurs in all the woodland clearings, often forming a mosaic with scattered or clumped trees. The largest area occurs near the south-east corner, where Ash, Oak, Scot's Pine and scrub are scattered. Grasses and woodland herbs often occur under the P. aquilinum.
(3) B12. Semi-improved acid grassland. This area is separated from the rest of the common by an electric fence. It is very close-mown and has no access, which makes species identification difficult, but appears to be dominated by Agrostis sp, Festuca sp and some Centaurea nigra. The verge by the cottages is also mown grassland, but appears to be more neutral in character. 
(4) A21. Continuous scrub. The main area is over the site of a dried-out pond, where multi-stemmed Willows grow very densely. 
(5) J5. The common is crossed by roughly surfaced roads and tracks.
(6) The stream is difficult to trace on the ground. Its presence is indicated by Deschampsia caespitosa, Urtica dioica and Achillea ptarmica in an area of P. aquilinum and coarse grasses close to the minor road, and it can be seen where the track runs past the pond. In this area, it has some Mentha aquatica. The stream is dry where it crosses the woodland north of Cherry Cottage, and has no aquatic flora.

MANAGE:
There is little recent management. A small field has been enclosed with electric fencing and is mown for hay, the verges to the north are cut, and a small area on the southern boundary has been replanted with trees. The footpaths have been cleared of wind-thrown trees. Some tipping of garden has occurred.
The site is believed to be ancient wood pasture, the present woodland having established with the cessation of grazing and cutting wood and bracken by commoners. A mosaic of grassland, scrub and woodland could be recreated by cutting, thinning and, ideally, grazing, but this would be labour-intensive. If left, the site will all become woodland.


FAUNA:
Birds:- Robin, Long-tailed Tit,  Blue Tit,  Great Tit, Nuthatch,  Blackbird, Magpie,  Woodpigeon, Jay,  Green Woodpecker. 
Mammals:- Grey Squirrel.

VEG:
The common is predominately secondary broadleaved woodland with some open areas, a small field and numerous tracks. 
(1) A111. Semi-natural broadleaved woodland. The composition of the canopy is extremely variable  probably as a result of its secondary nature, and the effects of past management. This is especially the case for the northern part. The area nearest the road is mainly multi-stemmed Oak and Ash over Hazel coppice, Hawthorn and Blackthorn. Birch is common, and Holly, Rowan and Field Maple are locally frequent. This merges with Oak and Birch woodland with some old Oak coppice, over tall Hawthorns and a ground flora of Pteridium aquilinum. This area may have been cleared for pasture in the past leaving some coppiced trees. Moving south, the woodland becomes over-grown Oak, Ash and Hazel coppice, with Holly and young Birch and Ash beneath.  Oak and Ash standards are common. The ground flora is mostly Rubus fruticosus and Pteridium aquilinum, with some Lonicera periclymenum, Primula vulgaris, Stellaria holostea and Ash and Holly seedlings where R. fruticosus and P. aquilinum are sparse. 
The southern part of the wood is predominately Beech, or a mixture of Beech and Oak. Holly is abundant in the shrub layer, but the ground flora is poor, due to dense shade and leaf litter.  Many Beech trees have been blown over on the western boundary. There is also some Beech coppice, but this is probably recent in origin. Ash is abundant along the stream, over a richer ground flora of Sanicula europaea, Viola riviniana, Oxalis acetosella, Mercurialis perennis, Geranium robertianum and Ash seedlings. Urtica dioica is common on damper ground, and in areas of disturbance caused by storm damage. Ash dominates the south-east corner over Field Maple, Hazel, Hawthorn and Elder. 
(2) A22/A3 This is an area of scattered Oak and very old Blackthorn, Hawthorn and Crab Apple, with clumps of Birch, Elder and Holly. P. aquilinum dominates the clearings, except where it has been cut and cleared, leaving Agrostis sp dominated grassland. This area may have been partly cleared and grazed in the past, as the trees and scrub are of considerable age, but there is no proper woodland structure.
(3) J5. The common boundary appears to include houses and gardens, as well as tracks and roads, but this may be due to a mapping error on the registers. Both gardens are enclosed. The tracks and drives are mainly surfaced.
(4) B22. A small rough field, dominated by tussocky Dactylis glomerata, Holcus lanatus and Deschampsia caespitosa. Some scattered trees.

MANAGE:
The woodland is secondary, and probably developed with cessation of heavy grazing. It appears to have been haphazardly managed in the past, as the majority of the trees are multi-stemmed. The presence of tall old thorns indicates past clearing and grazing, and some areas are still open. Recent management has been to stack timber, but not to remove storm-damaged trees or replant, and to cut areas of P. aquilinum and plant trees near houses. The common also appears to include several gardens. Suggested management would be to allow the wood to regenerate naturally, leaving dead wood to rot down. Cross-country fences have been built in the wood.


FAUNA:
Birds:- Blue Tit,  Great Tit,  Long-tailed Tit,  Wren, Robin,  Chaffinch, Chiffchaff,  Nuthatch, Grey Wagtail, Woodpigeon, Jay, Pheasant.

VEG:
A complex area of woodland which is primarily Birch and Oak, but with areas of Ash, Sycamore and Beech. Open areas are dominated by Bracken or mown acid grassland. There is some scrub, and several ponds, tracks and an industrial estate. (1) A111 Semi-natural broadleaved woodland. The woodland is very complex in terms of dominant species, percentage cover and past management. The northern and central areas are predominately Oak and Birch with a varied shrub layer. The northern part has old multi-stemmed Hazel under Oak standards, indicating past coppicing. Young Birch, Oak and Hazel occur beneath. Where Oak and Birch are co-dominant, Hawthorn and Blackthorn occur in the shrub layer. A small Oak plantation has some old Birch standards and abundant Alder and Buckthorn below. The central area south of the minor road is again Birch and Oak, with Holly and Hawthorn. Clearings are dominated by Pteridium aquilinum and Rubus fruticosus. The woodland along the minor road is different to that to the north or the south. It includes some very large old Oaks which appear to have been pollarded in the past, and may originate from management as wood pasture. There is an area of Ash plantation, and some Elder occurs along the stream. The woodland is otherwise Oak over Hazel coppice, with Holly abundant.  1a) This is again Birch and Oak woodland, but is very variable in terms of the percentage cover of the canopy. This varies from scattered clumps of trees and Hawthorn amongst dense P. aquilinum, to a closed canopy with no ground flora under. The proportions of Birch, Oak and Thorn also vary considerably. Tracks have been cut through the P. aquilinum. 
The woodland south of the track to Blackwool Farm is all SSSI. It has a much more closed canopy, except in areas of storm damage, and has a high proportion of Beech. 1b) is dominated by Beech, with Oak more occasional. Holly is abundant, especially in clearings, where it is mixed with young Birch and Beech. This area has been badly storm damaged. Ash, Beech and Birch occur around the industrial estate. 
The area just to the west of the industrial estate is Birch and Oak woodland, with occasional Ash, over Alder, Buckthorn and Hawthorn. The wet depression 1c) is surrounded by Willow, Birch and Gorse, and contains abundant Sphagnum sp, Cirsium palustre and Juncus effusus. There is also a small pool which is covered in Willow. 
The wooded verges west of the main road are Ash, Oak and Willow, with tall herbs beneath.
(2) C11. Continuous Pteridium aquilinum forms a mosaic with woodland, as described above, but also dominates part of the area north of the minor road, where it occurs over coarse grasses. Its abundance here is probably due to past clearance and disturbance. The pylon run is also dominated by P. aquilinum, with Molinia caerulea, Hydrocotyle vulgaris, Cirsium palustre, Ranunculus flammula and Achillea ptarmica in damp ruts. 
(3) J5. The common is crossed by numerous tracks, including a lane to the east, and appears to include several gardens, although these may be mapping errors. 
(4) A21. Scrub forms part of the mosaic with woodland and P. aquilinum. It also dominates large parts of the verge to the west of the road.
(5) J31. The boundary includes a small industrial estate and garage and their grounds.
(6) A3. The trees have been thinned to scattered Oaks near the new fishing pool at Blackwool Farm. The grass has been mown beneath, and the effect is one of parkland.
(7) B11. An area of short-mown acid grassland around the pond on the northern part of the site. The grassland has some small mats of Calluna vulgaris. There are other small areas of grassland where the P. aquilinum has been cut.
(8) G1. 8a) The largest pond is located near Blackwool Farm on the southern part of the site. It has been extended recently, and is stocked with fish. Its banks have been reseeded and there is no aquatic vegetation evident. 8b) This pond has been constructed on the stream and is surrounded by very dense scrub which makes it difficult to see. It appears to be a large duck pond, with Oak, Willow and Juncus effusus on the margins. 8c) The two ponds north of the minor road have been amalgamated. The northern end is dominated by Typha latifolia, with Iris pseudacorus, Phalaris arundinacea, Juncus effusus and J. inflexus. It is surrounded by a dense margin of J. effusus, Lotus uliginosus, Cirsium palustre, Rubus fruticosus and Gorse which have developed on the spoil. 
The pond just south of the industrial estate is overgrown with scrub, as described with 1c), and there are ponds within the site; the only one visible has Typha latifolia, Epilobium hirsutum and Eupatorium cannabinum, with Grey Willow on the edges.
(9) C31. Tall herbs occur on uncut verges between areas of scrub and trees. The small area at the northern tip of the common is dominated by Urtica dioica, Heracleum sphondylium, coarse grasses and Rubus fruticosus, and has been planted  with Oak and Cherry.

MANAGE:
All of the northern part of the common is secondary woodland, but much of the area south of the minor road is ancient. The complexity of structure and species composition  reflects, not only this difference in age, but also past management of the site. The northern part was probably kept open by grazing and cutting wood, and there is some evidence that at least part was wood pasture, similar to the adjacent Ebernoe Common. The present woodland would have become established with cessation of grazing. Many of the trees and  shrubs have been coppiced in the past.
The majority of the woodland  is unmanaged at present. However, there are small areas of plantation, including some recently planted trees, and the area by Blackwool Farm has been thinned to scattered trees over mown grassland, and picnic tables and litter bins placed. A large  pond has been constructed and is used by anglers, and the area around it has been reseeded. Tracks have been cut through the P. aquilinum, and areas mown near houses. A garden has been made behind Colhook Farmhouse. The northern area shows the most signs of modification. The ponds have been amalgamated and the grassland around them mown. Some garden waste has been tipped, and the wood to the north thinned and tracks marked out, presumably as part of the pheasant-rearing programme. Oak and Ash have been planted in the past, and there is a small area of replanting at the northern tip of the common. 
Suggested management would be to prevent further encroachments and to continue cutting and raking off areas of P. aquilinum, to encourage a more diverse grassland flora, or even heath. The existing grassland should still be mown, although perhaps less often, as it is very short at present. The woodland does not need management at the moment. It is hoped that the wind-thrown trees will be left to rot down, and any dead standing wood left in place.


FAUNA:
Birds:- Robin, Long-tailed Tit,  Blue Tit,  Great Tit, Nuthatch,  Nightingale, Woodpigeon,  Magpie, Jay,  Pheasant. 
Mammals:- Hedgehog.
Invertebrates:- The common supports a number of Butterfly species, including Silver-washed Fritillary (Argynnis paphia), Brown Hairstreak (Thelca betulae), Purple Emporor (Apatura iris), and Wood White (Leptidea sinapis). The Beetles Stenagostus villosus and Cerylon ferrugineum and the Hoverfly Sphegina verecunda have been recorded; these are ancient woodland indicator species.

VEG:
The common is predominately woodland, but has areas of scrub and some unimproved grassland. 
(1) A111. Semi-natural broadleaved woodland. The woodland is secondary in origin, although the margins may have been continuously wooded. Oak is abundant or dominant throughout, with Beech and Ash locally dominant or co-dominant. 1a) is a mixture of Beech, Ash and Oak, with abundant Hawthorn, including some tall, old bushes, Holly and young Ash beneath. The ground flora includes Mercurialis perennis, Hedera helix, Brachypodium sylvaticum and Ash seedlings. The southern part of 1b) is Ash woodland with some Oak, over very tall Field Maple and Hawthorn trees. The ground flora is dominated by H. helix  with Rubus fruticosus and M. perennis occasional and some dead wood. The central section is Oak over very old Hawthorn and Blackthorn scrub, and some Elder and Field Maple. Holly and Hazel are occasional  and some Beech occurs. The northern part includes overgrown Ash coppice. There are temporary pools in the wood: these have grasses, some Carex pendula, Ranunculus flammula and Iris pseudacorus. 1c) Mixed Beech, Ash and Oak woodland with Holly under, which becomes open Ash  woodland with a well developed shrub  layer. There is an area of Hazel coppice under Oak standards.
(2) J5.  The long track is lined by trees and shrubs, including some Wild Service Tree. The track is wet and rutted.
(3) A21. Hawthorn and Blackthorn scrub occurs, and is important for Butterflies.
(4) B11. Relatively herb-rich damp grassland, with Achillea ptarmica.

MANAGE:
The National Trust's management is aimed at maintaining specific habitats for unusual birds and invertebrates, as well as  keeping the grassland open and the woodland in good heart. The area by the cottage is mown and treated as part of the garden.  The RUPP is badly rutted and needs maintenance, and the footpaths need signing.


FAUNA:
Birds:- There is a good range of small birds present due to the abundance of woodland and scrub. Nightingales breed on the common. Invertebrates:- The uncommon flies Dolichopus wahlbergi and Scellus notatus occur on the shady track, and the Jet Ant Lasius fuliginosus occurs on Oak.

VEG:
The common consists of woodland, scrub and grassland, and includes a track to the north. 
(1) A111. Semi-natural broadleaved woodland. The woodland is secondary in origin and is dominated by Oak. It forms a mosaic with scrub, which makes it particularly valuable for birds and invertebrates. Nightingales breed in this area. The old pond site is dominated by Willow scrub and stands of tall herbs. 
(2) J5. The track is shaded by trees and shrubs  with Wild Service trees occurring on the bank. 
(3) B22. Semi-improved neutral grassland. The grassland is assumed to be semi-improved as it is very poor in herbs. It has a margin of scrub.

MANAGE:
The National Trust's management aims are similar to those for Steer's Common, in that  they aim to retain the mosaic of woodland, scrub and open grassland which is so important for birds  and invertebrates. This will involve patch clearance of scrub, to produce young regrowth, and selective thinning of the woodland: in particular, removal of  the exotic Turkey Oak. The grassland is still to be cut, and the cuttings removed, to prevent enrichment of the grassland and encouragement of the more  vigorous grasses  at the expense of other species.


FAUNA:
Birds:- Wren, Blackbird,  Swallow, Woodpigeon. Mammals:- Rabbit.

VEG:
An area of woodland on a steep stream bank. 
(1) A111. Semi-natural broadleaved woodland. The northern end consists of Oak and Beech over Field Maple and Hazel on a steep bank. This widens out in the centre of the common, and some of the Oaks are very large, with rotting limbs. Hazel, Holly and young Ash form the shrub layer in this area. Sycamore is occasional, and Elder and Alder occur by the stream. The woodland narrows to just streamside Alder and Elder near the southern end  then opens out into Alder, Ash and Oak woodland over Elder and Blackthorn, with Pteridium aquilinum abundant between the trees. Tall herbs occur on the wood margins. 
(2) G2. The stream is important as a tributary of the River Rother. It has clean, flowing water  and some Myosotis sp and Oenanthe crocata on its margins. Impatiens glandulifera is frequent along it.

MANAGE:
The woodland is unmanaged, although it  is fenced off from the road. The verges are mown, presumably  by the Highways Authority, and there is some disturbed ground along them. 
The stream has good cover and flowing water. It is a tributary of the River Rother, which is a very important site for wildlife. Therefore it would be best to leave the woodland undisturbed, although the Impatien glandulifera should be irradicated if possible.


FAUNA:
There is a wealth of information on the site, and this list is not intended to be comprehensive. Birds:- Nightjar, Tree Pipit, Meadow Pipit and Stonechat are typical of the open heath. Woodcock, Lesser-spotted Woodpecker, Redstart, Nightingale and Wood Warbler are associated with  scrub. The site is important for over-wintering and passage birds of prey. 
Mammals:- Rabbit, Fox, Common Shrew, Mole, Grey Squirrel, Stoat, Roe Deer, Muntjac. 
Reptiles:- Adder, Slow Worm, Common Lizard. Invertebrates:- A rich and diverse fauna including local and rare species.

VEG:
A large area of secondary woodland, Pteridium aquilinum heath and grassland, with some open water and wet flushes. 
(1) C11. Continuous Pteridium aquilinum. P. aquilinum dominates the unwooded areas of the common. On well-drained soils, it is associated with Gorse, or moribund Calluna vulgaris, as it has encroached onto former heathland. Over much of the north-west part of the common, it forms a mosaic with Birch, and it occurs as the ground flora of more open canopy woodland. Where it occurs over grassland, the grass species have become coarse and herbs are rare. 
(2) A111. Semi-natural broadleaved woodland. Much is secondary in origin, but there are small remnants of ancient woodland. Generally the younger woods are Birch-dominated, varying from closed canopy to open stands. Other trees and shrubs are present - Oak is local, having spread in from the boundary and Holly, Hawthorn and Alder Buckthorn occur, especially to the north-west. Pine and Sweet Chestnut are also found towards the southern end. Paylins Copse is an area of worked Sweet Chestnut coppice with some mature Larch and occasional Sycamore. The ground flora of the wooded areas generally consists of dominant Pteridium aquilinum, with varying amounts of Rubus fruticosus, Lonicera periclymenum and grasses. Two areas of old wood pasture occur, characterised by mature, open canopy Oak or Beech, with younger Birch between. 
The wooded areas are further diversified by the presence of wet or flushed areas along the streams. Willow and Alder are locally abundant within Birch stands, especially in the area known as The Marsh, with Molinia caerulea abundant beneath. M. caerulea and Sphagnum sp flushes occur at stream heads, with associated species, such as Galium palustris, Cardamine sp, Carex remota, and the ferns Dryopteris dilitata and Athyrium filix-femina. This area is drying out, as specialised plants such as Gentiana pneumonanthe have not been recorded for many years. 
On level ground at the northern edge of the common, there is secondary woodland of Ash, Oak, Birch and Hazel, with a richer ground flora of Caltha palustris, Stachys sylvatica, Angelica sylvestris, Lotus uliginosus and Epilobium hirsutum, indicating damp ground.
(3) D1. Dry dwarf shrub heath. Heathland occurs primarily on the eastern side of the common, although occasional patches are found elsewhere. The overall extent of heath has been greatly reduced by invasion of P. aquilinum and trees, but recent management is reversing this trend. The heath is dominated by Calluna vulgaris, with occasional to frequent Erica cinerea and Ulex minor. Vaccinium myrtillus is locally abundant, especially towards the northern end, where it is mixed with P. aquilinum. 
(4) B11. Acid grassland. The area of grassland has increased with control of P. aquilinum. Deschampsia flexuosa, Festuca ovina, Agrostis tenuis, Teucrium scorodonium, Potentilla erecta and Hypochoeris radicata are typical species of the unimproved acid grassland. However, the grassland which has been under P. aquilinum is rather coarser and more neutral in character, with Holcus lanatus, Anthoxanthum odoratum and Arrhenatherum elatius. 
(5) D2. Wet dwarf shrub heath. This occurs in damp depressions, and is dominated by M. caerulea and Erica tetralix, with Drosera rotundifolia and Eriophorum angustifolium.
(6) G1. Ponds. One pond has been recently cleared of scrub and now has open water. The other ponds have aquatic species, such as Callitriche sp and Ceratophyllum demersum, and a limited marginal flora.

MANAGE:
The site has a warden and a management committee and these, with the assistance of volunteers, are responsible for all management. The main problems identified by the Management Plan are invasion of trees and P. aquilinum onto heath areas, due to lack of traditional management, and the damage done by accidental fires. Originally P. aquilinum, scrub and trees would have been controlled by grazing and the collecting of bracken, gorse, underwood and firewood as the commoners exercised their rights of pasture and estovers. It is likely that the common played an important part in the rural economy, and was heavily managed as a result. The National Trust aims to simulate this management by cutting and spraying P. aquilinum, and felling large trees and hand-pulling saplings to open up areas of grassland and heath. Fire-breaks are to be cut, and accidental fires incorporated into a system of rotational  burning of the heath.


FAUNA:
The grassland supports a number of butterfly species including Ringlet (Aphantopus hyperantus), Small Copper (Lycaena hyperantus),   Small Skipper (Thymelicus flavus), Meadow Brown (Maniola jurtina), Gatekeeper (Pyronia tithonus),  Comma (Polygonia c-album), and Marbled White (Melanargia galathea).

VEG:
The main part is unimproved calcareous grassland on a steep slope. The smaller area is part of the pub grounds. 
(1) B31. Unimproved calcareous grassland. The grassland is dominated by Agrostis, Holcus lanatus and Festuca, with some Dactylis glomerata. It is generally poor in species, but has areas of herb-rich grassland especially at the eastern end. Typical species include Plantago media, Agrimonia eupatoria, Galium verum, Pimpinella saxifraga, Centaurea nigra, Leontodon autumnalis, L. hispidus, Origanum vulgare, Cruciata laevipes, Clinopodium vulgare, Achillea millefolium, Rumex acetosa, Primula veris,  Scabiosa columbaria, Blackstonia perfoliata and Linum catharticum. Cirsium arvense and C. vulgare are scattered. The smaller field is much rougher  as it is ungrazed, and has more thistles and Articum minor. Mature Ash trees are scattered. The smaller field is much rougher, with abundant Articum minor and Cirsium spp.

MANAGE:
Small areas of Beech, Ash and Field Maple have been planted along the field boundary, and have been fenced off to prevent grazing. The larger field is heavily sheep-grazed but the other is ungrazed and rough. The fields have been partly improved in the past and were used by pigs in the early 1980s, which accounts for the poor quality of parts of the grassland. However, the sward is recovering well. The ungrazed area is becoming very overgrown and needs to be grazed, or the vegetation will become rank. The smaller area is managed as a beer  garden and parking  area for the pub.
(3) The road verge is wide, and supports species-rich chalk grassland. This is becoming rough and full of Rubus fruticosus and scrub seedlings, but is of good quality. It would benefit from occasional cutting, providing the cuttings are removed.


FAUNA:
Birds:- Domestic Geese and Ducks, Canada Geese, Mallard, Coot and Moorhen were seen on the pond during the site visit. The SOS record this site,   so will have more data. Green Finch, House Sparrow, Chaffinch, Song Thrush and Blue Tit were seen on the bird-feeder by the car park, and represent some of the small birds present on the site.

VEG:
An area of open-canopy woodland and a large pond. (1) G1. Pond. A large area of open water, probably artificial in origin, with shored-up sides. Iris pseudacorus grows thickly along the southern edge, and occurs in clumps on the other margins. Myosotis scorpioides, Veronica beccabunga, Oenanthe crocata and Juncus effusus occu, especially amongst the I. pseudacorus. Birch and Alder grow on the banks, and the road boundary is a clipped hedge. 
(2) A111. Semi-natural broadleaved woodland. The canopy is very open, due to storm damage. Of the remaining trees, multi-stemmed Birch is most abundant with patches of Hazel, and regenerating Birch and Hazel stumps. Birch seedlings and saplings and young Holly are frequent, and Gorse is abundant in the southern corner and scattered elsewhere. Open ground is dominated by Pteridium aquilinum and Rubus fruticosus, with patches of grasses, sedges and mosses, and small mats of Calluna vulgaris.

MANAGE:
The whole area is used for quiet recreation, with paths through the wooded areas and around the pond. The small car park is used by people feeding and watching the birds by the pond. The woodland is secondary, and it is likely that this area was once used for grazing animals close to the village. The Birch has been coppiced in the past, but the only recent woodland management has been some clearance of wind-thrown trees. The timber has been logged and the branches left to rot down. If left unmanaged, this area will revert to woodland.


FAUNA:
Birds:- Blue Tit, Great Tit, Long-tailed Tit, Nuthatch, Goldcrest, Great-spotted Woodpecker, Woodpigeon, Carrion Crow.
Mammals:- Rabbit.

VEG:
The common consists of the verges of minor roads and a track. These support scrub and trees, grassland and tall herbs. 
(1) J5. The track runs between Hazel coppice with Oak standards and some Hawthorn and Blackthorn. Rubus fruticosus is abundant under the trees. To the south, the track become becomes very rutted. It is still lined by trees and shrubs, but some clearing has been carried out. 
(2) B22. The unwooded verges are herb-poor neutral grassland, with abundant Lolium perenne, Dactylis glomerata, Holcus lanatus, Arrhenatherum elatius and Agrostis stolonifera. Typical herbs include Vicia cracca, Centaurea nigra, Trifolium repens, T. pratense, Taraxacum officinale and Leontodon hispidus. Pulicaria dysenterica occurs in damp areas, and tall herbs become dominant where the verge is uncut. 
(3) A21. Areas of Oak, Blackthorn, Hawthorn, Hazel, Willow, Field Maple, Hornbeam and young trees occur on the wider verges.

MANAGE:
Some thinning has occurred by the track, and some wind-thrown trees have been logged and the wood stacked. A 1m wide strip has been mown along the road verges, presumably by the Highways Authority. The verges outside houses are often mown short as lawns, and shrubs planted. Stones have been placed to prevent parking. Some tipping has occurred; this should be prevented in future. The drive to the house is surfaced.
The common is too fragmented to allow for comprehensive management, and the present situation is good enough, as it maintains areas of open grassland, some tall herbs and scrubby woodland. Encroachments should be prevented.


FAUNA:
Birds:- Wren, Great Tit, Long-tailed Tit, Woodpigeon, Magpie.

VEG:
The common is predominately open canopy Birch woodland with Oak over dense Pteridium aquilinum  and some neutral grassland. 
(1) A111. Semi-natural broadleaved woodland. The woodland is very open, dominated by Birch with Oak locally frequent. Willow, Hawthorn, Hazel and Blackthorn form a tall shrub layer, with some Alder Buckthorn. P. aquilinum dominates the ground flora and open areas. Although the canopy is generally open, there are some very dense areas where the trees have grown from coppice; these are associated with abundant leaf litter and no ground flora. There are some very tall Hawthorn trees which, in conjunction with the huge Oak pollards by the western boundary, imply that at least part of the site was managed as wood pasture. Willow occurs along the stream, and the adjacent Birch has Molinia caerulea and Deschampsia caespitosa under. Some Holly and Rhododendron are found in the shrub layer in the north-west corner.        
(2) C11. P. aquilinum dominates all open areas of the site, except where the ground is too wet. It is often associated with scattered scrub.
(3) B21. Unimproved neutral grassland. The central clearing is dominated by D. Caespitosa, with M. caerulea, clumps of Juncus effusus and J. acutiflorus, and frequent Cirsium palustre and Achillea Ptarmica. One wetter area is dominated by J. acutiflorus. The grassland is tussocky, despite being grazed by rabbits, and scrub is encroaching from the margins.
(4) C31. Tall herbs have developed in the recently cleared area.

MANAGE:
The woodland is unmanaged. It is shot over, but there are no signs of pheasant release pens. Only the small area to the north has been managed, and this has been completely cleared. Rhododendron needs to be controlled, and scrub may need clearing from the grassland.


FAUNA:
Birds:- Wren, Robin,  Great Tit, Long-tailed Tit, Woodpigeon,  Magpie.

VEG:
A large area of woodland and Pteridium aquilinum  and a small area of wooded verges and reseeded grassland. 
(1) C11. Continuous P. aquilinum dominates all open areas on the larger parcel of land, forming a mosaic with the woodland, or with scattered trees. Vaccinum myrtillus occurs amongst it on the steep bank between the two tracks. 
(2) A111. Semi-natural broadleaved woodland. On the larger parcel of land, this is open canopy Birch woodland with some Oak. Tall Holly forms a shrub layer in one area, but most of the woodland has no proper structure. The road verges on the smaller parcel of land are wooded with Oak, Sycamore and Birch over some Hazel, Holly and young trees. The ground flora includes large patches of V. myrtillus, with Lonicera periclymenum, Rubus fruticosus and Holly seedlings. The wooded strips are probably ancient. 
(3) J5. The larger area is crossed by surfaced tracks, and appears to include a house and garden.
(4) B21. A small area of apparently unimproved neutral grassland, dominated by Agrostis sp. and Holcus lanatus. It is herb-poor, but has some Achillea millefolium, Rumex acetosa, Cerastium fontanum and Leonodon autumnalis.
(5) B4. A small area of reseeded grassland and planted trees.

MANAGE:
Most of the larger parcel is unmanaged. The tracks have been surfaced and are used for parking and storage, and the small grassland area is mown and cleared of fallen trees and P. aquilinum. However, the rest is reverting to woodland due to lack of management. Possible management would be to clear areas of P. aquilinum, to encourage the re-establishment of heath. The reseeded area at Titty Hill is regularly mown and has trees planted. Logs have been placed around the edge to prevent parking.


FAUNA:
Birds:- Robin, Coal Tit,  Great Tit, Nuthatch,  Magpie, and Woodpigeon. The mosaic of woodland and open ground makes the common suitable habitat for a variety of small birds.

VEG:
The common supports a mosaic of broadleaved woodland, mixed woodland, Pteridium aquilinum and some plantation. 
(1) A111. The majority of the common is very open canopy Birch woodland over P. aquilinum, with occasional Oak. There are areas of very dense Birch with deep leaf and twig litter and little ground flora. The margins of the common have more continuous and varied woodland of Oak, Birch and some Sweet Chestnut and Beech over Hazel, Hawthorn, Rowan and Holly. The ground flora includes Teucrium scorodonium, Lonicera periclymenum and Oxalis acetosella, with P. aquilinum in open areas. The separate area to the NE is storm-damaged Beech and Birch woodland with Vaccinium myrtillus under. 
(2) A131. Mixed woodland of Pine and Birch dominates the S leg of the common. P. aquilinum occurs under the trees where the shade is not too dense. Leaf litter is abundant. 
(3) C11. P. aquilinum dominates all open areas  often forming extensive stands.
(4) A122. There is a small area of Pine plantation in the south-west corner.
(5) B4. An area of reseeded amenity grassland and a separate paddock.
(6) D1. A very small area of Calluna vulgaris heath within the Pine and Birch woodland.

MANAGE:
Most of the common is unmanaged, apart from signing public rights of way. A small area has been reseeded as amenity grassland and another  has been enclosed. Recently purchased land by the houses is being enclosed, although the parish council is fighting this. The woodland and P. aquilinum have probably developed since grazing and cutting ceased. By clearing trees and P. aquilinum from areas of the common it  may be possible to re-establish heathland, which is a rare habitat in the county, and must have been extensive on the  site when it was  still managed.


FAUNA:
Birds:- Wren, Robin,  Blue Tit,  Great Tit,  Long-tailed Tit, Blackbird,  Magpie, Jay,  Woodpigeon. The types of habitat present are suitable for a wide range of small birds, and the common may also attract passage and over-wintering birds. 
Invetebrates:- The Black Darter occurs along the ditch on the northern part of the common.

VEG:
The common includes mixed woodland, plantation  grassland and heath. The site supports several regionally rare plants. 
(1) A131. Woodland is generally confined to the margins of the site with some strips between the fairways. It is generally Birch and Pine with some Oak, Sweet Chestnut and very occasional Beech. Rowan and Holly frequently form the sub-canopy layer, with Hazel and Elder on the edges. Pteridium aquilinum dominates the ground flora, especially in areas of storm damage, but some Calluna vulgaris occurs. Dead wood and root plates have been left. Rhododendron is abundant under the trees on the northern boundary, and some very large, apparently pollarded Beech occur on a boundary bank to the east. 
(2) B12. The fairways are closely mown and are fertilized, giving rise to semi-improved grassland. There is also some reseeded grassland  but this could not be mapped separately. 
(3) A122. Conifer plantation. A large area of conifer plantation on the southern edge of the common. Part has been storm-damaged, and the open area is now dominated by Pteridium aquilinum. There are also small areas of pure Conifers on the golf course.
(4) J5. The common is crossed by a railway line and a main road, as well as by surfaced and unsurfaced tracks and paths. The railway embankments are dominated by Birch woodland, with Calluna vulgaris and Erica cinerea forming quite extensive areas of heath. The club house buildings are now more extensive than shown on the map. There is a car park on the eastern edge of the common.
(5) D1. The heathland component of the site is its most important feature, from a nature conservation view-point. The `rough' areas beside the heavily-mown fairways support dry heath, dominated by Calluna vulgaris, with Erica cinerea and some Vaccinium myrtillus. Galium saxatile, Potentilla erecta, mosses and acidic grasses are abundant, and some Molinia caerulea occurs. 
(6) C11. Dense Pteridium aquilinum is restricted on this site, due to the frequent mowing, but some occurs on uncut margins, and in open areas within the woodland. The small triangle of land between the road and the railway is dominated by P. aquilinum, but heathland occurs beneath. P. aquilinum is also abundant in areas of storm damage, and dominates the cleared ground under the pylons.
(7) D2. The small area of wet heath is extremely valuable in wildlife terms. It includes typical species such as Erica tetralix and M. caerulea, in addition to the regionally rare Lycopodiella inundata, which grows on areas of bare, moist peat and on the sides of the ditch. Other notable species include Drosera intermedia, D. rotundifolia and Eleocharis multicaulis. The ditch banks also have some C. vulgaris, Pedicularis sylvatica, Sphagnum spp, Ranunculus flammula, Hypericum elodes, Juncus squarrosus and Potamogeton polygonifolius. The ditch contains some water.

