# file3

FAUNA:
Noted during the site visit were: robin, coot, mallard, wood pigeon, blue tit, mute swan, nuthatch, blackbird, magpie, plus gatekeeper, large white and speckled wood butterflies.

VEG:
The common lies to the south of the Reigate/Redhill conurbation (Reigate and Banstead district). The vast majority of the site has been surveyed by Surrey Wildlife Trust as part of the SNCI project. Subsequently most, but not all of the coincident area has been selected as SNCI. The SNCI survey reports include a general description which have been consulted for the purposes of the present survey. Mapping of habitats was done with the aid of the Surrey habitat survey, which was prepared from aerial photographs. Additional information was gathered during the course of the present survey.

The common is divided into a relatively large number of discrete blocks. The larger portion and some of the adjoining smaller elements are managed as a golf course. The fairways/greens etc. comprise amenity grassland. Across this area are a number of scattered broadleaved trees and small areas of broadleaved woodland. Toward the margins, these merge into larger, more continuously wooded areas. 

The northern block of Redhill Common also comprises a secondary broadleaved woodland. The main canopy species is {\it Quercus robur}, with {\it Betula pendula} and {\it Acer pseudoplatanus} abundant locally. Other occasional trees include {\it Sorbus aucuparia, Fagus sylvatica} and {\it Quercus cerris}. In addition, {\it Populus x canadensis} is frequent to the south of the Earlswood Lakes. 

The shrub layer of these woods includes {\it Crataegus monogyna, Salix cinerea, S. capraea, Sambucus nigra, Ilex aquifolium, Ulmus procera, Prunus spinosa} and, more locally, {\it Cornus sanguinea} (southern edge of the 'lakes') and elsewhere, {\it Prunus laurocerasus}. The field layer is characterised by species such as {\it Urtica dioica, Glechoma hederacea, Rubus fruticosus} agg., {\it Hedera helix, Geum urbanum, Geranium robertianum, Stachys sylvatica, Pteridium aquilinum, Rumex sanguineus} and the moss {\it Atrichum undulatum}.

Further areas of mown amenity-type grassland occur along the margins of the main common, for example along the northern side of Pendleton Road. A number of more ornamental-type trees are to be found in these areas, occasionally as roadside 'avenues'. These include {\it Fraxinus excelsior, Aesculus hippocastanum, Carpinus betulus, Acer platanoides, Acer} sp., {\it Tilia} sp, {\it Robinia pseudoacacia, Quercus rubra, Populus x canadensis} plus a variety of {\it Quercus ilex} (? var. {\it fordii}).

There are two small ponds situated along this part of the common. 

(1). This pond has a pavement and made-up edge at one side with, to the rear, a strip of scrub/trees. The latter includes {\it Quercus} sp., Fraxinus excelsior, Salix fragilis, Salix alba, Crataegus monogyna} and {\it Acer pseudoplatanus}. Marginal vegetation includes locally frequent {\it Iris pseudacorus, Epilobium hirsutum} and {\it Carex pseudocyperus}.

(2). Second pond situated in amenity grassland road verge close to a school entrance. This has a well-developed band of marginal vegetation which includes locally abundant {\it Cyperus longus, Juncus effusus, J. inflexus, Mentha} sp., {\it Lotus pedunculatus, Iris pseudacorus} and {\it Epilobium hirsutum}, plus locally occasional {\it Ranunculus lingua} and {\it Alisma plantago-aquatica}. The open water contains {\it Lemna minor, Stratiotes aloides} and occasional {\it Myriophyllum} sp.

The main area of the common contains two much larger ponds, known as the Earlswood Lakes.

(3). "New Pond". The southern side has a constructed wall, while the northern side is adjoined by heavily-trampled amenity grassland. There are occasional marginal trees: {\it Populus x canadensis, Alnus glutinosa, Salix alba} and {\it Salix fragilis}. Marginal vegetation occurs sporadically and includes {\it Mentha aquatica, Lycopus europaeus, Iris pseudacorus, Oenanthe crocata, Spargainum erectum, Juncus inflexus, Bidens tripartita} and {\it Epilobium hirsutum}.

(4). The larger of the two ponds is dammed at its western end. Once again there are a number of marginal trees, with poorly-developed marginal vegetation (used for rowing boats). 

(5). Grassland to south of "New Pond". Rather species-poor and heavily rabbit-grazed. Mostly dominated by {\it Agrostis} spp. with the mosses {\it Rhytidiadelphus squarrosus} and {\it Brachythecium rutabulum} locally abundant. Localised taller grass includes {\it Hordeum secalinum, Arrhenatherum elatius} and {\it Holcus lanatus}. Other associates include frequent/abundant {\it Cirsium arvense} and {\it Senecio jacobaea}, locally frequent {\it Trifolium repens} and {\it Lotus corniculatus}, plus locally occasional {\it Cirsium vulgare}. Wet areas have {\it Juncus inflexus, Potentilla anserina} and {\it Carex hirta}.

To the eastern parts of the golf course and on other more marginal portions of the common are neutral grasslands of somewhat greater nature conservation interest.

(6). Open grassland area within woodland block. Area kept open to maintain views. Semi-improved neutral sward dominated by {\it Agrostis capillaris} with abundant {\it Festuca rubra}. Locally frequent {\it Phleum pratense, Lolium perenne, Rumex acetosa, R. acetosella, Holcus lanatus, Hypochaeris radicata, Leontodon autumnalis} plus locally occasional {\it Dactylis glomerata} and {\it Campanula rotundifolia}. 

(7). Three arch road area (south-eastern portions of the common): This comprises a number of blocks of neutral grassland. Most parts appear to be periodically grazed by tethered horses. Grasslands generally appear to be dominated by {\it Agrostis capillaris} and locally contain {\it Dactylis glomarata} and {\it Holcus lanatus}. A range of associated herbs includes {\it Potentilla reptans, P. anserina, Prunella vulgaris, Lotus corniculatus, L. pedunculatus, Stellaria graminea, Senecio jacobaea, Centaurea nigra, Rumex acetosa, Juncus inflexus, Agrimonia eupatoria, Odontites vernus, Plantago lanceolata, Pulicaria dysenterica, Stellaria graminea, Cirsium arvense, Ranunculus repens, R. acris, Vicia cracca, Carex hirta, Achillea millefolium, Leontondon autumnalis, Hypochaeris radicata, Pilosella officinarum} and {\it Equisetum arvense}.

The mosses {\it Rhytidiadelphus squarrosus} and {\it Pseudoscleropodium purum} are locally abundant. Scattered bushes of {\it Crataegus monogyna} across some parts. 

Other target noted areas are:

(8). Tall, coarse neutral grassland with tall ruderal species. {\it A. elatius, Cirsium arvense, Urtica dioica, Dipsacus fullonum, Dactylis glomerata, Filipendula ulmaria} and {\it Heracleum sphondylium}. Dicthes running across with {\it F. ulmaria} and {\it Pulicaria dysenterica}. Several mature trees of {\it Salix fragilis} next to the road, plus scattered scrub of {\it Salix} spp. 

(9). This area is used as a football pitch (this being the rectangular area of amenity grassland). Narrow triangle on eastern side is, to the north, used as the car park. The southern portion is also a car park, but in this instance for public use for a recycling centre. The eastern edge has a narrow strip of tall ruderals, scrub and trees.

(10). Formerly used as a football pitch. Still heavily used by playing children. Dominated by {\it A. capillaris} and species-poor. Locally appears improved.

MANAGE:
The main portion of the common and some of the adjacent sections are managed as a golf course. Theferore, the main management activity here is mowing of the greens and fairways. There appears also to have been some planting of broadleaved trees. Dumped grass clippings noted at edge of one block of woodland. 

The two large ponds, known as the "Earlswood Lakes", are managed as important recreational facilities (see recreation section). Note: UK BAP "Priority Habitats"- Mesotrophic/Eutrophic standing waters.

Smaller verges and strips along some of the peripheral portions of the common are also mown for amenity purposes and have a wide variety of planted ornamental trees present. 

Most of the wooded areas of the common appear of secondary origin and, apart from some marginal planting of ornamental trees around the golf course, appear unmanaged.

Areas of less-intensively managed grassland are maintained by a mixture of mowing and/or grazing. For example, the open area of neutral grassland on Redhill Common (6) appears to be managed by periodic mowing. The purpose of managing this area appears to be to maintain an open viewpoint across land to the south. 

The parcels of land associated with Three Arch Road are managed differently in that they are grazed periodically by tethered horses (several present at the time of the site visit). In general, the swards in this area showed the greatest botanical diversity of any on the common. Mapped during the present survey as semi-improved neutral garssland, there may be localised areas which could be considered unimproved. More detailed survey of this vegetation is recommended. The grazing of these areas of grassland is seen as an appropriate form of management - in fact one of the few areas of grazed neutral grassland observed during the course of the project. However, the precise nature of this activity in uncertain. It may only be a casual occurrence and, unless carefully regulated, could lead to eutrophication problems if areas were grazed too heavily. 

It may be advantageous if some parts of the golf course were cut less frequently to allow a structurally more diverse grassland habitat to develop. This, coupled with allowing scrubby borders to develop along the woodland blocks, would potentially enhance the overall habitat diversity.

Although much of the common is fairly intensively managed, taken in an urban context, the various habitat elements of the common, in particular the woodland and more diverse grassland swards, appear to form an important refuge to local wildlife.

Note small area managed as a football pitch, with adjacent car park.


FAUNA:
Noted during the site visit were: magpie, carrion crow, plus large white, gatekeeper and common blue butterflies.

VEG:
The common lies alongside the A2044 and the A23 to the south of Redhill. The greater part of the common has been surveyed by Surrey Wildlife Trust as part of the SNCI project. This includes a general description which has been consulted for the purposes of the Common Land Survey. The coincident area accounts for the greater part of the three larger, central portions of the common. All of the surveyed area has been subsequently selected as SNCI.

The following target notes were made during the course of the present survey.

(1). Amenity grassland. Note the small fenced childrens' play area (shown as the small rectangle marked 'J5'). There is also a football pitch marked out on this area. 

Along the edge of the A23 (i.e. east side) is an avenue of tall broadleaved trees. Mostly {\it Fraxinus excelsior}, but also including {\it Fraxinus} sp. (non-native), {\it Salix alba} and, rarely, {\it Populus} sp. probably {\it P. x canadensis}. Alongside the A2400 (west side) is a row of more recently planted trees - {\it Salix alba} and {\it S. fragilis}.

Note other narrow strips of mown amenity grassland along various verges elsewhere on the common, in places again also with avenues of ornamental trees. Cricket pitch on western side of A2044 - closely mown amenity grassland.

Also note drain alongside the A2044. Abundant {\it Typha latifolia} here.

(2). This area has a sward or rather rank, somewhat damp, but relatively species-rich neutral grassland - mapped as the unimproved category. The dominant grasses include {\it Holcus lanatus, Agrostis} spp. and {\it Festuca rubra}. Several areas with a tall sward dominated by tussocky {\it Deschampsia cespitosa}. Other associates include locally abundant {\it Centaurea nigra}, locally frequent {\it Achillea ptarmica, Trifolium pratense, Anthoxanthum odoratum, Juncus effusus, J. inflexus} and {\it Prunella vulgaris}, locally occasional {\it Carex hirta, Lotus pedunculatus, Cirsium palustre, Festuca arundinacea, Equisetum arvense, Achillea millefolium, Pulicaria dysenterica} and {\it Senecio jacobaea}, plus rare {\it Angelica sylvestris}. Also present are a few areas of scattered scrub in the form of {\it Crataegus monogyna} and {\it Rosa canina}. Additional species noted from the SWT 'general description': {\it Dactylorhiza fuchsii, Prunella vulgaris} and {\it Carex ovalis}.

(3). This grassland just cut prior to the site visit. The SWT 'general description' suggests that this sward has a species composition rather similar to (2) above. 