MANAGE:
The majority of the common is golf course, with heavily managed fairways and greens. Areas of woodland have been left, and there are heathland remnants in the 'rough' areas. These appear to benefit from the mowing regime, although the fairways are too heavily managed to allow heathland to survive. Ideally the very important area of wet heath should be protected from trampling as much as possible, and care should be taken to ensure that the heathland remnants and the water of the ditch are not contaminated by fertilizers and herbicides used on the fairways and greens. There is an area of conifer plantation  on the southern  edge of the common, but the rest of the woodland is apparently secondary in origin and unmanaged. Some  of the wind-thrown  trees have been cleared, but  the majority of dead wood has been left to rot down.


FAUNA:
Birds:- Wren, Robin,  Great Tit, Long-tailed Tit, Nuthatch,  Blackbird, Woodpigeon. Buzzard and Barn Owl reported. 
Mammals:- Rabbit, Grey Squirrel, Fox. Signs of Deer.

VEG:
The common is predominately Oak and Beech woodland with glades of Yew. More open areas are dominated by Birch. The site is former wood pasture which has developed into Oak and Beech high forest. This habitat is rare in South-east Britain. Both Sessile and Pedunculate Oak occur over Holly, and Yew is locally abundant, especially towards the western end, where it forms dense groves. 
(1a) is Birch woodland with occasional mature Oak. Open areas are dominated by dense Pteridium aquilinum. 
(1b) The road strips are wooded with Birch, Beech, Rowan, Oak and Sweet Chestnut over Hazel and Blackthorn. P. aquilinum and Rubus fruticosus occur in open areas. 
(2) J5. The common boundary appears to include some houses and gardens as well as tracks. This may be a mapping error on the registers. 
(3) B22. Small areas of rough grassland, some with fruit trees. 
(4) The area under the pylons has been cut and is dominated by P. aquilinum.

MANAGE:
The majority of the woodland is unmanaged. Storm damaged trees have been left, and there has been no replanting. Some conifers have been planted along the southern boundary, and there are small enclosures with fruit trees, etc. One area of grassland is mown. The common appears to include houses and gardens, and the tracks to them are surfaced. Some tipping has occurred: unfortunately into the site of a seepage where liverworts and Chrysosplenium oppositifolium grow. The material should be removed and further tipping discouraged. The trees under the power cables have been cut. The site is part of an SSSI, and further details on species and management can be obtained from the NCC.


FAUNA:
Birds:- Wren, Robin,  Blue Tit,  Great Tit,  Chaffinch,  Green Woodpecker,  Magpie, Carrion Crow and Woodpigeon are typical species of the woodland areas. Woodcock and Nightjar are reported to nest on the common. 
Mammals:- Rabbit, Mole,  Deer and Grey Squirrel. Invertebrates:- There are extensive lists for the site including a number of rare or uncommon bees and wasps.

VEG:
The common supports a mosaic of habitats and is too complex for anything other than a brief summary here. 
(1) B22 Semi-improved neutral grassland. This is an approximation, as the grassland also has acidic and calcareous characteristics. This area was reclaimed for cultivation in the past, a process which included heavy liming of the soil. As a result, much of the grassland is dominated by tussocky Festuca rubra and Dactylis glomerata  with few herbs present, although there are areas of acid grassland with patches of heath and Ulex europaeus on unlimed ground. The most heavily limed areas are characterised by the presence of species such as Primula veris, Blackstonia perfoliata, Gentianella amarella, Origanum vulgare, Echium vulgare, Epipactus helleborine and a variety of orchids. 
(2) A131. Semi-natural mixed woodland. This is generally confined to the margins of the common and the area south of the main road. The exact species composition varies, but most areas have abundant Birch, which is often multi-stemmed, and mature Pine. Oak, Sweet Chestnut and Rowan also occur. Mixed and deciduous woodland form a mosaic, so it is difficult to establish their boundaries exactly. Pteridium aquilinum dominates all clearings, and occurs under the trees where there is sufficient light.
(3) A111. Semi-natural broadleaved woodland. Similar to (2) but without Pine. Birch is dominant.
(4) A122. Conifer plantation. There are several large blocks of conifer plantation on the common, generally forming single species stands, but with some Oak and Rowan on the margins. Ground flora is sparse, due to dense shade and leaf litter.
(5) C11. Continuous P. aquilinum. P. aquilinum occurs as pure stands, as part of a mosaic with grassland and heath, and under scattered trees. It is dominant where felling and clearing have been carried out under power lines, and is a serious threat to the remaining areas of heath. P. aquilinum is often associated with scrub or scattered trees.
(6) D1. Dry dwarf shrub heath. This is the most important feature of the common, from a nature conservation point of view. It is extensive over open areas in the centre of the common, and patches also occur under P. aquilinum, under more scattered woodland and amongst grassland. The heath is dominated by Calluna vulgaris, with Erica cinerea frequent. One heavily rabbit-grazed area has acid grassland, with Rumex acetosella, Polytrichum sp. and other mosses and lichens forming a mosaic with the ericaceous species. The rare Lycopodium clavatum occurs. Tussocky E. tetralix and E. cinerea occur amongst Molinia caerulea and P. aquilinum under young Birch and Pine. E. tetralix becomes dominant on wetter ground.
(7) A21. Continuous scrub. Ulex europaeus scrub occurs on the edge of the grassland, and scrub also occurs as an early stage of secondary woodland development.

MANAGE:
Present management is confined to maintenance of footpaths and bridleway. The conifers will presumably be harvested in the future, but the rest of the woodland  does not appear to be managed.
The common is of considerable importance for wildlife, due to its large size and to its mosaic of habitats. The heath component is particularly important, as this is an uncommon habitat in West Sussex. Management should be focused on enhancing the existing area of heathland, and encouraging its expansion. This will involve controlling Pteridium  by pulling, cutting and spraying, removing invasive trees and scrub and trying to establish  heath in other areas by cutting back Pteridium. The site would benefit from grazing or mowing areas, to ensure vigorous growth of ericaceous species. The grassland needs to be cut or grazed and the woodland could be thinned.


VEG:
An area of ancient and recent woodland on the edge of a larger woodland block. The site is defined by old earth banks. The area north of the track lies within the SSSI, and is a typical example of Hazel coppice under Ash and Oak standards. The ground flora is a mosaic of Mercurialis perennis, Rubus fruticosus, Glechoma hederacea, Circaea lutetiana and Hyacinthoides non-scripta where the canopy is intact. Other species include Geum urbanum, Geranium robertianum, Campanula trachelium, Arum maculatum and the grasses Brachypodium sylvaticum and Milium effusum. The SSSI as a whole is important for the epiphytic lichens on the old standard trees. These include species closely associated with ancient woodland, such as Usnea florida, Catillaria atropurpurea and Thelopsis rubella. The woodland was badly damaged in the storm and both this area and the area south of the track  have been replanted.

MANAGE:
The common was managed in the past by coppicing, and the people of the parish have a right to cut pea sticks and firewood. The woodland was badly damaged in the 1987 storm, and much of the fallen  timber was removed from the site by the neighbouring estate, without the  parish council's knowledge or consent, and in contravention of the terms of the SSSI. The estate was prevented from removing all the wood, and the large tree trunks have been left, as they are valuable for their lichens. The parish council have  replanted their area with Oak, Ash, Field Maple and Hazel, using money from the Forestry Commission's Woodland Grant Scheme, and are taking good care of the young trees.


FAUNA:
Birds:- The site supports over 1% of the British wintering populations of Bewick Swan, Teal and Shoveler. Other wintering species include Wigeon, Pintail, Lapwing, Mute Swan, Fieldfare and Redwing. 27 species of passerines breed including Kingfisher, Nightingale, Yellow Wagtail, Grasshopper Warbler and Sedge Warbler. Breeding Wildfowl include Gadwall, Shelduck, Teal and Tufted Duck. The site forms part of the River Arun corridor, which is an extremely important wintering site.

VEG:
The Site is generally wet neutral grassland, with marshy grassland, species-rich ditches and a large area of open water and mud 
(1) B21. Unimproved neutral grassland. The dry grassland west of the railway line is dominated by Festuca rubra, Dactylis glomerata and Holcus lanatus, and is generally herb-poor, but rich in fungi. The rest of the grassland is wet, dominated by Deschampsia caespitosa, Juncus spp,  Carex spp and Ranunculus repens, with R. flammula, Lotus uliginosus, Lychnis flos-cuculi and Dactylorhiza fuschii. Plants uncommon in the county occur, including D. praetermissa, Anagallis tenella and Eriophorum angustifolium. The nationally rare Polygomun minus also occurs. (2) B5. Marshy grassland, similar to (1), but much wetter, occurs around the semi-permanent lake, with plants such as Filipendula ulmaria and Eleocharis palustris. 
(3) G1. The areas of open water have a variety of submerged plants, and well-developed marginal fen, shallow water and bankside communities, including two nationally restricted plants - Leersia oryzoides and Sium latifolium. The central area is kept as open water with a muddy surround for wildfowl and waders.
(4) B4. A small area of improved grassland.

MANAGE:
The Trust's Management Plan aims to manage and enhance the area as a bird  habitat by maintaining tussocky grassland for breeding waders, open water for wildfowl and muddy margins for feeding waders, short  sward for grazing geese and swans, and scrub for passerines. The water levels are controlled by means of a sluice, and the grazier compensated for loss of  grazing caused by flooding. The ditches  are cleared out on a 7 year rotation, to allow for recolonisation by flora and invertebrates. The site is grazed by cattle belonging to leaze holders, and the area west of the railway is grazed by horses. The grassland has been mown, to create an open sward.


FAUNA:
Birds:- Wren, Nuthatch,  Magpie, Green Woodpecker and Woodpigeon seen on site visit. The woodland supports a range of other passerines, and water fowl use the boggy area in conjunction with the nearby Burton Pond. 
Mammals:- Rabbit and Grey Squirrel seen during the site visit. There was a badger sett, but this was gassed by MAFF. 
Invertebrates:- Aeshna cyanea and Pyrrhosma seen during the site visit. The range of invertebrates has declined, due to scrubbing over of the wet area, but should improve with appropriate management.

VEG:
The majority of the site is open canopy Birch woodland or mixed woodland. There is a small bog which is of great interest. 
(1) A111. Semi-natural broadleaved woodland. The northern part of the site is predominately Birch woodland. The trees are scattered or clumped, and the canopy has been opened up further by storm damage. The ground flora consists of dense Pteridium aquilinum, with Lonicera periclymenum and Molinia caerulea. The area south of the track has tall standard Oaks over the Birch, and a strip of Oak, Hazel coppice, Blackthorn, Crab Apple and Birch occurs along the road. On the southern part of the site, the steep bank has Oak over Holly, Birch and planted exotics. 
(2) A131. The remainder of the southern part is mixed woodland, consisting of well-spaced Pine and Birch over dense P. aquilinum, R. fruticosus, L. periclymenum and seedling Birch, and areas of acid grassland. Holly occurs on the margins, and exotic trees have been planted. 
(3) E14. Valley bog. This is part of a larger bog site, and is of considerable importance. It has become very overgrown by Alder, but this is now being cleared. The wettest areas have tall vegetation of Iris pseudacorus or Sparganium erectum, with abundant tussocky M. caerulea and Sphagnum spp., and Hydrocotyle vulgaris, Menyanthes trifoliata, Potamogenton  sp. and Vaccinium oxycoccus.

MANAGE:
The northern part is managed by the Sussex Wildlife Trust as part of a larger reserve. The woodland  is to be managed by thinning Birch and creating a more diverse canopy by planting  other  native trees. Wind-thrown trees have been left to  rot  down. The bog area is being cleared of  invasive Birch and Alder. Nest boxes  have been put up. The southern part appears to have  been thinned in the past, and exotic trees have recently been planted.


FAUNA:
Birds:- a varied community of passerine species including Hawfinch, Chaffinch,  Marsh Tit, Long-tailed Tit, Garden Warbler, Blackcap,  Chiffchaff, Dunnock,  Wren,  Robin, Blackbird,  Songthrush, Magpie and Jay. 
Invertebrates:- White Admiral Butterfly (Ladoga camilla), Enchanter's Nightshade Stilt Bug (Metatropis rufescens), and numerous spiders, harvestmen and mirid bugs, and the Brown Snail (Zenobriella subrufescens) have been recorded.

VEG:
An area of part secondary and part ancient woodland, with some plantation and Pteridium aquilinum-dominated clearings. 
(1) A111. The northern part is generally mature Oak and Beech woodland with young Birch, Holly,  and Rowan forming the shrub layer. Yew and Rhododendron are occasional. The ground flora is sparse due to deep leaf litter, and consists of P. aquilinum, Rubus fruticosus, Hedera helix and Lonicera periclymenum. Ash and Willow occur along tracks. The rest of the site is younger, dense Ash woodland, with some Beech, Oak and Birch in the canopy. Alder, Sweet Chestnut, Horse Chestnut and Crab Apple are occasional. The shrub layer is dominated by Hazel and Holly, with Hawthorn, Willow, Elder and Field Maple. Mature trees are rare and generally confined to stream edges. The ground flora is most diverse along the stream, where species such as Sanicula europaea, Lysimachia nemorum, Primula vulgaris, Hyacinthoides non-scripta, Hypericum androsaemum, Viola sp., Mercurialis perennis and Carex pendula occur. The southern part of the wood is believed to be ancient in origin.
(2) C11. The clearings are dominated by P. aquilinum, and this also grows under more open-canopied woodland.
(3) A132. Mixed Beech and Larch plantation.

MANAGE:
The common is managed as part of Black Down. The National Trust's Management Plan aims to maintain the semi-natural  composition of the wood by confining felling to small areas and selecting replacement trees from naturally regenerating seedlings. All dead wood is to be left in  place,  unless dangerous. Recommended management would be to open up the canopy by selective thinning and coppicing, and to create  clearings and rides. Two areas have been planted with Larch and Beech,  presumably prior to acquisition by the  National Trust.


FAUNA:
The fauna of the site is well documented. For further details see NCC information. 
Birds:- Nightjar, Stonechat, Tree Pipit and Nightingale breed. 
Reptiles:- Adder, Common Lizard and Slow Worm occur. 
Invertebrates:- The heathland is extremely important for invertebrates including 2 RDB species. Notable species include the Bog Bush Cricket (Metrioptera brachyptera), the Silver- studded Blue butterfly (Plebejus argus) and 2 rare spiders.

VEG:
The site is a mosaic of woodland, heathland, bracken and scrub, with a small bog. It is a grade 1 NCR site. The following notes are a brief summary of the vast amount of existing data. 
(1) D1. Dry dwarf shrub heath is still very extensive. It is dominated by Calluna vulgaris  with Erica cinerea locally abundant. Ulex minor is common, in association with Salix repens and Genista anglica. A variety of mosses and lichens occur, including some rare Cladonia spp. Wetter areas support E. tetralix and Molinia caerulea. 
(2) A121. Semi-natural conifer woodland. Self-seeded Pines have come to dominate large areas of the common. Heath remains under more scattered trees but is under serious threat from Pine invasion. 
(3) A111. Semi-natural broadleaved woodland occurs on the margins of the common and along some of the streams. It is dominated by Silver and Downy Birch and Oak over a variable shrub layer and P. aquilinum. 
(4) C11. P. aquilinum is another threat to the heathland, as it is a vigorous coloniser of burnt or disturbed ground.
(5) D2. Wet dwarf shrub heath. Dominated by E. tetralix  with C. vulgaris less frequent. Sphagna form damp carpets and species such as Drosera rotundifolia, D. intermedia, Trichophorum cespitosum and Eriophorum vaginatum occur.
(6) A21. Scrub is mainly Ulex europaeus.
(7) E14. A valley bog, dominated by Sphagna, with both species of Drosera. Potamogeton polygonifolius occurs in runnels.

MANAGE:
SWT leases two small areas in conjunction with the British Herpetological Society. These are managed as open heath, by removing invasive Pine and Birch and controlling P. aquilinum. The Trusts are also trying to establish areas of open, untrampled sand for reptiles and invertebrates. This management should be extended to the whole site, as it is suffering badly from neglect and disturbance.


FAUNA:
Birds:- Robin, Starling,  Woodpigeon. 2 Swans flying over. 
Mammals: Rabbit.

VEG:
The common consists of strips of road verge. 
(1) B22. Semi-improved neutral grassland. The mown areas of verge are dominated by Agrostis stolonifera, Lolium perenne, Arrhenatherum elatius and Dactylis glomerata. The grassland is not herb rich, but common species such as Taraxacum officinale, Ranunculus repens, Centaurea nigra, Trifolium repens and Heracleum sphondylium occur. Uncut areas support more of a tall herb community, with Urtica dioica, Pulicaria dysenterica, Cirsium arvense and Rubus fruticosus. The area of grassland by the road junction has a line of Oak over Hawthorn, young Oak and young Ash. The grassland is damper, and P. dysenterica, Succisa pratensis, Holcus lanatus and Deschampsia caespitosa are present. 
(2) A21. Scrub of Hawthorn, Blackthorn, Field Maple, Hazel, Privet and young trees has developed on the wider verge, with tall herbs on the margins. Some large boundary trees occur. 
(3) A111. A small area of Oak woodland, with occasional Horse Chestnut. The shrub layer consists of Hazel, Hawthorn, Blackthorn and Field Maple. The patchy ground flora includes Hedera helix, Mercurialis perennis, Rosa sp. and Carex pendula, and tall herbs have developed along the road edge.
(4) The stream appears to be polluted, as it is full of algae. Some U. dioica and Oenanthe crocata occur by its banks.

MANAGE:
The verge is mown in places, presumably by the Local Authority, and parts of it are used for parking. The shrubs have been trimmed back. The stream appears to be polluted, and this should be investigated and remedied. Apart from this, the site needs no other management.


FAUNA:
Detailed lists are held at SWT and NCC. 
Breeding birds include Nightjar and Stonechat,  and Hobby feed on the site. It is of value to common Reptiles. The invertebrate fauna is diverse, and is especially rich in spiders, bees and wasps. 60 species of butterfly and moth, 10 species of grasshopper and cricket, and 32 species of beetle (including 3 only found on this site in Sussex) have been recorded.

VEG:
The common is predominately secondary woodland  but retains some heath. Pteridium aquilinum occurs in clearings. 
(1) A121. Semi-natural Conifer woodland. The majority of the site is dominated by self-seeded Pine with Birch, and there is an area of Pine plantation of approximately 50 years old. Where the trees are well-spaced, heath species form the ground flora, but these are being shaded out as the canopy becomes closed. On wet ground near the eastern boundary, the ground flora consists of Molinia caerulea and Sphagnum. 
(2) A131. Mixed woodland of Pine, Birch and Oak occurs on the periphery of the site, with P. aquilinum and some heath. 
(3) C11. P. aquilinum dominates open areas, and is a serious threat to the heath species. 
(4) D1. Despite invasion by trees and P. aquilinum, the common supports some fine dry heath, dominated by Calluna vulgaris and Erica cinerea, with Ulex minor. Areas which have escaped recent burns have old C. vulgaris  bushes and a rich assemblage of lichens and mosses. There is an area of wet heath by the northern boundary. 
(5) J5. Works depot.
(6) A22. Scattered scrub of Ulex europaeus and young trees.
(7) B11. Grassland occurs by the western boundary and along rides.

MANAGE:
The site is managed as part of the LNR, in accordance with the aims stated in the LNR management plan. These are to conserve the ecological, archaeological and physiological interest of the site, with emphasis on the heathland component, and to allow appropriate recreational and educational use. More specifically, the Trust aims to increase the area of heath by removing invasive trees, controlling P. aquilinum, and preventing accidental fires by maintaining firebreaks. The rights of way are also maintained.


FAUNA:
There are detailed records at NCC and WSCC. The SSSI as a whole is of county importance for breeding heathland birds, including Nightjar and Stonechat, and is of particular interest for invertebrates, especially spiders.

VEG:
The common supports a mosaic of woodland, Pteridium aquilinum and extensive heathland. This report is a simplified summary of the wealth of existing material. 
(1) C11/A3. Secondary Birch woodland and dense P. aquilinum, developed over heathland. 
(2) D1. The SSSI is one of the richest areas of heathland remaining in the county. Dry areas are dominated by Calluna vulagis and Erica cinerea  with Ulex minor. Lichens and mosses have been badly affected by accidental burns, but the ericaceous species are regenerating well. On the northern part of the site, impeded drainage has given rise to an area of wet heath, characterised by Molinia caerulea and E. tetralix, with Trichophorum cespitosum and Juncus squarrosus in permanently wet areas. The wet heath supports a rich moss flora. 
(3) A111. Semi-natural broadleaved woodland occurs on the periphery of the site, and is dominated by Birch. 
(4) C11. Dense P. aquilinum dominates clearings, to the detriment of the heath.
(5) D5. An area of acid grassland, mosses and ericaceous species.
(6) G1. The Black Pond has open water, and is surrounded by Willow scrub.

MANAGE:
The common is managed as part of Iping Common LNR. The aims stated in the LNR management plan include conservation of the ecological, archaeologicaal and physiological interest of the site, allowing appropriate recreational and educational use, and providing opportunities for research into the site's ecology. Emphasis is placed on maintaining and enhancing the heathland, and this is carried out by selective thinning of invasive trees, removal of tree seedlings, mowing firebreaks and experimental control of P. aquilinum. Willows around the pool are coppiced, and areas of open water retained.


FAUNA:
Birds:- Blue Tit, Robin, Nuthatch, Mallard.

VEG:
The common consists of secondary woodland and a pond. 
(1) A111. Semi-natural broadleaved woodland. The woodland consists of well-spaced Oak and Ash standards and some trees grown from coppice over a patchy shrub layer of Hazel and Rhododendron. There are frequent very old, virtually canopy height Hawthorn, and occasional Birch standards. The ground flora is sparse under the trees due to dense leaf litter, with Rubus fruticosus, Hedera helix, Lonicera periclymenum and Dryopteris felix-mas dominant. The road bank is more diverse  with Potentilla sterilis, Geranium robertianum, Geum urbanum, Viola riviniana, Stellaria holostea and mosses frequent. A small channel of fast-flowing water runs through the wood. This is heavily shaded by R. fruticosus and Pteridium aquilinum, but has thallose liverworts on its banks. 
(2) G1. The pond is large, with no obvious submerged or floating aquatic vegetation, and very little marginal vegetation. The water appears to be shallow, and is full of leaf litter. The pond is surrounded by well-spaced Alder and Oak, with dense Rhododendron under. There are some conifers on the edge, and occasional birch trees. A clump of Alder grows in the pond.

MANAGE:
The pond has had exotic species planted around it in the past and is obviously regarded as part of the adjacent garden. The ducks are probably fed. The woodland has been coppiced in he past, but is now unmanaged. It is secondary in origin, and probably developed with the cessation of grazing and the collection of wood. Management is probably not feasible for such a small site, but the Rhododendron should be eradicated before it becomes well established.


FAUNA:
Birds:- Robin, Blue Tit, Great Tit, Nuthatch.

VEG:
The common consists of secondary woodland, and has several water-filled channels crossing or bordering it. 
(1) A111. Semi-natural broadleaved woodland. The woodland is secondary in origin, with few mature trees and a generally poor structure. It is dominated by Oak and Birch over a patchy shrub layer of Hazel and Holly, and young Oak, Birch, Beech, Holly and Yew. Much of the Birch is multi-stemmed, but there are some standards which appear much older than the other trees, with the exception of some old boundary Oaks by the track. There are occasional very old, virtually canopy height Hawthorns. Multi-stemmed Willows occur along the main channel. The ground flora is patchy due to dense leaf litter, and consists of Hedera helix, Rubus fruticosus, Lonicera periclymenum and Dropteris felix-mas, with occasional Holly and Yew seedlings. The channel is narrow and lined by D. caespitosa and Juncus effusus. It joins a ditch which runs along the road edge. This ditch contains some Apium nodiflorum and has abundant thallose liverworts along its steep banks. A clearing by the garden boundary is dominated by Pteridium aquilinum and R. fruticosus, and there are some grassy areas within the wood where there is less leaf litter.

MANAGE:
The wood is secondary in origin, and probably developed with the cessation of grazing and wood collection. As a result, it is generally even-aged, with poor structure. Part of the wood has been thinned in the recent past, and a wind-thrown tree has been logged and left to rot down. Some tipping of garden waste has occurred. Management is probably not feasible, as the site is small, but the structure and ground flora could be improved by selective thinning or coppicing of the young trees.


FAUNA:
Birds:- Robin, Blue Tit, Great Tit, Nuthatch, Blackbird, Woodpigeon. 
Mammals:- Grey Squirrel, Rabbit.

VEG:
The common consists of woodland on a very steep slope. 
(1) A131. Semi-natural mixed woodland. The woodland is virtually a hanger, dominated by huge  mature Beech trees and occasional multi-stemmed Sycamore, Scot's Pine, Larch and frequent mature Oak and Yew. Holly is abundant as tall trees or tall, multi- stemmed bushes. There is natural regeneration of Oak, Holly and Sycamore. The ground flora is sparse due to dense shade and leaf litter and, on the southern part of the site, to steep and eroded ground. However  Sanicula europaea, Oxalis acetosella, Rubus fruticosus and Polypodium sp occur along path edges and in clearings, and mosses are abundant on rotting wood, the base of tree trunks and on banks and stumps. Mnium hornum, Hypnum cupressiforme and possibly Leucobryum glaucum are the main species. The southern part of the site is more open, with steep banks of exposed soil or moss-covered ground under the trees, and clumps of Festuca sp. Wind-thrown trees have been left to rot down, and dead standing wood and rotting crowns have been left where safe. R. fruticosus is abundant at the base of the slope by the road.
(2) J5. A layby for short-term parking.

MANAGE:
The footpath is clear and signed, and steps have been constructed on the steeper sections. More work is needed on the path. Garden cuttings have been dumped adjacent to the garden boundary: these should be removed, and further tipping discouraged. Rhododendron is spreading from the garden, and should be eradicated before it becomes a serious problem.


VEG:
The common consists of road verges around a village green. 
(1) B4. The majority of the verges are improved  reseeded and herb-poor grassland, dominated by Lolium perenne. 
(2) B22. The wide verge here is rougher, dominated by tussocky Dactylis glomerata with Urtica dioica, Ranunculus repens and Heracleum sphondylium. 
(3) The eastern boundary is a ditch with shallow  still water in it, but no aquatic vegetation. It is lined by multi-stemmed Willows, and banks of Rubus fruticosus and U. dioica.

MANAGE:
Most of the verges have been reseeded and are mown short as lawns. They are crossed by roads and drives leading to the adjacent houses. The less improved areas are rougher, and are mown less frequently. Seats have been provided and trees planted.


FAUNA:
Birds:- Blackbird, Blue Tit, Tawny Owl, Pheasant seen on site visit. The National Trust has a list of fauna for the whole estate.

VEG:
The common consists of wide strips of mixed woodland along a track. 
(1) A131. Semi-natural mixed woodland. The woodland has been badly storm damaged, with most of the fallen trees being Beech. This has resulted in a woodland of part closed and part very open canopy, and abundant regeneration of trees and shrubs. The least damaged areas are dominated by Ash and Sycamore, with frequent Field Maple, Beech and Yew. The Ash and some of the Beech are multi-stemmed. The shrub layer includes Hazel, Holly, young Ash and Field Maple, Wild Privet and Hawthorn. The ground flora includes Rubus fruticosus, Hedera helix, Mercurialis perennis and Galium aparine. Other areas are dominated by very large mature Beech over dense Yew, with some Holm Oak. Wild Privet, H. helix and possibly Rubia peregrina occur on the edges, but there is little ground flora under the trees due to dense shade. In clearings caused by storm damage, young trees, especially Ash and Sycamore are abundant, and some Sycamore and Field Maple are resprouting from stumps.
(2) The track is wide and has a chalk, clay and flint surface. The edges support chalk grassland.

MANAGE:
The common is part of the Slindon Estate and managed by the National Trust. The Management Plan favours promotion of Beech woodland by planting, and by replacing exotic species with native ones. The large timber from wind-thrown trees has been removed, but the root-plates and branches left to rot down, in accordance with the Management Plan. The young trees may need to be thinned in time, and young Beech encouraged. Sycamore should be severely thinned, or it will come to dominate the canopy. Cutting clearings in the wood and along the track edges will benefit the chalk grassland.


FAUNA:
Birds:- Blue Tit, Woodpigeon, Jackdaw, Magpie seen on site visit.

VEG:
The central area is reseeded and used as a cricket pitch but the verges are moderately herb-rich grassland and scrubby woodland 
(1) B4. Improved reseeded grassland, managed as a cricket pitch. 
(2) B21. The verges are slightly improved or unimproved damp neutral grassland, dominated by tussocky Dactylis glomerata, Holcus lanatus, Festuca rubra and some Deschampsia caespitosa, with clumps of Juncus effusus and scattered J. acutiflorus. Herbs include Ranunculus repens, Rumex acetosa, Centaurea nigra, Cardamine pratensis, Potentilla reptans, Plantago lanceolata, Anthriscus sylvestris, Heracleum sphondylium, Stellaria graminea, Achillea millefolium and frequent Geranium pratense. Betonica officinalis occurs at the eastern end of the site. The narrow verges are poorer in species. 
(3) A111. There are several areas of woodland on the wider verges. Where the trees are widely-spaced, shrubs such as Hawthorn, Hazel, Holly, Gorse and young Willow dominate, over abundant Pteridium aquilinum and rough grasses. The woodland at the eastern end is Oak over tall Hawthorns and scattered Hazel, Holly, Wild Privet and a grassy ground flora.
(3) J5. Car park and play area.
(4) The pond is overgrown and full of leaf litter. The channel contains fast flowing water, but no aquatic flora.

MANAGE:
The central area has been reseeded and is managed as a cricket pitch. It has a pavillion and a war memorial. The verges are mown much less frequently. This is ideal, provided the cuttings are removed in future. A small car park has been constructed outside the pub, and picnic tables set out. There is a children's play area, with swings and a climbing frame. The eastern part is used for parking and access. Trees have been planted along the roads but the existing woodland is unmanaged. The pond could be restored.


FAUNA:
Birds:- Robin, Wren, Blue Tit, Moorhen seen during site visit.

VEG:
Part of the site is amenity grassland. The rest is scrubby woodland with some planted conifers. (1) B4. Improved  reseeded grassland, managed as a cricket pitch. 
(2) A111. The area east of the  B-road is secondary woodland. It is dominated by well-spaced Oak and Sycamore over occasional very tall old Hawthorn, Holly, and sparse young Hawthorn and Hazel. There is one Yew and a very large Apple. The wood has no real structure. The ground flora is predominately Hedera helix and Rubus fruticosus, with Dropteris felix-mas and deep leaf litter. The area in front of the houses has been thinned to occasional trees over grass  with planted shrubs. 
(3) A131. Multi-stemmed Oak, Sycamore, Apple and Hawthorn occur along the road edge and mature planted Hemlock and Cypress occur within the wood. The ground flora includes Lonicera periclymenum, Viola riviniana, R. fruticosus and Pteridium aquilinum. There are large old anthills which are covered in mosses.
(4) A111. A strip of very scrubby woodland around the edge of the cricket field.
(5) G1. The stream is lined by multi-stemmed Willow and Alder, and has a small island of Willow. Typha latifolia and Lemna are occasional.

MANAGE:
Part of the site has been reseeded and is closely mown as a cricket pitch. Surfaced tennis courts have been constructed. Conifers have been planted into the woodland in the past, and the area outside the houses thinned to occasional trees, and shrubs planted. The rest of the woodland is unmanaged, and appears to have developed on an old grassland site, as there are large anthills remaining. Some trees have regrown from coppice, but coppicing seems to have been haphazard. Re-coppicing and selective thinning would encourage better structure and ground flora, but may not be feasible, as the area is small.


FAUNA:
The site is an SSSI and its fauna is well known and recorded. The SSSI as a whole has a diverse breeding bird community including Stonechat, Nightjar, Tree Pipit, Redstart, Nightingale and Wood Warbler. It is of national importance for its invertebrates, and supports 3 nationally rare species and 64 species which are rare or local in the county.

VEG:
The common is an extremely important area of heathland with Pteridium aquilinum and secondary woodland developed on it. 
(1) D1. The dry heath is dominated by Calluna vulgaris and Erica cinerea, with Ulex minor, Genista anglica and Salix repens. A number of mosses and lichens are associated with mature heath, especially Cladonia species which include some county rarities. Where drainage is impeded  the heath grades to wet heath, with Molinia caerulea and E. tetralix. 
(2) A121. Pine and Norway Spruce woodland has developed over the heath due to lack of management. Heath species form the ground flora where the shade is not too dense. 
(3) B4. The fields to the north-east used to support heathland, but are now improved grassland. 
(4) C11. Parts of the site are dominated by P. aquilinum, often associated with scrub of U. europaeus and young Birch, or scattered trees. 
(5) A111. Secondary broadleaved woodland occurs on the edges of the common, and is dominated by Downy Birch, Silver Birch and Pendunculate Oak over a variable shrub layer of Hawthorn, Grey Willow and Gorse. The ground flora is dominated by P. aquilinum and Rubus fruticosus.

MANAGE:
The area of heathland has diminished significantly in recent years, due to lack of management and increased disturbance. The SWT and British Herpetological Society manage a small reserve, by removing invasive trees and P. aquilinum and opening up areas of sand for reptiles and invertebrates. There is a management plan in preparation for the rest of the SSSI which has heathland management and restoration as its principal aims. Recreational use of the site causes problems of disturbance to flora and fauna, and the plan also seeks to minimise this.


FAUNA:
The common is part of a larger site which is of local importance for nesting birds. Heathland species such as Hobby and Nightjar have been lost from the site with the spread of woodland, but Sparrowhawk, Lesser-spotted Woodpecker and Nightingale still occur. Siskin, Redpoll and Crossbill have been recorded as winter visitors. The Biological Survey found no invertebrates of particular interest.

VEG:
The common is predominately Pine woodland, with some deciduous woodland, developed on a heathland site. 
(1) A121. Mature Scot's Pine woodland with occasional Oak, Ash, Birch and Rowan. The ground flora is sparse in areas of heavy shade and deep leaf litter, but some Vaccinium myrtillus occurs as a remnant of the original heathland flora. 
(2) A111. Semi-natural broadleaved woodland  dominated by Oak. Young Ash is frequent, and mature Ash occur on the margins. Birch  Holly Rowan and Hawthorn are present. The ground flora is generally Rubus fruticosus and Pteridium aquilinum, with some Hyacinthoides non-scripta, Hedera helix, Lonicera periclymenum and grasses. 3) J5. A small car park.

MANAGE:
The common is part of a larger woodland site, all of which is owned and managed by the National Trust. Their Management Plan aims to retain some Pine, but gradually to convert the rest of the area to well-structured deciduous woodland.
The common was enclosed in the mid nineteenth century and the woodland has grown up as a result of cessation of grazing.


FAUNA:
The NT has extensive faunal data and plans to carry out further research and surveys. The site is of county importance for birds of woodland and open country, and has a diverse breeding community, including Nightingale. Hobby feed over the site. Rabbit, Roe Deer and Fallow Deer are abundant, and are important grazing animals. Adder and Common Lizard are abundant. The invertebrate fauna is extrememly rich due to the diversity of habitats and includes a number of rare and uncommon species. Butterflies are particularly well-represented.

VEG:
The common supports a complex mosaic of woodland  scrub and grassland, with remnant chalk heath. It has been surveyed in great detail, so the following notes are a very brief summary. 
(1) B21. Neutral grassland occurs on deeper soils at the base of slopes and on formerly arable sites. It is predominately coarse Arrhenatherum elatius, frequently mixed with Dactylis glomerata, Holcus lanatus and Festuca rubra. Trisetum flavescens and Anthoxanthum odoratum occur in richer areas. The grassland is generally herb-poor but some calcareous species occur. 
(2) A111. The woodland generally consists of established Beech and Ash, with good structure and glades, diverse invertebrate fauna and some uncommon plants, or is recent Ash woodland with some Beech, Oak, Sycamore or Yew.  Some areas are badly storm-damaged. 
(3) A21. Dense scrub has colonised much of the former open grassland. It is mainly Hawthorn  with Blackthorn young Ash, and some Field Maple, Whitebeam and Hazel. Ulex europaeus occurs on more acid soils. There is also a fine colony of Juniper scrub, and Juniper bushes are scattered over the site. The scrub is extremely important for a variety of birds and invertebrates, and the chalk grassland glades tend to be rich in species.
(4) B31. Unimproved calcareous grassland. This falls into two types. Much of the grassland is ungrazed and coarse, dominated by Bromus erectus, but with calcareous herbs present. The remaining areas are short, tight sward, created and maintained by rabbit and deer grazing. These are characterised by the dominance of fine grasses, such as Festuca rubra and F. ovina, with coarser species, such as Brachypodium sylvaticum, present in tufts. They are generally very herb-rich, supporting species such as Euphrasia officinalis, Linum catharticum, Primula veris, Scabiosa columbaria, Galium verum, Asperula cynanchia, Viola hirta and Cirsium aculon. Other herbs typical of chalk grassland, such as Plantago media, Blackstonia perfoliata and Carlina vulgaris are surprisingly rare. Both the coarse and the short grassland are important for invertebrates, and the site also supports a number of orchids, including Coeloglossum viride, Ophrys apifera, O. insectifera and Spiranthes spiralis. The county rarities Herminium monorchis, Polygala calcarea and Lathyrus sylvestris is recorded.
(5) J1. This area is still arable land.
(6) A131. A small area of mixed woodland, comprising dense Yew, Whitebeam and young Ash, with Hawthorn under.
(7) D12. The site used to have an extensive area of chalk heath, but this has declined almost to the point of extinction, due to scrub encroachment. It now consists of dead or very moribund Calluna vulgaris bushes amongst scrub. 
(8) B4. A very small area of improved, reseeded grassland.

Both of the reports quoted in the sources of information contain far greater detail about the habitats and the species present at Harting Downs, and it must be remembered that these site notes are only intended to give a brief description of the main habitat types.

MANAGE:
The common was originally open downland, grazed by sheep. Since the 1920's aand 30's sheep grazing has declined dramatically, leading to a rapid expansion of scrub and trees. Some areas were ploughed. As a result, the area of chalk grassland is very much reduced, and the chalk heath almost gone. The National Trust bought the site in 1989 (?), and have already re-introduced grazing by sheep and cattle. Detailed management proposals are given in the NT survey. These include rotational grazing, using temporary fences to confine the stock, clearing scrub to form glades, restoring the chalk heath, and managing the mosaic of habitats to benefit the rich fauna of the site. The NT proposes to introduce management gradually, to prevent sudden changes which could be detrimental to sensitive species, and to carefully monitor the effects of management. Further survey work is planned.


FAUNA:
Birds seen during the field visit include Blue Tit, Woodpigeon, Jay, Sparrowhawk and Tawny Owl,  but the site probably supports a much more varied bird community than this.

VEG:
The common consists of wooded road verges, but only the area to the north was surveyed in detail. The wider part of the verge north of the road supports open canopy woodland of Oak and Ash  with occasional very large Beech. The Oak trees have well-developed crowns so probably grew up in open conditions  rather than dense woodland. Mature Hornbeams occur as standard trees, and there are abundant tall multi-stemmed Hawthorn trees. Young Oak, Holly and some Hornbeam and Beech are becoming established, and shrubs such as Hazel, Elder and Field Maple occur. The ground flora is patchy due to leaf litter, but Rubus fruticosus forms clumps along the road edge and within the wood. Hedera helix occurs on the ground, and as a dense climber around mature trees. Carex pendula is occasional. The northern boundary is a water-filled ditch with mossy banks  and a hedge. The woodland south of the road has a grassy ground flora where it has been thinned.

MANAGE:
The area south of the road has been thinned in the past, as the trees are well-spaced over a sparse shrub layer, and grasses are abundant in these areas, contrasting with the unthinned wood over the road. The site does not really require any management, as young trees are regenerating to fill gaps in the canopy, and there are no invasive species, such as Laurel or Rhododendron evident to pose a threat to the native flora.


FAUNA:
Birds seen during the site visit include Wren,  Robin, Blue Tit, Coaltit, Great Tit, Goldcrest, Nuthatch, Blackbird, Jay, Magpie, Woodpigeon. Owl pellets were seen.

VEG:
The common is predominately secondary and ancient woodland with some grassland and several ponds. (1) A111. The majority of the common is very open canopy Oak woodland with Ash, Hornbeam and Field Maple present in varying amounts. Young Oak, Hornbeam and shrubs are becoming established in the gaps. There are very tall old Hawthorns which suggest the site was once more open and grazed. Holly is locally abundant as mature trees, young bushes and seedlings, but Hazel and Elder are occasional. Laurel occurs north of the road. The ground flora is dominated by Rubus fruticosus, but is patchy due to deep leaf litter. Lonicera periclymenum and Hedera helix grow over trees and shrubs. The area west of the road is scrubby secondary woodland of young Oak, with canopy height Blackthorn and Hawthorn bushes forming dense thickets. There is little ground flora due to shade and leaf litter, and areas flood in winter. There are very large old anthills, covered in grasses and mosses, which indicate that the woodland has developed on an old pasture site. The presence of tall thorns also suggests a previously open, grazed area. The woodland adjacent to the field appears to be more established, with some large mature Ash and multi-stemmed Oak in the canopy, and very old Field Maples which are covered in mosses and lichens. The ground flora is more varied than in other parts of the wood, with Primula vulgaris, Oxalis acetosella, Geum urbanum, Geranium robertianum, Ajuga reptans, Viola riviniana, Carex remota and C. sylvatica, amongst other species. The ground is very uneven, and the hollows flood in winter. There is a small area of overshot Alder coppice on damp ground near the boundary with the field. This has a different ground flora to the surrounding area, dominated by tussocks of Deschampsia caespitosa, and mosses are abundant on the trees. There is a narrow channel of water close to the Alder, but this is probably only seasonal.
(2) B22. The field is lightly grazed by sheep, and is dominated by tussocky Holcus lanatus, Festuca rubra and Juncus effusus, with clumps of D. caespitosa. It does not seem to be particularly herb-rich, but it was not possible to survey it in detail, as there is no access to this part of the site. However, Centaurea nigra appears to be abundant. The field is fenced off from the adjacent woodland.
(3) A122. A small area of Pine plantation, with some Ash and Oak in the canopy, and Elder and tall Holly under. Young Beech, Hazel and Hawthorn are occasional. The ground flora is dominated by Rubus fruticosus, with clumps of Dryopteris filix-mas, and  some Mercurialis perennis and Hedera helix by the track.
(4) G1. The site contains several ponds, but only two were looked at in detail. These have been restored recently by the conservation volunteers. The pond to the west of the road has very little marginal vegetation, but has some Callitriche sp. and Lemna sp. The water is rather murky and has abundant leaf litter. The pond east of the road is larger and has well-developed marginal vegetation along one edge of Glyceria maxima and J. effusus, with some Lythrum salicaria and Epilobium hirsutum. Alisma plantago-aquatica and Cardamine sp. grow at the water's edge, and there are rafts of water-lily and Pondweed (probably Potamogeton natans). The Willows on the banks have been coppiced and a path cut around the edge.       

Adjacent Habitats

The wood and scrub west of the road has no clear boundary, but becomes more scattered as it merges with marshy fields. These were not surveyed, as they did not appear to fall within the common, but they could be of considerable interest. Species-rich marshy grassland is now a rare habitat in the county, as so much has been drained and reseeded as pasture, so these fields prove to be a valuable wildlife habitat.

MANAGE:
The Ifieldwood Conservation Volunteers manage part of the site. They have restored the ponds, and do footpath maintenance and clear litter. A management plan is in preparation for the site.


FAUNA:
Chichester Harbour is internationally important for waders and for populations of Dark-bellied Brent geese, Shelduck, Dunlin, Redshank, Bar- tailed Godwit, Ringed Plover, Grey Plover, Sanderling and Black-tailed Godwit. It is nationally important for its total wildfowl numbers, and for breeding Terns. There are several notable invertebrates, such as the Long-winged Conehead (Conocephalus discolor), and the moths Starwort Shark (Cucullia asteris), Sand Dart (Agrotis ripae), Shore Wainscot (Mythimna litoralis) and Lunar Hornet (Sphecia bemeciformis).

VEG:
The common consists of channels within Chichester Harbour and associated mudflats, sand, shingle, saltmarsh and algae. The site has extensive records, so the following is a brief summary only. 
(1) H11. Intertidal mud and sand occurs along the edges of the channels and is of particular importance for feeding waders. There is a large expanse of sand just south-west of Thorney Channel. 
(2) G2. The channels contain salt water, and are unvegetated due to strong tidal effects. 
(3) H21. Saltmarsh  dominated by Spartina anglica. This species appears to be declining. 
(4) H14. Intertidal areas dominated by green algae such as Zostera nana, Enteromorpha sp, Ulva sp and Fucus sp. Free-floating U. lactuca occurs in sheltered channels. 
(5) H22. Saltmarsh dominated by Halimione portaculoides and Puccinellia maritima, with other saltmarsh species more localised. 
(6) B21. Neutral grassland occurs on the landward edge of the channels. It is generally dominated by Agropyron pungens, with saltmarsh species locally abundant. Areas of more permanent pasture can be species-rich, and valuable feeding grounds for birds.
(7) H16. Intertidal brown algae occur on more stable shingle, with Fucus vesiculosus most frequent.
(8) H12. Shingle areas, valuable for breeding sea birds.

MANAGE:
Chichester Harbour is managed by the Chichester Harbour Conservancy, an administrative body made up of NCC and Local Authority representatives from the two counties and the two districts covered by the harbour. The Conservancy has an advisory group, composed of representatives  of the main users of the harbour. This is very biased towards yachting interests, and non-statutory conservation bodies are represented by one person only. However, the Conservancy does employ ecologists, who also undertake monitoring and educational work.


FAUNA:
The site is of county importance for breeding birds. Invertebrates include Orange Footman moth, White Admiral, Purple Emperor and Silver-washed Fritillary butterflies.  1 RDB fly and 16 other notable species of fly. Extensive monitoring and recording has been carried out, and detailed records are held at NCC and SWT.

VEG:
The site is predominately Oak and Beech or Oak and Birch woodland, with some Hazel coppice. There are areas of neutral grassland and several ponds and streams. The southern part is a quarry. This is a brief summary, as the site is exceptionally well recorded. 
(1) A111. The wood is predominately high forest of Pedunculate and Sessile Oak, Beech and Holly, with Ash, Birch and Wild Service Trees more local. Beech dominates the lighter soils, over an understorey of Holly and Yew, and characteristically poor ground flora. Oak and Ash woodland occurs on clays, over a more varied shrub layer of Hazel, Hawthorn, Crab Apple and Blackthorn. The ground flora is dominated by Lonicera periclymenum, Rubus fruticosus, Hyacinthoides non-scripta and Melica uniflora, with some Ruscus aculeatus. The old coppice to the north of the site has a more varied ground flora, and Small-leaved Lime and Wild Service Tree. The Mens has an exceptionally rich assemblage of lichens and bryophytes, and is one of the best sites in England for fungi, including three species endemic to the site.
(2) I21. The southern part is an active quarry, with a woodland margin.
(3) B21. There are several areas of neutral grassland.
(4) G1. The ponds are of little interest. Two are overgrown with Willow and full of leaf litter.
(5) G1. Fast-flowing streams. The ghylls are rich in bryophytes.

MANAGE:
The wood is ancient in origin and its history is reflected in its name - The Mens being derived from the Anglo-Saxon 'ge-maennes' which means common. The wood is unusual in southern England, in that it has not been managed in recent times, and is reverting to wildwood. The part owned by the Trust is being left as a non-intervention site; management being restricted to maintaining paths and rides. It is the site for a long-term study of woodland dynamics. The quarry is worked.


FAUNA:
Birds:- Wren, Robin, Great Tit, Blue Tit, Blackbird, Magpie, Pheasant. Signs of Woodpeckers. 
Mammals:- Grey Squirrel.

VEG:
The common consists of two small parcels of land, the majority of which is broadleaved woodland  but with some neutral grassland and an area of plantation. 
(1) A111 Semi-natural broadleaved woodland. The northern area consists of Oak standards over Hazel coppice and occasional multi-stemmed Ash. The shrub layer includes young Hawthorn and Ash  and Field maple. The ground flora is rather sparse, with Rubus fruticosus abundant in clearings, but patchy under the closed canopy  and clumps of Brachypodium sylvaticum, Stellaria holostea and Lonicera periclymenum. Ash and Blackthorn seedlings are abundant. A small area has been fenced off and incorporated into a garden, and the trees and shrubs thinned. The southern part has rather spindly Oaks forming an open canopy over Elder, young Ash, Hawthorn and Field Maple, with Hazel and mature Ash in the south-east corner. There are dead standing Birch trees which are well-used by woodpeckers. R. fruticosus and Hedera helix dominate the ground flora, with Urtica dioica and Pteridium aquilinum in more open areas.
(2) A122. A small area of Fir plantation with some broadleaved trees on the margins and deep leaf litter beneath.
(3) B22. Mown Arrhenatherum elatius, Dactylis glomerata and Agropyron repens, with Pulicaria dysenterica and Iris pseudacorus in a damp area.
(4) J5. Abandoned garden, with fruit trees, scrub and tall herbs.

MANAGE:
The common was originally worked as a coppice, and coppicing could be reinstated to improve the ground flora and structure of the woodland. Part has been incorporated into a garden, and a small area is conifer plantation. There is also an abandoned garden. The grass of the southern part is mown and the footpath signed. Ideally the plantation should be replaced with broadleaved trees when felled.


FAUNA:
Birds:- Robin, Blue Tit, Great Tit, Blackbird, Goldfinch, Starling, Woodpigeon. 
Mammals:- Rabbit

VEG:
The common consists of a narrow track with rough grassland and a strip of pasture beside it. The northern area is very overgrown. 
(1) Unsurveyed. The area north of the track could not be surveyed as it has been blocked off with dumped rubbish. The track is becoming very overgrown, with Urtica dioica, Cirsium arvense, Epilobium hirsutum, Rubus fruticosus and rough grasses. Young Quercus robur and Salix sp are growing out from the banks. 
(2) B22. Semi-improved neutral grassland. The narrow fields are cattle graze, with abundant Cirsium arvense. There is a gappy hedge to the north. 
(3) J5. Track. The track is surfaced as far as the farm. 
(4) A22. Scrub of Acer campestre, Corylus avellana, Prunus spinosa, Crataegus monogyna and young trees over tall herbs. 
(5) A3. Scattered Q.robur and Fraxinus excelsior over R.fruticosus and grassland.
(6) B4. A small area of short-mown, reseeded grassland in the village.

MANAGE:
A small area by the village has been reseeded and is mown short. The narrow fields are cattle grazed, and another area is used for storage and parking. Some thinning has occurred in the past. The area north of the farm has been used for dumping, and is now unmanaged. The dumped material should be removed and further tipping prevented. The gappy hedges could be thickened up with native shrubs and occasional trees to grow on as standards.


FAUNA:
Birds:- Wren, Robin, Blue Tit, Woodpigeon.

VEG:
The site consists of a mosaic of mixed woodland, Pine plantation, Bracken and a small area of heath. Some storm damage. 
(1) A131. Semi-natural mixed woodland. The majority of the common is dominated by a mixture of Pinus sylvestris, Betula sp. and Castanea sativa, with occasional Quercus robur. The woodland is extremely variable, indicating a non-ancient origin and the effects of past management. In general, old P.sylvestis trees dominate, forming an open canopy in which the deciduous trees appear to have become established. The actual structure of the woodland has been obscured by storm damage. Pteridium aquilinum is abundant beneath, with patches of Lonicera periclymenum and some Ilex aquifolium seedlings. Vaccinium myrtillus and Calluna vulgaris occur in areas of denser shade, and Rhododendron is locally abundant under P.sylvestris. Betula and C. sativa is regenerating well after the storm. 
(2) A122. An area of conifer plantation with some self-seeded Betula.
(3) A4. D1. The heathland occupies the slopes of a small valley, and is dominated by C. vulgaris, with Erica cinerea and some E. tetralix.

MANAGE:
The present management is for timber. Most of the storm damaged timber has been removed, although one area has been left undisturbed. The footpaths are clear and signed. 
The heathland is the most valuable habitat on the common, but is becoming overgrown, although some management has been carried out on the area which was an SWT reserve. Ideally, the encroaching bracken should be cut or sprayed, large trees cut down and saplings pulled up on the heath area. Clearing large areas of bracken might also allow the regeneration of more heath, as in the clear-felled area.


FAUNA:
Birds seen on the site visit include Robin, Nuthatch, Great Tit, Starling, Carrion Crow, Magpie, Jay and Woodpigeon.

VEG:
Predominately a wooded road verge with a garden and house.
1) A111. The southern part is a narrow, steep bank, with Oak and Beech growing over Hazel. The trees cast deep shade and litter, so there is little ground flora. Holly is scattered, and young Beech frequent. Garden plants have become established from tipped waste. To the north the verge opens out and becomes less steep. It supports Oak and Ash woodland with some Beech  over Hazel and some Rowan, Hawthorn and Holly. The ground flora includes Hedera helix, Veronica chaemedrys, Mercurialis perennis, Oxalis acetosella, Ajuga reptans and Holly seedlings under the mature trees, and Rubus fruticosus, Urtica dioica, Privet and Brachypodium sylvaticum under young Ash. Sycamore is abundant amongst Ash at the northern end, with occasional Holly and Yew. 
(2) J5. The common appears to include a house and garden. The verge outside the house has been reseeded and Weeping Willow trees planted. The eastern boundary is formed by a stream, which has flowing water even after a very dry summer. There is no aquatic vegetation present.

MANAGE:
The woodland was probably managed as Hazel coppice with standards in the past, but is now unmanaged. A path has been cleared and signed, but this needs some maintenance. The common appears to include a house and its garden, drive and garages, but this may be a mapping error. The verges have been incorporated into gardens by reseeding, regular mowing and tree-planting. The track has been surfaced.
Ideally, small areas of the woodland should be thinned or coppiced, but this is unlikely to be practicable. Further tipping and encroachments should be prevented.


VEG:
The common consists of a road and its grassy or wooded verges. 
(1) J5. The common boundary includes a small road, a car parking area, and the drives to adjacent houses. 
(2) B22. The verges are mown grassland with occasional trees and shrubs. 
(3) The western area is wooded with mature trees and scrub.

MANAGE:
The verges are mown, and are crossed by surfaced drives. A car park has been made in the wooded area at the western end. The footpaths are signed. The site is too small to make other management feasible.


FAUNA:
Birds:- The woodland and scrub support a range of small bird species. Robin, Wren and Blackbird were recorded during the brief site visit. Mammals: Rabbits are abundant. 
Invertebrates:- The herb-rich grassland attracts butterflies such as the uncommon Chalkhill Blue,  and the Small Blue, Brown Argus, Small Copper and the migrant Painted Lady. Juniper bushes support specific invertebrates such as the Shieldbug (Cyphostethus tristriatus) and Seed Chalcid (Megastigmus bipunctatus).

VEG:
Much of the common has been agriculturally improved, but the steep slopes support herb-rich chalk grassland, a large area of Juniper scrub and some chalk heath - a nationally rare habitat. (1) B4 Improved reseeded grassland. One area is recently reseeded Lolium perenne and Poa sp, with Trifolium repens. The other areas are closely grazed, more permanent sward, but are also herb-poor. 
(2) Unimproved chalk grassland occurs on the steep slopes. The shorter sward is extremely species rich, with herbs such as Phyteuma tenerum, Euphrasia officinalis, Sanguisorba minor, Gentianella amarella and Spiranthes spiralis. Areas of ranker Brachypodium sylvaticum dominated grassland have taller herbs such as Agrimonia eupatoria and Pastinaca sativa. 
(3) A21/22. There are large areas of dense and scattered scrub dominated by Hawthorn, with Blackthorn, Hazel, young Ash and Rubus fruticosus. Of particular interest is the Juniper scrub and its associated fauna.
(4) D12. The small area of chalk heath has Calluna vulgaris, Potentilla erecta and Galium saxatile amongst the typical herbs and grasses of chalk grassland.
(5) J1. An area of brassicas.
(6) A32. The clump has tall multi-stemmed and standard Ash and tall Hawthorns on the edge, and the middle has been planted with conifers.

MANAGE:
The area outside the reserve is mainly improved grassland, used as sheep pasture. Part has been planted with brassicas, and it appears that the area is managed on a rotational basis. The clump has been partly replanted and is fenced off. The Trust's Management Plan is in preparation, but its main aims are to restore chalk grassland by removing scattered scrub, and eventually to fence the area and graze it with sheep. Footpaths are maintained and  information provided for the public. Management is constrained by the site being leased.


FAUNA:
The common is part of a larger area of heathland  whose fauna has been extensively surveyed over the years. The SSSI as a whole is of county importance for breeding birds including Stonechat and Nightjar, and is of particular interest for its invertebrates especially spiders. Dragonflies are also well represented. Reptiles include Adder, Grass Snake and Common Lizard. Smooth and Palmate newts are reported to occur. Although the invertebrate fauna was badly affected by a severe fire in 1976, it appears to be recovering well despite more recent burns.

VEG:
The common consists of secondary woodland, Pteridium aquilinum and extensive heathland. The following notes are a brief summary of the wealth of material available on the site. 
(1) D1. The common has extensive areas of dry dwarf shrub heath. This is dominated by Calluna vulgaris, with abundant Erica cinerea and some Ulex minor. Lichens occur where the heath is mature and has not been burnt recently. Wetter areas are characterised by Molinia caerulea and occasional Salix repens. 
(2) C11. P. aquilinum has come to dominate large areas of former heath and grassland. It is often associated with scattered trees and scrub. 
(3) A121. Secondary Pine woodland has become established as a result of lack of grazing. Where the canopy is more open, there is a remnant heathland ground flora of C. vulgaris with P. aquilinum in dry areas, and E. tetralix, Polytrichum commune and Sphagnum compactum where drainage is impeded. 
(4) A111. Broadleaved woodland occurs on the margins, and is mainly Silver and Downy Birch, with Oak locally abundant and Pine occasional over Rubus fruticosus, Teucrium scorodonium and P. aquilinum.
(5) D2. Wet heath is dominated by M. caerulea and E. tetralix, with Eriophorum angustifolium, E. vaginatum, Drosera rotundifolia and D. intermedia present. 
(6) D5. Acid grassland with heath. Acid grassland also occurs along mown firebreaks.

MANAGE:
The common is part of the LNR and managed by WSCC. The Management Plan aims to conserve the ecological, archaeological and physiological features of the site and to enhance the existing habitats, especially heathland, whilst allowing recreational use and research. More specifically, invasive Pine and Birch are controlled by hand pulling seedlings and felling selected trees, and P. aquilinum is cut. The ponds are maintained, and firebreaks mown. The site is well monitored.


FAUNA:
Birds:- Robin, Wren, Nuthatch, Blackbird, Green Woodpecker, Magpie, Woodpigeon and seen on site visit. Other records include Coal, Blue, Great and Long-tailed Tits, Redpoll, Crossbill, Bulfinch, Siskin, Greenfinch, Chaffinch,  Goldfinch, Greater and Lesser spotted Woodpeckers, Nightingale, Mistle Thrush, Song Thrush, Little and Tawny Owls, Kestrel,  Sparrowhawk and Honey Buzzard. 
Mammals:- Fox, Rabbit, Roe Deer, Squirrel. Reptiles:- Grass Snake, Slow-worm, Adder. Amphibians:- Toad, Frog, Smooth Newt. Invertebrates:- There are extensive species lists, including rare and uncommon species.

VEG:
The site is predominately woodland, with some wet and dry heath areas of acid grassland and a large  disused sand pit. The vegetation types, especially woodland, are difficult to map as they form an intimate mosaic, and the history of the conifer woodland is not clear. 
(1) A131. Semi-natural mixed woodland. This dominates most of the area. It is secondary in origin, and probably spread as a result of lack of management. It consists of Scot's Pine, Oak and Birch, with Beech, Sweet Chestnut, Sycamore and other conifers more local in abundance. A shrub layer exists where the canopy is not too closed; this is composed of Hawthorn, Rowan, Holly and young trees, with Rhododendron locally abundant to the north. The ground flora is also dependant on the canopy type. Where Oak or Beech predominate, species such as Arum maculatum, Urtica dioica and Pteridium aquilinum occur but is generally heathy under more scattered Birch and Pine. 
The old enclosures also support mixed woodland of Oak, Birch and Pine over a shrub layer of Rowan, Holly, young Sycamore and young Birch, where the canopy is more open, or Holly and Rhododendron where it is closed. Pteridium aquilinum is abundant beneath the open canopy, with Lonicera periclymenum, Chamaenerion angustifolium and Rubus fruticosus in clearings caused by storm-damage. Root-plates and dead wood are frequent. 
(2) I21. Disused pit. The boundaries of pit have changed over recent years as trees have encroached from the margins. Most of the area has been infilled, and is bare sand with tracks across. Sloping areas have been badly eroded by water. Colonising plants include heath species, Pulicaria dysenterica, Blackstonia perforata, Dipsacum fullonum, Lotus corniculatus, Prunella vulgaris, Centurium erythraea and Juncus effusus and J. inflexus. The rare lichen Steinia geophana occurs. The pits which have not been infilled contain water. These have uncommon bryophytes growing on their edges, including Blasia pusilla, a County rarity. The bare sand is valuable for invertebrates, in particular for Grasshoppers, Crickets, Bees and Wasps.
(3) A122. Conifer plantation. The history of the conifer areas is difficult to establish, but these areas appear to be plantation. Pine is dominant, but small quantities of Oak, Birch and Sweet Chestnut occur. There is little ground flora where the trees cast dense shade and there is abundant leaf litter, but Calluna vulgaris, Erica cinerea and Vaccinium myrtillus where there is sufficient light. The paths are sandy. 
(4) D1. Dry heath. Relict heath occurs on many parts of the common, forming a mosaic with woodland, and often dominating the ground flora where the canopy is sufficiently open. It consists of C. vulgaris and E. cinerea, with big bushes of V. myrtillus under woodland on the northern part of the common. The best area of heathland occurs on the southern part of the site, where it is mixed with (5). This is the only Sussex location for the liverwort Ptilidum ciliare. 
(5) D2. Wet heath. This occurs on the southern part of the common, near the Bepton road, and forms part of an ancient heathland site. E. tetralix and U. minor are dominant, with C. vulgaris and E. cinerea much less frequent than in (4) above. Molinia caerulea is also abundant and lichens, such as Cladonia portentosa occur. A rare moss occurs amongst the ericaceous species. 
(6) B11. Acid grassland occurs in open areas which are kept free of P. aquilinum by heavy rabbit grazing. These have some heath species and also have areas of bare ground, which are likely to be of value to invertebrates.
(7) A111. Semi-natural broadleaved woodland occurs along the disused railway line. It is dominated by Oak, Birch and Beech, with Broom on the margins. The ground flora is dominated by R. fruticosus.
(8) B4. Amenity grassland and a children's play area.

MANAGE:
Public rights of way are kept clear and are signed, and storm-damaged timber has  been  removed from the area adjacent to paths and tracks. The area under power cables  is regularly cut. Apart from this, the wooded areas show little sign of management. The pit is disused, and has mostly been infilled. Old machinery, bricks and materials associated with the pit have been left, as have piles of spoil. The pit area  is fenced  off, but is still used by the public. The recreation ground is well-maintained. 
The most important feature of the site is its remnant heath, and heathland restoration  should be the priority of future management. This will necessitate the removal of colonising trees  and P. aquilinum by hand-pulling scattered fronds and tree seedlings and saplings, and felling larger trees. Expert advice should be sought before commencing work, and the permission and co-operation of the owners is essential.


FAUNA:
The Harbour as a whole is of international importance for waders and for its populations of Dark-bellied Brent Geese, Shelduck, Dunlin, Redshank, Bar-tailed Godwit, Ringed Plover, Grey Plover, Sanderling and Black-tailed Godwit. It is of national importance for its total wildfowl numbers and for breeding Terns. Notable invertebrates include the Long-winged Conehead (Conocephalus discolor) and the moths Starwort Shark (Cucullia asteris), the Sand Dart (Agrotis ripae), the Shore Wainscot (Mythimna litoralis) and the Lunar Hornet (Sphecia bemeciformis).

VEG:
The common consists of open water and expanses of intertidal mud, saltmarsh, algae and shingle. This report is a very brief summary of the vast amount of data available. 
(1) H11. Intertidal mud occurs along the channels. The mudflats are extremely important feeding grounds for waders and wildfowl. 
(2) H22 Saltmarsh dominated by Halimione portcaculoides and Puccinellia maritima. Other saltmarsh species are localised. 
(3) G2. Open water. There are three main channels  linked by Chichester Channel, all of which contain salt water. Tidal strength has prevented colonisation by vegetation. 
(4) H21. Saltmarsh  dominated by Spartina anglica. This species appears to be declining. 
(5) B21 Neutral grassland occurs on the landward edges of the channels. Areas derived from drying saltmarsh are dominated by Agropyron pungens, but more permanent grassland is often species rich  and of value to feeding geese and waders.
(6) H14. Intertidal green algae areas are dominated by Zostera, Enteromorpha and Fucus species, with Ulva lactuca occuring in sheltered channels.
(8) H12. The common has small areas of intertidal shingle, of importance to nesting sea birds.

MANAGE:
Chichester Harbour is managed by the Chichester Harbour Conservancy, an administrative body made up of NCC and Local Authority representatives from the two counties and districts covered by the harbour. There is an advisory group, composed of representatives of the main users of the harbour. This is very biased towards yachting interests, and the non-statutory conservation bodies are represented by one person only. However, the Conservancy does employ ecologists, who also undertake monitoring and educational work, and manage a large database of  information on the site.


FAUNA:
Birds:- The wooded areas support a diverse community of visiting and breeding birds  including Wren, Nuthatch, Willow Warbler, Wood Warbler, Chiffchaff, Goldcrest, Crossbill, Redpoll, Nightingale, Magpie, Jay, and all three species of Woodpecker. Species more typical of more open heathland include Nightjar, Stonechat,  Meadow Pipit and Yellowhammer.
Mammals:- Rabbit, Grey Squirrel and Roe Deer. Invertebrates:- The woodland supports some uncommon species, including the rare Beetle Rhizophagus nitidulus, which has only one other Sussex site, and the local Cerylon ferrugineum.