(4). Grassland again like (2), but with the scrub element more pronounced. Note the small car park next to the A2044 and, alongside the drive to Maple Manor, an avenue of tall trees of {\it Aesculus hippocastanum}.

(5). Small block of broadleaved woodland - canopy comprising {\it Quercus robur}. Shrub layer includes {\it Ilex aquifolium, Ulmus procera, Crataegus monogyna, Acer campestre} and {\it Carpinus betulus}. The field layer is dominated by {\it Rubus fruticosus} agg. and {\it Pteridium aquilinum}, with locally occasional {\it Hyacinthoides non-scripta}. Abundant leaf litter/small twigs etc. Locally occasional standing dead trees of {\it Betula} sp.

(6). Further strip of broadleaved woodland. The canopy comprises a mixture of {\it Fraxinus excelsior} and {\it Q. robur} in varying proportions. Occasional individuals of {\it Salix alba}. Shrub layer includes {\it Ulmus} sp., {\it Prunus spinosa, Acer campestre, Sambucus nigra, C. monogyna, Salix capraea} and {\it S. cinerea}. Field layer: {\it R. fruticosus} agg., {\it Urtica dioica, Hedera helix, Stachys sylvatica, Torilis japonica, Glechoma hederacea, Dryopteris filix-mas, Brachypodium sylvaticum} and {\it Rumex sanguineus}.

Note row of mature {\it A. hippocastanum} trees along either side of the road which marks the northern boundary to this block.

(7). Cut (? amenity grassland). Drain across this area is a fairly deep ditch. There is a row of broadleaved trees alongside this feature: {\it Salix alba, Crataegus monogyna, Betula} sp. and {\it Acer pseudoplatanus}.

MANAGE:
The amenity grassland areas are regularly mown. These are important for their amenity and landscape value but have little apparent nature conservation interest.

However, the areas of relatively species-rich neutral grassland appear to be of high nature conservation value. In addition to the range of comminities and species present, the wide structral diversity of the grassland swards suggests a good habitat potential for a range of invertebrates and small mammals. Additional habitat diversity is provided by the associated areas of scattered scrub and the close proximity of broadleaved woodland. The management of this habitat appears to vary, with the grassland at (3), obviously managed by mowing, whilst the greater proportion (2) and (4)  appears un-cut, with varying degrees of scrub development.

To make comprehensive management recommendations for this mosaic of habitats would require a comprehensive survey of the vegetation communites and animal species present on the site. In general terms, however, ideal management would seek to maintain both the species diversity and also the various structural elements of the habitats. 

Thus it may be worthwhile to undertake a small-scale annual cut of some of the grassland in areas (2) and (4) to maintain the range of microhabitats present and also to carefully monitor the amount of scrub on the site. The aim should be to encourage thin linear strips of scrub with the maximum amount of exposed edge, rather than discrete dense blocks. Cutting of grassland should be done after the main summer period of flowering and cut material should be removed to prevent eutrophication. It may be possible to encourage scrub development to take place along the edge of the adjoining block of woodland to introduce a further tier of habitat diversity.

Having outlined some general relevant principles of management, it is important to stress that any management of such a clearly important site should only be undertaken as part of a carefully researched management plan and should be aimed at enhancing the value of the site for existing features of nature conservation interest.


VEG:
The common forms narrow verges alongside the A217 (i.e. Dovers Green Road) to the south or Reigate (Reigate and Banstead district).

The two northernmost portions of the common comprise a fairly recently-cut neutral grassland sward. Dominant species seem to include {\it Dactylis glomerata, Holcus lanatus, Agrostis} spp., {\it Lolium perenne, Elytrigia repens} and {\it Arrhenetherum elatius}. Locally frequent herbs include {\it Achillea millefolium, Equisetum arvense, Leontodon autumnalis, Cirsium arvense, Trifolium repens, T. arvense, Centaurea nigra, Ranunculus acris, Vicia cracca, Plantago lanceolata, Stellaria graminea, Heracleum sphondylium} and {\it Taraxacum officinale} agg. A slightly damp sward on the western verge also contains locally frequent {\it Lotus pedunculatus, Carex hirta} and locally occasional {\it Juncus effusus}.

In the SE corner lies a patch of dense scrub with {\it Salix cinerea, Crataegus monogyna, Ulmus procera, Corylus avellana} and {\it Sambucus nigra}, plus occasional trees of {\it Quercus robur}. The grassland just to the north of here has what appears to be a species of {\it Ornithogalum} in local abundance. The patch of grassland on the opposite side to the road from here also has occasional clumps of {\it Armoracia rusticana}. 

The southernmost section of the common forms a narrow verge along the eastern edge of the road. This comprises a thin strip of tall grass/ruderals. Noted here were {\it Arrhenetherum elatius, Achillea millefolium, Urtica dioica, Cirsium arvense, Glechoma hederacea} and {\it Matricaria} sp. To the rear is a wide, scrubby and overgrown hedge, developing into trees. This comprises {\it Crataegus monogyna, Acer campestre, Sambucus nigra, Quercus robur, Ulmus} sp., {\it Prunus spinosa, Fraxinus excelsior} and {\it Rosa} sp. {\it Bryonia dioica} noted climbing through trees.

MANAGE:
The grassland of the common had been cut relatively recently at the time of the site visit (local authority?). There appears to be a dominance of coarse grass species, with a fairly diverse range of common herbs present. 

In order to fully evaluate this grassland, it should be re-surveyed in an un-cut condition, preferably early or mid-summer. If it is found to be botanically diverse, attention should be given to carefully controlling the mowing regime. This might involve two annual cuts, not before mid-summer, with complete removal of cut material to prevent eutrophication of the sward. 

The overgrown hedge and adjacent verge has a good structure, with the tall grassland probably providing habitat for invertebrates/small mammals. However, it is very close to a busy road, which may pose a threat to fauna associated with this habitat.


VEG:
The common lies within the hamlet of Brockham, a few km east of Dorking (Mole Valley district).

The site comprises several parcels of neatly mown amenity grassland. There are occasional ornamental trees present, of varying degrees of maturity. These include {\it Crataegus monogyna, Pyrus} sp., {\it Quercus robur} and {\it Tilia} sp. One of the oaks has a plaque saying that it was planted in 1977 to commemorate the Queen's Silver Jubilee.

Whilst most of the roads crossing the common are excluded from the registration, there are several short stretches of metalled road crossing the northern portion (see map).

MANAGE:
The common does not appear to be of any nature conservation interest. However, it is an extremely important and historic feature of the hamlet. The covered drinking fountain is a particularly attractive structure.


FAUNA:
Noted during the brief site visit: swift.

VEG:
This common forms an important amenity area in Dorking (Mole Valley District). The site comprises mown amenity grassland. This may have been derived from a somewhat acidic sward, being dominated locally by {\it Agrostis capillaris}, with frequent/abundant {\it Rumex acetosella}, occasional/frequent {\it Hypochaeris radicata}, locally frequent {\it Trifolium repens, Holcus lanatus} and {\it Lolium perenne}, plus locally occasional {\it Achillea millefolium}. At the edges of the blocks of grassland are some sandy areas with abundant {\it Plantago coronopus} present.

There are a very few scattered trees on the common, including several small {\it Tilia} sp.

MANAGE:
The common is regularly mown, with the clippings left in-situ. The site would benefit, in landscape terms, from the planting of a few more ornamental trees, as very few are present on the common at the present time.

No nature conservation interest.


FAUNA:
Noted during the site visit were: wood pigeon, green woodpecker, blue tit.

VEG:
The common lies ajdacent to the A29 in the hamlet of Ockley (Mole Valley district). Most of the site comprises grassland of various types:

(1). Here is a fairly rank neutral grassland sward dominated by {\it Agrostis capillaris} and {\it A. stolonifera}, with frequent/abundant {\it Festuca rubra, Anthoxanthum odoratum} and {\it Holcus lanatus}. Associated forbs include: locally frequent {\it Centaurea nigra, Trifolium pratense,  Stellaria graminea, Rumex acetosa, Potentilla reptans} and locally occasional {\it Heracleum sphondylium}. In addition, locally frequent {\it Pulicaria dysenterica} noted in extreme north-western corner of this compartment.

(2). Essentially similar grassland to (1). Also noted: locally frequent {\it Dactylis glomerata} and {\it Arrhenatherum elatius}, plus one small area with occasional/frequent {\it Pimpinella saxifraga}.

(3). Once again, basically similar grassland to the above, but with frequent {\it Pimpinella saxifraga} over a significant portion. Also noted: locally frequent {\it Achillea millefolium}.

All of the above three grassland areas are cut for hay by a local farmer. In fact this was observed taking place whilst driving past the site a couple of days after performing the field survey. About a week later, the hay crop was being collected-up.

(4). The remaining neutral grassland on the site is of a much poorer quality, this area being cut and managed for amenity purposes; i.e. cut grass left in-situ and probably more frequent mowing. These swards are dominated by {\it A. capillaris} with abundant {\it F. rubra} and {\it H. lanatus}. Associated forbs are much less frequent. Near to the road the vegetation is locally turning to a sward dominated by {\it Arrhenetherum elatius} and {\it Urtica dioica}.

Neutral grassland swards probably mainly of NVC type MG6, locally transitional with MG1 in areas with {\it A. elatius} prominent.

Note: occasional broadleaved trees alongside the road - {\it Quercus robur} and {\it Aesculus hippocastanum}.

The southernmost portion of the common comprises a small strip of broadleaved woodland. This has a canopy predominantly of {\it Fraxinus excelsior}, plus occasional trees of {\it Q. robur}. The shrub layer is well-developed and includes: {\it Corylus avellana, Crataegus monogyna, Q. robur, Ilex aquifolium, Acer campestre} and {\it Ulmus procera}. The field layer is also varied and includes: {\it Stachys sylvatuca, Heracleum sphondylium, Brachypodium sylvaticum, Geum urbanum, Bromus ramosus, Hedera helix, Dryopteris filix-mas, Festuca gigantea, Geranium robertianum, Veronica montana} and {\it Rumex sanguineus}. This woodland appears to have affinities with NVC type W8.

MANAGE:
As already discussed, a significant proportion of the common is still cut for hay by a local farmer. This is probably the best form of management, if the existing, albeit rather limited, range of neutral grassland species is to be maintained or enhanced. Perhaps a full Phase 2 survey of this part of the common would be worthwhile to establish its full nature conservation significance.

The grassland areas under an amenity mowing regime appear to have very restricted species diversity and are probably of no conservation value.

The small block of woodland adds additional habitat diversity. A policy of non-intervention is probably the best course of management. Its overall nature conservation potential may be restricted by the high level of public use within this area.


FAUNA:
Noted during the site visit were: blackbird, rabbit, large white butterfly. Rabbit burrows seen from road.

VEG:
The common lies in Tandridge District, close to the hamlet of Newchapel, at the junction of the A22 and the B2028. The following description has been based on information gathered during the course of the present survey, with the common being viewed from along the two main roads.

The major portion of the site comprises a block of secondary woodland with a canopy generally dominated by fairly even-aged trees of {\it Quercus robur}. Occasional individuals of {\it Betula pendula}, these being more frequent in places. Fallen trees of {\it B. pendula} were noted locally. The shrub layer appears to be rather sparse with {\it Corylus avellana} (multi-stemmed), {\it Ilex aquifolium} and an occasional individual of {\it Crataegus monogyna}.  The field layer is also rather limited, mainly comprising {\it Rubus fruticosus} agg. and {\it Lonicera periclymenum}, with abundant leaf litter/small twigs etc. Other more local elements include {\it Holcus lanatus, Silene dioica, Juncus effusus} and {\it Dryopteris dilatata}. This woodland appears to be of NVC type W10.

At the south-western tip of this portion, next to a roundabout, is a small plot of neutral grassland which is closely-grazed by rabbits. Here there are abundant {\it Centaurea nigra} and {\it Potentilla reptans} and locally frequent {\it Lotus corniculatus}. 