VEG:
The common consists of conifer and deciduous woodland, Pteridium aquilinum and some heath. The outlying areas are road verges 
(1) A112. All of the plateau of the Down is dominated by Scot's Pine plantation or secondary Pine woodland, which varies in density and age. In places, the Pine forms pure stands with a dense canopy, but other areas are more open, and broadleaved species such as Birch, Oak, Rowan,  Whitebeam and Alder Buckthorn have become established. The ground flora varies with the degree of shading, but generally consists of P. aquilinum, Vaccinium myrtillus and occasional Calluna vulgaris and Erica cinerea. Gorse and Rhododendron form a shrub layer in places. 
(2) A111. Semi-natural broadleaved woodland occurs on the steep slopes of the Down, and on most of the outlying areas of the common. Species and structure vary considerably, reflecting past management. The large area of woodland at the southern end is probably old wood pasture, with large, mature Oak standards dominant, and abundant Beech. The canopy is generally open, with younger Beech, occasional Yew, Sweet Chestnut and Scot's Pine between the canopy trees, and a shrub layer of Holly, Rowan and young Beech. Rhododendron is abundant by the road. The steeper slopes support a ground flora of Vaccinium myrtillus and Deschampsia flexuosa, but deep leaf litter has prevented its development elsewhere. 
The woodland on the western side of the Down is dominated by large, mature Oak, with a dense Holly shrub layer and frequent Rowan and Hazel. The ground flora consists of sparse Pteridium aquilinum and D. flexuosa, with a more diverse assembledge of plants along the track edges. The steep slopes of the coombe by Crotchet Farm have scattered trees and scrub over P. aquilinum. 
The woodland north of the Waterworks Cottages consists of secondary Birch, with some Sycamore, Pine and Sweet Chestnut. The northern edge is mature Beech woodland, with some Holly and Rhododendron, and a ground flora of V. myrtillus, P. aquilinum and cushion-forming mosses.  The eastern flanks of the Down support Birch, Beech and Oak woodland, with Rowan and Holly. It merges with an area of Pine woodland, and has a heathy ground flora. 
Roundhurst Common is secondary woodland of variable age and structure. It is predominately Ash, Birch and Oak, with a diverse shrub layer. Hove Copse is believed to be ancient wood pasture with secondary woodland development. 
(3) C11. Continuous P. aquilinum. The open areas of the common are dominated by P. aquilinum, and it occurs under open canopy woodland and amongst scrub. It has invaded and dominated the remaining heathland areas. 
(4) D1 and D2. Wet and Dry dwarf shrub heath. The National Trust Survey maps quite extensive areas of heathland, but the boundaries of these are difficult to locate on the aerial photographs, so have not been included in the habitat list. However, there are some remnants of Calluna vulgaris and V. myrtillus-dominated dry heath, with some Erica cinerea. Molinia caerulea and D. flexuosa are abundant between the ericaceous species. There is also a small, but fine area of wet heath, with C. vulgaris, E. tetralix, V. myrtillus, M. caerulea, Sphagnum spp, Carex nigra and Juncus squarrosus, and locally uncommon species, such as Drosera rotundifolia, Eriophorum angustifolium, E. vaginatum and Trichophorum caespitosum. 
(5) G1. The pools are surrounded by M. caerulea, Juncus effusus and Sphagnum spp.

MANAGE:
The National Trust Management Plan states its main aim as being restoration of the heathland, in particular the area of wet heath. For all areas of heath, the recommended management is to clear invasive trees, by felling larger Pine and Birch, and hand-pulling saplings and seedlings, and to eradicate Pteridium aquilinum. This management should greatly increase the area of heath, as well as promoting vigorous growth of the ericaceous species. The plan also recommends  experimenting with other management techniques, such as mowing and burning. The woodland areas are to be managed by selective thinning and coppicing, to increase the structural diversity, and invasive species such as Rhododendron are to be controlled.


FAUNA:
Birds:- Wren, Robin, Nuthatch, Blackbird, Woodpigeon. 
Mammals:- Rabbit.

VEG:
The common consists of a wooded track and the wooded verges of a minor road. 
(1) A111. Semi-natural broadleaved woodland. The wider parts of the road verges are wooded with Oak and Ash over large old Hawthorns. This narrows to a line of Oak and a mown, grassy verge to the south. The track is tree-lined along its length, but the wider parts support woodland. The southern end has a canopy of well-spaced Oak standards over multi-stemmed Hazel, tall  multi-stemmed Hawthorn, old Crab Apple and Willow. Grey Willow is abundant by the stream. The ground flora consists of Urtica dioica, with some Mercurialis perennis, Glechoma hederacea and patches of Rubus fruticosus. The central area is very similar, only with Holly and Elder also present in the shrub layer and a richer ground flora which includes Lysimachia nemorum, Ajuga reptans, Oxalis acetosella, Veronica chamaedrys and Viola riviniana. Ash and Holly seedlings are frequent.
(2) J5. The track is grassy where open, and runs between margins of trees and scrub. These include Oak, Ash, Birch, Hazel, Field Maple, Holly, Willow and Elder. U. dioica, Pteridium aquilinum and Rubus fruticosus occur along the margins and under the trees.
(3) G2. One stream is dry, but the northernmost stream is clear and flowing, although it has no aquatic flora where it crosses the common.

MANAGE:
The bridleway is clear and signed, and some wind-thrown trees have been logged and stacked. The road verges are mown, presumably by the Highways Authority. The bridges over the stream  need some repair. The track is used for moving cattle, and there are signs of sheep in places, but  there is no evidence of grazing.


FAUNA:
Birds:- Robin, Blue Tit, Great Tit, Song Thrush,  Magpie.

VEG:
The small parcel of land is a track with hedges. The rest is ancient Oak woodland, which forms part of a much larger wood. 
(1) A111. Semi-natural broadleaved woodland. Predominately Oak, with some Ash as widely-spaced standards over a tall shrub layer of multi-stemmed Hawthorn, Hazel, some young Beech, Blackthorn, and Holly. There is one large Crab Apple of considerable age. A number of the Oaks are large, with well-developed crowns, but the majority are younger trees. The ground flora is sparse where there is dense leaf litter, being confined to clumps of fern, some Rubus fruticosus  and patches of moss on exposed soil and old stumps. Other areas have a richer ground flora  with ancient woodland indicators, including Hyacinthoides non-scripta, Lysimachia nemorum, Oxalis acetosella and Sanicula europaea. Dead wood is abundant. 
(2) J5. The smaller area is a grassy track with thick hedges.

MANAGE:
The smaller area is a signed public footpath, and is kept clear by regular cutting. The wooded area does not appear to be managed at present, although the shrub layer species have been coppiced in the past. No management is necessary at present. The dead standing trees should be left, as they are a valuable habitat for hole-nesting birds, as well as for invertebrates and fungi.


FAUNA:
Birds:- Wren, Robin, Blue Tit, Great Tit, Nuthatch, Song Thrush, Blackbird.

VEG:
The common consists of woodland and a small pond. (1) A111 Semi-natural broadleaved woodland. The woodland is scrubby with no proper structure and few mature trees. There are occasional Oak and Birch standards over virtually canopy height Hawthorn, and a shrub layer of Hazel, Elder, Goat, Willow and Blackthorn. The ground flora consists of very dense Rubus fruticosus, with clumps of Dryopteris felix-mas, and some Urtica dioica and grasses in open areas. Rhododendron is occasional. Lonicera periclymenum occurs on the ground and as dense growth over trees and shrubs. There is a small amount of storm damage to Birch. (2) G1. The pond is very overgrown and surrounded by virtually impenetrable vegetation. It has small amounts of shallow water, but is full of leaf litter and Glyceria maxima. Some Typha latifolia occurs. Willow is frequent on the banks, with Bamboo.

MANAGE:
The site is unmanaged. The woodland is secondary in origin and, like most of Lodsworth Common, probably developed as a result of lack of grazing and wood collection. The pond is very shallow and  overgrown. It could be improved for wildlife by clearing back the trees, deepening the existing open water area and grading the banks to allow for the development of marginal vegetation. The Rhododendron should be eradicated from the woodland.


FAUNA:
Birds:- Wren, Robin, Blue Tit, Coal Tit, Nuthatch, Chaffinch, Blackbird, Woodpigeon. Mammals:- Grey Squirrel, Rabbit.

VEG:
The common consists of storm damaged broadleaved woodland and a small area of plantation. 
(1) A111. Semi-natural broadleaved woodland. The boundaries between woodland types have been confused by storm damage, but the following generalisations can be made. The northern part is predominately Beech and Oak woodland, on steep slopes. This is believed to be ancient wood pasture which has developed into high forest. Holly and Hazel form the shrub layer, and the shade is too dense for a proper ground flora. Birch and Sweet Chestnut occur in varying amounts  but become abundant or locally dominant towards the southern end, with some mature Oak. The ground flora here is dominated by Pteridium aquilinum and Rubus fruticosus, with Birch seedlings abundant in storm clearings. Rowan and Rhododendron are occasional beneath. The woodland complex is very important for its relict Atlantic bryophyte flora.
(2) A122. A small area of severely storm-damaged conifer plantation. The fallen trees have been left and the clearings have been colonised  by Pteridium aquilinum. Dead wood is abundant.

MANAGE:
The majority of the woodland is unmanaged. Dangerous storm-damaged trees have been cleared along the bridleway, but most of the wind-thrown trees have been left. Some small scale tipping has occurred. Many of the damaged trees are resprouting - in particular Sweet Chestnut - and many seedlings are becoming established, so the woodland will regenerate in time. Any work necessary to preserve the bryophyte interest can be suggested by the NCC. The bridleway is clear and signed.


FAUNA:
Birds:- Long-tailed Tit, Nuthatch, Tree-creeper, Kestrel, Nightingale, Sparrowhawk, and all three species of British Woodpecker are believed to breed. Nightjar and Tree-pipit used to breed. Invertebrates:- The site is extremely important for invertebrates and includes rare species. It is the only British locality for the Cranefly (Nephrotoma sullingtonensis). The Bog Bush-cricket (Metrioptera brachyptera) occurs; which is virtually confined to Southern acid bogs and heaths. The heathland supports several uncommon species of Spider, Grasshopper, Bug and Solitary Wasps.

VEG:
The site is predominately woodland, but contains areas of rich wet and dry heath, which support rare invertebrates and plants. 
(1) A121. The majority of the woodland is Pine  which has grown over the heathland. Ericaceous species occur under the trees where the canopy is more open, but there is little ground flora in areas of dense shade. 
(2) A131. More varied mixed woodland occurs to the south with Birch and Alder Buckthorn amongst Pine. The canopy is open due to storm damage, and Rubus fruticosus is frequent. 
(3) D2. The wet heath is the most important feature of the common. It is dominated by Erica tetralix and Molinia caerulea, with Calluna vulgaris. Damper areas hold rare or local species  such as Trichophorum caespitosum, Eriophorum vaginatum and Drosera rotundifolia, amongst Sphagnum spp (mostly S. tenellum) and liverworts. The site is of County importance for the bryophytes which occur on open, peaty areas. 
(4) D1. Dry heath areas are dominated by C. vulgaris, with frequent E. cinerea and some Ulex minor. Patches of bare ground have lichens, including County rarity, Cladonina gracillis. Some old Ulex europaaeus occurs. 
(5) A111. Oak and Birch woodland occurs on the northern edge of the common.

MANAGE:
The common is part of the Sullington Warren SSSI, which is owned and managed by the National Trust. The Management Plan states heathland restoration as being the top priority. This involves clearing invasive tree seedlings and saplings, and Pteridium aquilinum from open heath, and felling established trees, especially from the wet heath area. The ultimate aim is to restore heath to the whole area. The plan also suggests creating areas of open ground, to be colonised by uncommon bryophytes, D. rotundifolia and T. caespitosum. Burning is not recommended, although accidental fires do occur.


FAUNA:
Birds:- Wren, Robin, Song Thrush, Blackbird,  Magpie, Woodpigeon. 
Mammals:- Grey Squirrel, Rabbit.

VEG:
The larger part of the site supports woodland, scrub and rough grassland. The smaller part has a pond. 
(1) A111. Semi-natural broadleaved woodland. The woodland is dominated by Quercus robur, with some Fraxinus excelsior and Betula pendula. Corylus avellana is the main shrub species, but Sambucus nigra, Ilex aquifolium, Crataegus monogyna and young Sorbus aucuparia also occur. Pteridium aquilinum dominates the ground flora where Betula pendula is more abundant in the canopy, but Stachys sylvatica, Geum urbanum, Viola sp and Brachypodium sylvaticum occur under Quercus robur. Rubus fruticosus is frequent. 
(2) A21. Continuous scrub. Some Salix scrub occurs by the road, and Crataegus monogyna, Prunus spinosa, Corylus avellana and Rubus fruticosus occur on the boundaries. Tall herbs often occur with scrub. 
(3) B22. Semi-improved neutral grassland. The central part is rough grassland with abundant tall herbs, such as Urtica dioica, Chamaenerion angustifolium and Cirsium arvense. Scrub is developing.
(4) G1. The duck pond is fenced off from the road. It has no obvious aquatic flora, probably due to the large flock of ducks.

MANAGE:
The majority of the common is unmanaged, but the duck pond has been fenced off and has some management.


FAUNA:
Detailed records are held at the NCC. The variety of habitats means that the site supports a range of fauna, and it is nationally important for spiders and harvestmen. Tapinocyboides pygmaea is only recorded from here and one Scottish site,  and it is only one of two sites in West Sussex for Pelecopsis radicicola.

VEG:
The common is predominantly woodland, developed on a steep scarp slope, but there are areas of herb-rich chalk grassland. The southern part is arable. 
(1) A131. Semi-natural mixed woodland dominates the site. It is a mixture of Ash and Yew, with some Beech, and a very reduced shrub layer of Hazel and Hawthorn. Mercurialis perennis occurs under Ash but there is no ground flora or shrub layer under the Yew, just bare earth and flints. (2) J1. The southern part of the common is arable. 
(3) A111. Semi-natural broadleaved woodland of Beech and Ash occurs along the northern edge of the site, extending down the slope to the east. Field Maple, Downy Birch and overgrown Hazel coppice occur beneath and there are isolated Yews. Hawthorn, Blackthorn, Wild Privet, Whitebeam and Dogwood form a dense shrub layer  and occur on the woodland edges. A cleared strip of woodland now supports tall herbs. 
(4) B131. Unimproved chalk grassland. The most species-rich areas occur on shallow soils around pits on the SSSI, and along the public footpath to the west. Typical species include Phyteuma tenerum, Scabiosaa columbaria, Gentianella amarella, Hippocrepis comosa, Clinopodium vulgare and Galium verum. The chalk grassland has a unique bryophyte community, which includes several species more typical of northern and north-west Britain.
(5) I21. The site includes old chalk workings.

MANAGE:
The woodland does not appear to be managed, apart from a strip being cleared through the wood to the west of the SSSI boundary. The public footpath is clear and signed. The chalk grassland on the SSSI is managed as a reserve, by mowing and scrub removal. A mosaic of scrub and open grassland is being maintained, to benefit the unique bryophyte community.


FAUNA:
The woodland and scrub supports a wide variety of small birds, including breeding Nightingale. Invertebrates:- Glow-worms (Lampyris noctiluca) occur on the grassland, and the local Hoverfly (Epistrophe diaphana) and uncommon tachinid fly (Gymnosoma sp) have been recorded.

VEG:
The vegetation consists of woodland, scrub and grassland.
(1) A111. Semi-natural broadleaved woodland. The woodland is dominated by Oak, including some Turkey Oaks. It is not particularly diverse in terms of species, but the combination of woodland and scrub is extrememely valuable for birds and invertebrates. Nightingales breed in this area. (2) B21. Unimproved neutral grassland. The grassland is assumed to be unimproved as it has areas which are moderately species rich.

MANAGE:
The common is contiguous with CL 108, Mackerel's Common, which is also owned by the National Trust, and the two sites are managed as one. Management aims are similar to those of CL 107, Steer's Common, namely to maintain the mosaic of habitats present on the site in order to benefit the bird and invertebrate populations. This involves some clearance of scrub, to encourage regrowth, and thinning the woodland. The exotic Turkey Oaks are to be removed. The grassland is to be managed as at present, with some areas left longer to create better structural diversity.


FAUNA:
Birds:- Wren, Robin, Blue Tit, Chiffchaff, Nuthatch, Blackbird, House Martin, Woodpigeon, Pheasant, signs of Woodpecker.
Mammals:- Rabbit. 
Invertebrates:- Green-veined White (Artogeia rapae), Speckled Wood (Pararge aegeria), Meadow Brown (Maniola jurtina).

VEG:
The common consists of a mosaic of Bracken, scrub and woodland, with neutral grassland along the verges to the south. 
(1) A111. Semi-natural broadleaved woodland. The margins of the larger area are generally mature Quercus robur woodland over Corylus avellana and Prunus spinosa, with some old Betula pendula and Salix sp towards the western end. The area east of the road is part of a larger copse and consists of Q.robur, Fraxinus excelsior and some conifers, with C.avellana beneath. The ground flora is dominated by Rubus fruticosus. A small area of woodland on the verge has a more open canopy, with Acer campestre, C. avellana, Ilex aqifolium and Crataegus monogyna in the shrub layer, and tall herbs beneath. 
(2) A22/C11. The central part of the common is open, with scattered Q.robur, P.spinosa, Sambucus nigra and occasional Castanea sativa over dense Pteridium aquilinum. A remnant woodland flora occurs under the P. aquilinum, supporting the belief that the site is ancient woodland.
(3). A21. The dense scrub is dominated by Salix and thorns, with some S. nigra. Tall herbs occur on the margins, some indicating damper soils.
(4) B22/C31. The verges are herb-poor Festuca arundinacea dominated neutral grassland, with tall herbs occurring over uncut areas.

MANAGE:
The northern part of the site has a pheasant pen and an access track for the gamekeeper. A small area by the cottage has been incorporated into a garden, with a lawn and planted trees and shrubs, and a drive to the cottage. The verge to the west of the road is mown, but the eastern verge is uncut. Some areas have been mown to form lawns and the southern end is used for parking. The site does not need management, apart from to remove the grass cuttings, and to replace the conifers with native trees when they are felled. Further encroachments should be prevented.


FAUNA:
Birds:- The National Trust has complete records. The number of heathland species have declined dramatically over the years, and Woodlark and Nightjar are no longer present. 
Invertebrates:- The common supports good populations of mining bees and wasps. Species of note include Sphecodes ferruginatus, Nomada leucophthalma, Ectemnius rubicola, Andrena clarkella, and A. lapponica. The Wood Bush Cricket (Omocestus rufipes) also occurs.

VEG:
The common is predominately mixed secondary woodland, with some remnant heath and an area of conifer plantation. 
(1) A131. The majority of the area is secondary woodland of Birch, Oak and Pine. Young Birch is locally dominant. Rowan, Alder Buckthorn and Beech are occasional, especially near the margins. Large trees tend to be confined to the boundaries. The woodland has developed over heath and patches of Vaccinium myrtillus and Calluna vulgaris occur in the ground flora, amongst dense Pteridium aquilinum. P. aquilinum also dominates open areas. The south-east corner is ancient Oak coppice with Birch and Pine. Storm damage appears to be light, as for Cl 244 to the north. 
(2) D5. The clearing is mostly Deschampsia flexuosa dominated grassland, with invasive P. aquilinum and Rubus fruticosus. It also has patches of heath, dominated by Calluna vulgaris, with some Erica cinerea, E. tetralix and Ulex minor.

MANAGE:
The National Trust's Management Plan aims to diversify the woodland by selective thinning and coppicing, and to maintain open heath by cutting P. aquilinum and hand-pulling tree seedlings. As heathland is a much rarer habitat than woodland, with many associated birds and insects, and as there  are still frequent ericaceous species under the trees, it might be better to concentrate on heathland restoration on a larger scale. This would involve felling much of the secondary woodland, and mowing or spraying the clearings to prevent colonisation by P. aquilinum.


FAUNA:
Noted during the site visit were: meadow pipit, chaffinch, magpie, wood pigeon, painted lady, rabbit.

VEG:
This common lies on a small hilltop plateau, to the SE of Haworth. Around the western and northern fringes, the land falls steeply away from the edges. The area was covered by the WYEAIS Phase 1 survey in 1989. This provides basic habitat information. Most of the following description is based on information collected during the present survey. 

The plateau area (1) supports dry dwarf shrub heath dominated by {\it Calluna vulgaris}. This is overwhelmingly the dominant species, with only very local bushes of {\it Vaccinium myrtillus}. The ground beneath the {\it Calluna} has abundant {\it Hypnum cupressiforme}. This vegetation belongs to NVC type H9a. The {\it Calluna} is generally in a mature and somewhat "straggly" condition, around 1.0m tall. Last summer appears to have seen the majority of plants producing flowers, and a small number (1 per cent) of dead plants are present. This sward clearly is not grazed or recently burnt.

To the east of the plateau the land falls away gently to produce a somewhat poorly-drained area (2) which has seen the development of a wet heath vegetation. This is again dominated by {\it Calluna vulgaris}, with locally frequent {\it Erica tetralix, Eriophorum vaginatum, E. angustifolium} and {\it Molinia caerulea}. In addition, there are small areas where tussocks of {\it M. caerulea} become prominent. This vegetation is transitional with a mire community, possibly NVC type M15. The {\it Calluna} here is once again in a tall and somewhat over-mature condition.

On the steep slope to the west of the common, the vegetation is a mosaic of dry heath with areas of acidic grassland. The latter is dominated by {\it Nardus stricta} with frequent {\it Deschampsia flexuosa} and {\it Festuca ovina}, plus locally frequent {\it Galium saxatile} (NVC type U5). {\it Vaccinium myrtillus} is here a more promient component of the heath vegetation.

At (3), on the hillside edge is a disused quarry cut into the hillside. The cliff face to the rear is up to 10.0m tall. Ledges of the cliffs are vegetated with {\it Calluna vulgaris} and {\it Vaccinium myrtillus}, plus occasional individuals of {\it Dryopteris dilatata} and bushes of {\it Ulex europaeus} and {\it Cytisus scoparius}. The base of the quarry has a mixture of coarse semi-improved neutral grassland with stands of tall ruderals. There appear also to be a number of plants which have been introduced from dumped garden rubbish. Noted from here were: {\it Arrhenatherum elatius, Dactylis glomerata, Cirsium arvense, Urtica dioica, Chamerion angustifolium, Vicia sepium, Digitalis purpurea}, plus garden escapes such as {\it Hyacinthoides ? hispanica, Meconopsis ? cambrica} and {\it Saxifraga x urbium}. Scattered trees/shrubs here include {\it Salix cinerea, Fraxinus excelsior, Sorbus aucuparia, Betula pendula, Quercus} sp., {\it Rosa} sp., {\it Ribes} sp. and {\it Ulmus} sp.

To the north of the common (4), there is another steep slope. A significant part of this once again supports {\it Calluna} dry heath. This is also about 1.0m tall and locally senescent. Present within is locally frequent {\it Vaccinium myrtillus}, while there is an understorey of {\it Deschampsia flexuosa}. This appears to mark a transition to NVC type H12a.

Adjacent to the road and car park, this vegetation is replaced by a mixture of neutral grassland/tall ruderals, plus scrub and trees. This vegetation is characterised by species such as {\it Dactylis glomerata, Festuca rubra, Alopecurus pratensis, Agropyron repens, Arrhenatherum elatius, Urtica dioica, Anthriscus sylvestris, Rumex obtusifolius, R. acetosa, Taraxacum officinale} agg., {\it Cirsium arvense, Equisetum arvense}, and {\it Ranunculus acris} (NVC type MG1). Adjacent to the car park are several clumps of {\it Centaurea montana} plus a large patch of {\it Aegopodium podagraria}. To the SE of the car park is a very overgrown area which has much {\it Chamerion angustifolium} and {\it Calystegia sepium}, plus one large stand of {\it Petasites hybridus}. Scrub and trees have developed in this area and include {\it Sambucus nigra, Fraxinus excelsior, Syringa vulgaris, Malus} sp., {\it Rosa canina, Rubus fruticosus} agg., {\it Acer pseudoplatanus, Ulmus} sp. This pattern of vegetation may have originated by sustained dumping at this spot. There is much brick rubble and broken glass underfoot, concealed by the vegetation.

Note that the site includes an active quarry (see under management).

MANAGE:
The common appears largely unmanaged. Despite the existence of grazing rights, the heather condition would suggest that the common has not been grazed for some years. This small block of over-mature heather moorland contrasts with the much larger areas of managed heather moor on the extensive open fell commons to the south and east of Haworth. It may have some importance for ground nesting bird species.

Part of the site is occupied by an active quarry. The buildings associated with this include a large private residence on the hillside edge, ovelooking Haworth. Also sited on this edge is a privately-owned, full sized wind turbine.

There has been localised tipping of rubbish on the common, with garden rubbish dumped in a disused quarry at (3), plus brick rubble and glass etc. near to the car park on the B6144.


FAUNA:
Noted during the site visit were: meadow pipit, skylark, swift, rabbits.

Phase 1 target note: 29.05.90. Adders seen at base of Bronte Waterfalls (reported by BMDC Countryside Ranger to Derek Farr).

The South Pennine Moors, in addition to being scheduled as SSSI, have also been proposed as a Special Protection Area (pSPA) under the EC Directive 79/409 on the Conservation of Wild Birds. 

The moorlands support nationally important numbers of golden plover, curlew, merlin and twite. These species, together with a diverse assemblage of other breeding birds, all rely on the mosaic of habitats found across the moors for their survival and many are here at their southernmost British breeding stations. The most recent counts are of 51 pairs of merlin (minimum of 7.8 per cent of the British breeding population), 707 pairs of golden plover (3.1 per cent) and 694 pairs of curlew (1.8 per cent). 

The blanket mires are the main breeding areas for golden plover and dunlin. These birds need relatively short vegetation to nest in and also access to wet areas to feed, a combination of features found on the blanket mires. 

Large numbers of meadow pipit and skylark nesting on the moors provide a major food source for merlin. The deeper cover provided by the heather provides nest sites for a range of other species. For example, merlin prefer to nest in the older, leggy heather, bracken, or small trees on the moorland edge. 

Most dependent on the heather moors are red grouse. Their stronghold is on the managed moors of the Haworth Moors complex. The birds require a diverse age-structure within the heather stands, nesting in the shelter of taller, mature plants, but also needing young growth to provide the best food. Accessibility to flushed areas during the nesting period is also important for fledging success, with additional food available here in the form of cranefly (Tipulid) larvae in these localities.  

Golden plover are also known to nest on recently burnt areas of heather moorland. Curlew favour for breeding sites, the wet acidic grasslands and semi-improved areas on the edge of the moors. A significant number (ie. 0.8 per cent) of the British population breed within the South Pennine Moors, sharing this habitat with lapwing and in the wettest areas, snipe and redshank. 

The moors also support 1 per cent of the British population of twite. These birds are an isolated southern population of the race {\it piplans}, which occurs only in Scandinavia and the British Isles, being isolated from the remainder of the world population in the mountains of Central Asia. The South Pennine population is therefore seen as vital in maintaining the present world distribution. Twite usually use all of the moorland habitats at different stages of their life cycle. They prefer heather for nesting, but also use bracken, boulder screes, grass tussocks and dry stone walls. Feeding on small seeds, they utilise grassy areas across the moorlands, weedy areas on the moorland fringes, semi-improved pastures and even areas of burnt {\it Molinia} grassland.

Peregrine nest in small numbers on suitable crags and disused quarries and up to three pairs of short-eared owl have also nested in recent years. The moors also support wheatear, whinchat, ring ouzel and in some years, stonechat.

VEG:
A major part of this common lies within the boundary of the South Pennine Moors SSSI. This recently notified area includes several sections of the South Pennine Moors lying between Ilkley in the north and the Peak District National Park boundary in the south. Prior to this, Haworth Moor was notified separately. The majority of the new SSSI lies within West Yorkshire but it also covers areas of Lancashire, Greater Manchester and North Yorkshire. The largest moorland blocks are the Howarth Moors (a section of which overlaps this common), Ilkley Moor, Rishworth Moor and Moss Moor, a considerable portion of which are also common land. This common forms the most northerly part of an almost continuous block of common land which stretches southwards to the Calder Valley at Mytholmroyd (see attached maps of commons in the block and also of the boundary of this central section of the SSSI).  

The underlying geology is Millstone Grit, which outcrops at several points within the SSSI. Further exposures are found in numerous abandoned quarries which often lie at the edge of the moor. The SSSI as a whole is the largest area of unenclosed moorland within West Yorkshire and contains the most diverse and extensive examples of upland plant communities within the county. Extensive areas of blanket mire occur on the upland plateaux and are punctuated by species-rich acidic flushes and mires. There are also wet and dry heaths and acidic grasslands. Three habitat types which occur on the site are rare enough within Europe to be listed on Annex 1 of the EC Habitats and Species Directive (92/43 EEC). These communities are typical of and represent the full range of upland vegetation types found in the South Pennines.

The habitat map for the common has been drawn from the WYEAIS Phase 1 survey. Additional information was gathered during a visit to the site, mainly to investigate grazing patterns, heather condition and recreational use (western portion of common not visited).

The greater part of the common comprises dry dwarf shrub heath dominated by {\it Calluna vulgaris}. This forms an almost continuous swathe from Grove Hill Dike, where a road crosses the common marking the western edge of Penistone Hill, to Dick Delf Hill, at the western tip of the common. {\it Calluna} is generally  overwhelmingly dominant, with occasional {\it Vaccinium myrtillus}, inconspicuous {\it Deschampsia flexuosa} and locally frequent {\it Hypnum cupressiforme}. Locally {\it V. myrtillus} becomes the dominant species, also with locally occasional {\it Empetrum nigrum}. The heath with frequent {\it H. cupressiforme} probably belongs to NVC type H9a, while that with a high frequency of {\it V. myrtillus} probably belongs with H9b. The {\it Calluna} occurs in large even-aged blocks (due to burning), at almost 100 per cent cover, mainly showing only slight signs of grazing by sheep. The plants tend to have more of a grazed "topiary" appearance adjacent to paths, areas where {\it V. myrtillus} is dominant and adjacent to occasional small acidic grassland patches within the heath. These are dominated by {\it Nardus stricta}, with frequent {\it Deschampsia flexuosa, Festuca ovina} and occasional {\it Juncus squarrosus} (NVC type U5).
                         
To the north-west of the road at Grove Hill Dike (1) there is a rather suppressed area of heath vegetation. Here, {\it Calluna vulgaris} is joined by abundant {\it Erica tetralix} and locally frequent {\it V. myrtillus}. Beneath the plants and elsewhere dominating grassy patches are {\it Molinia caerulea} and {\it Juncus squarrosus}, plus frequent {\it Juncus effusus} and {\it Polytrichum commune}. This vegetation appears to be a mosiac of marshy grassland and wet heath, possibly representing a degraded example of NVC type M16. In addition, this complex area also has areas of dry heath in a mosaic with {\it N. stricta} acidic grassland. 

On higher ground to the west of the common, there are small areas of blanket mire (ie. Phase 1 dry modified bog) dominated by {\it Eriophorum vaginatum} (NVC type M20b). Also within the heath are several large stands of dense bracken {\it (Pteridium aquilinum)}.

On Penistone Hill there is a somewhat similar range of habitats to that found within the SSSI portion to the west of the road. Once again dry {\it Calluna} heath features prominently, although in this case, the heath is not managed, with even-aged swards up to 50cm tall. A shallow valley crosses the centre of this area (2) and has a mixture of wet heath and marshy grassland. The latter are dominated by tussocky {\it Molinia caerulea} with frequent {\it Deschampsia flexuosa} (NVC M25). The wet heath areas are dominated by {\it Calluna}, with the above grasses still frequent, plus locally occasional {\it Erica tetralix}and {\it Trichophorum cespitosum}. Small areas of this vegetation appear to have been burnt at some time in the past (?accidental) and are now show new growth by {\it M. caerulea} and {\it V. myrtillus}. Just to the west of the road at Grove Hill Dike (3) is a small pool colonised by {\it Juncus effusus} and {\it Eriophorum angustifolium} with, to the north of this, a small basin mire with {\it J. effusus, E. angustifolium, Sphagnum recurvum} and {\it Agrostis canina}. These may be the site of past peat cuttings on the common.

At (4) is a large, deep, disused quarry. This is largely now vegetated with dry {\it Calluna} heath. However there are areas of bare ground possibly due to use by motorcycles. In addition, the base of the quarry also has areas of coarse neutral grassland plus stands of {\it Chamerion angustifolium}. To the SW of here is a further extensive area of past quarrying (5), now used as a car parking area for the country park. Some of the old working faces are 5-10m tall, also with large gritstone boulders present. Occasional plants of {\it Dryopteris filix-mas} and {\it Athyrium filix-femina} noted on some of the cliffs. Abundant rabbit holes present in places. Numerous tracks and paths are present within this area.

MANAGE:
The part of the common which lies within the boundary of the SSSI is grazed by sheep. Grazing levels overall appear moderate. Localised areas are present where some of the heather is in a somewhat suppressed condition - along paths, adjacent to grassy patches and in the wet heath area at (1). The heather on this part of the common is managed for grouse shooting by a programme of rotational burning. As a result, most of the heather is present as even-aged blocks. There may be some disturbance to ground nesting birds from visitors to this part of the common.

Penistone Hill: This area lies outside the SSSI and is not grazed. Consequently, most of the heather is in a mature state. It appears to be subject to occasional accidental fires. These may burn out of control and reach too high a temperature. As a result, the plants and also the buried seed bank may be completely killed, thereby causing a failure to regenerate and allow other species such as grasses to colonise. This area has intensive recreational use and is likely to have limited value for ground nesting birds, despite the presence of signs requesting visitors to keep their dogs under control during the nesting period.


FAUNA:
Noted during the site visit were: robin, whitethroat, willow warbler, greenfinch, swallow, coot, sedge warbler, house sparrow, wren, painted lady, plus a species of small, blue-coloured damselfly and pond skaters ? {\it Gerris lacustris}.

VEG:
This small common lies to the SW of Normanton and includes part of Goosehill Pond. This is a "second tier" site as scheduled by the Ecological Advisory Service. Additional information about the remainder of the site was gathered during the site visit.

Goosehill Pond is a small open water body with abundant {\it Azolla filiculoides, Lemna minor} and {\it Lemna triscula}. Submerged within the water are {\it Callitriche platycarpa, Elodea canadensis} and {\it Potamogeton pectinatus}. Sections of the pond margin are fringed with stands of {\it Typha latifolia} and occasional {\it Sparganium erectum}. Other emergent plants noted during the present survey include locally occasional {\it Hippurus vulgaris, Alisma plantago-aquatica, Iris pseudacorus, Myriophyllum} sp. and {\it Eleocharis palustris}. Locally this vegetation grades into marshy grassland with {\it Glyceria fluitans, Juncus acutiflorus, J. articulatus} and {\it Solanum dulcamara}. Other species seen around the edges of the pond during the present survey include {\it Myosotis scorpioides, Epilobium hirsutum} and {\it Mentha aquatica}. 

Surrounding the pond is a complex mosaic of different habitat types. A significant proportion of this area has tall neutral grassland/tall ruderals dominated by {\it Arrhenatherum elatius} and {\it Chamerion angustifolium}, with large areas also dominated by {\it Urtica dioica}. Locally there are also small areas of acidic grassland dominated by {\it Deschampsia flexuosa} or {\it Nardus stricta}, with {\it Galium saxatile}. Scattered throughout this area are developing ?self-sown trees of {\it Quercus} sp., plus occasional trees of {\it Betula pendula} and bushes of {\it Crataegus monogyna} and {\it Sambucus nigra}. There is also one small area at the edge of the common, which has been planted with trees: {\it Sorbus} sp., {\it Populus alba, P. tremula, Symphoricarpos albus, Acer campestre, Corylus avellana} and {\it Ligustrum ovalifolium}. 

To the SE of the pond is a small area of dense scrub which is dominated by {\it Salix cinerea}. Beneath this are occasional {\it Rubus fruticosus} agg., {\it Galeposis tetrahit, Galium aparine} and {\it Cardamine} sp.                                                           

The southern portion, by contrast, comprises a managed (?hay) sward of semi-improved neutral grassland. This has abundant {\it Agrostis capillaris, Lolium perenne} and {\it Trifolium repens}, plus frequent {\it Holcus lanatus, Plantago lanceolata, Trifolium pratense} and {\it Anthoxanthum odoratum}, locally frequent {\it Trifolium dubium}, occasional {\it Ranunculus acris} and locally occasional {\it Hypochoeris radicata, Rumex obtusifolius, Arrhenatherum elatius} and {\it Heracleum sphondylium}.

MANAGE:
According to a local resident, the pond had become choked with vegetation (presumably {\it Typha}). This has recently been cleared to restore the open water (probably the ideal form of management). There were fish in the pond (roach?) but these were apparently removed to discourage anglers. A large amount of dumped material was also dredged from the pond at this time. One small area adjacent to the pond has also been deliberately planted with trees (several years ago now). 

The scrub/trees surrounding the pond appear to be important for a number of breeding birds, such as sedge warbler, whitethroat and willow warbler (see fauna section). This part of the common is clearly of great local importance to a range of wildlife (including it being one of only two sites in the county for {\it Azolla filiculoides}). Continued monitoring of the pond is recommended.

The southern grassland area is unfenced from the road and it is unlikely that this area is grazed. However the grass is fairly short and may be maintained by the cutting of a hay crop.


FAUNA:
Noted during the site visit were: Skylark, meadow pipit, starlings, house sparrow, yellowhammer, wren, moorhen (with chicks on pond), magpie. 

A number of Odonata were noted around the pond and possibly include {\it Anax imperator} (Emperor dragonfly) and {\it Libellula quadrimaculata} (four spot chaser), plus a type of blue-coloured damselfly. 

Numerous fish fry in the pond (apparently roach).

VEG:
This common lies adjacent to the hamlet of Warmfield. The site was covered by the WYEAIS Phase 1 survey in 1986/87. This source provides a habitat map, plus a single target note. Most of the following description is based on information gathered during the present survey.

The greater part of the common comprises a rather coarse sward of semi-improved acidic grassland. This covers most of the central portion of the common (1) and has a thin turf of {\it Festuca ovina} with locally frequent {\it Nardus stricta, Rumex acetosella, Deschampsia flexuosa} and {\it Galium saxatile}. Small areas of grassland where {\it N. stricta} is dominant occur locally, with {\it Carex ovalis} noted among this vegetation. {\it Carex nigra} is present in damp hollows. There are also frequent bare dry patches which have carpets of {\it Campylopus ?pyriformis}. 

Locally this vegetation gives way to a neutral grassland, with {\it Arrhenatherum elatius, Dactylis glomerata} and {\it Holcus lanatus}. Present elsewhere on this part of the common are clumps of {\it Juncus effusus}, and in places, scattered patches of {\it Ulex europaeus} scrub. Crossing this area is a wide strip of disturbed grassland which appears to be the course of a buried pipeline. This has abundant {\it Trifolium repens, Matricaria matricarioides, Tripleurospermum maritimum, Capsella bursa-pastoris} and {\it Sisymbrium officinale}.

To the NW of the common is an area of slightly more diverse neutral grassland (2). This is mainly coarse and dominated by {\it A. elatius}, with locally frequent {\it Cirsium arvense, Ranunculus acris, Dactylis glomerata, Lathyrus pratensis, Achillea millefolium, Anthriscus sylvestris, Artemisia vulgaris, Centaurea nigra, Potentilla reptans} and {\it Holcus lanatus}. There are also smaller areas of a shorter turf dominated by {\it Festuca rubra} with locally frequent {\it Lolium perenne, Agrostis capillaris, Trifolium repens, T. pratense, A. millefolium, Plantago lanceolata, Lotus corniculatus, Bromus mollis, Cirsium vulgare} and {\it Senecio jacobaea}. There is also one bush of {\it Crataegus monogyna} present in this area, plus several of {\it Sambucus nigra}.

The pond is fringed with much {\it Juncus effusus}, with a small island in the centre. Species growing within the open water include {\it Ranunculus sceleratus, R. peltatus, Plantago alisma-aquatica, Potamogeton natans, Eleocharis palustris, Callitriche stagnalis} and {\it Lemna minor}. Other species noted fringing the pond were {\it Alopecurus geniculatus, Glyceria fluitans, Galeopsis tetrahit, Solanum dulcamara} and {\it Lychnis flos-cuculi}. At the edge of the pond is a clump of scrub which includes {\it Salix} spp., {\it Frangula alnus} and one bush of {\it Viburnum opulus}.

MANAGE:
At the time of the site visit, parts of the common were being grazed by three tethered horses. These appeared to belong to a traveller who was living in a caravan sited on the extreme SE corner of the common. Grazing levels appear slight, and it is not clear how frequently this grazing activity occurs. The northern and western parts of the common are ungrazed. 

Small areas are mown, adjacent to houses which adjoin the northern edge of the common. Several bollards have been placed along the roadside edge in this vicinity to stop cars from being driven onto the common.

The occasional presence of grazing horses is probably a beneficial form of management for the grassland. This area may provide nesting sites for birds such as skylark and meadow pipit and could provide a source of small mammals for kestrels/owls etc. 

The small pond on the common has apparently been enlarged (about 10 years ago). This has a quite diverse range of plant species associated with it and may be important for a range of Odonata. Of particular note is the presence of {\it Frangula alnus}, which is a "rare" species in the county. Continued monitoring of this feature is recommended.


FAUNA:
Noted during the site visit were: swallows, yellowhammer, wren, meadow pipit, housemartin, stonechat, rook.

VEG:
This common lies to the SE of Wakefield and comprises an area of open ground crossed by a number of unfenced roads. The area was covered by the WYEAIS Phase 1 survey in 1987/88. This provides a habitat map and various dominant species, plus one target note. Additional information was gathered during a visit to the site (which concentrated mainly on the northern and western part). 

The greater part of the common supports an acidic grassland sward. Much of this is dominated by {\it Nardus stricta} with frequent associates such as {\it Festuca ovina} and {\it Deschampsia flexuosa}, plus occasional {\it Potentilla erecta, Galium saxatile} and {\it Holcus lanatus}. Locally there are areas dominated by {\it Deschampsia flexuosa}, while elsewhere there is an {\it Agrostis/Festuca} turf. In its more diverse forms, this latter grassland type has associates such as {\it Plantago lanceolata, Hypochoeris radicata, Hieracium} sp., {\it Tragopogon pratensis, Achillea millefolium, Lotus corniculatus} and {\it Rumex acetosella}.

In certain areas the acidic grassland gives way to a neutral (semi-improved) type sward. The largest area is at (1) where there is a short sward of {\it Festuca rubra} with frequent {\it Lolium perenne, Trifolium repens, T. dubium, T. pratense, Senecio jacobea} and {\it Plantago lanceolata}, plus occasional {\it Taraxacum officinale} agg., {\it Ranunculus repens, Geranium dissectum, Hypochoearis radicata} and {\it Crepis capillaris}. Locally elswehere on the common, mainly around the margins, there is a taller neutral grassland type dominated by {\it Arrhenatherum elatius}, locally with associates such as {\it Anthriscus sylvestris, Cirsium arvense} and {\it Urtica dioica}. The southern parts of the common locally have areas of dense (and scattered) bracken, plus small areas of scattered {\it Ulex europaeus} scrub. Deciduous trees, some apparently planted, are a further feature in certain areas, with the greatest number present at (2). These include {\it Betula pendula, Quercus} sp., {\it Sorbus} sp., {\it S. aucuparia, Acer pseudoplatanus} and ? {\it Robinia pseudacacia} (the latter most definitely planted). The Phase 1 survey provides a target note at GR 356 194, in which it mentions that there are small ponds and ditches which are drying out, although one flush has {\it Iris pseudacorus, Carex ovalis} and {\it C. nigra}.                                

The north-western portion of the common forms a separate distinct unit. This area has mown amenity grassland and has the appearance of a village green. Occasional mature planted trees complete the scene and include {\it Acer pseudoplatanus, Betula pendula} and {\it Tilia} sp. The several small areas in this area, which have been excluded from the registration, all comprise buildings (houses etc.).

MANAGE:
The greater part of the common is grazed by a number of tethered horses. Approximately 12 were counted during the present survey. A number of remnants of feeding bails were also noted. Overall grazing levels appear moderate, with animals tethered mainly on the best grassland, avoiding areas where bracken is present (? spreading). It would be too dangerous to allow animals free reign across the site due to the volume of traffic on the unfenced roads. 

The north/western portion close to the village of Heath is maintained by mowing by the local authority. The grassland of the common appears generally to be of fairly poor species-diversity. However, the site may be locally important for ground nesting birds such as skylark and meadow pipit. 

The large junction of the A638 and the A655 has encroached onto the common. 

Small piles of dumped brick rubble noted.


FAUNA:
Noted during the site visit were: swallow, willow warbler, yellowhammer, house martin, greenfinch, common blue butterfly and painted lady. Around one of the ponds, an individual of the four-spotted chaser ({\it Libellula quadrimaculata}) was also noted.

VEG:
This common straddles the A645 to the east of the village of Sharlston. The WYEAIS Phase 1 survey provides basic habitat information. The common forms part of a site originally considered for inclusion on the West Yorkshire Schedule of Sites of Scientific Importance, with various information available in the site files of the Ecological Advisory Service (EAS). The following description uses this source, plus information collected during the present survey.

To the north of the road there is quite a mosaic of habitats present. The most extensive vegetation type comprises a mosaic of tall neutral grassland plus tall ruderals. This is dominated by {\it Arrhenatherum elatius}, with associates such as {\it Anthriscus sylvestris, Heracleum sphondylium, Urtica dioica, Elytrigia repens, Artemisia vulgaris} and {\it Cirsium arvense}. Locally there are damp pockets which are dominated by tussocky {\it Deschampsia cespitosa} - these appear to be remnants of previously extensive stands of this species (see below). There are also smaller areas of dense bracken, plus acidic grassland dominated by {\it Nardus stricta}. In addition, scattered scrub and trees occur across this part of the common and include {\it Ulex europaeus, Sambucus nigra, Salix cinerea, Crataegus monogyna, Rubus fruticosus} agg., {\it Fraxinus excelsior} and {\it Quercus} spp. This area was originally assessed by the Ecological Advisory Service in 1988, at which time it comprised a sward of {\it Deschampsia cespitosa} and {\it Juncus effusus} with scattered {\it Senecio aquaticus}. By the time of the 1991 SSI review it was described as having largely dried out and progressed to "moderately acidic grassland with no especial ecological value". The present condition of this area is therefore consistent with this process.

A further feature is a depression in the centre of this area which has two small ponds. These appear to be drying-up and have rather degenerate emergent plants of {\it Juncus effusus} and {\it Typha latifolia}. Fringing the open water are stands of {\it Agrostis stolonifera} and {\it Persicaria maculosa}, plus locally occasional {\it Lychnis flos-cuculi}. Grassland in the surrounding depsession is dominated by tussocky {\it D. cespitosa}, while two plants of {\it Armoriaca rusticana} were also noted. When assessed by the EAS in 1988, these ponds comprised a single larger feature which was becoming infilled with a dense mat of {\it Typha latifolia}. Also present were scattered {\it Iris pseudacorus} and occasional {\it Alisma plantago-aquatica}, plus a fringe of {\it Glyceria fluitans, Galium palustre} and {\it Carex nigra}.

Towards the east of this part of the common, there is a strip along the edge of the road which has been planted with deciduous trees (ie. woodland). Included within the planting are {\it Alnus} ?{\it cordata, Viburnum opulus, Acer pseudoplatanus, Betula pendula, Prunus spinosa, Prunus} sp. and {\it Crataegus monogyna}. At the easternmost end of this strip there is a heap of tipped garden rubbish with several plants of {\it Symphitum x uplandicum}.

To the south of the road, the common forms part of an area which is being used to grow an arable grass crop. Immediately at the edge of the road is a narrow unfenced verge running along a shallow ditch, with a mixture of tall grassland/tall ruderals, plus some areas of bracken and scattered scrub/trees of {\it C. monogyna, Salix} sp. and {\it Malus} sp.

MANAGE:
Looking at the northern part of the common, it appears as though this area has been disturbed at some point in the past. The strip of planted trees along the roadside edge are clearly landscaping work. The rights section refers to a claim to ownership of the coal underlying the common and the present landscape may reflect a past event of open-casting of this area. The mosaic of different habitats presently developing here appear to have some local wildlife value and this may increase with continued scrub and tree colonisation. 

The ponds, however, appear to be drying-up and have all but lost their ecological value (although there was a dragonfly noted during the present survey). It was suggested in the 1988 EAS survey that it would be desirable to increase the area of open water in the pond by clearing some of the vegetation. This is now an urgent priority if this feature is not to be lost altogether. To do this in its present condition would almost require the digging of an entirely new pond, rather than merely clearing vegetation. 

The southern part is managed in the same manner as the adjacent surrounding arable grassland and is not of any nature conservation value.


FAUNA:
Noted during the site visit were: yellowhammer, greenfinch, house sparrow, blue tit, chaffinch, blackbird, swallow, linnet, willow warbler, coot, mallard, moorhen. Large population of rabbits.

VEG:
This common lies to the south of the A645 in the village of Sharlston. The WYEAIS Phase 1 survey provides basic habitat information. The common forms part of a site originally considered for inclusion on the West Yorkshire Schedule of Sites of Scientific Importance, with various information available in the site files of the Ecological Advisory Service (EAS), formerly WYEAIS. The following description uses this source, plus information collected during the present survey.

The area was originally surveyed in 1988. This CL unit corresponds to an area termed the "Southern Common", which comprises most of the site, including the pond, but excluding the southern "Sharlston Green" portion. At this time the southern common had extensive areas of gorse {\it Ulex europaeus} scrub plus associated acidic grassland of {\it Deschampsia flexuosa, Holcus} spp., {\it Festuca ovina, Agrostis capillaris} and {\it Nardus stricta}. Locally there were also localised areas of bracken ({\it Pteridium aquilinum}) and {\it Rubus fruticosus} agg., with scattered populations of {\it Potentilla erecta} and {\it Galium saxatile}. Damp areas were typified by {\it Juncus effusus} and {\it J. conglomeratus}, with locally abundant {\it Carex nigra}.

At the time of the present visit, a major proportion of this gorse scrub (to the west of the minor road crossing the site) had succumbed to a major fire, possibly during the preceeding very dry, hot summer. This has completely killed-off the gorse bushes in the affected areas, although smaller areas of surviving gorse scrub remain toward the edges of the site. Other tree/shrub species associated with the unaffected areas of gorse scrub include {\it Betula pendula, Malus} sp., {\it Crataegus monogyna, Rubus fruticosus} agg. {\it Quercus} sp. and {\it Sambucus nigra}. The acidic grassland surrounding the affected scrub is much the same as previously described. Stands of {\it Chamerion angustifolium} have started to grow on the burnt areas. To the east of the road there are only small areas of burnt scrub. The vegetation here is probably similar to that to the west of the road before it was burnt. In addition to the acidic grassland there are also significant areas of taller neutral grassland dominated by {\it Arrhenatherum elatius}. This type of grassland occurs in addition as strips along the edges of the road. 

Along the NE edge of the common is a broad strip of ground with an undulating topography, probably some form of mining spoil. This area is used by scramble bikes, with the result that a full 25 per cent of the ground cover is now bare ground. The remainder is a mosaic of dense bracken, acidic grassland ({\it D. flexuosa}), plus scattered scrub and trees ({\it Ulex europaeus, C. monogyna, Rosa canina, Betula pendula} and {\it Quercus} sp.). Once again smaller areas of gorse scrub have been burnt, with stands of {\it Chamerion angustifolium} developing. 

To the SE of the common lies the Sharlston Common Pond, actually a small dammed lake. This is popular with local anglers and was described in 1988 as having "an interesting and developing vegetation community". Submerged species include locally frequent {\it Elodea canadensis} and occasional {\it Callitriche stagnalis}. Floating species include plentiful {\it Potamogeton natans}, plus scattered {\it Lemna minor} and {\it Polygonum amphibium}. There is a band of emergent species, of variable width around the western end, with intermittent zones in other areas. These include {\it Sparganium erectum, Eleocharis palustris} and {\it Glyceria fluitans}. Bare mud includes {\it Nasturtium officinale, Hydrocotyle vulgaris, Ranunculus flammula, R. sceleratus, Bidens tripartita, Juncus articulatus} and {\it J. acutiflorus}. At the time of the present survey, the vegetation of this area appeared to be much the same as in 1988. 

To the south of the pond is a marshy area which is dominated by {\it Juncus effusus} and {\it Deschampsia cespitosa}, with other frequent associates such as {\it Hydrocotyle vulgaris, Persicaria maculosa, Epilobium hirsutum, Typha latifolia, Ranunculus flammula, Solanum dulcamara} and {\it Eleocharis palustris}. Also present are a number of {\it Salix} spp. trees/bushes (incl. {\it Salix fragilis, S. viminalis} and {\it S. cinerea}). 

The southern part of the common, namely Sharlston Green, appears to lie outside the boundary of the pSSI site. This has the appearance of a formal village green, being mown amenity grassland, with mature specimen trees of {\it Tilia} sp., {\it Fraxinus excelsior} and {\it Acer pseudoplatanus}. There are also several recently planted trees of {\it Prunus} sp., plus one venerable old tree of {\it Crataegus monogyna}. There is further amenity grassland plus mature planted trees elsewhere on the common, forming a strip along the edge of the A645.

To the SE edge of Sharlston Green lies a small pond, adjacent to Ash Tree Farm. This appears fairly shallow and has a tiny "island" in the centre. There are marginal stands of {\it Typha latifolia, Glyceria fluitans} and {\it Iris pseudacorus}, while growing on the open water are {\it Potamogeton natans}, {\it Elodea canadensis} and {\it Lemna minor}. There are also occasional emergent plants of {\it Ranunculus lingua} (described as a rare plant in the county) and {\it Lychnis flos-cuculi}. Adjacent to the pond is grassland which is probably periodically inundated and dominated by {\it Agrostis stolonifera} var. {\it palustris}, with frequent {\it Juncus articulatus, Cardamine armara, Rorippa nasturtium-aquaticum, Mentha} sp. and {\it Apium nodiflorum}, plus occasional clumps of {\it Juncus effusus}. The island has bushes of {\it Salix} spp., plus {\it Urtica dioica}, while to the rear (southern) side of the pond is a clump of scrub/trees - {\it Salix cinerea, Alnus glutinosa} and {\it Sorbus aucuparia}.

MANAGE:
Following their survey of 1988, the WYEAIS made a number of comments about the management issues affecting the site. One of these centred on the erosion of the banks of the pond by anglers. One suggestion was that wooden platforms could be constructed to provide better access for anglers and ameliorate the erosion problem. This has now been done and appears to have been fairly successful.

The WYEAIS recommendations for the site also focussed on the apparent spread of gorse scrub across the area. While recognising that some development of scrub and trees would increase the overall habitat diversity, this process is inevitably taking place at the expense of the lowland acidic grassland communities present on the common. It was suggested that burning would eventually encourage vigorous seedling growth of gorse and that manual clearance and grubbing-up would require appropriate funding and organisation. A further possibility would be the reintroduction of grazing. This was not considered a feasible option due to the open nature of the site and the presence of mining subsidence. However, several of the other nearby commons were noted during the present survey to have tethered horses present. 

Of course, all of this discussion has now been somewhat superseded by the recent burning of the major part of the gorse scrub. This appears to have completely killed-off the affected bushes. It is only possible to speculate as to the effect this event will have on the subsequent development of the vegetation of the site. An inevitable initial consequence of this is the early colonisation by {\it Chamerion angustifolium}. To achieve the optimal habitat diversity on the site, it would be perhaps advisable to maintain areas of managed lowland acidic grassland within a developing mosaic of scrub and woodland, although this process would be subject to the constraints outlined above. Continued monitoring of this site is recommended. Aside from any hypothetical management regime, it appears as though there will always be the possiblity of uncontrolled acccidental (or other) fires on the common which would override any such activity.

All of the pSSI in West Yorkshire were reviewed by the Ecological Advisory Service during 1991. It was considered at this time that, due to the spread of gorse scrub to the detriment of the lowland acidic grassland, the site had declined in species diversity and representativeness in recent years. As such it was removed from the pSSI schedule.

Previous surveys do not appear to have highlighted the much smaller pond on Sharlston Green, which is notable for the presence of {\it Ranunculus lingua}. Continued monitoring of this feature is recommended. 

Sharlston Green and the strip along the A 645 are mown regularly for amenity purposes, while seedling trees have been planted in recent years at Sharlston Green.

Parts of the common are being used by scramble bikes and this has resulted in significant erosion of the vegetation of these areas. It is difficult to see how this activity can be curtailed, given the high local population density and the ease of access onto the common. However, the favoured area appears to be a series of old spoil heaps and the activity may not spread beyond here.


FAUNA:
Noted during the site visit were: blackcap, chiffchaff, greater spotted woodpecker, robin, pheasant, curlew (distant), willow warbler, wood pigeon, swallow, wren, carrion crow, blue tit, blackbird, mistle thrush, grey squirrel, numerous rabbits (burrows present).

VEG:
This smallish common lies in open country to the south of the county. Originally scheduled as SSSI, it has subsequently been denotified. It was also removed from the schedule of Sites of Scientific Importance (ie. second tier), maintained by the Ecological Advisory Service, in 1991. However, most of the common is a Yorkshire Wildlife Trust Nature Reserve. Information about the common has been drawn principally from the files of EAS, with additional information gathered during the site visit. 

The main focus of interest on the common is a block of semi-natural broadleaved woodland (1). This is fairly acidic in character with a canopy which is dominated either by {\it Quercus} spp. or {\it Betula pendula/B. pubescens}. These have a varied age structure, from young seedlings to mature trees. There are several notable mature oaks with a number of dead branches present. There are good amounts of dead wood of various sorts, plus a well-developed litter layer on the woodland floor. 

The shrub layer is thinly developed, mainly comprising {\it Crataegus monogyna}, with occasional {\it Ulex europaeus} and {\it Rubus fruticosus} agg. The site appears to have a fairly high water table, with some localised areas of impeded drainage which have {\it Salix} spp. present. The field layer of the wood is mainly dominated by {\it Deschampsia flexuosa}. Localised areas are present with one of {\it Holcus mollis, Rubus fruticosus} agg., or occasionally, {\it Urtica dioica}. Other occasional associates of the field layer include {\it Epilobium montanum, Stachys sylvatica, Galeopsis tetrahit, Ranunculus repens, Milium effusum, Digitalis purpurea} and {\it Agrostis capillaris}. Previous records also mention {\it Stachys betonica, Mercurialis perennis} and {\it Hyacinthoides non-scripta}, plus {\it Nardus stricta} and {\it Carex nigra} in the more acidic areas. 

At (2) is a small stream/flush passing through a clearing. A boardwalk has been constructed across this. Noted here were {\it Mentha aquatica, Angelica sylvestris, Lychnis flos-cuculi, Epilobium hirsutum, Stellaria graminea, Juncus acutiflorus} and {\it Centaurea nigra}. Other species recorded from further areas of impeded drainage include {\it Filipendula ulmaria, Angelica sylvestris} and {\it Persicaria bistorta}. In addition, two small ponds have been previously recorded with small populations of {\it Typha latifolia} and {\it Glyceria fluitans}.

To the east of the metalled road, the woodland continues, and a number of other tree/shrub species were noted here (some planted). These include {\it Viburnum opulus, Populus tremula, Populus x canadensis, Populus alba, Malus} sp., {\it Aesculus hippocastanum, Corylus avellana, Prunus spinosa, Salix capraea} and {\it Salix cinerea}.

To the west of the site the woodland gives way to a number of other habitats. At (2) there is woodland transitional with dense bracken {\it Pteridium aquilinum} and scattered trees ({\it B. pendula} and {\it Quercus} sp.). A strip of secondary {\it B. pendula} woodland has developed along the edge of the main road.

At (3) there is acidic grassland with more scattered trees, plus areas of dense and scattered bracken. This grassland is dominated by {\it Deschampsia flexuosa} with frequent {\it Holcus lanatus} and {\it Potentilla erecta}.

(4) is an area which appears to have had some past disturbance and has a mosaic of semi-improved neutral grassland/tall ruderals, again with scattered trees/scrub. The main dominant species here are {\it Arrhenatherum elatius} and {\it Cirsium arvense}, with localised areas of {\it Holcus lanatus/H. mollis}. Locally frequent throughout are {\it Chamerion angustifolium, Stellaria graminea, Rumex acetosa, Solanum dulcamara, Epilobium hirsutum, Poa trivialis} and {\it Angelica sylvestris}. There are numerous rabbit burrows within part of this area. There is also a small area which has been planted with trees which include {\it Fagus sylvatica, Larix decidua, Pinus} sp., {\it Sorbus} sp. and {\it Populus} sp. 

The SW corner of the site now lies within the bounds of a wood yard. At the edge of the main road close to here are two enclosed areas. One of these is a small private garden, while the other is in use as a tree nursery.

MANAGE:
The main form of management of the site appears to be a programme of scrub clearance in compartment (3), undertaken by YWT. Various works have been done within the woodland in relation to public use of the site. These include the construction of a short length of boardwalk plus provision of barriers to prevent access by horses (no bridleways cross the site). A reserve sign has also been erected along the metalled road which crosses the northern portion. 

Part of the common is being managed by an adjacent timber yard, which appears to be encroaching onto the common. There are two small fenced enclosures which appear to pre-date registration (one in use as a private garden and the other as a tree nursery). The highway authority mow the vegetation at the edge of the B6117 as required. There is a large rabbit warren on the site. There has been some tipping of litter (incl. discarded christmas trees) at the car park.

Despite losing designation as SSSI/SSI, the common retains importance at a local level and appears to support a diverse breeding bird fauna. There are good supplies of dead wood (potential for dead wood invertebrates/woodpeckers) and areas of rough grassland/scrub as habitat for small mammals. A particular feature of the site is that it provides an example of a woodland in a stage of progression from colonising birch scrub to mature oak forest. However, continued clearance of scrub may be necessary to retain the open character of certain areas, and also to maintain the overall diversity of habitats which occur on the common.


FAUNA:
Noted during the site visit were: yellowhammer, blackbird, blackcap, chiffchaff, jay, willow warbler, wren, grey squirrel.

VEG:
This common lies in open country at the edge of the settlement of Middlestown, along the southern side of the lower Calder Valley. The area was covered by the WYEAIS Phase 1 survey in 1987/88, with a limited amount of target noted information. Most of the following description is, however, based on information collected during the site visit. 

The eastern part of the common is now largely wooded (1). This appears to have developed, at least in part, on some old quarry workings, and consequently there is a very undulating substrate over much of the woodland floor. The canopy is largely dominated by trees of {\it Quercus} spp. of a variety of ages, with occasional multi-stemmed individuals (? suggesting some coppicing in the past). Locally there are also occasional trees of {\it Acer pseudoplatanus, Betula pendula} and {\it Fraxinus excelsior}. Locally there is good regeneration of seedlings, and there are occasional mature standing and fallen dead trees. Undershrubs are mainly of {\it Crataegus monogyna, Rubus fruticosus} agg. and {\it Sambucus nigra}, with occasional {\it Lonicera periclymenum}. The field layer tends to be dominated either by {\it Holcus mollis} or {\it Deschampsia flexuosa} with locally occasional/frequent associates which include {\it Teucrium scorodonia, Hyacinthoides non-scripta, Dryopteris dilatata} and {\it Hieracium} sp. Locally there is also some scattered bracken {\it Pteridium aquilinum} present. In addition, parts of the woodland floor have a well-developed layer of leaf litter, while several siginficant areas have bare ground caused by the trampling/cycling of numerous congregating youths, who also frequently light fires and burn things. A small pond (2) in a hollow of the woodland floor seems to be a particular magnet in this respect. The pond appears to lack any significant aquatic vegetation, but is fringed by several magnificent specimen trees of {\it Salix fragilis}.                                

To the north of this part of the common (3) the woodland gives way to a mosaic of dense bracken and semi-improved neutral grassland, plus scattered scrub and trees. This grassland is locally dominated by {\it Holcus mollis}, but elsewhere by {\it Arrhenatherum elatius}, with {\it Holcus lanatus, Agrostis capillaris} and {\it Poa pratensis}. In addition, {\it Hyacinthoides non-scripta} is locally frequent. The trees/shrubs include {\it Quercus} spp., {\it C. monogyna, Salix capraea, Cytisus scoparius, A. pseudoplatanus, Rosa canina, R. fruticosus} agg, {\it R. idaeus} and {\it Ulex europaeus}.

To the south of the woodland is a further "clearing" (4). This again appears to have a number of old spoil mounds. A further habitat type found here is acidic grassland dominated by {\it Deschampsia flexuosa} with, on the top of the spoil, a thin turf of {\it Aira praecox, Rumex acetosella} and {\it Campylopus introflexus}. Occasional clumps of {\it Impatiens glandulifera} were also noted here.

Most of the remainder of the common is sub-divided by internal fencing into a number of fields of improved or arable grassland. Reference to the field boundaries in this part of the Calder Valley on an earlier edition of the O.S. map suggests that the present field boundaries are recent. This is probably consistent with the area having been subject to open cast coal mining, with subsequent restoration. At the edges of that part of the common thus affected, are three small plots/headlands which have been planted with a variety of deciduous trees (probably as part of restoration work). One of these appears to have been planted almost exclusively with a variety of {\it Populus ?alba}, while {\it Betula pendula} features prominently elsewhere, with smaller amounts of {\it C. monogyna} and {\it Alnus} sp. One of these areas was also noted to have some natural colonisation by {\it Ulex europaeus, Sambucus nigra} and {\it Cytisus scoparius}.

MANAGE:
The eastern section of the common appears largely unmanaged. This part seems to support a good variety of birds of woodland/woodland edge, and may be a locally important nesting area for some species. This is in spite of the considerable disturbance and littering of this area by local youths. There is probably little which can be done to prevent this, although the local parish council have erected a sign which prohibits motorcycling.

The remainder of the common, as already discussed, appears to comprise much ?reclaimed land and has been divided into separate fields (? by the owner). Part of this work seems to have included the planting of two fenced "headlands" with deciduous trees. It also appears as though a new private house may have been erected on the common, but this would need further checking, as the precise boundary of the site could not be established in this area at the time of the site visit.


FAUNA:
Noted during the site visit were: meadow pipit, red grouse, skylark.

VEG:
This common lies to the south of Mytholmroyd, on a hill which is bordered to the west by Cragg Brook, to the north by the Calder Valley and to the east by the Ryburn Valley. It is a small unenclosed area of land, surrounded by the dry stone walls of enclosure award field boundaries. The area has been covered by the WYEAIS Phase 1 survey, which provides basic habitat information. Most of the following description is based on the results of the present survey.

Most of the common comprises an area of dry dwarf shrub heath dominated by {\it Calluna vulgaris}, mostly mature, at around 90 per cent cover. Across the northern half of the common the {\it Calluna} occurs in a fairly even-aged sward, up to 1.0m tall and appears in a mature, but locally somewhat senescent condition. To the south, the {\it Calluna} has been affected by a number of fires and as a consequence takes the form of distinct blocks with even-aged swards. {\it Vaccinium myrtillus} occurs patchily amongst this vegetation, being most abundant within the shorter swards, becoming only very occasional among the taller {\it Calluna}. Likewise, other understorey species tend to be best represented among the shorter, more open {\it Calluna} swards. These include {\it Deschampsia flexuosa, Hypnum jutlandicum} and {\it Campylopus introflexus}, which tend to dominate in burnt areas. There has also been localised colonisation by {\it Chamerion angustifolium} within burnt areas, although elsewhere, good regeneration of {\it Calluna} seedlings was noted. 