To the south of the B2028 lie a number of different habitat areas along what is effectively a road verge. This area primarly comprises a mixture of coarse neutral grassland and tall ruderals. Species present include: {\it Arrhenatherum elatius, Dactylis glomerata, Agrostis capillaris, A. stolonifera, Holcus lanatus, Elytrigia repens, Cirsium arvense, C. palustre, Angelica sylvestris, Pulicaria dysenterica, Epilobium hirsutum, Festuca arundinacea, Urtica dioica, Hypochaeris radicata, Heracleum sphondylium, Lotus corniculatus, Ranunculus repens, Centaurea nigra, Senecio jacobaea} and {\it Achillea millefolium} (NVC type MG1). Locally there are scattered scrub and trees which include: {\it Crataegus monogyna, Quercus robur, Rosa} sp., {\it Corylus avellana} and {\it Prunus spinosa}. Rare individuals of {\it Malva moschata} were also noted. There are also some areas of regularly-mown amenity grassland along this verge.

To the west of the A22, a somewhat similar pattern of habitats occurs along the verge. Locally, the scrub is dense and turning into broadleaved woodland. At the southern tip is an area largely occupied by a metalled lay-by. Moving northwards, about two thirds of the way along the verge, is an area of amenity grassland with planted trees of {\it Lavatera} sp. (? {\it L. arborea}), forming the entrance to a new garden centre.

MANAGE:
The common appears to be largely unmanaged, apart from the mowing of some sections along the roadsides (Highway Authority), or by adjacent property owners. The woodland of the common appears to offer potential for birds of woodland/woodland edge and may form a local refuge for other forms of wildlife. However, the busy traffic along the two roads may result in a high level of road-kill. A policy of non-intervention is probably the best management option, allowing the accumulation of some dead wood to take place.


FAUNA:
Noted during the site visit were: rabbits, blue tit, swallow, grey squirrel, speckled wood butterfly and a species of dragonfly, probably southern hawker {\it Aeshna cyanea} seen around the small pond. The SWT site report suggests that the site has a good potential for invertebrates.

VEG:
The common lies close to the hamlet of Newchapel in the district of Tandridge. A major portion of the common has been covered by a survey undertaken by Surrey Wildlife Trust as part of the SNCI project, although none of this area has subsequently been selected as SNCI. This includes a general site description which has been consulted for the purposes of the common land survey. The common was visited during the course of the present survey, with additional target notes made as necessary.

The area covered by the SWT survey is the larger, north-eastern section, known as Frogit Heath. This area lies over Tunbridge Wells Sand which give rise to stagnogleyic brown earths. Most of this area comprises species-poor broadleaved (and some mixed) woodland, with some moist areas over moderately acidic substrate being of greater interest. Of particular interest are localised areas with a relict heathland or wetland flora. These woodlands are probably of secondary origin over an area of once open and grazed heath.

The canopy of this secondary woodland is generally dominated by {\it Quercus robur, Betula pendula, B. pubescens}, with occasional {\it Fraxinus excelsior} and {\it Pinus sylvestris}. Undershrubs include {\it Corylus avellana, Ilex aquifolium, Crataegus monogyna, Acer pseudoplatanus} (saplings), {\it Sambucus nigra} and {\it Sorbus aucuparia}. 

The south-eastern portion (1) appears notable for a dense stand of large, multi-stemmed mature trees of {\it Crataegus monogyna}. There has been extensive recent underscrub clearance in this area, although none of these large hawthorns appear to have been removed.

The field layer of the major part of the wood generally has abundant {\it Rubus fruticosus} agg., {\it Hedera helix} and {\it Lonicera periclymenum} with other frequent/abundant associates such as {\it Dryopteris filix-mas, D. dilatata, Geum urbanum, Circaea lutetiana} and {\it Urtica dioica}.

The compartment of the wood at (2) is of a mixed secondary type with a canopy comprising 50-75 per cent {\it Pinus sylvestris}, with the remainder as broadleaves. Much of this appears to have colonised onto a heathy substrate, with some remnants of a heathland flora persisting. Present in these areas are scattered plants of {\it Calluna vulgaris} (20 cm tall) and rarely, {\it Erica tetralix}. Other field layer associates here include {\it Molinia caerulea, Pteridium aquilinum, Teucrium scorodonia, Potentilla erecta, Galium saxatile} and {\it Rubus fruticosus} agg. with the mosses {\it Pseudoscleropodium purum} and {\it Hypnum jutlandicum} locally abundant. There has been some tree felling/clearance (mainly the shrub layer deciduous species) in parts of this area.

Noted from the small pond in area (1): abundant {\it Lemna minor} on open water and occasional {\it Mentha aquatica} and {\it Scrophularia aquatica} on margins. Cleared recently of encroaching scrub?

The remainder of the common, outside the area covered by the SWT survey  mainly comprises small blocks of semi-natural broadleaved woodland of {\it Q. robur}. Less common associates include {\it Populus tremula, Betula pendula} and rarely, {\it Castanea sativa} and {\it Taxus baccata} (small tree). Undershrubs include {\it Ilex aquifolium, Corylus avellana} and {\it Sorbus aucuparia} and rarely, {\it Malus sylvestris} and {\it Taxus baccata} (sapling). The field layer is mainly characterised by {\it Rubus fruticosus} agg., {\it Dryopteris filix-mas, D. dilatata, Teucrium scorodonia, Lonicera periclymenum, Pteridium aquilinum} and, less commonly, {\it Circaea lutetiana} and {\it Prunella vulgaris}.   

There are several patches of amenity grassland, the largest of which is associated with a cricket ground alongside the B2028.

MANAGE:
Relict dwarf shrub and wetland communities occurring beneath the woodland canopy of Frogit Heath are described as being of considerable local ecological interest, having a very restricted distribution in south-eastern surrey. Over one hundred species of vascular plant recorded during the SWT survey. Present management at Frogit heath appears to be aimed at thinning the underscrub layers of the woodland, coupled with selective felling to create a more open habitat, presumably to both encourage the recovery of the heathland flora and create a more structurally diverse mix of woodland, scrub, heath and grassland habitats.

A small pond in area (1) has apparently been recently cleared of encroaching Salix spp. scrub.

The only other management noted on other parts of the common is the mowing of areas of grassland, most notably the cricket ground, but also smaller areas elsewhere, including some roadside verges.


FAUNA:
No fauna noted for this particular common, which was not visited during the course of the present survey. The SNCI "general description" refers to a stream crossing the site being the main feature of nature conservation interest and suggests that "water-dependent invertebrates such as Odonata (dragonflies and damselflies) will utilise the sunnier stretches of the stream".

VEG:
The common lies at Lower Halliford to the extreme north of the county (Spelthorne district). All of the common has been covered as part of two surveys undertaken by Surrey Wildlife Trust as part of the SNCI project, although none of this land has subsequently been selected as SNCI. These surveys include a general description which have been used to prepare the following account of the site. In view of its small size, time constraints and existing recent surveys, it was decided not to visit the common during the course of the present survey.

The larger portion of the common, lying alongside the B375, comprises closely-mown amenity grassland. A stream also runs along this part of the site and has "a rich emergent and bank side flora where it is not severely overshadowed by trees. Adjacent to the stream the grassland is improved. Little grows beneath the stretch that is dominated by trees. The main interest of the site lies in the flora within and on the banks of the stream. 

The smaller portion of the common, that lying adjacent to the A244, in common with the neighbouring CL 371, comprises grassland that is "heavily mown and gardened, and containing very little of interest. As the mowings had not been removed only the more resilient 'lawn-weed' type species remained.

MANAGE:
Mowing of the grassland appears to be the main management activity.


FAUNA:
No fauna records available for this common, which was not visited during the course of the present survey.

VEG:
The common lies in Weybridge (Elmbridge district). Almost all of the common has been surveyed by Surrey Wildlife Trust as part of the SNCI project and this area has all subsequently been selected as SNCI. This survey includes a general description which has been reproduced below. Due to constraints on available fieldwork time, coupled with an existing, recent survey, this particlar common was not visited during the course of the present project.

SWT general description: "The heath is a secondary woodland site in Weybridge with a geology of Boyn Hill gravel and Bagshot Beds. The site is split into small sections by several roads and a roundabout in the middle, and has a railway track cutting through the middle as well. There are also several well-used footpaths.

The main species in the canopy are oak and silver birch, with occasional Scots Pine and sycamore. The understorey consists mainly of holly but also includes hawthorn and young rowan trees. There is little variety in the ground flora throughout the site, although the small areas of heathland contribute to its diversity".

To the extrene north-west of the common, the Surrey Phase 1 (aerial photograph) survey shows an area of grassland labelled as "I" (i.e. ? improved). It was considered likely that this would be categorised as amenity grassland due to its close proximity to a built-up area. Ideally this needs confirmation. However, in the context of the above-mentioned time constraints it was not possible to visit the site just to investigate this one small plot of grassland, likely to be of restricted, or no conservation interest.

MANAGE:
No information on management, but probably none in wooded area. Grassland to north may be mown.


FAUNA:
Noted during site visit were: blackbird, plus koi carp/goldfish in pond.

VEG:
The common lies in the centre of the village of Chiddingfold (Waverley district). It has the appearance of an historic village green, mainly comprising mown amenity grassland. Ornamental trees are few: noted were single individuals of {\it Robinia pseudoacacia, Betula} sp., {\it Acer} sp. and {\it Crataegus monogyna}. To the south-west of the common lies an old forge and adjacent to this stand several recently re-pollarded trees of {\it Tilia} sp.

There is a small pond to the west of the A283. Marginal plants around the pond include several clumps of {\it Typha latifolia}, locally abundant {\it Crassula helmsii}, locally frequent {\it Epilobium hirsutum} and {\it Pulicaria dysenterica} plus locally occasional {\it Alisma plantago-aquatica, Ranunculus lingua, Juncus articulatus, J. effusus} and {\it Iris pseudacorus}. There is quite a significant proportion of open water. Plants noted here were locally abundant {\it Elodea canadensis}, locally frequent {\it Myriophyllum} sp. (? {\it M. alterniflorum}) and several clumps of {\it Nymphaea} sp.

The pond is mainly again surrounded by mown amenity grassland. However in places the banks have a less frequently-mown grassland of greater species-diversity. This vegetation is dominated by {\it Festuca rubra, Dactylis glomerata, Holcus lanatus} and {\it Lolium perenne}. Associated forbs include {\it Centaurea nigra, Cerastium fontanum, Ranunculus acris, Hypochaeris radicata, Plantago lanceolata, Luzula campestris, Narcissus} sp., {\it Trifolium pratense, Leucanthemum vulgare, Lotus corniculatus} and {\it Agrimonia eupatoria}. 

There are several mature broadleaved trees associated with this part of the common - {\it Quercus rubra} and {\it Acer pseudoplatanus}. Pollarded {\it Salix} spp. (mainly {\it S. fragilis}) adjacent to pond, plus one tree of {\it Betula pendula}.

MANAGE:
The grassland of the common is mown for amenity use, with the common being maintained as a village green. Other management includes the occasional pollarding of trees and, probably, clearing of the pond. The likely manager is the local authority. The site is of important amenity/landscape/historic interest, but has little potential for widlife.


FAUNA:
Noted during the site visit were: chiff chaff, carrion crow, chaffinch, wren, greenfinch, mistle thrush, blue tit, pheasant, robin, yellowhammer.

VEG:
The common forms verges to a minor road to the east of Chiddingfold (Waverley district). Included within the boundary of the common are two small sites which have been surveyed by Surrey Wildlife Trust as part of the SNCI project. This includes a general description which has been consulted for the purposes of this project. Subsequently, the only area selected as SNCI is the block of broadleaved woodland occupying the southern part of the common. Additional target notes were made during the course of the present survey.

Most of the common comprises semi-natural broadleaved woodland. The canopy is mainly dominated by {\it Quercus robur}, accompanied by {\it Fraxinus excelsior} in places. Some of the oaks are well-developed mature trees. Other more local canopy trees include {\it Prunus} sp., {\it Aesculus hippocastanum, Fagus sylvatica, Betula pendula} and {\it Quercus cerris}. 