Slightly damp areas within the heath have occasional/frequent {\it Molinia caerulea}. The latter species becomes more abundant in the SE corner, where tussocks of {\it M. caerulea} account for 30 per cent of the vegetation cover. This area has therefore been mapped as a mosaic of wet heath and marshy grassland. Other species present here include {\it Calluna} and {\it V. myrtillus}, both at 20 per cent cover, plus frequent {\it Deschampsia flexuosa} and rarely, {\it Trichophorum cespitosum}. Elswehere, a further feature of the heath is the development of scattered seedling trees and scrub - {\it Betula} sp., {\it Sambucus nigra} and {\it Salix} sp. This heath may include representatives of both NVC type H9 and H12. The area transitional to marshy grassland, probably marks a move to NVC type M25. 

Along the north-eastern edge of the common, bordering the track, the margin of the heath has been colonised by neutral grassland and tall ruderal species (NVC type MG1). These include {\it Arrhenatherum elatius, Dactylis glomerata, Agropyron repens, Alopecurus pratensis, Poa pratensis, Deschampsia cespitosa, Chamerion angustifolium, Rumex acetosa, R. obtusifolius, Anthriscus sylvestris} and {\it Urtica dioica}. In addition there are also scattered scrub/trees of {\it Betula} sp. and {\it Salix cinerea}.

MANAGE:
Most of the common is not grazed. At the time of the site visit, a small area had been enclosed by a temporary electric fence. There was moderate grazing noted in this area (but no stock present at the time). 

The heath on the southern portion of the common appears to have been subject to a number of fires in recent years. It is not clear whether this action has been part of deliberate management or not. Whetever its origin, it has been successful in creating a mosaic of different sward heights within the heath -ideal habitat conditions for red grouse. Although the site is too small to support a breeding population, it does appear to be used by these birds.  The northern area has not been burnt for some time and has a rather over-mature heather sward. In addition, some areas of the common are being colonised by trees. It is clear that this pattern of small-scale burning is important in allowing the site to remain as open heath.

As an isolated remnant of heath vegetation within a landscape of enclosed fields, it is probably desirable in nature conservation terms that the heathland character of this common be maintained.


FAUNA:
Noted during site visit were: Meadow pipit, wheatear, carrion crow, common frog. See under CLs 37/39 for a discussion of the fauna of the Marsden Moor Estate in general.

VEG:
This common forms an easterly section of the National Trust Marsden Moor Estate. The area is covered by the WYEAIS Phase 1 survey (1988/89 and 1990) and the National Trust Biological Survey (1987). Additional brief notes were made during the course of the present survey. Many thanks are also due to Mr D. Finnis, the site manager of the Marsden Moor Estate, and other NT staff for reading and making comments of the first draft of this site report.

Most of the common comprises north and west facing slopes at the edge of a plateau. In the main the slopes are fairly gentle, but along the margin, the gradient becomes somewhat steeper. The common is bisected by a catchwater drain (the Deer Hill Conduit) which contours round the hillside. This feature has been excluded from the registration.

The greater part of the common has a sward of marshy grassland dominated by tussocks of {\it Molinia caerulea} with frequent {\it Deschampsia flexuosa} (NVC type M25). On the lower slopes there tends to be a suppressed, wet heath element to the vegetation. For example at (1), this is again dominated by {\it M. caerulea} with abundant {\it Calluna vulgaris}, occasional/frequent {\it Vaccinium myrtillus}, frequent {\it D. flexuosa} plus locally occasional {\it Nardus stricta} and {\it Juncus squarrosus}. The {\it Calluna} here is at around 20 per cent cover overall, plus 5-10 per cent {\it V. myrtillus}, all present as a closely-grazed, suppressed carpet only around 2-5 cm tall. This vegetation probably belongs to the NVC community H9e. Other occasional species recorded for the north of this area include {\it Eriophorum vaginatum, Empetrum nigrum} and {\it Polytrichum} sp. Also present within this area are scattered gritstone boulders with small associated patches of {\it D. flexuosa} acidic grassland (NVC type U2).

On the other side of the catchwater drain (2) is a rather similar mosaic of habitats. Locally the {\it Calluna} is somewhat taller than the above, reaching 30 cm in places. These taller plants tend to have a drumstick appearance as a result of grazing. Also noted occasionally within some of this heath was {\it Empetrum nigrum}. A number of disused quarries/spoil mounds on this fringe of the common have areas of dry heath and acidic grassland. {\it Calluna} is again the main dwarf shrub here (20 per cent cover) with locally occasional/frequent {\it V. myrtillus}. The acidic grassland is again dominated by {\it D. flexuosa} with locally frequent {\it Agrostis capillaris, Nardus stricta} and {\it Juncus squarrosus}. To the south of this area are patches of scattered bracken {\it Pteridium aquilinum}. A number of small acidic flush features are also present within this area. 

The largest discrete flush feature noted is at (3). This is dominated by {\it Juncus effusus} with abundant {\it M. caerulea}. Other species noted were locally frequent {\it Juncus articulatus, Glyceria fluitans, Carex nigra, Eriophorum angustifolium}, plus locally occasional {\it Ranunculus omiophyllus, Galium palustre, Ranunculus flammula, Cirsium palustre, Equisetum palustre, Sphagnum recurvum, Agrostis canina} subsp. {\it canina} and {\it Dicranella palustris} - NVC type M6c. There may be a further similar flush at GR 058 115 (D. Finnis/NT staff, pers. comm.).

The northern part of the common, on Lingards Wood Moor (4) has a similar mosaic of suppressed wet and dry heath habitats. The old quarries at Scout Holes (5) appear to have better-developed heath, with {\it Calluna} up to 90 per cent cover locally. The quarry face here is about 10m tall.

MANAGE:
The common is grazed by sheep. Overall grazing levels appear high, with all stands of dwarf shrub vegetation showing signs of selective grazing. These observations are comparable with the National Trust survey, which discussed the condition of heather and other dwarf shrubs in some detail. This survey also noted supplementary feeding on Lingards Wood Moor. 

The most palatable grazing on the common appears to be the limited swards of {\it D. flexuosa}, which are very closely-cropped. Vegetation to the north of the catchwater drain at this point appears extremely suppressed and showing signs of eutrophication in places. The presence of "drumstick" forms of {\it Calluna} is consistent with an increase in stocking levels in recent decades. This is where the {\it Calluna} has chance to grow to a mature state before sheep start to graze. 

The common has stock proof boundaries. The catchwater drains have been fenced in the past, but these are now collapsing. Sheep can also cross these by various bridges.

There has been some digging in the old quarries along the hillside at (2), within what are probably old rubbish tips, presumably by collectors of old pottery/glass etc. Some recent fly-tipping was also noted in one of these.

The National Trust report mentions fire damage to vegetation on Holme Moor in the past. Colonisation by {\it Polytrichum} spp. mosses can be a good indicator of such areas. No obvious evidence of recent fires noted at time of present visit. The National Trust have undertaken some "revegetation" work on Holme Moor (D. Finnis, Pers. comm.).

For a more detailed discussion of the management and ecological issues which relate to the Marsden Moor Estate as a whole, please refer to CLs 37 and 39. 

Lies within the North Peak ESA - no agreement at present on this common.


FAUNA:
Noted during the site visit were: Meadow pipit, golden plover (distant), ?tree pipit, kestrel, carrion crow, wheatear. For a general account of the fauna of the North Peak SSSI/pSPA as a whole, please see under CL 37.

VEG:
The common lies at the northern edge of the Dark Peak SSSI and forms a small part of the National Trust Marsden Moor Estate (see maps under CLs 37 and 39). There is a variety of survey information available for the area. Major sources include the WYEAIS Phase 1 survey (1988/89 and 1990), a Phase 2 survey conducted by English Nature during 1991-92 (M. Smedley, based in part on an earlier survey conducted by ADAS), the SSSI citation and the National Trust Biological Survey (1987). 

Additional brief notes were made during the present survey. With so much information available, only a summarised account is provided here. For more detailed information, the reader is referred to the primary sources. Many thanks are also due to Mr D. Finnis, the site manager of the Marsden Moor Estate and other NT staff, for reading and making comments of the first draft of this site report.

Binn Moor lies to the east of Marsden, at the edge of the plateau of Deer Hill Moss. Along the western edge of the common is a steep slope at the edge of the Wessenden Valley. The Deer Hill Conduit contours along the hillside, crossing the western edge of the common (excluded from registration) and also forming its northern boundary.

In many respects, the vegetation across much of the common is rather problematic to assign to Phase 1 habitat categories. {\it Molinia caerulea} is the most prominent species. Along the eastern margin there appears to be a fringe of deep peat (ie. greater than 0.5m) marking the edge of the blanket mire on the main plateau of Deer Hill Moss. In Phase 1 terms, this falls in the category of wet modified bog. 

On the adjacent Hind Hill the blanket bog appears to be rather residual, with a significant proportion of peat less than 0.5m deep - Phase 1 marshy grassland. Approximate ratios appear to be 70 per cent marshy grassland and 30 per cent wet bog. All of this vegetation has frequent {\it Deschampsia flexuosa}, with locally occasional/frequent {\it Vaccinium myrtillus} and {\it Empetrum nigrum} (NVC type M25). Where these dwarf shrub species occur on the thin peat areas, this introduces the additional habitat category of wet heath. In addition, the {\it Molinia} gives way locally to a mixture of acidic grassland with dry heath. This is characterised by {\it Deschampsia flexuosa, E. nigrum, V. myrtillus, Agrostis capillaris} and {\it Anthoxanthum odoratum}, plus locally, tussocks of {\it Nardus stricta}. The National Trust survey report also mentions some areas of badly eroded peat with bedrock exposed.

On the steeper slopes to the west there is a similar mixture of species to the above, although peat, where present is here always less than 0.5m deep. The quarries to the north have a mixture of acidic grassland dominated either by {\it Nardus stricta} or {\it D. flexuosa}, grading into dry heath vegetation. To the extreme north of here there are additional species present in the form of suppressed {\it Calluna vulgaris}, tussocks of {\it Eriophorum vaginatum} on peat remnants, plus locally occasional {\it Erica tetralix} and {\it Eriophorum angustifolium}. 

The National Trust survey also mentions {\it Calluna} and {\it V. myrtillus} on Binn Edge below the catchwater drain. This area now appears largely dominated by {\it M. caerulea} with dwarf shrubs very scarce and in a suppressed state. Around some small disused quarries toward the bottom of the slope, are small areas of dry heath. These have a short suppressed sward of dwarf shrubs between 5-10cm tall, with {\it Calluna} at 30 per cent cover and {\it V. myrtillus} at 10 per cent. Small amounts of taller {\it Calluna} remain (30 cm), which have developed a drumstick appearance as a result of the grazing. The steep-sided valley below Scar Head (GR 056 102) also has some remaining dry heath of {\it V. myrtillus} plus occasional {\it Calluna}. Again this has been grazed to produce a short carpet around 5.0 cm tall. 

On the hillside around Scar Head-Rigg Shaw are areas with abundant {\it Polytrichum commune} which appear to be past fire sites. Extensive areas of Hind Hill are also thought to have suffered major fires in the past. This is probably a major contributory factor to the erosion of peat which has occurred in this area. Drier areas here also have {\it Polytrichum piliferum}. 

There are a number of small acidic flush features present on the edges of the common which all appear to be dominated by {\it Juncus effusus}.

MANAGE:
The common is grazed by sheep. Overall grazing levels appear high, with all stands of dwarf shrub vegetation showing signs of selective grazing. These observations are comparable with the National Trust survey, which discussed the condition of heather and other dwarf shrubs in some detail. This source also noted supplementary feeding on the northern part of Binn Moor. 

The most palatable grazing on the common appears to be the limited swards of {\it D. flexuosa}, which are very closely-cropped. A subjective impression gained during the present survey is that the extent and condition of dwarf shrubs across the common has declined since the NT survey, especially along Binn Edge. However, to confirm this would require a comprehensive re-survey of the heather condition.

The western edge of the common is fenced against in bye land. The catchwater drains have also been fenced in the past, but the fences have now fallen into disrepair. To the east, the section of the boundary to the north has a fence, but this stops abruptly in the vicinity of GR 060 103. There appears to have been some dispute about the precise boundary of the National Trust land along this edge of the common.

For a more detailed discussion of the management and ecological issues which relate to the Marsden Moor Estate as a whole, please refer to CLs 37 and 39. 

Along the path to the south of the common, which lies at the edge of the Deer Hill Conduit, are a series of numbered posts. These are template and boundary markers connected with Deer Hill rifle range.
  
Lies within the North Peak ESA, no agreement at present on this common.


FAUNA:
Noted during the site visit were: wren, swallow, meadow pipit.

VEG:
This common lies to the NW of Keighley, not far from the North Yorkshire border. Situated at the top of a hillslope above the village of Steeton, looking northwards across the Aire Valley. The area was covered by the WYEAIS Phase 1 survey in 1989. This provides only very basic habitat information and the following description is based on a field survey.

The southern section of the common, adjacent to the road, lies on level ground, while the land slopes away to the north. Part of this northern slope carries an area of dry dwarf shrub heath dominated by {\it Calluna vulgaris}. The area of this may have decreased since the date of the Phase 1 survey. The {\it Calluna} is all mature, with a height of 0.5 - 0.75m tall and a ground cover of around 90 per cent. Also present are locally occasional {\it Vaccinium myrtillus} and occasional-to-frequent {\it Deschampsia flexuosa} (NVC type H12a). Bryophytes noted were {\it Hypnum jutlandicum} and {\it Brachythecium rutabulum}. Locally there are a few small tussocks of {\it Molinia caerulea} present. The northern part of this slope has been taken over by dense bracken ({\it Pteridium aquilinum}) with occasional trees of {\it Betula pendula, Sorbus aucuparia} and {\it Quercus} sp. Some of this bracken is encroaching into the area of heath in the form of scattered fronds.

The level area of the common adjacent to the road has a mixture of coarse neutral grassland with tall ruderals. This is generally dominated by {\it Arrhenatherum elatius} with abundant {\it Dactylis glomerata}, frequent-to-abundant {\it Cirsium arvense} and frequent {\it Agropyron repens}. Other associates include locally frequent {\it Tussilago farfara, Calystegia sepium} and {\it Trifolium repens}, plus locally occasional {\it Lathyrus pratensis} and {\it Vicia cracca}. There are also several large stands of {\it Reynoutria japonica}. A range of scattered trees and scrub include{\it  Salix capraea, S. aucuparia, Sambucus nigra, Rubus fruticosus} agg. and {\it Rosa canina}. Locally there are areas of a shorter grassland turf dominated by {\it Festuca rubra} with other locally frequent associates such as {\it Holcus lanatus, Agrostis capillaris} and {\it Cirsium arvense}, plus locally occasional {\it Deschampsia cespitosa, Senecio jacobaea} and {\it Plantago lanceolata}. Further down the slope, where this vegetation merges with the heathy section, there is a distinctive band of tall vegetation characterised by frequent/abundant {\it Phalaris arundinacea, Urtica dioica, Calystegia sepium, Galium aparine, Chamerion angustifolium} and ? {\it Lysimachia vulgaris}.

MANAGE:
The common is unmanaged. There has been some tipping of rubbish near to the pull-in and road. This includes cans, bin-liners and an old television.


FAUNA:
Noted during the site visit were: house sparrow, skylark, swallow, starlings.

VEG:
The common is a fairly level area of open ground at Dirghlington, a suburb of Leeds/Bradford. The existing Phase 1 survey shows the common to comprise amenity grassland. The following description is based on information gathered during the present survey. There are a number of small blocks within the site which have been excluded from registration. 

The grassland across much of the site appears to be rather infrequently mown (apart from the football/rugby pitches etc.). The most diverse swards appear to lie along the SE side of the site. Around (1) for example there appear to be a variety of grassland types present. Much is a coarse neutral grassland with {\it Arrhenatherum elatius, Dactylis glomerata, Poa trivialis}, plus {\it Taraxacum officinale, Anthriscus sylvestris, Plantago lanceolata, Rumex obtusifolius} and {\it Ranunculus acris} (NVC type MG1). Areas of shorter neutral grassland turf are dominated by {\it Festuca rubra} and {\it Agrostis capillaris} (NVC type MG5), with occasional or frequent {\it Lotus corniculatus, Trifolium repens, Holcus lanatus} and {\it Plantago lanceolata}. Also present within this area are stands of acidic grassland dominated by {\it Nardus stricta} and {\it Festuca ovina}, with locally frequent {\it Deschampsia flexuosa} and occasional {\it Galium saxatile}. A similar pattern of grassland types is also seen at (2), where the short neutral {\it A. capillaris/F. rubra} type also includes locally frequent {\it Trisetum flavescens} and {\it Lolium perenne}, with additional forbs such as {\it Centaurea nigra, Rumex acetosella, Trifolium pratense, Hieracium} sp. and {\it Luzula campestris}. In addition, this part of the common has one area infested with {\it Aegopodium podagraria} and {\it Urtica dioica}, plus one stand of {\it Chenopodium bonus-henricus}.
Trees are relatively thinly distributed across the common. 

Area (1) also has a number of individual trees of {\it Sorbus aucuparia} and {\it Acer pseudoplatanus}, planted about 10-15 yrs ago. At (3) there are some mature {\it A. pseudoplatanus} trees, at (4) a clump of {\it Fraxinus excelsior}, while at (5) the road has a row of mature trees of {\it A. pseudoplatanus, Sorbus} spp. and {\it Betula pendula}. To the north of here is a small fenced and gated childrens' playground which is shaded by trees of {\it A. pseudoplatanus, Betula pendula} and {\it Alnus incana}. The nearby bowling green has ornamental gardens with shrubs such as {\it Prunus} sp., {\it Laburnum anagyroides, Symphoricarpos albus, Syringa vulgaris} and {\it Ribes sanguineum}.

MANAGE:
The common is managed as an amenity area, with the main management activity being the mowing of the grassland. This appears to be done fairly infrequently, with localised areas developing a taller grassland vegetation. Other areas, such as football pitches and rugby pitches, plus the bowling green, are cut regularly. A small number of trees appear to have been planted on part of the common about 10-15 years ago. Further tree planting might be a way of increasing the present low nature conservation potential of the site. However, pressure of public use and eutrophication by dogs will always restrict the nature conservation potential of the common. Small parts managed for formal amenity as a childrens' playground and bowling green. Small areas appear to form part of private gardens.


FAUNA:
Noted during the site visit were: meadow pipit, skylark, wren, magpie, distant curlew.

VEG:
This common occupies a hilltop plateau to the south of Keighley. The area has been covered by the WYEAIS Phase 1 survey. A small part of the site is listed in the files of the Ecological Advisory Service as a Site of Scientific Interest in West Yorkshire (SSI). Additional information was gathered about the site during the present survey.

The greater part of the common comprises a sward of dry dwarf shrub heath dominated by {\it Calluna vulgaris}. Within this are locally occasional plants of {\it Vaccinium myrtillus} and there are also locally frequent {\it Deschampsia flexuosa} and {\it Hypnum jutlandicum} (NVC type H9a). The {\it Calluna} is at 95 per cent cover, in the region of 30cm tall, as a fairly even-aged stand. Generally speaking the unbroken swards of {\it Calluna} are relatively lightly grazed. Locally, however, the continuous heathland sward breaks-up to give patches of acidic grassland dominated by {\it Nardus stricta} (NVC type U5). In the vicinity of these areas, {\it V. myrtillus} is a much more prominent component of the heath vegetation. In addition, the {\it Calluna} bushes in these areas are much more significantly grazed and have a rather untidy appearance, with "topiary", "carpet" and "drumstick" growth forms all present. A significant patch of recently burnt heather was noted (1), possibly last summer. There has been some regeneration of {\it Calluna} seedlings, with elsewhere, a carpet of {\it Polytrichum commune, Ceratodon purpureus, Bryum} sp. and {\it Orthodontium lineare}.             

A small area was noted at (2) which has scattered tussocks of {\it Eriophorum vaginatum} among the heath, and appears to be very remnant form of dry bog vegetation (NVC type M20). 

In the eastern corner there are four patches which appear to have derived from a a wet heath vegetation. These now comprise acidic grassland of {\it Nardus stricta, Galium saxatile} and {\it Juncus squarrosus} with topiary shaped {\it Calluna bushes}. Throughout these areas are scattered isolated peaty tussocks of {\it Molinia caerulea}, many of which are now dead.

A major feature of the common is the large abandoned quarry (4). Much of this area (about 85 per cent) has been converted to bare ground by intensive riding of scramble bikes on this part of the common. In between the rutted tracks, small strips and patches of {\it Calluna} (plus {\it V. myrtillus}) heath remain. Local individuals of {\it Dryopteris filix-mas} and {\it D. dilatata} were noted here, plus occasional trees of {\it Salix cinerea} and occasional patches of scattered bracken. The western edge of the quarry is marked by the old working face, about 10m tall. To the north of the large lay-by at the edge of the A629 a screen of coniferous trees has been planted. A considerable quantity of earth has been dumped within the quarry during the summer of 1996 (see under management).

To the north of the quarry lies the SSI site no. 113 (5). This it target noted as having a wet heath community with {\it Narthecium ossifragum, Vaccinium oxycoccos, Viola palustris, Trichophorum cespitosum} etc. It is also said to be the only known site in West Yorkshire/Vice County 63 for the introduced ericaceous shrub {\it Ledum palustre} subsp. {\it groenlandicum} (Labrador Tea). The area affected by motorcycles may encroach onto this portion of the common, but more detailed mapping would be required to establish this.

To the extreme north of the common, a fairly large and species-poor acidic flush runs along the shallow valley of Ive Stone Clough. This is dominated by {\it Juncus effusus} and {\it Sphagnum recurvum}. The surrounding area has a moasic of dense bracken, dry heath and wet heath. The latter is dominated by {\it Calluna vulgaris} with locally abundant tussocks of {\it Molinia caerulea} and {\it Eriophorum vaginatum} and locally occasional {\it E. angustifolium}.

MANAGE:
The greater part of the common is grazed by sheep. As already mentioned, grazing levels on the continuous swathes of {it Calluna} heath are generally light. Most of the heather is at present in a fairly healthy, if rather even-aged mature state. However, where grassy patches have developed, grazing levels are much higher, with suppressed growth forms of {\it Calluna} becoming prominent. An increase above present grazing levels would probably cause a further decline in the quality of the heather on the common, as appears to be occurring in the grassy areas. 

In addition, a sizeable area of burnt heath was noted. This is unlikely to have been done as a part of grouse moor management and has probably occurred either by accident or has been done by the graziers. The importance of heather moorland as breeding/foraging habitat for a variety of ground nesting bird species has been widely recognised. The maintenance of a spectrum of sward types from seedling to mature plants is important in providing the conditions necessary for the breeding success of birds such as red grouse. A regular programme of carefully controlled rotational burning can help to promote this habitat mosaic. The south-western corner of this common, as well as having an extensive unbroken sward of heather, appears generally undisturbed. Numerous curlew were alarm calling at the time of the site visit. The area may also provide breeding areas for other species such as red grouse and snipe. Thus the common appears to be an ecologically valuable area of dry heath. The site is also notable as the only West Yorkshire location for {\it Ledum palustre} subsp. {\it groenlandicum} 

By contrast, the old guarry at Hallas Rough Park is much disturbed by the use by scramble bikes. This locality is so popular, it appears to have almost become an "official" venue for the acitvity. Also noted here was the tipping of old tyres in some of the old quarries, plus the area around the car park being littered with rubbish - glass bottles, cans, plastic etc. 

A recent devlopment since the date of the original survey has been the construction, during the summer of 1996, of a new metalled access road leading from the A629 into the quarry. Subsequently, during the late summer of 1996, a number of large earth-moving vehicles were noted to be active within the quarry. On a subsequent check on 08.11.96, large areas inside the quarry were found to have freshly worked earth/spoil. The most likely explanation is tipping of fresh material within the quarry from an exterior source. All earth-moving equipment had been removed at this date, with a huge boulder placed on the access road to block it off. 

The popularity of this site for motor cyclists has probably helped to prevent the use of other areas. However, it may have had some impact on the Labrador Tea site. A more detailed survey is needed to investigate this.


VEG:
This common lies adjacent to the larger CL 119, separated from it by the A629. The area has been covered by the WYEAIS Phase 1 survey. In view of limited time, coupled with the fact that the area did not promise to be of great nature conservation importance, the common was not surveyed in detail. However, it was viewed from the main road through binoculars. The highest point on the common lies along the roadside edge, with the ground undulating and falling away fairly gently to the east. 

The Phase 1 survey mapped most of the common as having a mosaic of dry heath ({\it Vaccinium myrtillus}) and acidic grassland. Locally there appear to be "flush-lines" marked by {\it Juncus effusus}. At the upper, western edge of the site, this vegetation gives way to a mixture of semi-improved grassland (both neutral and acidic types). Locally there are stands of dense and scattered bracken.         

Along the edge of the main road itself, a narrow "headland" has been fenced from the remainder of the site. This has been planted with trees ({\it Fraxinus excelsior} and {\it Acer pseudoplatanus}). The underlying grassland is mainly neutral in character, but surprisingly, for this part of West Yorkshire, portions to the north of this verge are also slightly calcicolous in character. Noted here were {\it Festuca rubra, Briza media, Lotus corniculatus, Hieracium pilosella, Trifolium pratense, Plantago lanceolata, Achillea millefolium, Galium cruciata} and {\it Ranunculus acris}. This vegetation has probably developed here under the influence of limestone hardcore used in the maintenance of the road.

MANAGE:
The common is heavily grazed by cattle. A narrow strip alongside the main road has been fenced and planted with scattered deciduous trees, probably for landscape purposes. The common appears to have little nature conservation potential, but the rough grassland may provide breeding sites for ground nesting birds such as meadow pipit and skylark.


FAUNA:
No fauna records available relating specifically to this common. However, Red Brook Reservior may be of ornithological importance (eg. for migrating birds). Please see under CL 39 for a description of the fauna of the South Pennine Moors SSSI/pSPA as a whole.

VEG:
The common is centred around Redbrook Reservoir. It lies on the South Pennine Plateau to the SW of Marsden, partly overlapping the boundary of the Dark Peak SSSI (see map under the contiguous CL 37). The area was covered by the WYEAIS Phase 1 survey during 1988/89.  There was insufficient time to visit the common during the present survey, but it was viewed through binoculars.

The reservoir is generally surrounded by a tussocky marshy grassland dominated by {\it Molinia caerulea} (NVC type M25). This also has frequent {\it Deschampsia flexuosa} and, along drain lines, {\it Juncus effusus}. Along the western side of the reservoir there appear to be scattered flushed areas also dominated by {/it J. effusus}. Toward the road there is a change to an acidic grassland sward.

MANAGE:
The common is unfenced from the surrounding CL 39. The whole area is grazed by sheep. For a discussion of the management of the surrounding habitats within the SSSI, please see under CL 39.


FAUNA:
No records of fauna relating specifically to this small common.

VEG:
The common lies within the Wessenden Valley just below the dam of the Wessenden Reservoir. It is situated within the Peak District National Park, but just outside the boundary of the Dark Peak SSSI (see map). The common was covered by the  WYEAIS Phase 1 survey (1988/89 and 1990), plus a Phase 2 survey conducted by English Nature during 1991-92 (M. Smedley, based in part on an earlier survey conducted by ADAS). The common was viewed through binoculars during the course of the present survey from the hillside to the east.

To the north of the track, which is fenced to this side, lies an area of semi-improved acidic grassland. This is contiguous with, and unfenced from a larger adjacent field. To the NW this gives way to an area of marshy grassland dominated by {\it Molinia caerulea}. Most of the land to the other side of the track is dense bracken, with further small patches of semi-improved acidic grassland. Wessenden Brook crosses this area. 

To the east of the common lie the buildings at Wessenden Lodge Farm. Close to here are two thin strips of planted broadleaved woodland (fenced). Adjacent to the reservoir dam is a further small fenced area. This may be disturbed ground, with stands of {\it Cirsium arvense} noted, plus scattered planted broadleaved trees.

MANAGE:
Most of the common is open to grazing by sheep. Lies outside the boundary of the Dark Peak SSSI and does not appear to be of any nature conservation importance. Note the presence of internal fencing around small blocks of planted woodland.


VEG:
This common lies on the hillside above Oxenhope. It sits within an area on the moorland fringe which has extensive field boundaries of enclosure allotments. The site appears to have escaped enclosure through designation as a "community" quarry. As such it is one of a number of similar features in this part of the county. The area has been previously been covered by the WYEAIS Phase 1 survey in 1991. In view of time constraints, this site was not visited, but was viewed through binoculars from the opposite side of the valley (while surveying CL 583), to confirm the habitats. 

The common supports dry dwarf shrub heath dominated mainly by {\it Calluna vulgaris}, with locally abundant {\it Vaccinium myrtillus}. This appears to have {\it Deschampsia flexuosa} as an understorey species, with local clumps of {\it Molinia caerulea}. From a distance, the western edge of the site appears to be overtaken by a mixture of coarse neutral grassland and tall ruderal species. The rock outcrops at the top of the fairly steep slope are a distinctive landscape feature.

MANAGE:
The common appears unmanaged. It is of interest as one of a number of similar small hillside commons which appear to have escaped enclosure by designation as quarries. These tend to support dry {\it Calluna} heath. In their unmanaged condition, the {\it Calluna} on these sites is generally in a mature state and contrasts with much of that on the surrounding open fell commons which have managed heather moorland.


VEG:
This common lies to the south of Mytholmroyd, on a hill which is bordered to the west by Cragg Brook, to the north by the Calder Valley and to the east by the Ryburn Valley. It is a curious area of common land in that it appears to be a small block of enclosed fields bounded by dry stone walls. The area has been covered by the WYEAIS Phase 1 survey. A visit was made to the site, from where it was viewed from rights of way around the edge.                               

Most of the compartments of the common have a sward of semi-improved neutral grassland. Species noted within this to the south include {\it Festuca ? rubra, Anthoxanthum odoratum, Poa} sp., {\it Holcus lanatus, Agrostis capillaris, Dactylis glomerata, Lolium perenne, Cynosurus cristatus, Ranunculus acris, R. repens, Trifolium pratense, Bellis perennis, Taraxacum officinale} agg., {\it Cerastium fontanum} and {\it Rumex ? acetosa}. Many of the other fields had abundant {\it Rumex ? acetosa} flowering at the time of the site visit.   

Two of the fields are vegetated by dry dwarf heath dominated by {\it Calluna vulgaris} (at least 0.5m tall, around 90% cover).

MANAGE:
At the time of the site visit, there were no livestock present on the common. The grassland swards present appear to be agriculturally managed. It appears likely that they were awaiting the cutting of a hay crop. There is likely to be some grazing during part of the year. 

The common is unusual in that it comprises a number of enclosed fields, presumably created through an enclosure award! The benefits of enclosure in the surrounding area as a whole appear to have been very marginal. The land surrounding the common appears to have more of the characteristics of common land than the common itself!. For example, the wavy field boundary running adjacent to the straight SE edge of the registered common, appears more like what one would usually expect the boundary of a common to look like. Many of the internal field boundaries in this surrounding portion have been abandoned and are collapsing and this area has the appearance of an open sheep-grazed common. The reason why two of the fields of the common have been left unmanaged and have developed a heath vegetation is a further mystery.

The site may be of importance for ground nesting birds such as skylark and meadow pipit. Changes in agricultural practice, such as the cutting of silage early in the spring, result in the destruction of many of the nests of these birds. This common appears to have a more traditional hay crop cut later in the year - conditions which allow the offspring to fledge from the nest before hay making commences.


FAUNA:
Noted during site visit were: robin, meadow pipit, blackbird, stonechat, magpie, swift, chaffinch, curlew. Observed during the Phase 2 survey (1993) were short-eared owl, merlin and snipe. Recorded from the Phase 1 survey (GR 131 435) were: woodcock, red grouse and hare (1989?).

The South Pennine Moors, in addition to being scheduled as SSSI, have also been proposed as a Special Protection Area (pSPA) under the EC Directive 79/409 on the Conservation of Wild Birds. 

The moorlands support nationally important numbers of golden plover, curlew, merlin and twite. These species, together with a diverse assemblage of other  breeding birds. All of these rely on the mosaic of habitats found across the moors as a whole for their survival and many are here at their southernmost British breeding stations. The most recent counts are of 51 pairs of merlin (minimum of 7.8 per cent of the British breeding population), 707 pairs of golden plover (3.1 per cent) and 694 pairs of curlew (1.8 per cent). 

The blanket mires are the main breeding areas for golden plover and dunlin. These birds need relatively short vegetation to nest in and also access to wet areas to feed, a combination of features found on the blanket mires. The South Pennine Moors as a whole support 1.3 per cent of the British breeding population of this species. 

Large numbers of meadow pipit and skylark nesting on the moors provide a major food source for merlin. The deeper cover provided by the heather provides nest sites for a range of other species. For example, merlin prefer to nest in the older, leggy heather, bracken, or small trees on the moorland edge. 

Most dependent on the heather moors are red grouse. Their stronghold is on the managed moors of the Haworth Moors complex. The birds require a diverse age-structure within the heather stands, nesting in the shelter of taller, mature plants, but also needing young growth to provide the best food. Assessibility to flushed areas during the nesting period is also important for fledging success, with additional food available here in the form of cranefly (Tipulid) larvae in these localities.  

Golden plover are also known to nest on recently burnt areas of heather moorland. Curlew favour for breeding sites, the wet acidic grasslands and semi-improved areas on the edge of the moors. A significant number (ie. 0.8 per cent) of the British population breed within the South Pennine Moors, sharing this habitat with lapwing and in the wettest areas, snipe and redshank. 