The shrub layer variously includes {\it Acer campestre, Prunus spinosa, Salix capraea, Corylus avellana} (past coppice), {\it Crataegus monogyna, Ulmus procera, Ilex aquifolium, Lonicera periclymenum, Rosa canina} and {\it Populus tremula} (saplings).

Species recorded from the field layer include locally abundant {\it Hedera helix, Mercurialis perennis, Galium aparine, Rubus fruticosus} agg., {\it Urtica dioica, Aegopodium podagraria}, locally frequent {\it Cirsium arvense, Alopecurus pratensis, Anthriscus sylvestris, Stellaria holostea, Geum urbanum} and {\it Glechoma hederacea}, plus locally occasional {\it Stachys sylvatica, Heracleum sphondylium, Equisetum telemateia} and {\it Dryopteris filix-mas}. 

Abundant leaf litter, some fallen branches and occasional dead branches attached to some of the oaks.

In the narrower sections, west and east, the woodland thins to almost a hedge with trees. One large boundary/pollard oak noted (eastern section). Abundant dead branches present on this tree.

Note small mown amenity grassland areas (planted broadleaved/coniferous trees).

MANAGE:
The common appears largely unmanaged at present, apart from several small amenity grassland areas adjacent to properties and some mown vegetation locally along the roadsides.

There appears to have been some past woodland management, in the form of overgrown hazel coppice stools. Also of note is the large pollarded boundary oak tree and other relatively large (? pollarded) oak trees. The site is not highlighted in the Surrey Ancient Woodland Inventory. Other larger oaks in the woodland may therefore possibly persist from a time when the verges were grazed.

Although small, the common has some notable oak trees. There appears to be some standing dead timber associated with these. This woodland habitat may be of importance to local wildlife. Continued monitoring of this site and perhaps an invertebrate survey of the more mature trees are recommended.


FAUNA:
Noted during the site visit were: songthrush (UK BAP "Priority Species"), plus jackdaw, wren, blue tit. On ponds: coot, mallards etc.

VEG:
The common lies at the heart of the village of Shamley Green (Waverley district). The site is sub-divided into several small plots of land by the various roads which dissect the site.

The common in general has the appearance of an historic village green, mainly comprising mown amenity grassland. Occasional ornamental trees are present on parts, sometimes as marginal/roadside avenues; these include {\it Quercus robur, Sorbus} sp., {\it S. aucuparia, S. aria, Tilia} sp., {\it Aesculus hippocastanum, Fraxinus excelsior, Fraxinus} sp. (? {\it F. ornus}), {\it Fagus sylvatica, Prunus} sp. and {\it Salix} sp. ("weeping" variety).

There are two small ponds on the commmon. The more southerly appears to have little in the way of aquatic vegetation and is very much overshadowed by a surrounding growth of tall grassland, ruderals and scrub: {\it Urtica dioica, Epilobium hirsutum, Arrhenatherum elatius, Heracleum sphondylium, Salix} spp., {\it Rubus fruticosus} agg., {\it Sambucus nigra} and the occasional sapling of {\it Alnus glutinosa}. Marginal vegetation of the pond includes locally frequent {\it Lycopus europaeus}, locally occasional {\it Juncus effusus} and rarely, {\it Alisma plantago-aquatica}. The narrow strip of scrub on the verge leading northwards from here also includes a number of introduced shrub species, plus tall ruderals including the introduced {\it Fallopia japonica}.

The second pond has more open margins but has several trees of {\it Salix} spp. (incl. {\it S. fragilis, S. cinerea} and a "weeping" variety). The open water appeared 'murky' and the pond is extensively used by semi-domesticated ducks. The only marginal vegetation noted were occasional clumps of {\it Juncus effusus}.

The northern arm of the common, to the east of the B2128, comprises a mixture of dense scrub habitat grading into secondary broadleaved woodland. Note the drain running along this portion. 

To the south is dense scrub/trees/tall ruderals etc. comprising {\it Rubus fruticosus} agg., {\it Q. robur, Betula pendula, Salix cinerea, Epilobium hirsutum, Chamerion angustifolium} and {\it Urtica dioica}. 

Further to the north there is a true woodland canopy comprising {\it Salix fragilis, S. cinerea} and {\it Q. robur} with occasional {\it F. excelsior}. The understorey is generally very dense and includes abundant {\it Urtica dioica}, locally frequent {\it R. fruticosus} agg. and {\it Aegopodium podagraria}, locally occasional {\it Stachys sylvatica, Ranunculus repens, Rumex sanguineus, Equisetum arvense, Aster} sp. ({\it ? A. lanceolatus}), {\it Carex pendula} and a clump of an introduced {\it Solidago} sp. There is a wet strip along the course of the drain - noted here were: locally abundant {\it Oenanthe crocata}, locally frequent {\it Angelica sylvestris}, locally occasional {\it Iris pseudacorus} and {\it Apium nodiflorum}, plus an introduced member of the Bambusoideae (i.e. a bamboo). Several of the more mature trees of {\it Salix fragilis} have fallen-over and re-sprouted from the fallen boughs, to make the understorey of this section yet more impenetrable.

MANAGE:
The greater part of the common is cut with varying frequency for amenity purposes, with part managed as the village cricket pitch. The site appears to be more of amenity/landscape/historic interest rather than having any particular ecological value. The amenity grassland has quite a good variety of tree species - again mainly of amenity/horticultural interest.

There may be a case for clearance of encroaching vegetation around the more southerly of the two ponds. However, as both water bodies appear to be heavily-used by ducks etc., there may be little scope for the ecological enhancement of either of these two features.

It may also be worthwhile to remove some of the non-native species, in particular the stand of {\it F. japonica}. 

The wooded portion to the north appears to be the most siginficant part of the site in terms of its potential value to wildlife. Note extensive tipping of grass clippings (and presumably other garden refuse) on this part of the common. It is probably unrealistic to think in terms of stemming the spread of non-native species around the country from this mode of introduction.


FAUNA:
Noted during the site visit were: wren, chiff chaff, green woodpecker.

VEG:
The common lies alongside the B2128 a short distance to the south of Shamley Green (Waverley district). A major part of the site has been surveyed by Surrey Wildlife Trust as part of the SNCI project, although none of this area has subsequently been selected as SNCI. This includes a general description, which as been consulted for the purposes of the current project.

The land surveyed by SWT in fact encompasses the largest element of the common, namely the triangular block of broadleaved woodland to the south of the site (1). This area is described as "old secondary woodland, formerly managed as hazel and ash coppice with oak standards. Since the cessation of traditional management many years ago the coppice has become very sparse, now only persisting in the north of the site. The south of the site was severely damaged in the 1987 and/or 1990 storms and most of the mature canopy oak windblown. Post clearance, a large grassy glade has been created and, elsewhere, dense bracken and bramble scrub has developed, thus creating a mosaic of scrub and small woodland stands.

Thus for the most part the canopy comprises a good number of mature standard trees of {\it Quercus robur}. Some die-back evident on these mature trees. The shrub layer includes scattered {\it Corylus avellana, Crataegus monogyna} and {\it Ilex aquifolium}, plus locally occasional saplings of {\it Acer campestre}. The field layer supports locally abundant {\it Agrostis stolonifera} and {\it Rubus fruticosus} agg., locally frequent {\it Pteridium aquilinum, Galium aparine, Brachypodium sylvaticum, Fraxinus excelsior} (seedlings), {\it Lonicera periclymenum, Melica uniflora, Glechoma hederacea, Hedera helix, Circaea lutetiana} and locally occasional {\it Geum urbanum, Urtica dioica, Hyacinthoides non-scripta, Carex sylvatica} and {\it Mercurialis perennis}. The wood has fairly good quantities of dead timber, taking the form of dead branches on canopy trees, fallen small branches, some log piles and also larger timber, cleared and sawn after the storms". 

Bryophytes noted: {\it Atrichum undulatum, Brachythecium rutabulum, Mnium hornum, Eurynchium praelongum} and {\it Hypnum cupressiforme}. The southern part of this area was not visited during the present survey. The grassland glades were noted, but had just been cut prior to the site visit, with the clippings being left in-situ.

Along the eastern edge of this part of the common runs a ditch connecting a series of rather silted ponds. Species noted include {\it Carex vesicaria, C. remota, Glyceria fluitans, Scrophularia aquatica, Galium palustre} and {\it Ranunculus flammula}.

On the other side of the Stroud Lane (2) lies an area of woodland which has been extensively "gardened". This has several drives crossing to adjacent properties, with several areas of mown grassland beneath the canopy. There is also a row of bushes of {\it Prunus laurocerasus} along a section of this road. There is small pond dug by a householder, with clumps of {\it Iris pseudacorus} present.

Stroud Lane (3) runs northwards and the common here is confined to very narrow strips of land at either side of the road. The western side is mainly mown grassland in front of properties. The eastern side has a mix of tall grass/ruderals plus scrub/trees: {\it Urtica dioica, Arrhenetherum elatius, Heracleum sphondylium, Galium aparine, Cirsium arvense, Rubus fruticosus} agg., {\it Quercus robur, Fraxinus excelsior} and {\it Acer campestre}. A drain along here contains {\it Iris pseudacorus} and {\it Oenanthe crocata}.

The verge at (4) comprises a strip of mown grassland in front of houses with a row of very distinctive pollarded trees of {\it Salix} sp.(around 2m tall). The verge opposite again has tall grassland/ruderals plus trees - resembling an overgrown hedge: {\it Q. robur, F. excelsior, Corylus avellene, Sambucus nigra, Acer campestre, Crataegus monogyna} and {\it Rosa canina}.

The small triangular plot at (5) looks to have been recently been cleared of scrub/trees and mainly comprises bare ground with occasional bushes of {\it Salix} sp. left in-situ, plus a row of intact trees to the rear. 

A second portion of the common lies a little way further to the north along the B2128 (6). This mainly comprises narrow secondary woodland verges with a canopy comprising {\it Q. robur, F. excelsior} and rarely, {\it Salix fragilis}. Shrub layer includes {\it C. avellana, Salix cinerea, Acer campestre, Sambucus nigra, C. monogyna} and, less commonly, {\it Prunus spinosa}. Field layer contains {\it R. fruticosus} agg., {\it Holcus lanatus, Stellaria holostea, Urtica dioica, Stachys sylvatica} and less frequently, {\it Dryopteris filix-mas} and {\it Solanum dulcamara. Epilobium hirsutum} along wet ditch. Narrow mown grassland strips along the immediate roadside.

MANAGE:
The main block of woodland has been the focus of recent management aimed at restoration of the pond habitats. As already outlined, there was some "clearing-up" and creation of glades etc. following the two storms. The glades had been mown just prior to visiting the site. Grass clippings were still in-situ - ideally these should be removed to prevent eutrophication of the grassland sward. Extensive recreational use of this area may cause some disturbance to wildlife. The spreading of soiled wood chips from stables was noted along some of the paths.

The adjacent area of woodland has been extensively modified/gardened; other areas have also been mown and turned into amenity grassland. The narrow strips of woodland to the north appear relatively undisturbed.


FAUNA:
The SSSI has a Grade B entry in the Invertebrate Site Register. There are  populations of the vulnerable heathland spider {\it Oxyopes heterophtalmus}, a species only known from three or possibly four sites in Surrey and the rare beetle {\it Lomechusoides strumosa}, a species associated with the nests of ants {\it Formica} species. A vulnerable moth {\it Lampronia fuscatella} occurs in association with birch scrub, whilst several other uncommon moths and the silver-studded blue butterfly {\it Plebejus argus} (UK BAP "Priority Species") have been recorded from the site. 

N.B. Grade B ISR sites are those of regional importance for invertebrate conservation, equivalent to SSSI status on grounds of invertebrate interest.

The heathland supports populations of the commoner reptiles such as the adder {\it Vipera berus} and common lizard {\it Lacerta vivipara} and a range of woodland and heathland birds which include nightjar (UK BAP "Priority Species") plus tree pipit and woodcock.