The moors also support 1 per cent of the British population of twite. These birds are an isolated southern population of the race {\it piplans}, which occurs only in Scandinavia and the British Isles, being isolated from the remainder of the world population in the mountains of Central Asia. The South Pennine population is therefore seen as vital in maintaining the present world distribution. Twite usually use all of the moorland habitats at different stages of their life cycle. They prefer heather for nesting, but also use bracken, boulder screes, grass tussocks and dry stone walls. Feeding on small seeds, they utilise grassy areas across the moorlands, weedy areas on the moorland fringes, semi-improved pastures and even areas of burnt {\it Molinia} grassland.

Peregrine nest in small numbers on suitable crags and disused quarries and up to three pairs of short-eared owl have also nested in recent years. The moors also support wheatear, whinchat, ring ouzel and in some years, stonechat. 

The large reservoirs within and adjacent to the site provide feeding areas for moorland birds such as dunlin, as well as nesting habitat for common sandpiper and grey wagtail. Two more unusual species which nest on the reservoirs are little ringed plover and shelduck. The streams draining the reservoirs and moors support small numbers of dipper.

Ilkley Moor itself has an ungraded entry in the Invertebrate Site Register. These are sites either recommended to the ISR without supporting species information, sites recorded in the literature as being of interest, but unknown to present day entomologists, or other sites where there is insufficient information for evaluation. There are old records for a total of only five species. Two are local shorebugs (Hemiptera, Saldidae); {\it Salda mueller} and {\it S. morio}. There are also three records for nationally notable beetles (Coleoptera): {\it Carabus nitens} and {\it Miscodera arctica} (Carabidae), plus {\it Lesteva hanseni} (Staphylinidae).

VEG:
The common lies almost entirely within the boundary of the South Pennine Moors SSSI (99.9 per cent). This recently notified area includes several sections of the South Pennine Moors lying between Ilkley in the north and the Peak District National Park boundary in the south. The majority lies within West Yorkshire but it also covers areas of Lancashire, Greater Manchester and North Yorkshire. The largest moorland blocks are Ilkley Moor (the most northerly portion, which includes most of this common - see map), the Howarth Moors, Rishworth Moor and Moss Moor, a considerable portion of which are also common land. 

The underlying geology is Millstone Grit, which outcrops at several points on this common, most notably at the Cow and Calf Rocks (GR 132 467) and along the Ilkley Crags. Further exposures are found in numerous abandoned quarries along the northern edge of the moor. The SSSI as a whole is the largest area of unenclosed moorland within West Yorkshire and contains the most diverse and extensive examples of upland plant communities within the county. Extensive areas of blanket mire occur on the upland plateaux and are punctuated by species-rich acidic flushes and mires. There are also wet and dry heaths and acidic grasslands. Three habitat types which occur on the site are rare enough within Europe to be listed on Annex 1 of the EC Habitats and Species Directive (92/43 EEC). These communities are typical of and represent the full range of upland vegetation types found in the South Pennines.

This common is well-covered by existing habitat and vegetation surveys; these include the Phase 1 survey conducted by WYEAIS in 1989 and a Phase 2 survey done during 1993. The latter was part of a survey covering upland habitats in the North Pennines (see "sources of information"). In addition the greater part of the common lies within an area listed as a Site of Scientific Interest in West Yorkshire, by the Ecological Advisory Service (ie. 99.9 per cent). In addition to the above sources, a visit was made to the common during the present survey.

NB. Also associated with this common is CL 295, Burley Moor. This occupies several small and complex parcels of land, adjoining and within CL 207 itself. These have been too complex to indicate in detail in their entirety on the map for CL 207. For the full details, please refer to the site description and map for CL 295.

The common itself occupies a significant portion of Rombalds Moor. This is a high, stepped dome lying bewteen Airedale to the south and Wharfedale to the north. The southern section of the common lies on edge of the dome, while the northern section lies on the steep-facing scarp slope overooking Ilkley and Wharfedale. 

The most extensive vegetation type is dry dwarf shrub heath dominated by {\it Calluna vulgaris}. This occupies much of the plateau area and also the upper edges of the northern scarp slope. {\it Calluna} is generally  overwhelmingly dominant, with occasional {\it Vaccinium myrtillus}, inconspicuous {\it Deschampsia flexuosa}, locally frequent {\it Hypnum cupressiforme} and a few species of acrocarpous mosses and {\it Cladonia} sp. lichens. On the high ground around the summit (402m at GR 114 452), {\it V. myrtillus} is joined by {\it Empetrum nigrum} and {\it Vaccinium vitis-idaea} to give a more mixed appearance to the heath. Locally, as on the steep northern slopes of Burley Moor, to the east of the common, and in the area between Gill head and Buck Stones to the west, the heath is heavily grazed, with {\it V. myrtillus} and {\it E. nigrum} dominating, {\it Calluna} being only subordinate. The heath with frequent {\it H. cupressiforme} probably belongs to NVC type H9a, while that with a high frequency of {\it V. myrtillus} probably belongs with H9b. However, lichens which are usually a feature of this sub-community, are sparse on Rombalds Moor, possibly due to atmospheric pollution.

The high frequency of {\it Empetrum nigrum} appears to be unusual from H9 and appears to be a decidedly upland variant of the community, which may be transitional with the generally more northern H12. This situation may have arisen due to grazing of these areas by sheep.

Small damp hollows within the heath on parts of the moor contain wet heath with abundant {\it E. tetralix, Calluna, E. nigrum} and {\it E. angustifolium}, plus occasional {\it Trichophorum cespitosum, Eriophorum vaginatum, Molinia caerulea, Juncus squarrosus} and occasional {\it Sphagnum papillosum} (NVC type M16d). The largest such area lies on Burley Moor and here appears to represent a northern variant of M16d, distinguished by an abundance of {\it Empetrum nigrum} and {\it E. vaginatum}. 

On level ground, there are areas of blanket mire (ie. Phase 1 dry modified bog) dominated by {\it Eriophorum vaginatum} (NVC type M20b). The largest area appears to lie on a shelf between Gill Head and Crawshaw Moss. Again, much of this area has been heavily grazed and the bog has co-dominant {\it E. vaginatum} and {\it E. nigrum}, with occasional {\it V. myrtillus} and very patchy {\it Calluna}. Other areas, however, have co-dominant {\it Calluna} and {\it E. vaginatum} with infrequent {\it E. nigrum}. Both of these forms of the mire have a low cover of mosses, usually occasional {\it H. cupressiforme} and {\it Sphagnum recurvum} (the latter locally extensive). Locally there are carpets of {\it S. recurvum}, representing the bog pool community NVC M2b, with scattered {\it Erica tetralix, Calluna, Eriophorum angustifolium} and {\it Sphagnum papillosum. E. tetralix} also occurs sparsely across the blanket mire as a whole.

A further mire habitat of interest occurs at Crawshaw Moss (GR 092 461). This is discussed in the EAS/SSI citation as a "raised bog" described as an unusual feature at this altitide in the Eastern Pennines. The peat here is shown to be 4.0m deep, filling a shallow basin. The vegetation here appears typical of the remainder of the blanket mire.  

The northern scarp slope is dominated mainly by dense bracken {\it Pteridium aquilinum} (NVC type U20). Locally there are smaller areas of remnant dry heath occurring as a mosaic with acidic grassland, mainly dominated by {\it Nardus stricta} (NVC type U5). A further feature noted on this part of the common, in the vicinity of White Wells, are a number of small blocks of planted coniferous or mixed woodland (mainly {\it Pinus} sp.). Trees at the up-slope edge appear very stunted.

Acidic flush features occur throughout the common and belong to NVC type M6c {\it (Juncus effusus/Sphagnum recurvum)}. A particularly large example occurs at Crawshaw Spring, to the west of the common (GR 095 464). At Lanshaw (GR 1245) is a further large flush of this type plus, at the edge, a stand of M21b flush. This is dominated by {\it Sphagnum recurvum} with abundant or frequent {\it E. angustifolium, E. tetralix} and {\it Vaccinium oxycoccos}, plus occasional {\it Drosera rotundifolia}. Other species recorded for the area within the EAS/SSI citation include, {\it Carex} spp., {\it Narthecium ossifragum, Sagina nodosa, Anagallis tenella, Menyanthes trifoliata} and {\it Potamogeton polygonifolius}. The most notable species from these flushes is {\it Myosotis stolonifera}, a nationally scarce species in Britain, occurring in only 32 ten km squares in Britain, but which occurs at two locations in the South Pennine Moors. The common also holds the only known location for {\it Trientalis europaea} in the county. The latter is close to the site where the 17th century botanist John Ray found this species in the 1600s. 

Bryophytes and fungi are well-represented in this area, with over 100 species of each group recorded, including 17 species of {\it Sphagnum}.

Finally, there are three small portions of the common which lie outside the SSSI boundary, immediately to the east of Ilkley College. The larger portion forms West View Park. The main feature of this is an area of ornamental woodland along a narrow valley. This has trees of {\it Acer pseudoplatanus, Ulmus} sp., {\it Salix fragilis} and {\it Fraxinus excelsior} plus undershrubs which include {\it Ilex aquifolium, Sambucus nigra} and {\it Rhododendron ponticum}. The field layer contains bracken {\it (Pteridium aquilinum), Rubus fruticosus} agg., {\it Athyrium filix-femina, Circaea lutetiana, Urtica dioica} and {\it Dryopteris filix-mas}. Canopy gaps tend to be dominated by {\it R. fruticosus} and dense bracken, with occasional bushes of {\it Ulex europaeus}. To the east of the wood lies an area of amenity grassland (which is also open to sheep grazing), within which is a surfaced car park. The two smaller portions, plus a section of the larger portion comprise manicured roadside verges beyond a cattle grid. These lie at the edge of the established residential area of Ilkley and are closely mown grassland with a range of mature planted trees which include {\it A. pseudoplatanus, Tilia} sp. and {\it Aesculus hippocastanum}.

MANAGE:
The common is extensively grazed by sheep. Roads across the common are unfenced and protected by cattle grids. The grazing has had a marked effect on the composition of the heath and blanket mire communities, giving {\it Vaccinium myrtillus} and {\it Empetrum nigrum} a competitive advantage over {\it Calluna}. Grazing levels were described during the Phase 2 survey as high across most of the common to the north of the watershed. Topiary-shaped {\it Calluna} bushes were apparent in some areas. 

The area also has a history of management as grouse moor, although this does not seem to be as popular these days, with only infrequent evidence of burning noted during the Phase 2 survey. This lack of burning has allowed areas of over-mature and "leggy" {\it Calluna} to develop, which may further encourage colonisation by {\it E. nigrum} and {\it V. myrtillus}. Parts of the moor, however appear to be still managed for grouse-shooting, with well-maintained shooting butts reported to be present in the section to the west of Keighley Road. During the present survey, the moorland fringe was walked in the area between Gill Head and the Cow and Calf. Large blocks of heath with even-aged {\it Calluna} were noted, to around 0.5m tall. At the edges of the heath there appeared to be a colonistion by grasses and areas of very suppressed {\it Calluna}, present as a short closely-grazed carpet, or low, topiary-shaped bushes. Occasional small burnt areas were noted.

The area known as West View Park, which lies outside the SSSI, is managed by the local authortiy as part of the green space on the fringe of Ilkley.


FAUNA:
Noted during site visit were: several swallows.

VEG:
The common has only very basic Phase 1 survey available from existing sources. The following is therefore is based on the results of a field survey. 

The larger, northern portion, comprises an area of somewhat coarse grassland. This mainly falls into the semi-improved neutral category dominated by a mixture of {\it Dactylis glomerata, Arrhenatherum elatius, Poa trivialis, Holcus lanatus} and {\it Alopecurus pratensis}. Other associates include {\it Anthriscus sylvestris, Urtica dioica, Ranunculus acris, R. repens, Anthoxanthum odoratum, Trifolium repens} and {\it T. pratense}. Localised areas occur with a shorter sward dominated by {\it Festuca rubra} with frequent {\it H. lanatus, Ranunculus acris} and occasional {\it Rumex acetosa}. There are in addition, smaller areas of both marshy and also acidic grassland types. The former has frequent-to-abundant {\it Molinia caerulea, Festuca ovina, H. lanatus, Anthoxanthum odoratum, Carex nigra} and {\it Senecio aquaticus}, plus occasional {\it Deschampsia cespitosa, Juncus conglomeratus} and {\it Juncus squarrosus}. The acidic grassland is dominated by {\it Deschampsia flexuosa} and {\it Agrostis capillaris} and locally occasional {\it Nardus stricta} and {\it Potentilla erecta}. There is also one clump of {\it Phalaris arundinacea} to the SW. Occasional scattered trees/shrubs across this part of the common include {\it Acer pseudoplatanus, Salix capraea} and {\it Alnus} ?{\it cordata}. In addition, along the NW edge there is also one clump of trees of {\it Populus tremula} (plus one of {\it Salix viminalis}), plus a small stand of dense scrub ({\it Salix capraea}). To the SE edge is a defunct hedge of {\it Crataegus monogyna}.

The southern part of the common is mainly mown amenity grassland edged by a range of trees which include {\it Betula pendula, Populus x canadensis, Ulmus glabra, Acer pseudoplatanus, Crataegus monogyna, Pinus} sp., {\it Alnus incana} (this eastern side of the common is contiguous with a small plantation). Under the edge of the trees there is tall neutral grassland with {\it A. elatius, D. glomerata, Urtica dioica, Anthriscus sylvestris} and {\it Chamerion angustifolium}.

MANAGE:
The common has a fairly low level of management. The southern portion is mown and is essentially a road verge. Bollards have been erected to prevent vehicular access. The northern portion is largely unmanaged. A sign has been erected at the entrance to discourage grazing/tethering of horses, motorcycling and shooting, and bollards have been erected. Along the NW edge of this portion, there is no boundary and chickens etc. from an adjacent small holding appear to have free range across this part of the common. The site appears to be of little nature conservation value.


VEG:
This common comprises a strip of road verges along a minor road and track within the village of Roberttown. There was no information available from the Phase 1 survey and the following description is the result of a field survey.

Most of the verges of the common comprise a grassland sward which has been placed in the 'amenity' category. This appears to be periodically, but infrequently mown. The site is in two parts, with the northern portion lying to either side of a metalled road. Here there are occasional trees present on the common which include individuals of {\it Acer pseudoplatanus, Salix} sp. ('weeping' variety), {\it Crataegus monogyna} and {\it Tilia} sp. Opposite the school there is a clipped hedge of {\it C. monogyna}, while further southwards this hedge is somewhat overgrown and also has {\it Sambucus nigra} bushes present. Underneath this portion there is uncut vegetation which contains {\it Urtica dioica, Anthriscus sylvestris, Rumex obtusifolius, Galium aparine, Alliaria petiolata} and {\it Stellaria media}. In the extreme north is a small area of grassland which appears never to be cut and has been shown as the 'semi-improved neutral' category. This is dominated by {\it Arrhenatherum elatius}, with frequent {\it Alopecurus pratensis} and {\it Cirsium arvense}. There is also one large {\it C. monogyna} bush present here, plus a clump of {\it Rubus fruticosus} agg.
On the southern portion of the common a metalled road continued for a short distance and surrounded by more amenity grassland/scattered trees and shrubs which include {\it Sorbus aucuparia, Sorbus} sp., {\it Prunus} sp., {\it Salix} spp., plus {\it Populus alba}. However, this quickly this gives way to an unsurfaced track. To the NE side of this the grassland appears to be cut, while to the other side it is not. The uncut portions are again dominated by {\it A. elatius} with abundant {\it Alopecurus pratensis} and locally frequent {\it Urtica dioica} and {\it Anthriscus sylvestris}. Also noted was one area which contained {\it Brassica rapa, Tripleurospermum maritimum, Papaver rhoeas} and {\it Senecio vulgaris}. Within the cut grassland along the NE side are a number of trees/shrubs which include {\it Cytisus} sp., {\it Ribes sanguineum, Syringa vulgaris, Betula pendula, Prunus} sp., {\it Rosa }sp., {\it Fraxinus excelsior, Salix capraea} plus ?{\it Chamaecyparis} sp. (Many of these have derived from adjacent gardens and may be deliberately introduced).

MANAGE:
The common is managed by periodic mowing, presumably by the local authority. There are also signs of some planting of trees, both for amenity/landscape purposes and also, on the southern portion, by adjacent householders. There has been some dumping of garden rubbish on this part of the common, while part of the grassland to the north of this southern portion is used as a car park by adjacent householders. The common appears to have little nature conservation potential.


FAUNA:
Noted during the site visit were: magpie, chaffinch, meadow pipit, willow warbler, blackbird.

VEG:
This common lies on a hill to the south of Sowerby Bridge. The site is linear in character and includes a plateau area to the south and east, and a section of steeply sloping hillside facing north-westwards across the Calder Valley. The site is underlain by Millstone Grit, with prominent large boulders outcropping along the upper edge of the hillside. There has been small-scale quarrying in the past within these exposed rocks. The area was covered by the WYEAIS Phase 1 survey in 1991 and there is a detailed account within the SSI schedule, kindly provided by the Ecological Advisory Service. As a result, only a brief visit was made to the site, which was already well-known to the surveyor.

The plateau area of Norland Moor has an extensive sward of dry dwarf shrub heath. This is dominated by {\it Calluna vulgaris}, at almost 100 per cent cover over much of the area. Beneath the {\it Calluna} bushes, {\it Deschampsia flexuosa} is locally frequent, while {\it Vaccinium myrtillus} forms a locally occasional element of the heath. Most of this vegetation probably belongs within NVC type H9. The {\it Calluna} is generally rather over-mature in condition, at around 1.0m tall and becoming rather "straggly" and senescent. There are no signs of recent fires on the heath. Other local associates of this heath include {\it Molinia caerulea, Nardus stricta} and {\it Vaccinium vitis-idaea}. In addition, the hybrid between this species and {\it V. myrtillus} - ie. {\it Vaccinium x intermedium}, is also present in a few areas. This hybrid is described in the West Yorkshire Plant Atlas as "very rare (in the county), recorded from one or two moorland zones in Calderdale where both parents are present". Other typical herbs include {\it Juncus squarrosus} and {\it Erica cinerea}, with a sporadic cover of {\it Ulex europaeus} and {\it U. gallii}. One or two areas have growth of scattered trees of {\it Quercus petraea} and {\it Betula} spp.

As well as this dry heath vegetation, there are also scattered zones of a damper mixed moorland occur, supporting {\it Trichophorum cespitosum, Eriophorum vaginatum, Juncus effusus} and {\it Carex nigra}.

Along the upper edge of the slope, in the vicinity of the old quarries, {\it V. myrtillus} becomes slightly more abundant, but tall {\it Calluna} still dominates. Localised patches of dead {\it Calluna} plants were noted here. These plants had the flowers from the previous year still present and therefore have perhaps succumbed to winter wind chill, coupled with the stress of a dry summer in 1995.

At the lower edge of the slope, the heath vegetation occurs as a moasic within an acidic grassland sward, mostly dominated by {\it Deschampsia flexuosa}. Locally there is also abundant {\it Molinia caerulea}, suggesting transitions to wet heath and marshy grassland.   
                            
REFERENCE: The West Yorkshire Plant Atlas, Lavin, J.C. and Wilmore, G.T.D. (eds). City of Bradford Metropolitan Council, 1994.

MANAGE:
The heathland on the common appears unmanaged at present and is approaching a rather senescent condition. There appears to be no grazing. 

The importance of heathland as a habitat for a range of upland birds such as red grouse and golden plover is widely recongised (although the value of this common to such species is not known). However, the habitat is declining nationally, mainly due to a lack of appropriate management. These birds require a mosaic of {\it Calluna} plants with a diverse age structure. For breeding success they require young plants to provide food and also taller plants to give shelter from predators and the weather. To create this structurally diverse habitat usually requires some form of active management. The usual way of achieving this is through a programme of closely controlled rotational burning of small patches of the heather. In addition, grazing by sheep at low levels is also thought to be useful in maintaining the conservation value of heather (Bardgett and Marsden, 1991). On sites such as this, which have probably never been managed as grouse moor and not recently grazed, the heath either regenerates naturally as the senescent bushes die, or from occasional accidental fires. The danger with uncontrolled fires is that they will burn too hot and destroy not only the mature plants, but also the buried seed-bank, so that there is a subsequent failure of the heather to regenerate.

The main threats to this site at present, in terms of maintaining an optimum value of the heather for birds, appear to be the danger of an accidental fire in a dry year, coupled with the colonisation of parts of the heath by birch and oak trees. Ideally, some form of heather management is needed. Successful burning usually requires an experienced team of gamekeepers. An alternative option would be mowing of the heather, which has been tried experimentally in some areas. This would obviously require an input of manpower and resources. Monitoring of tree colonisation on the common is recommended, with a view to clearance if this becomes a significant problem. Even with management aimed at enhancing the nature conservation potential of the heather moorland, it is probable that its attractiveness to breeding birds may be limited by high levels of disturbance from people using the common.   
  
REFERENCE: Heather Condition and Management in England and Wales. Bardgett, R.D. and Marsden, J.H. English Nature, 1991.


FAUNA:
Noted during the site visit were house sparrows, woodpigeon, greenfinch. On pond: tufted duck, wigeon, feral ducks.

VEG:
This common lies in the village of East Bierley, adjacent to an infants school and housing. There is a basic Phase 1 survey by WYEAIS. A small ornamental pond has a file under the EAS Biological Data Bank. Most of the following description has been based on the site visit.

The northern portion of the common comprises an area of closely-mown amenity grassland adjacent to the school. Within this area are several mature specimen trees of {\it Populus x canadensis, Tilia} sp. and {\it Acer pseudoplatanus}. More recent plantings include {\it Prunus} sp., {\it Betula pendula, Fraxinus excelsior, Acer} sp. (red variety), plus {\it Sorbus} sp.
To the south of this portion lies a small pond. The margins of this are built-up with old railway sleepers on end. Around the edge of the water are occasional clumps of {\it Iris pseudacorus} and ? {\it Acorus calamus}. A small island in the centre has plants of {\it Carex ? pendula}. There are a number of planted ornamental shrubs around the pond, which also include {\it Salix} sp. and {\it Viburnum opulus}.

The southern portion of the common lies adjacent to housing and again comprises amenity grassland with a number of mature (mostly planted) trees. These include {\it Robinia pseudacacia, Sorbus aucuparia, Crataegus monogyna, Acer pseudoplatanus, Sambucus nigra, Fraxinus excelsior} and {\it Populus x canadensis}.

MANAGE:
The common is managed as an amenity by the local authority. The main management activity appears to be regular mowing of the grassland. The pond is managed to encourage a variety of mostly feral ducks. This has included the provision of "duck boxes" on stilts above the water. The site is a pleasant and attractive local feature and appears more of amenity value rather than ecological merit.


FAUNA:
The Dark Peak SSSI supports a somewhat similar avifauna to the South Pennine Moors and provides habitat for an important assemblage of breeding moorland and moorland fringe birds. The SSSI has similarly been proposed as a Special Protection Area (SPA) under the EC Directive 79/409 on the Conservation of Wild Birds. 

The Peak District Moors qualify for special protection under Article 4.1 of the EC Directive, by supporting nationally important numbers of three species listed in Annex 1. These are merlin (23 pairs, or 3.8 per cent of the British population); golden plover (415 pairs - 1.8 per cent) and short-eared owl (20 pairs - 0.2-2.0 per cent).

The Peak District Moors also qualify for protection under Article 4.2 by supporting nationally important breeding populations of two migratory species. These are the summer visitors: curlew (393 breeding pairs recorded during 1990 - ie. 1.1 per cent of the British population) and ring ouzel (100 pairs in 1990 - 0.8-1.6 per cent). 

Golden plover are found mainly on the extensive blanket mires. Other species associated with this habitat are dunlin (0.9 per cent of the British population), plus very significant numbers of meadow pipit (these form a major food source for merlin). The density of breeding golden plover is high compared to other regional populations in northern England and Scotland.

On the better-drained slopes around the margins of the blanket mire are areas of heath and acidic grassland. These support significant numbers of breeding curlew, red grouse, merlin, short-eared owl and twite. In this northern part of the area, the curlew are more evenly distributed across the fell and also breed on the blanket mire. Both red grouse and merlin are strongly associated with stands of heather-dominated vegetation. Merlin prefer to nest in old leggy heather or bracken, often near the head of a valley where there is a commanding view across the adjacent moorland. They may also nest in small trees on the moorland edge. 

The Dark Peak probably contains about 25 per cent of the South Pennine population of breeding twite. As a whole this population is probably of international significance and is geographically distinct and isolated from others in Britain, Ireland and Europe.

Peregrine also occur on the Dark Peak moorlands and their numbers have increased in recent years (now at 0.8 per cent of the British population), although they are still remain a rare breeding bird. They nest on suitable crags and disused quarries around the edges of the plateaux.

Cloughs and gritstone edges with associated boulder-strewn slopes with bracken, support significant numbers of ring ouzel, abundant wheatear and small numbers of whinchat. Upland tributaries and streams provide habitat for birds such as dipper and grey wagtail. Reservoirs provide breeding sites for birds such as common sandpiper.

The site also qualifies under Article 4.2 by supporting, in summer, a diverse assemblage of the breeding migratory birds of moorland and moorland fringe habitats. These include golden plover, lapwing, dunlin, snipe, curlew, redshank, common sandpiper, whinchat, wheatear, ring ousel and twite.

The National Trust survey report for the Marsden Moor Estate notes the presence of breeding birds such as twite, whinchat, wheatear and ring ouzel. There is also a small breeding population of red grouse.

Ornithological records were found for Black Moss and Swellands Reservoirs (Ecological Advisory Service, Biological Data Bank: GR 033 088, 30.01.78, site file 457). Although somewhat out of date, more recent records are probably available from other sources. Additional species noted here include green sandpiper, scaup, reed bunting, carrion crow, goldeneye, black-headed gull, common gull, herring gull, lesser black-backed gull, kestrel, magpie, mallard, ringed plover, pochard, redshank, skylark, starling, swallow, swift, teal, tufted duck, wigeon. There are also records on file for Wessenden Reservoir (Site file 35). 

Invertebrate recording within the Dark Peak during the 1970s and 1980s provides evidence of a rich and varied upland fauna. The moth fauna includes species such as red carpet {\it Xanthorhoe munitata}, northern eggar {\it Lasiocampa quercus-callunae}, northern rustic {\it Standfussiana lucerna} and two nationally scarce species: golden rod brindle {\it Lithomoia soldaginis} and small autumnal moth {\it Epirrita filigrammaria}. A nationally scarce hoverfly, {\it Eristalis rupium} has also been recorded.

The SSSI has a partcularly good beetle fauna, with seven nationally scarce species recorded from a variety of habitats. This includes {\it Miscodera arctica} from heather moorland and dry gritstone grassland; a Red Data Book species, {\it Hydnobius spinipes}, from the roots of rushes {\it Juncus} spp.; {\it Leptusa norvegica} from deadwood; the RDB species {\it Leioides picea} and {\it Omalium laticolle} from woodland soils and litter; and {\it Bolitochora mulsanti}, and {\it Phyllodrepoidea crenata} in association with woodland fungi. 

The invertebrate fauna of Marsden Moor in particular, appears generally to be of low diversity, although this is not unusual in upland situations. The fauna includes a few species which can be considered characteristic of upland habitats generally, and includes two rare Arctic-Alpine rove beetle species: {\it Atheta arctica} and {\it A. diversa}. 

Finally the National Trust survey report records the presence of mountain hares on Bobus, to the NW of the common.

VEG:
The common forms a most northerly section of the Dark Peak Moorlands, lying within the boundary of the Peak District National Park and the recently notified Dark Peak SSSI. This common, together with the contiguous CL 39, form the major part of the National Trust Marsden Moor Estate.

There is a wide diversity of survey information available for the common. Major sources include the WYEAIS Phase 1 survey (1988/89 and 1990), a Phase 2 survey conducted by English Nature during 1991-92 (M. Smedley, based in part on an earlier survey conducted by ADAS), the SSSI citation and the National Trust Biological Survey (1987). Additional notes were made during visits to several parts of the common during the present survey. With so much information available, only a summarised account is provided here. For more detailed information, the reader is referred to the primary sources. Many thanks are also due to Mr D. Finnis, the site manager of the Marsden Moor Estate and other NT staff, for reading and making comments of the first draft of this site report.

The Dark Peak Moorlands form the most southerly portion of the Pennine chain, running from Wessenden Moor into Derbyshire. A part of the SSSI as a whole is listed in "A Nature Conservation Review" (Ed. D.A. Ratcliffe, 1977). The underlying geology is of the Millstone Grit series, with the moorland plateaux supporting extensive areas of blanket peat. Much of this has suffered severe erosion, a process thought to be part of a natural cycle associated with peat formation, but also probably accelerated by anthropogenic factors such as atmospheric pollution, grazing, burning and cutting of peat for fuel. The processes of peat formation and erosion within the Dark Peak Moorlands have been studied quite extensively by a number of researchers. 

Blanket mire is in fact the most extensive habitat present on this common, occupying the plateau areas of Wessenden Moor, White Moss and Black Moss, with smaller areas on Bobus-Round Hill, to the NW, and also on the southern and eastern fringes of Wessenden Valley (eg. Jopes Moss and Holly Bank Moss). In Phase 1 terms this belongs to the category of dry modified bog.

The blanket mire on Wessenden Moor is believed to have a peat depth reaching a maximum of 2.0m. Erosion of the peat on this common is widespread and locally severe, in particluar on White Moss and Bobus. Localised erosion also occurs elsewhere (eg. various points on Black Moss, plus Birken Bank, to the south of Wessenden Reservoir and Round Hill, to the NW). 

Much of this blanket mire is typically dominated by {\it Empetrum nigrum}, with abundant {\it Eriophorum vaginatum}. On un-eroded blocks of peat, {\it E. vaginatum} takes over as the dominant species. All of this vegetation belongs to NVC type M20. Other locally frequent-abundant species across the blanket mire include {\it Eriophorum angustifolium} (often an abundant coloniser of bare peat), {\it Deschampsia flexuosa} and {\it Vaccinium myrtillus}. {\it Sphagnum} mosses appear to be absent from the blanket mire and {\it Calluna vulgaris} extremely scarce. Locally, {\it D. flexuosa} becomes abundant amongst {\it E. vaginatum}, probably indicating a transition to NVC U2 acidic grassland (eg. parts of Bobus and Round Hill) and is thought to be a response to grazing. 

Erosion takes various forms and includes gullying and hagging at the edges of the mire, plus large hollows within the intact mire surface (as on White Moss). An abundance of {\it E. nigrum} in association with eroding Pennine blanket mire is a fairly typical feature, but it appears unusual to see {\it E. nigrum} as a dominant species over so wide an area. 

There are refrerences to {\it Rubus chamaemorus} for the southern part of White Moss (eg. GR 049 065). This species is described as "A scarce and local plant of high peat moors and mixed heath habitats on the western boundary of the county" (Lavin and Wilmore, 1994). 

Peat depth on the smaller areas of blanket mire east of the Wessenden Valley may be less than that on the main plateau. To the east of Wessenden Head Road (adjacent to the car park), this has been reduced to small remnants of dry modified bog lying within an area of {\it N. stricta} acidic grassland/heath. Over this area as a whole, heath species account for only around 5-10 per cent of the ground cover, in the form of locally frequent {\it V. myrtillus} and {\it E. nigrum} and locally rare {\it Erica tetralix}. Also noted from blanket mire at Pudding Real Moss (GR 072 078): {\it Trichophorum cespitosum} and {\it Carex nigra}.

To the north and west of Bobus, {\it Molinia caerulea} becomes an increasingly dominant species, marking transitions to NVC type M25. Where this colonises deep peat at the margins of the blanket mire, this belongs to the Phase 1 category of wet modified bog. In peripheral areas, however, where the peat is less than 0.5m deep, this is defined in Phase 1 terms as marshy grassland. There are significant areas of this habitat on the northern slopes of Bobus, with smaller areas on the lower slopes of Wessenden Valley. 

The cloughs which dissect the plateaux offer the best botanical diversity of the site as a whole. The steeper sides of the cloughs tend to have an acidic grassland sward. In the main this is dominated by {\it Nardus stricta} (NVC type U5). Locally there is a heathy element to this vegetation in the form of {\it Vaccinium myrtillus}, often also with frequent {\it E. nigrum}. This appears mainly to take the form of a grass-heath mosaic (heath species at less than 30 per cent cover). However, the Phase 2 map also shows some areas of {\it V. myrtillus} heath which belong to NVC type H18; these may represent a "pure" heath sward (ie. heath species at greater than 30 per cent cover). A further example of this type of vegetation occurs on Raven Rocks, along the eastern edge of the common (GR 070 088). Within the cloughs this heath vegetation also appears to grade locally into {\it Molinia} marshy grassland and may represent wet heath in Phase 1 terms. At the interface with the blanket mire, {\it V. myrtillus} may also extend onto the peat, marking transitional M20/H18 communities. All of the heath and mire communities occurring in the Dark Peak are poor in bryophytes, reflecting the effects of atmospheric pollution.

Blakely Clough (GR 050 088) has small areas of dry heath co-dominated by {\it V. myrtillus} and {\it Calluna vulgaris} (NVC type H9). The latter species is otherwise very scarce across the site as a whole. The hillsides of Wessenden Valley also have quite extensive areas of dense bracken {\it Pteridium aquilinum} (NVC U20), with smaller stands within some of the other cloughs. 

A further feature associated with the valleys and cloughs are small acidic flushes. These appear to be dominated by {\it Juncus effusus} and {\it Sphagnum recurvum} and belong to NVC type M6c. The 1990 Phase 1 survey records {\it Vaccinium oxycoccos} from a flush at GR 068 075. Apparently many of these flushes have {\it V. oxycoccos} present.