VEG:
The common forms a significant part of the Blackheath SSSI (Guildford district). This comprises a segment of a once much more extensive area of lowland dry heath and acidic grassland which occurred on the Bargate and Folkestone Beds of the Lower Greensand. 

The heathland is dominated by {\it Calluna vulgaris} with {\it Erica cinerea, Erica tetralix} and {\it Ulex minor}. Within this vegetation are dense carpets of mosses and lichens including {\it Cladonia} spp. On the eastern edge of Blackheath, the heathland grades into acidic grassland dominated by {\it Deschampsia flexuosa} with {\it Agrostis capillaris, Carex pilulifera} and {\it Galium saxatile}. In addition, there are scattered small, but dense stands of bracken {\it Pteridium aquilinum}, often also occurring in adjacent woodlands, where it forms much of the field layer.

In some areas, scrub of {\it Ulex europaeus} forms a mosaic with the dwarf shrubs and extensive areas of the heath are being invaded by sapling trees of {\it Betula pendula} and/or {\it Pinus sylvestris}. In places, this process has led to the successional development of secondary woodland comprising {\it B. pendula, Quercus robur} and locally with {\it P. sylvestris}, plus scattered individuals of {\it Fagus sylvatica} and {\it Castanea sativa}. Elsewhere there are almost pure coniferous stands (i.e. {\it P. sylvestris}) - these woods being in part of planted origin, dating to around 75 years ago. 

Where not dominated by dense {\it P. aquilinum}, the woodland field layer has {\it Rubus fruticosus} agg., plus {\it Calluna} and {\it Vaccinium myrtillus}. In addition, woodlands in the southern part of the site also contain the rare moss {\it Dicranum polysetum}. Dense canopies of {\it P. sylvestris} have a sparse ground flora, with a deep litter layer of pine needles.

To the south of the common is a small outlying block of wet woodland crossed by a road and a stream (GR 037 451). The canopy here is dominated by multi-stemmed trees of {\it Alnus glutinosa} with occasional indivuduals of {\it Salix fragilis}. The shrub layer includes scattered bushes of {\it Ilex aquifolium} and {\it Salix cinerea}. Adjacent to the road there is also a single large specimen tree of {\it Quercus robur} with considerable  "die-back". The field layer of this woodland includes {\it Carex paniculata, Urtica dioica, Corydalis claviculata, Galium aparine, Solanum dulcamara, Athyrium filix-femina, Dryopteris dilatata, Chrysosplenium oppositifolium} and {\it Geranium robertianum}. Along the stream were noted {\it Oenenthe crocata, Apium nodiflorum} and {\it Carex pendula}.

MANAGE:
The common is of significant nature conservation importance in that it encompasses an area of lowland dry heath, a habitat which formerly covered extensive parts of southern England, including Surrey. There have been many accounts of the decline of the habitat, with the suggestion that some 85 per cent of Surrey's Heathlands have disappeared over the last two hundred years. In addition, a further 16 per cent decline has taken place between 1975 and 1985 (NCC/Surrey County Council, 1988). In addition, it is estimated that the UK contains around one fifth of Europe's remaining lowland heathland. The causes of this decline include a cessation of traditional grazing (leading to scrub, bracken and ultimately, succession to woodland), plus intensification of agriculture, forestry, afforestation, land enclosures and, more recently, building, especially of housing.

These heaths support a distinctive assemblage of flora and fauna which is severely at risk due to the decline in the extent of the habitat. The importance of the habitat has been widely recognised, with the preparation of an inventory of remaining heathland sites in the county and the preparation by English Nature of a strategy for the conservation of the habitat in the county (English Nature/SCC, 1988). More recently, "Lowland dry heath" (and lowland acidic grassland) have been highlighted as "Priority Habitats" of the UK Biodiversity Action Plan.

Ideal management of these heaths would be the reintroduction of the traditional grazing. However, for a variety of reasons, this is often infeasible (although there is slight-moderate localised nibbling of the heather by rabbits). Recent management work at Blackheath has been carried-out by Waverley Borough Council countryside staff with some input from the Surrey Heathland Project. This has included clearance of encroaching scrub and trees, plus stripping of surface vegetation to encourage recovery of the heathland flora. Some areas of dense pine plantation have been cleared/thinned, while elsewhere, bracken and birch have been cleared chemically. Young pines are pulled by hand. Despite the advantages of clearing scrub and trees, some pine woods remain to provide nesting habitat for nightjar (UK BAP "Priority Species"), whilst gorse scrub in association with mature heather is the preferred habitat for dartford warbler.

In the absence of grazing, there is probably some management of senescent heather to encourage new growth (mowing/burning?). For a fuller account of the significance of lowland heath as a habitat, please refer to the relavant section of the main report and the various references highlighted on the front of this site report.

Note that the "Wet woodland" of the southerly outlying portion of the common is also one of the UK BAP "Priority Habitats".

A small part of the common appears to be mown as a cricket pitch.


FAUNA:
Noted during the site visit were: skylark and songthrush (UK BAP "Priority Species"), in addition to yellowhammer, magpie, pheasant, chiff chaff, robin, blue tit, blackbird, jay, greenfinch, nuthatch, plus meadow brown, ringlet and comma butterflies. Roe deer.

VEG:
This botanically important common runs along the dip slope of the North Downs, lying some 3-4km east of Guildford (i.e. Guildford district). A significant portion of the common lies within areas surveyed by the Surrey Wildlife Trust as part of the SNCI project. These surveys include a general description which have been consulted for the purposes of the common land survey. The SWT surveyed portion of the common overlaps with the eastern part of the site, stretching from Walnut Tree Bottom to Merrow Downs, but excludes any part of the golf course. Subsequently, all of the area surveyed by SWT, with the exception of the small area of woodland east of the A25, known as "Dean Woods", has been designated as SNCI.

Chalk grassland within the golf course area and the block of land forming the westernmost part of the common, has been covered by an earlier Phase 2 chalk grassland survey undertaken by the NCC England Field Unit. 

Additional target notes were made during a fairly brief walk around the site. Some habitat mapping has been done with reference to the Surrey Phase 1 (aerial photograph) survey.

The area between Walnut Tree Bottom and Merrow Downs supports a fairly complex pattern of secondary woodland and scrub types. 

The Merrow Downs comprise a block of mixed woodland over {\it Corylus avellana} coppice. The canopy is mainly of {\it Quercus robur} and {\it Betula pendula} with some {\it Taxus baccata, Acer pseudoplatanus, Fagus sylvatica} and {\it Sorbus aria}. Amongst the {\it C. avellena}, the shrub layer also contains {\it Crataegus monogyna, Prunus spinosa, Buddleja} sp. and {\it Rubus fruticosus} agg. Open areas of the canopy have vigorous regeneration of {\it Fraxinus excelsior}. The field layer has extensive areas dominated by {\it Mercurialis perennis}, with a colony of around 50 individuals of {\it Orchis mascula}.

The woodland around Walnut Tree Bottom is generally broadleaved in character although the occasional tree of {\it T. baccata} still occurs. Once again, there are extensive areas of former {\it C. avellana} coppice. Some larger (standard/pollard?) individuals of {\it Q. robur} noted, plus an occasional standing dead tree.

The field layer comprises {\it Pteridium aquilinum, Rubus fruticosus} agg., {\it Lonicera periclymenum} and less frequently, {\it Hedera helix, Geum urbanum, Teucrium scorodonia} and {\it Dryopteris dilatata}. Variable quantities of leaf litter. In addition to the overstood {\it C. avellana} coppice, the shrub layer also includes {\it Ilex aquifolium} and {\it Sambucus nigra}. Noted along woodland ride at GR TQ 030 496: abundant {\it Poterium sanguisorba} plus a single individual of {\it Lithospermum officinale}. The block of pure broadleaved woodland to the east of the A25 also has areas of former {\it C. avellana coppice}. The field layer here is locally dominated by {\it Mercurialis perennis}.

Locally, there are smaller pure stands of {\it Taxus baccata} (i.e. coniferous woodland). These are are very dense and {\it T. baccata} tends to be the only species occurring; with shrub or field layer species being absent. Some of the {\it T. baccata} trees noted during the site visit were quite large specimens. 

Elsewhere are extensive, more open scrubby areas with an incomplete tree canopy, often with a field layer of abundant {\it Pteridium aquilinum}. In addition, there appears to be a distinct band of dense scrub running along the margin of the golf course, forming an effective boundary between this and wooded parts of the common. 

Species characterising this include {\it Prunus spinosa, Cornus sanguinea, Viburnum opulus, Ligustrum vulgare, Rhamnus catharticus, Crataegus monogyna, Sambucus nigra, Fraxinus excelsior, Sorbus aria} and {\it Q. robur} with, less commonly, {\it Ulex europaeus} and {\it Quercus cerris}.

The western portion of the common comprises a range of open grassland communities. Being situated on chalk, this vegetation is partly calcicolous in character, although more neutral grassland swards are also to be found. Several distinct communities were observed during the present survey (the following numbers do not denote target notes relating to specific points).

(1). Unimproved chalk grassland: abundant {\it Bromopsis erecta}, frequent {\it Trisetum flavescens, Helictorichon pubescens, Galium verum, Cirsium acaule} plus occasional {\it Leontodon hispidus, Plantago media, Lotus corniculatus, Carex flacca, Briza media, Trifolium pratense, Centaurea nigra} and {\it Poterium sanguisorba}.

(2). Somewhat semi-improved chalk grassland: abundant {\it B. erecta, T. flavescens} and {\it Helictotrichon pubescens}, frequent {\it Galium verum}, locally frequent {\it Arrhenatherum elatius, Brachypodium pinnatum, Festuca rubra, Anthyllis vulneraria, Leontodon hispidus} and {\it Poterium sanguisorba}, occasional {\it Carex flacca, Rhinanthus minor} and {\it Heracleum sphondylium}, locally occasional {\it Dactylis glomerata, Plantago lanceolata, P. media, Lotus corniculatus, Achillea millefolium, Centaurea nigra, Origanum vulgare, Trifolium pratense} and {\it Tragopogon pratensis} plus rare {\it Centaurea scabiosa}. Single spike of {\it Anacamptis pyradidalis} noted.

(3). Areas of the slope that appear to have been levelled/terraced for some reason. These now support a sparse sward of {\it Briza media, Thymus polytrichus} and {\it Cirsium acaule}.

(4). Alongside tracks and paths, species such as {\it A. elatius} and {\it Urtica dioica} are becoming locally dominant. Noted from such swards were: locally abundant {\it Tanacetum vulgare, Clematis vitalba, Bryonia dioica, Anisantha sterilis, Lolium perenne} and {\it Hordeum murinum}.

(5). The main track running across this area has an avenue of trees, mostly {\it Acer pseudoplatanus}. Occasional clumps of {\it Ononis repens} noted alongside this.

(6). The final feature noted within this area is a patch of ground that appears to be colonised by escaped garden plants: {\it Allium} sp., {\it Solidago} sp., {\it Geranium} sp. (? {\it G. pratense}), {\it Knautia} sp., {\it Dianthus} sp., {\it Lathyrus} sp. (? {\it L. latifolius}}, {\it Aegopodium podagraria, Verbascum} sp., {\it Papaver rhoeas, Lolium perenne} and {\it Linaria} sp. 

This area of grassland was evaluated during the England Field Unit Chalk Grassland Survey and was described as one the largest areas of chalk grassland noted during the survey, although much was dominated by {\it A. elatius}. The total number of grassland species was high and included the "locally rare" {\it Spiranthes spiralis} and {\it Cuscuta epithymum}. 

The golf course is generally amenity grassland, but with roughs of chalk grassland, scrub and trees. The chalk grasland here is mentioned in the England Field Unit Chalk Grassland Survey report and is decribed as fragmented, with the overall area being of moderate size, but a high total number of grassland species recorded. Notable species recorded from here include the nationally scarce (NS) {\it Phyteuma obiculare} and {\it Thesium humifusum}, plus {\it Juniperus communis} and {\it Coeloglossum viride} (one of the largest populations of this orchid in the county, with a count of as many as 300 flower spikes).

N.B. NS = Nationally scarce: recorded from between 16 - 100 ten km squares of the Ordnance Survey Grid (JNCC, 1994).

MANAGE:
The wooded portions of the common appear largely unmanaged at present. There are extensive areas formerly managed as hazel coppice. More open areas of the woodland may relate to the storms of 1987 and 1990, possibly with subsequent clearing operations.

The grassland communities of the extreme western part of the common similarly appear unmanaged. There seems to be a spread of coarse grasses/nettles in this area and some form of management is ideally needed if the conservation interest is to be maintained. Ideally this should take the form of grazing, although mowing is more likely to be practicable. The general approach iwould be to take two cuts a year, with the first delayed until late summer to allow plants to set seed. Cut grass should be raked-off to prevent eutrophication. However, structral elements of the grassland sward may represent important habitats for a range of invertebrates and it is therefore important that full surveys are undertaken before commencing such management. It may be necessary to cut some areas less frequently to retain taller vegetation or to mow on a rotation to maintain a continuity of particular structural elements of the habitat. 

A considerable part of the common is managed as a formal golf course.  

Several habitats recorded on the common are of particular nature conservation importance. This includes the chalk grassland - "Lowland calcareous grassland", being one of the "Priority Habitats" of the UK Biodiversity Action Plan. 

The site also includes valuable calcicolous scrub habitat, whilst the dense yew wood and associated mixed oak/beech/yew stands are also specialised communities associated in particular with the chalk of the North Downs. Woodlands characterised by yew (one of only three native British conifers) are also represented amongst the UK BAP "Priority Habitats" i.e. "Lowland beech and yew woodlands".


FAUNA:
Noted during the site visit were: robin, magpie, chaffinch.

VEG:
The common lies on the fringe of the Witley Common complex (Waverley district).

Most of the site comprises a stand of mature plantation of {\it Castanea sativa}. Within this canopy are also locally occasional trees of {\it Pinus sylvestris}, plus tall, thin individuals of {\it Betula pendula}. A sparse shrub layer also mainly comprises self-sown saplings of {\it C. sativa}, with very occasional {\it Ilex aquifolium}. The field layer is very sparse, with locally occasional {\it Rubus fruticosus} agg. and {\it Hedera helix}. Rare {\it Calluna vulgaris} and abundant leaf litter. Locally occasional {\it Lonicera periclymenum} and scattered fronds of {\it Pteridium aquilinum}. Bryophytes include {\it Dicranum scoparium, Pleurozium schreberi, Hypnum jutlandicum, H. mammilatum, Mnium hornum} and {\it Pseudoscleropodium purum}.

Some of the smaller {\it C. sativa} trees appear to have been "coppiced".

Locally the main canopy changes to one of {\it Quercus robur} and {\it Betula pendula} with locally occasional {\it Pinus sylvestris}. Occasional large open-grown trees of {\it Q. robur} at edge, with some dead branches present.

In the central portion, the {\it C. sativa} trees have been felled and some are producing suckers from the cut stumps. Within this area, occasional mature trees of {\it P. sylvestris} and {\it B. pendula} have been left {\it in situ}.

MANAGE:
The common appears to be managed as a sweet chestnut plantation. The central portion has been thinned in the not too distant past.


FAUNA:
Noted during the site visit were: Canada geese, family of mute swans, reed bunting, coot, flock of goldfinches, wood pigeon, carrion crow, green woodpecker, grey heron, magpie, kestrel (perched on electricity pylons), plus small tortoiseshell, large white, painted lady, common blue and red admiral butterflies. Banded demoiselle (damselfly). 

Relevant records from the SSSI citation indicate that the grasslands are important for breeding redshank, snipe and lapwing, one of only three remaining breeding localities for snipe in the county.

VEG:
The common lies within the floodplain of the River Wey, along the northern boundary of Guildford district and forms part of a complex of alluvial meadows. The site is delineated along its northern edge by the River Wey itself, with the Broadmead Canal along the southern edge.

The following description has been based on the quoted sources, with additional target notes made during a visit to the site. 

The easternmost portion lies within the Papercourt SSSI (see map). This area comprises a meadow which is described as "the only one of its type in Surrey". 

Much of the sward is dominated by tussocks of {\it Carex acuta}, amongst which grow {\it Holcus lanatus, Galium palustre, Lotus pedunculatus, Oenenthe fistulosa, Ranunculus flammula, Cirsium palustre, C. arvense, C. vulgare, Ranunculus repens, R. acris, Angelica sylvestris, Persicaria hydropiper, Myosotis scorpioides, Carex flacca, Juncus effusus, J. articulatus, Cardamine pratensis, Senecio aquaticus, Alopecurus geniculatus, A. pratensis, Deschampsia cespitosa} and {\it Anthoxanthum odoratum}.

Growing along the edge of the Broadmead Cut at this point are abundant {\it Glyceria maxima} with {\it Apium nodiflorum, Epilobium hirsutum} and {\it Persicaria hydropiper}.

The remaining, larger portion of the common has a drier, generally improved grassland sward, with to the west, stands of tall ruderal species. This area lies outside the SSSI boundary.

(1). Here the grassland is dominated by {\it Agrostis} spp. and {\it Holcus lanatus}, quite a coarse sward, trampled by cattle. Locally frequent {\it Lolium perenne, Phleum pratense} and {\it Ranunculus repens}, plus locally occasional {\it Rumex obtusifolius}.

Where the grassland reaches the edge of the river at this point there is a band of taller, ruderal-type vegetation comprising {\it Cirsium arvense, C. vulgare, Urtica dioica, Tanacetum vulgare} and {\it Rumex obtusifolius}. The river margin has abundant {\it Glyceria maxima}, locally frequent {\it Phragmites australis} and {\it Phalaris arundinacea}, plus locally occasional {\it Bidens tripartita} and {\it Persicaria hydropiper}. Occasional multi-stemmed riverside trees of {\it Alnus glutinosa}.

(2). This marks a separate portion of the meadow, separated from (1) by an intact internal fence across the flood plain. This is essentially similar in composition to that above, but the sward is taller, with no sign of recent grazing. Toward the river are locally frequent {\it Dactylis glomerata} and {\it Arrhenatherum elatius}. The fringe of ruderal-type vegetation continues as above and, on the sharp bend in the river at this point, there is also a strip of scrubby vegetation comprising {\it Salix} spp. and {\it A. glutinosa}. Marginal vegetation along the river is also similar to that at (1).

(3). The grassland sward here looks even more agriculturally improved than above, with {\it L. perenne} and {\it Phleum} spp. more abundant. Locally frequent {\it Taraxacum officinale} agg. Boundary fence between here and (2) appears defunct. 

Similar marginal and bank-side vegetation alongside river - {\it Glyceria maxima, Typha angustifolia} and {\it Phragmites australis, Angelica sylvestris, Oenanthe crocata, Tanacetum vulgare} etc. with occasional bank-side trees of {\it A. glutinosa} (and {\it Q. robur}).

(4). Improved grassland with even more abundant tall ruderals - {\it Urtica dioica, Senecio jacobaea} and {\it Cirsium} spp. No stock present at this time, but indicative of high levels of grazing.

(5). Almost continuous stands of tall ruderal species, with extensive tipping of garden rubbish etc. on this part of the common.

(6). Narrow strip of scrubby woodland comprising {\it Salix fragilis, S. cinerea, Fraxinus excelsior, Crataegus monogyna, Sambucus nigra} and {\it Populus tremula}. Field layer of {\it Urtica dioica, Glechoma hederacea, Hedera helix} and {\it Pteridium aquilinum}.

(7). This comprises a narrow strip of the common lying on the southern side of the Broadmead Cut. It is in fact continuous with, and unfenced from a larger field of cattle-grazed, re-seeded pasture. However, the edge of the common can easily be traced as a line of isolated, mature boundary trees of {\it Quercus robur}. 

Marginal and bank-side vegetation along both sides of the 'cut' include {\it Tanacetum vulgare, Urtica diocia, Rubus fruticosus} agg., {\it Epilobium hirsutum, Dipsacus fullonum, Impatiens glandulifera, Phragmites australis, Dactylis glomerata, Phalaris arundinacea, Glyceria maxima, Rumex obtusifolous} and {\it Arrhenatherum elatius}. Rare {\it Sagittaria sagittifolia} noted in open water. Locally occasional marginal trees of {\it A. glutinosa} and {\it Salix fragilis}.

MANAGE:
The unique grassland of the SSSI portion is managed by grazing. At the time of the site visit, no stock were present, but the vegetation was showing very obvious signs of the presence of cattle.

The remainder of the common is also grazed by cattle and again, no stock were present at the time of the site visit. In general, the intensity of grazing increases toward the west - as suggested by the declining species diversity and also the dense stands of tall ruderal species at this side of the common. This could be due to this end of the common acting as a focus for any supplementary feeding that may occur in winter. 

Although this grassland does not appear to be of any particular botanical merit, continued grazing of this area is seen as the optimum form of management - although overall stocking densities are perhaps too high. There may be an annual hay crop taken, and it may be possible to cut back some of the encroaching ruderal stands. However, nettles represent food plants for a number of common butterfly species, whilst thistles provide a source of nectar for adult butterflies and other invertebrates, so complete eradication would be detrimental to the nature conservation value of the site. The common should ideally be retained as a traditionally grazed pasture and a detailed botanical survey may be worthwhile, as none appears to have been done. Further agricultural improvement should be avoided - e.g. artificial herbcide, re-seeding etc. 

The river and the Broadmead Cut have well-developed marginal vegetation. The open water of the Cut appears to be actively maintained and may have some potential for aquatic species.


FAUNA:
Noted during the site visit (to this common and the contiguous CL 54) were: Canada geese, family of mute swans, reed bunting, coot, flock of goldfinches, wood pigeon, carrion crow, green woodpecker, grey heron, magpie, kestrel (perched on electricity pylons), plus small totroiseshell, large white, painted lady, common blue and red admiral butterflies. Banded demoiselle (damselfly). 

Relevant records from the SSSI citation indicate that the grasslands are important for breeding redshank, snipe and lapwing, one of only three remaining breeding localities for snipe in the county.

VEG:
The common lies within the floodplain of the River Wey, along the northern boundary of Guildford district and forms part of a complex of alluvial meadows. The site is delineated along its northern edge by the River Wey itself, with the Broadmead Canal running along and cutting across the south-eastern edge.

The following description has been based on the quoted sources, with additional target notes made during brief a visit to the site. 

The major portion lies within the Papercourt SSSI (excluded are the Broadmead Cut and the small triangular island to the east - see map). The SSSI portion forms part of a meadow which is described as "the only one of its type in Surrey". 

Much of the sward is dominated by tussocks of {\it Carex acuta}, amongst which grow {\it Holcus lanatus, Galium palustre, Lotus pedunculatus, Oenenthe fistulosa, Ranunculus flammula, Cirsium palustre, C. arvense, C. vulgare, Ranunculus repens, R. acris, Angelica sylvestris, Persicaria hydropiper, Myosotis scorpioides, Carex flacca, Juncus effusus, J. articulatus, Cardamine pratensis, Senecio aquaticus, Alopecurus geniculatus, A. pratensis, Deschampsia cespitosa} and {\it Anthoxanthum odoratum}.

Growing along the edge of the Broadmead Cut at this point are abundant {\it Glyceria maxima} with {\it Apium nodiflorum, Epilobium hirsutum} and {\it Persicaria hydropiper}.

The eastern triangle is used as a private amenity area and effectively forms part of a small island, adjacent to the Papercourt Lock, bounded by the Broadmead Cut and the Rivey Wey Navigation. There is a central clearing of amenity grassland within which is situated one large and one smaller wooden shed. A variety of small boats are stored in this area. Surrounding this is a fringe of trees of {\it A. glutinosa} and {\it Salix fragilis}, plus a variety of magrinal aquatic plants which include {\it Glyceria maxima, Impatiens glandulifera, Lythrum salicaria} and {\it Eupatorium cannabinum}.