MANAGE:
The common is grazed extensively by sheep. There may also be some localised grazing by cattle at various peripheral points. Indications from the available sources suggest that stocking densities of sheep have increased significantly since the 1930s (a situation compatible with what has occurred in general on upland commons throughout England and Wales).

Appropriate management of the whole SSSI is seen as essential in maintaining the suitability of the moors as a major upland bird habitat. The most urgent management issue of the Marsden Moor Estate is the severe erosion of the blanket mire which has taken place in recent decades. This common shows several examples of badly eroded blanket mire (for example, across White Moss, to the south, and on Bobus, to the NW of Swellands Reservoir). The phoenomenon appears to be more extensive in these southern (ie. Dark Peak) sections of the S. Pennines, than those further north in West Yorkshire. 

A number of factors are involved in the erosion process. The main one appears to be the effect of accidental fires. These are an ever-present danger in dry years, with the most notable recent fires recorded during the drought of 1976. As a result of the fires, areas affected by peat erosion are localised. If the cause were a factor such as atmospheric pollution, there would be a more general erosion of all blanket mires. Aerial photograph evidence has been used by the National Trust to document the effect of more recent fire events.

A number of factors influence the severity of the fires, and hence the amount of damage caused. These include: peat depth and its water content, topography, vegetation composition and wind conditions. In general, woody species such as {\it Empetrum nigrum}, tend to burn more readily than grasses. {\it E. nigrum} tends to grow preferentially at the drying margins of the blanket peat, thereby encouraging a hotter fire in the very areas where the mire will be more susceptible to subsequent peat erosion.

These uncontrolled fires destroy a large proportion of the vegetation, as well as the buried seed bank, and may burn through a significant depth of the peat itself. This renders the exposed peat vulnerable to the erosive forces of wind, rain and frost-heave, plus subsequent attack by microorganisms and fungi on the surface. Recolonisation of the acidic bare peat is very slow. Few species are able to germinate in such acidic conditions.  Many seeds fall on exposed peat and can be seen to germinate, but they cannot retain a hold on the peat and therefore do not survive anyway. In addition, the heat of the fire may mean that there are few viable seed surviving. Recolonisation is usually by vegetative spread of species such as {\it E. angustifolium, E. nigrum} and {\it D. flexuosa}. High levels of grazing further hinder the recolonisation process - the new growth tends to offer more palatable grazing.

In areas where shallow peat has been burnt through completely, there tends to be recolonisation by mosses such as {\it Polytrichum} spp. This can be seen on the southern side of Pule Hill (on the contiguous CL 39), following a severe fire in 1976. Such vegetation appears to persist in this condition for a considerable number of years.

In addition to accidental fires, the {\it Molinia} grassland on the common is regularly burnt in winter by the graziers to improve tha palatability of grazing for sheep. This management encourages dominance of this tussock-forming species at the expense of a more diverse sward. The practice does not appear to be allowed by the commoners rights and is not permitted by the National Trust. Much of the acidic grassland is dominated by {\it Nardus stricta}. This is relatively unpalatable to sheep and is a further sign of a history of a sustained high grazing level. 

The effects of the other possible factors upon peat erosion are likely to be less severe. Atmospheric pollution has extensively affected the composition of the blanket mires of this section of the South Pennine Moors. This is thought to have killed-off {\it Sphagnum} and other mosses and lichens, rather than actually initiating erosion. However, the absence of these means that they are unable to recolonise exposed peat, thereby adding further to the stresses placed on the vegetation. 

However, there may be {\it Sphagnum} on the moor than one would suspect from this and other reports (D. Finnis/NT staff, pers. comm.). The main species occurring is {\it S. recurvum}, one of the most pollution-tolerant species, and there are several localities where this species is abundant in both blanket mire and various flushes. However, several other species are also present. It has also been suggested that {\it Sphagnum} may never have been a major peat former on some parts of Marsden Moor, but that it has been formed from "sedge" peat (eg. {\it Eriophorum} spp. etc.) instead.

The effects of grazing are also thought to contribute in some way to the erosion process, especially when in combination with the effects of burning. This is a complex subject, which cannot be discussed fully here. Interested readers are referred to the literature review by English Nature (see references). In addition, grazing has a marked effect on the overall vegetation composition (as already mentioned), whilst other factors also influence the impact of livestock on the vegetation. These include type of stock, location of supplementary feeding points (localised trampling and eutrophication), amount of shepherding (or lack of it), plus the time of year that stock are present on the common. For example, ericoid species, particularly {\it Calluna vulgaris}, are more susceptible to selective grazing over the winter months by sheep, when there is little other palatable vegetation available. Note also that supplementary feeding is not included as part of the pasture rights. 

The above discussion highlights that there is a recognised need, in nature conservation terms, to reduce the pressure of grazing on the common. This will hopefully ameliorate some of the negative effects, in particular to promote the recovery of ericoid species such as {\it Calluna}, at present, very scarce on the common. Stocking densities on the upland commons are a complex issue which are closely linked into the system of subsidy payments made to sheep farmers in these areas. At present the system encourages a maximisation of stock numbers to gain the highest possible subsidy. This situation is not helped by the fact that the registration of commons land under the 1965 Act, made no attempt to define appropriate stocking levels on individual commons. As a result, stock numbers defined by registered rights are generally in excess of what would be recognised as ecologically (and often also agriculturally) desirable densities. 

However, the common now lies within the North Peak ESA. This provides the opportunity to make payments to reduce sheep numbers. Such negotiations are complicated on common land by the desire to get all of the graziers on a given common to participate in the scheme. If an individual grazier opted not to join, that person would be able to increase their stocking level to compensate for any reduction by the other graziers! However, there are now agreements in place under the ESA scheme covering the Bobus Moor section of this common. The Wessenden Moor section of the common was previously included within the ESA, but the commoner withdrew from it after five years (D. Finnis, pers. comm.). 

As well as reducing numbers, the introduction of effective shepherding may help to prevent intensive grazing an a few preferred areas. There is also an urgent need to reduce sheep numbers in winter.

Ultimately, the only way forward appears to be a complete revision of the agricultural subsidy system for upland farming in England and Wales, together with a total re-evaluation of pasture rights on commons.   

There is a long history of turbary on these moors, for example there has been extensive digging of peat in the past along Buckstones (CL 39). These may have initiated localised erosion of peat in some areas. Evidence of this activity is lost through time due to subsequent management, but some features remain, with suggestions that large areas of blanket mire may have been stripped from the moors in the distant past on parts of the Dark Peak Moors (P. Ardron, pers comm.). 

Visitor pressure is an increasing aspect across parts of the South Pennine/Dark Peak Moors. For example, this increases the risk of accidental fires. In drought years, the moors may be closed, apart from access along rights of way. The other major problem is trampling of the vegetation along routes such as the Pennine Way. This is mainly evident on sections crossing deep peat, with examples on the section south of Black Moss Reservoir and also north of Wessenden Head (GR 074 074). Recent repair work on some sections has involved laying recycled gritstone flags. Although expensive, this is a relatively long-term solution and is also aesthetically more acceptable than other alternatives. Bare peat at the edge of such areas may need restoration techniques such as those being tried-out on the eroded blanket mire above Buckstones on the contiguous CL39 (see below). 

A further problem caused by visitors to the common is that of disturbance to ground-nesting birds. However, large tracts of the moor are seldom, if at all, visited by the public, so this problem is only localised.

Finally, there has been some erosion of the vegetation caused by vehicles driving onto the common. Careful management at parking sites may prevent vehicular encroachment onto the common in these areas. 

As well as these anthropogenic factors, there has also been considerable interest in the degree to which erosion of the peat may be part of a natural process. This may include factors such as the drainage pattern, slope, gullying and peat slumping. Some evidence suggests that the present system of haggs and groughs on Marsden Moor had begun to establish as long as 1,000 to 1,200 years sgo.

Apart from more effective management of the grazing regime, the most urgent need at present appears to be some form of active management aimed at limiting the extent of peat erosion and, ideally, the restoration of vegetation on eroded areas. Badly affected areas on this common include Bobus and parts of Wessenden Moor itself. A number of techniques appear to have been tried at various affected localities on both this common and also CL 39, the other major CL unit of the Marsden Moor Estate. This work has been done under the ESA scheme.

One method which has been tried is to cover the bare peat with cut heather ("brash"). This prevents the peat surface drying in summer (and hence prevents erosion by wind). It also helps to insulate the peat from freezing (and thus inhibits loss by freeze-thaw). In the long term it also encourages recolonisation by new heather plants. Fencing of some areas has been done to exclude stock, aimed at preventing their inhibiting effect on recolonisation of the bare peat. A variety of other techniques may be appropriate. These include re-seeding with a mix of native species plus a grass "nurse crop" and adding lime/artifial fertiliser. Other measures involve the application of "geojute" netting to stabilise the bare peat, transplanting turves of {\it E. angustifolium} and transplantation of established seedlings of {\it Calluna} etc. 

This type of management is based on the findings of much experimental work conducted over many years, both here and elsewhere on the Dark Peak, mainly by Penny Anderson Associates. To review in more detail the many issues relevant to the management of this, and other commons in this area, readers are advised to consult the references cited and sources such as English Nature and the National Trust.  

Smaller enclosed areas, at Pule Hill, for example, appear to be aimed at re-establishment of {\it Calluna}, also under the ESA scheme. Similar treatment has been suggested for parts of this common. 

As well as recolonising bare peat, consideration is also being given to increasing the species diversity of the existing blanket bog vegetation. This would involve the collection of suitable seed, creation of suitable germination sites in the mire surface and planting of the seed itself. Long-term success of this technique would be dependent on satisfactory management of the grazing levels.

In an attempt to prevent fires, attention has been given to the development of an assessment procedure to identify vulnerable periods. There may also be scope for creating firebreaks. However this is limited on Marsden Moor, as it only really works on heather moors. Burning {\it Molinia}, while removing litter and promoting new growth, encourages the dominance of this species and prevents regeneration of ericoid species. A build-up of litter would also provide a better habitat for small mammals and perhaps microhabitats for various invertebrates. Other measures aimed at fire prevention would include restricting public access during danger periods and providing interpretive leaflets to the public about the problem (these measures now implemented). 

Bracken encroachment seems to be a relatively minor problem on the common. There is some evidence of a slow overall increase within the sheltered valleys where it occurs. The main problem appears to be colonisation onto adjacent slopes. Bracken was cut in the past for bedding, but this practice has now ceased on a large proportion of upland commons. Cattle tend not to be pastured on the commons as much as they were in the past. Trampling by the hooves of cattle was thought to help suppress bracken. In addition, increasing numbers of sheep are thought to encourage the plant, which they avoid grazing, giving it a competitive advantage over the plants which they graze in preference. 

In fact, the bracken on the valley-sides seems to be an important element in the ecology of the moors, providing nesting habitat for ring ousel and whinchat. Removal of these established swards may lead to soil erosion. In nature conservation terms, bracken is probably only a problem where it encroaches onto ecologically important habitats such as {\it Calluna} heath. However, the commoners may wish to see more extensive control to maintain or increase the area of palatable grazing. For a full account of this issue, please consult the bracken management guidelines prepared by the Peak District National Park ecologist. 

Grouse shooting takes place on Wessenden Moor, with four lines of grouse butts maintained.


FAUNA:
Noted during site visit were: meadow pipit, curlew, skylark, red grouse, swallow, carrion crow, small heath butterfly. Also heard, distant call of peregrine. 

The South Pennine Moors, in addition to being scheduled as SSSI, have also been proposed as a Special Protection Area (pSPA) under the EC Directive 79/409 on the Conservation of Wild Birds. 

The moorlands support nationally important numbers of golden plover, curlew, merlin and twite. These species, together with a diverse assemblage of other breeding birds, all rely on the mosaic of habitats found across the moors for their survival and many are here at their southernmost British breeding stations. The most recent counts are of 51 pairs of merlin (minimum of 7.8 per cent of the British breeding population), 707 pairs of golden plover (3.1 per cent) and 694 pairs of curlew (1.8 per cent). 

The blanket mires are the main breeding areas for golden plover and dunlin. These birds need relatively short vegetation to nest in and also access to wet areas to feed, a combination of features found on the blanket mires. The South Pennine Moors as a whole support 1.3 per cent of the British breeding population of golden plover. 

Large numbers of meadow pipit and skylark nesting on the moors provide a major food source for merlin. The deeper cover provided by the heather provides nest sites for a range of other species. For example, merlin prefer to nest in the older, leggy heather, bracken, or small trees on the moorland edge. 

Most dependent on the heather moors are red grouse. Their stronghold is on the managed moors of the Haworth Moors complex. The birds require a diverse age-structure within the heather stands, nesting in the shelter of taller, mature plants, but also needing young growth to provide the best food. Accessibility to flushed areas during the nesting period is also important for fledging success, with additional food available here in the form of cranefly (Tipulid) larvae in these localities.  

Golden plover are also known to nest on recently burnt areas of heather moorland. Curlew favour for breeding sites, the wet acidic grasslands and semi-improved areas on the edge of the moors. A significant number (ie. 0.8 per cent) of the British population breed within the South Pennine Moors, sharing this habitat with lapwing and in the wettest areas, snipe and redshank. 

The moors also support 1 per cent of the British population of twite. These birds are an isolated southern population of the race {\it piplans}, which occurs only in Scandinavia and the British Isles, being isolated from the remainder of the world population in the mountains of Central Asia. The South Pennine population is therefore seen as vital in maintaining the present world distribution. Twite usually use all of the moorland habitats at different stages of their life cycle. They prefer heather for nesting, but also use bracken, boulder screes, grass tussocks and dry stone walls. Feeding on small seeds, they utilise grassy areas across the moorlands, weedy areas on the moorland fringes, semi-improved pastures and even areas of burnt {\it Molinia} grassland.

Peregrine nest in small numbers on suitable crags and disused quarries and up to three pairs of short-eared owl have also nested in recent years. The moors also support wheatear, whinchat, ring ouzel and in some years, stonechat. 

The large reservoirs within and adjacent to the site provide feeding areas for moorland birds such as dunlin, as well as nesting habitat for common sandpiper and grey wagtail. Two more unusual species which nest on the reservoirs are little ringed plover and shelduck. The streams draining the reservoirs and moors support small numbers of dipper.

The National Trust survey report for the Marsden Moor Estate notes the presence of breeding birds such as twite, whinchat, wheatear and ring ouzel. There is also a small breeding population of breeding red grouse.

The invertebrate fauna of Marsden Moor appears generally to be of low diversity, although this is not unusual in upland situations. The fauna includes a few species which can be considered characteristic of upland habitats generally, and includes two rare Arctic-Alpine rove beetle species: {\it Atheta arctica} and {\it A. diversa}. 

The common also overlaps the Dark Peak SSSI to the south. This is of similar ornithological importance to the South Pennine Moors SSSI. For a full description of this aspect, please refer to the site description for the contiguous CL 37.

VEG:
The major part of the common lies within the boundary of the South Pennine Moors SSSI. A small section to the south also lies within the Dark Peak SSSI (see map under CL 37). The recently notified South Pennine Moors SSSI includes several sections of these moors, lying between Ilkley in the north and the Peak District National Park boundary in the south. The majority of the site lies within West Yorkshire but it also covers areas of Lancashire, Greater Manchester and North Yorkshire. The largest moorland blocks are Ilkley Moor, the Howarth Moors, Rishworth Moor and Moss Moor, a considerable portion of which are also common land. CL 39 is the second largest registered common within West Yorkshire and together with the contiguous CL 37, forms the major part of the National Trust Marsden Moor Estate.  

The underlying geology is Millstone Grit, which outcrops at several points on the common, most notably along Buckstones Edge, a steep south-facing hillside to the north of the common. This feature forms part of a major valley which cuts into the eastern edge of the Pennine Moors at this point. The part of the SSSI which overlaps this common incorporates two geological features which were previosuly scheduled separately. These are the disused quarries at Pule Hill and the Standedge Road Cutting (the latter site only partially overlapping the common). There are further gritstone outcrops in other disused quarries at the edge of the plateaux. 

The SSSI as a whole is the largest area of unenclosed moorland within West Yorkshire and contains the most diverse and extensive examples of upland plant communities within the county. Extensive areas of blanket mire occur on the upland plateaux and are punctuated by species-rich acidic flushes and mires. There are also wet and dry heaths and acidic grasslands. Three habitat types which occur on the site are rare enough within Europe to be listed on Annex 1 of the EC Habitats and Species Directive (92/43 EEC). These communities are typical of and represent the full range of upland vegetation types found in the South Pennines.

There is a wide diversity of survey information available for this common. Major sources include the WYEAIS Phase 1 survey (1988/89) and the National Trust Biological Survey (1987). Additional notes were made during visits to several parts of the common during the present survey. With so much information available, only a summarised account is provided here. For more detailed information, the reader is referred to the primary sources. Many thanks are also due to Mr D. Finnis, the site manager of the Marsden Moor Estate and other NT staff, for reading and making comments of the first draft of this site report.
 
The most extensive habitat type present on the common is blanket mire. This lies on the gentle hillslopes of Close Moss and also White Hassock - Buckstones Moss, to the north. This is of a type typical of the South Pennine Moors, being in a degraded condition, and is dominated by {\it Eriophorum vaginatum}. This falls into the Phase 1 category of dry modified bog and in NVC terms belongs to M20. Within this are frequent/abundant {\it Deschampsia flexuosa} and locally frequent/abundant {\it Empetrum nigrum} and {\it Eriophorum angustifolium}. Other less frequent or rare associates include {\it Erica tetralix} and {\it Vaccinium myrtillus}. Much of the blanket mire on this common has suffered severe peat erosion over recent decades. For example the edge of Buckstones Moss has 20-30 per cent bare peat overall. This area has been fenced as part of restoration management, which has involved amongst other things, the application of cut heather brashings (see under management). Close Moss also has significant erosion of bare peat, with hagged edges and gullying at margins to the blanket mire, plus bare patches within the mire surface itself. {\it E. nigrum} tends to be associated with the drying marginal areas of the blanket mire, while {\it E. angustifolium} is one of the few colonisers of the bare peat.

Where the slopes at the edge of the blanket mire are gentle, the vegetation tends to give way to a band dominated by {\it Molinia caerulea} (ie. generally at more than 90 per cent cover). As this is mainly on peat of less than 0.5m deep, this is marshy grassland in Phase 1 terms. In areas of greater than 0.5m peat, this belongs to wet modified bog. (NB. this distinction is obviously very difficult to make in the field). This species-poor vegetation dominated by {\it M. caerulea} belongs to NVC type M25. Other associates include frequent {\it D. flexuosa} and occasionally, {\it Juncus squarrosus} and {\it Empetrum nigrum}. There are large areas of this vegetation on Shaw Heys, Pule Hill, Black Clough and around Red Brook Reservoir. 

In addition, an area of {\it Molinia} wet bog on Shaw Heys (GR 039 131) also is shown on the National Trust map to have a heathy element in the form of {\it Calluna vulgaris}. This species, however, appears to be of very restricted occurrence across the common as a whole. The edge of this area, adjacent to CL 454, was visited during the present survey. The {\it Calluna} here is at around 20 per cent cover, around 20cm tall and showing relatively few signs of grazing. {\it Vaccinium myrtillus} is also locally occasional here.

In general, the most likely place to find {\it Calluna} on the common are inaccessible crags within some of the steeper-sided cloughs. There has also been some signs of regeneration in enclosed plots at various points around the estate. There are also two records for {\it Phegopteris connectilis} from these cloughs, but it is not known whether these refer to this common, or CL 37, which makes-up the other "half" of the estate.

On steeper, and better-drained slopes, the vegetation gives way to acidic grassland. This is generally dominated by {\it Nardus stricta}, with frequent {\it D. flexuosa}, plus occasional {\it M. caerulea, Galium saxatile} and {\it J. squarrosus} (NVC type U5). In some areas {\it D. flexuosa} is the dominant species, possibly marking transitions to a U2 sward (for example, on the spoil heaps in the disused quarries on Pule Hill). Elsewhere, {\it Festuca ovina} and {\it Agrostis capillaris} are abundant, suggesting a transition to NVC U4. Very locally there is a heathy element to the vegetation in the form of {\it E. nigrum} and {\it V. myrtillus}. However, their combined cover is less than 30 per cent, so these areas have been mapped as a mosaic of dry heath with acidic grassland. 
                              
On the slopes to the south-east of Pule Hill is an area of vegetation dominated by carpets of the moss {\it Polytrichum piliferum} (90 per cent cover). This is difficult to translate to Phase 1 and is thought to have originated as the result of a severe fire in the drought of 1976. Within the {\it P. commune} are scattered tussocks of {\it D. flexuosa, Nardus stricta} and occasionally, {\it Juncus squarrosus}. Exposed boulders are also present throughout. There are no dead stems of any ericoid species evident.

The more sheltered and deeper valleys also have scattered small stands of dense bracken {\it Pteridium aquilinum}. This species may be making a slow increase in these areas (see under management). Small diffuse areas of flushing also tend to occur within the valleys, but can also be seen around the edges of the blanket mire areas. These are generally species-poor and dominated by {\it Juncus effusus} and {\it Sphagnum recurvum} (NVC type M6c). Several examples of this habitat were noted during the present survey, most notably around the point where the A640 crosses the western boundary of the common (GR 003 124). Other species present here include {\it Eriophorum angustifolium, Equisetum fluviatile, Deschampsia cespitosa, Carex curta} and {\it Galium palustre}. Please see under CL 455 for a 1:10,000 scale habitat map of this area. Further flush features were noted to the south of Pule Hill (GR 035 102). Here {\it J. effusus} dominates, with abundant {\it Polytrichum commune, Agrostis canina} and {\it M. caerulea}, plus locally frequent {\it Carex nigra} and {\it Sphagnum recurvum}. 

There are further quite extensive flushes on the lower slopes of the hillside below Blackstone Edge (not visited). The National Trust Survey report notes that {\it Vaccinium oxycoccos} was found in association with these features. In addition, a flush at Shaw Heys (GR 041 132) was noted to have {\it Narthecium ossifragum, Erica tetralix} and {\it V. oxycoccos}. Flush habitats were also target noted during the course of the WYEAIS (and earlier) Phase 1 survey. This notes from GR 008 124: {\it Sphagnum} carpet with {\it Carex rostrata, C. curta, Viola palustris} and {\it V. oxycoccos} (1983 survey). GR 021 134: {\it Polytrichum} spp., {\it Carex nigra, C. ovalis} and {\it Juncus bufonius} (1983 survey). GR 034 149: {\it Chrysosplenium oppositifolium, Epilobium palustre} and {\it Montia fontana} (1988 survey).       

Finally, there are records of {\it Phegopteris connectilis} from two sites on this common: Redbrook Clough and Haigh Clough (information from NT staff via D. Finnis). This is described as "rare" in West Yorkshire, being restricted to "one or two sites" (Lavin and Wilmore, 1994).

MANAGE:
The common is grazed extensively by sheep. There is also some grazing by cattle at various points along the eastern edge (eg. Shaw Heys). Indications from the available sources suggest that stocking densities of sheep have increased since the 1930s (a situation compatible with what has occurred in general on upland commons throughout England and Wales).

Appropriate management of the whole SSSI is seen as essential in maintaining the suitability of the moors as a major upland bird habitat. The most urgent management issue of the Marsden Moor Estate is the severe erosion of the blanket mire which has taken place in recent decades. This common appears to be the most affected in this respect of any of those in the South Pennines. (The phenomenon appears to be most extensive in the Derbyshire section of the S. Pennines, which has very little registered common land). A number of factors are involved in this process. The main one appears to be the effects of accidental fires. These are an ever-present danger in dry years, with the most notable recent fires recorded during the drought of 1976. As a result of the fires, the areas affected by peat erosion are localised. If the cause were a factor such as atmospheric pollution, there would be a more general erosion of all blanket mires. Aerial photograph evidence has been used by the National Trust to document the effect of more recent fire events.

A number of factors influence the severity of the fires, and hence the amount of damage caused. These include: peat depth and its water content, topography, vegetation composition and wind conditions. In general, woody species such as {\it Empetrum nigrum}, tend to burn more readily than grasses. {\it E. nigrum} tends to grow preferentially at the drying margins of the blanket peat, thereby encouraging a hotter fire in the very areas where the mire will be more susceptible to subsequent peat erosion.

These uncontrolled fires destroy a large proportion of the vegetation, as well as the buried seed bank and may burn through a significant depth of the peat itself. This renders the exposed peat vulnerable to the erosive forces of wind, rain and frost-heave, plus subsequent attack by microorganisms and fungi on the surface. Recolonisation of the acidic bare peat is very slow. Few species are able to germinate in such acidic conditions and there are often few viable seed surviving anyway. Recolonisation is usually by vegetative spread of species such as {\it E. angustifolium, E. nigrum} and {\it D. flexuosa}. High levels of grazing further hinder the recolonisation process - the new growth tends to offer more palatable grazing.

In areas where shallow peat has been burnt through completely, there tends to be recolonisation by mosses such as {\it Polytrichum} spp. This can be seen on the southern side of Pule Hill, following a severe fire in 1976. Such vegetation appears to persist in this condition for a considerable number of years.

In addition to accidental fires, the {\it Molinia} grassland on the common is regularly burnt in winter by the graziers to improve the palatability of grazing for sheep. This management encourages dominance of this tussock-forming species at the expense of a more diverse sward. The practice does not appear to be allowed by the commoners rights and is not permitted by the National Trust. Much of the acidic grassland is dominated by {\it Nardus stricta}. This is relatively unpalatable to sheep and is a further sign of a history of a sustained high grazing level. 

The effects of the other possible factors upon peat erosion are likely to be less severe. Atmospheric pollution has extensively affected the composition of the blanket mires of this section of the South Pennine Moors. This is thought to have killed-off {\it Sphagnum} and other mosses and lichens, rather than actually initiating erosion. However, the absence of these means that they are unable to recolonise exposed peat, thereby adding further to the stresses placed on the vegetation. 

However, there may be {\it Sphagnum} on the moor than one would suspect from this and other reports (D. Finnis/NT staff, pers. comm.). The main species is {\it S. recurvum}, one of the most pollution-tolerant species, and there are several localities where this species is abundant in both blanket mire and various flushes. However, several other species are also present. It has also been suggested that {\it Sphagnum} may never have been a major peat former on some parts of Marsden Moor, but that it has been formed from "sedge" peat (eg. {\it Eriophorum} spp. etc.) instead.

The effects of grazing are also thought to contribute in some way to the erosion process, especially when in combination with the effects of burning. This is a complex subject, which cannot be discussed fully here. Interested readers are referred to the literature review by English Nature (see references). In addition, grazing has a marked effect on the overall vegetation composition (as already mentioned), whilst other factors also influence the impact of livestock on the vegetation. These include type of stock, location of supplementary feeding points (localised trampling and eutrophication), amount of shepherding (or lack of it), plus the time of year that stock are present on the common. For example, ericoid species, particularly {\it Calluna vulgaris}, are more susceptible to selective grazing over the winter months by sheep, when there is little other palatable vegetation available. Note also that supplementary feeding is not included as part of the pasture rights. 

There is a recognised need, in nature conservation terms, to reduce the pressure of grazing on the common. This will hopefully ameliorate some of the negative effects, in particular to promote the recovery of ericoid species such as {\it Calluna}, at present, very scarce on the common. Stocking densities on the upland commons are a complex issue which are closely linked into the system of subsidy payments made to sheep farmers in these areas. At present the system encourages a maximisation of stock numbers to gain the highest possible subsidy. This situation is not helped by the fact that the registration of common land under the 1965 Act, made no attempt to define appropriate stocking levels on individual commons. As a result, stock numbers defined by registered rights are generally in excess of what would be recognised as ecologically (and often also agriculturally) desirable densities. 

However, the common now lies within the North Peak ESA. This provides the opportunity to make payments to reduce sheep numbers. However, the negotiations are complicated on common land by the need to get all of the graziers on a given common to participate in the scheme. If an individual grazier opted not to join, that person would be able to increase their stocking level to compensate for any reduction by the other graziers! 

As well as reducing numbers, the introduction of effective shepherding may help to prevent intensive grazing an a few preferred areas. There is also an urgent need to reduce sheep numbers in winter. The majority of this particular common has now joined the ESA scheme.

Ultimately, the only way forward appears to be a complete revision of the agricultural subsidy system for upland farming in England and Wales, together with a total re-evaluation of pasture rights on commons.   

There is a long history of turbary on these moors, for example there has been much digging of peat in the past along Buckstones. These may have initiated localised erosion of peat in some areas. Evidence of this activity is lost through time due to subsequent management, but some features remain, with suggestions that large areas of blanket mire may have been stripped from the moors in the distant past (P. Ardron, pers comm.). 

Visitor pressure is an increasing aspect across parts of the South Pennine Moors. This increases the risk of accidental fires. In drought years, the moors may be closed, apart from access along rights of way. The other major problem is trampling of the vegetation along routes such as the Pennine Way. This is mainly evident on sections crossing deep peat. Recent repair work has involved laying recycled gritstone bouders across these areas. Although expensive, this is a relatively long-term solution and is also aesthetically more acceptable than other alternatives. Bare peat at the edge of such areas may need restoration techniques such as are being tried-out on the eroded blanket mire above Buckstones (see below). A further problem caused by visitors to the common is that of disturbance to ground-nesting birds. However, large tracts of the moor are seldom, if at all visited by the public, so this problem is only localised.

Finally, there has been some erosion of the vegetation caused by vehicles driving onto the common. Careful management at parking sites may prevent vehicular encroachment onto the common in these areas. 

As well as these anthropogenic factors, there has also been considerable interest in the degree to which erosion of the peat may be part of a natural process. This may include factors such as the drainage pattern, slope, gullying, peat slumping. Some evidence suggests that the present system of haggs and groughs on Marsden Moor had begun to establish as long as 1,000 to 1,200 years sgo.

Apart from more effective management of the grazing regime, the most urgent need at present appears to be some form of active management aimed at limiting the extent of peat erosion and, ideally, the restoration of vegetation eroded areas. This is now been undertaken under the ESA scheme at   badly affected areas such as Buckstones Moss, plus parts of Close Moss. A significant portion of Buckstones Moss has been fenced by the National Trust to exclude sheep. 

A number of techniques appear to have been tried at the Buckstones enclosure. In the main, bare peat has been covered with cut heather ("brash"). This prevents the peat surface drying in summer (and hence prevents erosion by wind). It also helps to insulate the peat from freezing (and thus inhibits loss by freeze-thaw). In the long term it also encourages recolonisation by new heather plants. The exclusion of stock is aimed at preventing their inhibiting effect on recolonisation of the bare peat. A variety of other techniques may be appropriate. These include re-seeding with a mix of native species plus a grass "nurse crop" and adding lime/artifial fertiliser. Other measures involve the application of "geojute" netting to stabilise the bare peat, transplanting turves of {\it E. angustifolium} and transplantation of established seedlings of {\it Calluna} etc.  

This type of management is based on the result of much experimental work conducted over many years, both here and elsewhere on the South Pennine Moors, mainly by Penny Anderson Associates. To review in more detail the many issues relevant to the management of this, and other commons in this area, readers are advised to consult the references cited and sources such as English Nature and the National Trust.  

Smaller enclosed areas, at Pule Hill, for example, appear to be aimed at re-establishment of {\it Calluna}, also done under the ESA scheme.

As well as recolonising bare peat, consideration is also being given to increasing the species diversity of the existing blanket bog vegetation. This would involve the collection of suitable seed, creation of suitable germination sites in the mire surface and planting of the seed itself. Long-term success of this technique would be dependent on satisfactory management of the grazing levels.

In an attempt to prevent fires, attention has been given to the development of an assessment procedure to identify vulnerable periods. There may also be scope for creating firebreaks. However this is limited on Marsden Moor, as it only really works on heather moors. Burning {\it Molinia}, while removing litter and promoting new growth, encourages the dominance of this species and prevents regeneration of ericoid species. A build-up of litter would also provide a better habitat for small mammals and perhaps microhabitats for various invertebrates. Other measures aimed at fire prevention would include restricting public access during danger periods and providing interpretive leaflets to the public about the problem (these measures now implemented). 

Bracken encroachment seems to be a relatively minor problem on the common. There is some evidence of a slow overall increase within the sheltered valleys where it occurs. The main problem appears to be colonisation onto adjacent slopes. Bracken was cut in the past for bedding, but this practice has now ceased on a large proportion of upland commons. Cattle tend not to be pastured on the commons as much as they were in the past. Trampling by the hooves of cattle was thought to help suppress bracken. In addition, increasing numbers of sheep are thought to encourage the plant, which they avoid grazing, giving it a competitive advantage over the plants which they do preferentially graze. 

In fact, the bracken on the valley-sides seems to be an important element in the ecology of the moors, providing nesting habitat for ring ousel and whinchat. Removal of these established swards may lead to soil erosion. In nature conservation terms, bracken is probably only a problem where it encroaches onto ecologically important habitats such as {\it Calluna} heath. However, the commoners will wish to see more extensive control to maintain or increase the area of palatable grazing. For a full account of this issue, please consult the bracken management guidelines prepared by the Peak District National Park ecologist. 

There is grouse shooting on this common at Close Moss and Buckstones. There are no formal grouse butts maintained. Here there is a "walk-up" and a rough shoot.

The common includes two areas of geological interest. These were originally scheduled separately but are now part of the South Pennine Moors SSSI as a whole. They are the old quarries and other exposures at Pule Hill and the Standedge Road Cutting. There is a need to encourage school parties visiting such areas to do so by arrangement so that these can be more effectively regulated. Rock climbing at Pule Hill is being discouraged. The details of these sites are somewhat beyond the scope of this survey, please refer to English Nature.