Note the difficulty in deciding upon the correct Phase 1 habitat code for the water of Broadmead Cut. Canals fall into Phase 1: 'G1' - Standing water, whereas rivers are placed in Phase 1: 'G2' - Running water. At this location, the Broadmead cut represents a canal at the point where it joins a river!

MANAGE:
The unique grassland of the SSSI portion is managed by grazing. At the time of the site visit, no stock were present, but the vegetation was showing very obvious signs of the presence of cattle.

The "island" is managed as a private amenity area.


FAUNA:
Noted during the site visit were: skylark (UK BAP "Priority Species"), plus chiff chaff, wren, blue tit, nuthatch, jay, grey squirrel.

VEG:
The common lies on the flanks of a hill to the north of Chilworth (Guildford district). It lies within a larger area around St. Martha's Hill that has been surveyed by the Surrey Wildlife Trust as part of the SNCI project. This includes a general description which has been consulted for the purposes of the common land survey. However, only a minute parcel of land within the boundary of the common has subsequently been selected as SNCI (see balow). Most of the following description is based on target notes made during the site visit.

The western part of the common comprises semi-natural broadleaved woodland with a canopy dominated generally by {\it Quercus} spp. The overall composition of these woods is quite varied. To the north of the car park (GR TQ 022 484) there appears to be a mixture of {\it Q. robur} and {\it Q. petraea} accompanied by locally occasional trees of {\it Acer pseudoplatanus} and {\it Betula pendula}, plus rare small individuals of {\it Fagus sylvatica}. The majority of the larger {\it Quercus} spp. and {\it A. pseudoplatanus} are multi-stemmed (suggesting past thinning or pollarding). One area of dense {\it B. pendula} adjacent to the car park itself. 

Under the closed canopy lies a field layer comprising occasional/frequent {\it Rubus fruticosus} agg. plus locally occasional {\it Pteridium aquilinum}. These two species tend to become abundant in areas where the canopy is more open, often accompanied by the grasses {\it Deschampsia flexuosa} and {\it Agrostis capillaris}. Open areas also tend to have locally frequent saplings of {\it A. pseudoplatanus}. The most prominent undershrub species is locally abundant {\it Ilex aquifolium}. Locally frequent {\it Corydalis claviculata} noted in field layer.

Moving further eastwards, the woods lie on a steep north-facing slope. Here the canopy is generally dominated by mature trees of {\it A. pseudoplatanus} (multi-stemmed). Locally occasional mature trees of {\it Quercus} sp. also tend to be multi-stemmed, with a well-developed structure and probably persist from the wood that existed before colonisation by sycamore. One fairly large tree of {\it Taxus baccata} noted. Here there is very little vegetation beneath the canopy, with the woodland floor being mainly either bare ground or having a layer of leaf litter with scattered {\it P. aquilinum} and {\it R. fruticosus} agg. Locally rare small bushes of {\it Rhododendron ponticum}.

Moving further eastwards (GR TQ 024 484) the woodland here appears to be a former coppice of {\it Corylus avellana} (now overgrown) with {\it Q. robur} standards. Locally occasional {\it Sorbus aucuparia}. Field layer again {\it P. aquilinum, R. fruticosus} agg. and leaf litter.

The northern edge of the car park itself has a sward of species-poor neutral (acidic?) grassland comprising {\it Agrostis capillaris} with locally frequent {\it Holcus lanatus} and rare {\it Galium saxatile}. Further north from here (GR TQ 022 485) lies a steeply-sloping, disused sand pit. Around 50 per cent of the slope still comprises bare, friable sand. Fringing this is acidic grassland dominated by {\it Deschampsia flexuosa}, plus scrubby patches with {\it Ulex europaeus} and seedlings of {\it Acer pseudoplatanus}. This area was not studied in any detail during the course of the present survey, although it is known to be botanically quite diverse and is in fact the part of the common coincident with an area selected as SNCI.

To the south of the common lies a further open area of acidic grassland (GR TQ 023 484). This comprises a relatively species-poor and closely rabbit-grazed sward of {\it Agrostis capillaris, Festuca ovina} and {\it Rumex acetosella}, plus the mosses {\it Polytrichum piliferum, Hypnum cupressiforme, Rhytidiadelphus squarrosus} and {\it Campylopus} sp. (? {\it C. paradoxus}). Also noted was a single circular patch (25cm across) of {\it Calluna vulgaris}, existing as a very short carpet around 0.5cm tall). The fringes of this area have stands of colonising {\it P. aquilinum} and the occasional bush of {\it Ulex europaeus}. Elsewhere {\it P. aquilinum} is also associated with small clumps of trees of {\it Quercus} sp. and {\it Betula} sp.

The northern flank of St. Marthas's Hill has an open area dominated generally by dense {\it P. aquilinum} (GR TQ 025 484). Scattered mature trees of {\it B. pendula} (and less commonly, {\it Quercus} sp.) occur across this area, grading locally into small copses of secondary broadleaved woodland. At the edges of the adjoining woodland there is a localised field layer of {\it Deschampsia flexuosa} and {\it C. claviculata}. To the north-west of this strip lie occasional large thickets of {\it Rhododendron ponticum}. Noted on this part of the common were occasional small heathy patches with {\it Vaccinium myrtillus} and {\it D. flexuosa}.

The northernmost, lower part of the slope supports a rather open canopy broadleaved woodland, mainly comprising {\it B. pendula} with a scattering of larger {\it Quercus} sp., plus the occasional tree of {\it Fagus sylvatica}. Two decent sized trees of {\it Taxus baccata} also noted. The lower part of the slope in particular has dense infestations of {\it R. ponticum}. The field layer includes {\it D. flexuosa, P. aquilinum, R. fruticosus} agg. and {\it Dryopteris dilatata}.

MANAGE:
The common appears to have no active management at present. However, there are signs that sections of the wooded parts of the common were formerly managed as hazel coppice with oak standards. The open area on the northern flank of St. Martha's Hill may have resulted from deliberate thinning or may be due to storm damage. Grazing by rabbits is very heavy on part of the acidic grassland.

There are a number of features of nature conservation interest, in particular the existence of a number of mature oak trees with a well-developed structure and some development of dead wood. In addition, sections of the disused sand pit offer considerable potential potential for burrowing invertebrates.

Also note that the site is listed in the Surrey Lowland Heathland Inventory, although there appears to be only very restricted evidence of any heathland flora occurring on the site. In addition, the habitat of "lowland acidic grassland" is one of the "Priority Habitats" of the UK Biodiversity Action Plan.

In setting management objectives for the common it would be necessary to make a more detailed assessment of the ecology of the site and relate this to local nature conservation needs. However, it would be desirable that the development of dead wood habitat should be allowed to continue and the areas of open sand should be conserved. Other objectives might include the localised reintrodcution of coppicing, clearance of {\it Rhododendron} scrub, removal of sycamore and the clearance of bracken/turf stripping in order to encourage regeneration of heathland vegetation.


FAUNA:
No fauna noted specifically on this common during the course of the site visit.

VEG:
The common lies next to the railway line just east of Wanborough station (Guildford district).

Most of the common is now contiguous with, and forming a part of a large arable field to the south of the railway line. Adjacent to the railway line itself is an unmanaged strip of vegetation up to about 10m wide (but narrowing eastwards). There is a discontinuous line of tall {\it Quercus robur} trees running along here, beneath which are scattered bushes of {\it Prunus spinosa, Corylus avellana, Crataegus monogyna, Salix cinerea, S. capraea, Cornus sanguinea} and {\it Acer campestre}.

The rest of this strip comprises a verge of tall grassland/ruderals etc. - {\it Arrrhenatherum elatius, Elytrigia repens, Artemisia vulgaris, Urtica dioica, Vicia cracca, Torilis japonica, Stachys sylvatica, S. palustris, Scrophularia nodosa, Cirsium vulgare, Senecio jacobaea, Holcus lanatus, Epilobium hirsutum, Tamus communis, Phleum bertolonii, Holcus lanatus, Stellaria graminea, Lactuca serriola, Sonchus asper, Rosa} sp., {\it Anisantha sterilis, Galium aparine, Heracleum sphondylium, Epilobium hirsutum, Calystegia sepium, Equisetum arvense, Filipendula ulmaria, Agrimonia eupatoria, Pulicaria dysenterica} and {\it Petroselinum vegetum}.

MANAGE:
As already outlined, the common is unfenced from the arable field to the south and a major part has been incorporated into this land unit. The scrubby verge appears unmanaged and may form a local refuge for wildlife.


VEG:
The common lies alongside Frog Grove Road, about 1km north of Wood Street Village (Guildford district).

(1). Mown amenity grassland with planted ornamental trees: {\it Pinus} sp., {\it Sorbus} sp. and {\it S. aucuparia}. Note metalled drive crossing this area.

(2). Small block of broadleaved woodland. Canopy of {\it Quercus robur} with occasional {\it Betula} sp. and {\it Salix fragilis}. Shrub layer: small trees of {\it Quercus} sp. and {\it Fagus sylvatica}, plus {\it Corylus avellana}. Field layer of {\it Rubus fruticosus} agg., {\it Agrostis capillaris, Anthoxanthum odoratum, Holcus mollis} and {\it Stellaria holostea}. Leaf litter quite abundant. Dumping of garden rubbish next to house.

(3). Scubby area with tall trees to rear grading into tall herbs/ruderals next to the road. {\it Quercus robur, Salix cinerea, S. capraea, S. fragilis, Crataegus monogyna, Fraxinus excelsior, Corylus avellana, Rubus fruticosus} agg., {\it Epilobium hirsutum, Filipendula ulmaria, Cirsium arvense, Urtica dioica, Artemisia vulgaris, Aegopodium podagraria, Chamerion angustifolium} and {\it Armoracia rusticana}.

MANAGE:
Various areas of grassland mown for amenity use. Ornamental planted trees in one area. Scrubby verge may be cut/thinned from time to time. Remainder probably unmanaged.


FAUNA:
Noted during the site visit were: blue tit, chiff chaff, nuthatch, blackcap, red deer. A well-established pond on the common is known to support all three native species of newt.

VEG:
The common lies along the A323 a few km to the north-west of Guildford. Almost all of the site has been surveyed by the Surrey Wildlife Trust as part of the SNCI project - all of this being subsequently selected as SNCI. This includes a general description which has been consulted for the purposes of the common land survey. Additional target notes were made during a visit to the site.

The common lies largely over the acidic Bagshot Beds. In the central-northern portions these are overlain by recent alluvial deposits. Soils are described as (Swanwick) argillic gleys and (Burlesdon) stagnogleyic argillic brown earths.

"A combination of soils, drainage and past grazing is thought to have given rise to the formation of a mosaic of grassland and acid mire. However, these open communities have largely been lost in recent decades to the encroachment of woodland and scrub".

Secondary broadleaved woodland now covers most of the site. The canopy is mainly dominated by {\it Betula} spp. locally accompanied by {\it Quercus robur}. Some of the latter are showing signs of 'crown die-back'. Occasional associates include {\it Fraxinus excelsior} and {\it Pinus sylvestris. Alnus glutinosa} occurs in wet areas, with one area of alder carr being present (1). 

The woods in general have a shrub layer which includes {\it Salix cinerea, Crataegus monogyna, Sambucus nigra, Ilex aquifolium, Sorbus aucuparia} and {\it Frangula alnus}. Generally the canopy is quite open beneath.

The field layer is characterised by {\it Pteridium aquilinum, Holcus mollis, Rubus fruticosus} agg., {\it Lonicera periclymenum, Deschampsia cespitosa, Stellaria holostea, Glechoma hederacea} and {\it Geranium robertianum}. Locally, in wet areas, the field layer is dominated by {\it Molinia caerulea}.

(2). Open area with {\it M. caerulea}-dominated marshy grassland plus elements of heath vegetation in the form of locally frequent {\it Erica tetralix} (max. ground cover of 10 per cent). Also present: locally frequent {\it Holcus lanatus, Juncus acutiflorus, J. conglomeratus} and sapling {\it Betula} spp. One large tree of {\it P. sylvestris} and several large {\it Betula} sp. trees.

(3). Second clearing again dominated by tussocky {\it M. caerulea}. Localised heathy areas with {\it E. tetralix, Ulex minor, Calluna vulgaris} and {\it Hypnum jutlandicum}. Other associates include locally occasional {\it Potentilla erecta, Luzula multiflora, J. effusus, J. conglomeratus, Deschampsia cespitosa, Aulacomnium palustre, Achillea ptarmica} and {\it Cirsium palustre}. Several large {\it P. sylvestris} trees and one area being colonised by sapling {\it Betula} spp. and {\it Salix} sp.

(4). Pond, at present without water. Continuous vegetation cover of frequent/abundant {\it Agrostis stolonifera} and {\it Glyceria fluitans} with rare individuals of {\it Ranunculus flammula, Iris pseudacorus, J. effusus} and {\it Lycopus europaeus}. One area of {\it Persicaria maculosa}. Abundant leaf litter. Fringe of {\it Salix cinerea} bushes. Stand of vegetative {\it Carex} sp. (? {\it C. acutiformis}) noted in dried-up pond elsewhere on the common.

(5). Smaller pond also fringed by {\it S. cinerea}. Locally occasional clumps of {\it Iris pseudacorus, J. effusus} and {\it Iris pseudacorus}. Band of {\it R. fruticosus} agg. and {\it Urtica dioica}.

MANAGE:
The site is listed within the Surrey Lowland Heathland Inventory. Areas of open, remnant wet heath have been managed to keep them clear of encroaching trees, presumably by the county council. Various log piles noted. The area of woodland at (6) has been recently thinned to leave only mature trees of {\it Betula} spp. Piles of chipped trees present on woodland floor here.

"Lowland heathland" and "Wet woodland" are both "Priority Habitats" of the UK Biodiversity Action Plan. In addition, certain types of {\it Molinia} grasslands and also some standing waters have also been included. The great crested newt is a "Priority Species" of the UK BAP. Newts in general depend not only upon the existence of a suitable breeding pond, but also upon the presence of adjacent terrestrial habitat.


FAUNA:
No records of fauna available for this common, which was not visited as part of the present survey.

VEG:
The common lies on the northern edge of Guildford. The whole site has been the subject of a survey undertaken by the Surrey Wildlife Trust as part of the SNCI project, though none of this area was subsequently selected as SNCI. This includes a general description - reproduced here. There was insufficient time to visit the common during the course of the present survey.

pSNCI general description:

"The site is a narrow strip of broadleaved woodland on the edge of Guildford. It is situated on the London Clay and the soils are typical Stagnogleys. The site appears to be secondary woodland on a former wood pasture site, with a sparse canopy of mature pedunculate oak and ash over a dense, tall shrub layer of hawthorn with occasional English elm. The field layer is dominated by ivy over most of the site, with patches of bramble and bracken where light is sufficient.

There are several ponds on the site, all of which are shallow and drying up and one of which has suffered from rubbish dumping. Crack and grey willows are locally frequent around them, with damp-loving species such as creeping jenny and common nettle".

MANAGE:
No information available relating to the management of this common.

Note UK BAP "Priority Habitat": "Lowland wood pasture and parkland".


VEG:
The common lies alongside the A323 to the NW of Guildford (i.e. Guildford district). The whole site has been surveyed by Surrey Wildlife Trust as part of the SNCI project (but not subsequently selected as SNCI). This includes a general description which has been consulted for the purposes of the Common Land Survey. A brief inspection was also made of the site from the main road.

The common comprises a small block of broadleaved woodland lying over the Bagshot beds, with soils being described as typical argillic gleys (Swanwick).

"Woodland stands are of a recent origin and largely dominated by oak and birch. Other species are sparse. A species-poor ground flora reflects the underlying variation in soil drainage. In moister situations purple moor-grass is dominant, as substrates dry out bramble and honeysuckle are characheristic. On the driest soils creeping soft-grass and bracken become common".

A moist grassy ride crosses the common and is "characterised by a vegetation community of Yorkshire fog and rushes".

Apparent during the present survey was a canopy largely comprising secondary growth of {\it Betula} spp. with some larger individuals of {\it Quercus robur} near to the road. The shrub layer includes {\it Ilex aquifolium} and {\it Corylus avellana} with some {\it Salix cinerea}. Field layer of {\it Rubus fruticosus} agg. etc. Locally abundant {\it Pteridium aquilinum}. Locally occasional {\it Scrophularia nodosa} noted next to the road.

MANAGE:
Appears largely unmanaged at present. Note that "Wet woodlands" are one of the "Priority Habitats" of the UK Biodiversity Action Plan.


FAUNA:
Noted during the site visit were: blackbird, chiff chaff, nuthatch, grey squirrel.

VEG:
The common comprises two small parcels of land on the periphery of the Whitmoor Common complex (Guildford district).

The larger portion largely comprises secondary broadleaved woodland with a canopy of {\it Quercus robur} and {\it Betula pendula}. The shrub layer comprises occasional bushes of {\it Ilex aquifolium} with, less commonly, {\it Fagus sylvatica} and {\it Acer pseudoplatanus} (saplings), plus {\it Ulex europaeus} and {\it Cytisus scoparius}. Several small saplings of {\it Taxus baccata} in one area. The field layer includes {\it Rubus fruticosus} agg., {\it Holcus lanatus, H. mollis, Agrostis capillaris, Stellaria holostea, Dryopteris dilatata, Hedera helix, Lonicera periclymenum, Pteridium aquilinum} with, more locally, {\it Molinia caerulea} and {\it Deschampsia flexuosa}. Quite a number of fallen dead trees and standing stumps of {\it B. pendula}. Occasional canopy gaps with small trees of {\it B. pendula} and dense growth of {\it R. fruticosus} agg. etc.

Note to the west of this portion, an extensive area of compacted bare ground under the tree canopy due to children playing on bikes. One area to the east with a more open canopy with frequent/abundant small trees of {\it Betula pendula}, locally frequent small trees of {\it Populus tremula}, with {\it R. fruticosus} agg., {\it Ulex europaeus, C. scoparius} and locally abundant {\it P. aquilinum}.

The eastern edge has an open area comprising neutral grassland with patches of dense {\it P. aquilinun}. The grassland comprises {\it Holcus lanatus, Dactylis glomerata, Arrhenetherum elatius, Ranunculus acris, Plantago major, Lolium perenne, Trifolium repens, T. pratense, Cirsium arvense, Stellaria graminea} and {\it Hypochaeris radicata}. Locally occasional {\it Urtica dioica}; rare individuals of {\it Hypericum perforatum, Senecio jacobaea, Achillea millefolium} and {\it Centaurea nigra}.

The separate, smaller, western portion also comprises secondary broadleaved woodland. The canopy is mainly formed from quite large trees of {\it Quercus robur}. Locally occasional {\it Betula pendula} and {\it Acer pseudoplatanus}, with one tree of {\it Aesculus hippocastanum} next to the road. Shrub layer includes {\it Salix cinerea, Ulmus} sp. and {\it Corylus avellana} (some old coppice stools) plus sapling {\it A. pseudoplatanus} and {\it Fraxinus excelsior}. Field layer: abundant {\it Rubus fruticosus} agg., locally frequent {\it Urtica dioica, Hedera helix, Galium aparine, Stellaria holostea, Holcus mollis, H. lanatus} and {\it Lonicera pericylmenum}, plus locally occasional {\it Dryopteris filix-mas, Juncus effusus, Epilobium hirsutum} and {\it Rumex sanguineus}.

MANAGE:
No management of this common apparent. Note the siting of a transformer box on the smaller portion.


FAUNA:
Noted during the site visits were: green woodpecker, chiff chaff, jay, robin, blue tit, magpie, blackbird, rabbit, grey squirrel, red deer.

The diverse mosaic of habitats on the common, in particular the open heath and scrub, provide breeding habitat for characteristic heathland species such as nightjar, woodlark and stonechat. The SSSI forms one element of a proposed Special Protection Area (pSPA) known as the Thames Basin Heaths. These are areas designated under the EC Directive 79/409 on the Conservation of Wild Birds (the "Birds Directive"). Nightjar and woodlark are both species listed on Annexe 1 of the Directive, with the Thames Basin Heaths pSPA as a whole supporting an estimated 9.2 and 29.4 per cent respectively of the British breeding populations of these two species. In addition, both nightjar and woodlark are "Priority Species" of the UK Biodiversity Action Plan.

Whitmoor Common has a Grade C entry in the Invertebrate Site Register. The most notable record is for the "extremely rare" spider {\it Oxyopes heteropthalamus}, occurring at only four other sites in Surrey, together with the nationally scarce beetle {\it Hyperaspis pseudopustulata}.

VEG:
The common forms a significant area of lowland heathland lying on the northern outskirts of Guildford, almost entirely within an SSSI of the same name. This vegetation forms part of the London Basin Heathlands characteristic of the soils of the Bagshot and Bracklesham Beds. A mosaic of wet heath and acidic grassland dominates the open areas, whilst there is also an extensive area of dry heath, plus smaller stands of bracken and neutral grassland. Around half of the site is now occupied by secondary woodland.

The following description is derived from the various information sources which include the SSSI citation (see sources). In addition, additional brief target notes were made during two different visits to the site during the course of the present survey.

Most of the open heathland is poorly-drained and wet in character comprising {\it Calluna vulgaris, Erica tetralix, Molinia caerulea, Deschampsia flexuosa} and the moss {\it Polytrichum commune}. In some areas the heath vegetation appears to be poorly-developed, giving rise to grassland dominated by a mixture of {\it M. caerulea, Deschampsia cespitosa} and {\it Agrostis stolonifera} with much {\it Juncus articulatus} and {\it P. commune}. In Phase 1 terms, grassland with {\it Molinia} dominant is probably more appropriately placed in the marshy grassland rather than the acidic grassland category.

Boggy depressions within the wet heath are dominated by {\it Sphagnum} spp. mosses. Several characteristic plants occur in the areas of wet heath including {\it Narthecium ossifragum, Anagallis tenella, Drosera rotundifolia, Rhynchospora alba} and the nationally scarce (NS) {\it Lycopodiella inundata}. In addition, {\it Gentiana pneumonanthe} (NS), which has only one other Surrey site, also occurs in this habitat. 

N.B. Nationally scarce: occurring in between 16 - 100 ten km squares of the Ordnance Survey Grid (JNCC, 1994). In addition, {\it L. inundata} is also a "Priority Species" of the UK Biodiversity Action Plan.

The wet heath also supports a number of bryophytes which include {\it Calliergon cordifolium, Campylopus brevipilus, Riccia fluitans, Gladopodiella francisca} and {\it Hypnum imponens}. 

Scattered throughout the heathland is a scrub of {\it Ulex europaeus, Cytisus scoparius} and {\it Betula} spp. 

An area of short, dry grassland in the northern part of the common supports a number of rather localised plants, including {\it Jasione montana, Spergularia rubra, Cerastium semidecandrum, Aira praecox} and {\it A. caryophyllea}.

Surrounding the more central areas of open heath are extensive stands of secondary woodland characterised by {\it Betula} spp. and {\it Quercus robur}. The major part of this woodland is of recent origin on areas of former open heath. On poorly-drained areas, {\it B. pubescens} tends to dominate, whilst drier ground has {\it B. pendula} predominant. The more established woods are dominated by {\it Q. robur}, with {\it B. pendula, B. pubescens, Corylus avellana} (with some old coppice stools on Jordan Hill), {\it Acer pseudoplatanus} and {\it Pinus sylvestris}. Ground flora dominated by {\it Pteridium aquilinum} and {\it Rubus fruticosus} agg. 

In the extreme west of the site (GR SU 974 543) is a swamp of mature {\it Alnus glutinosa} and {\it Salix fragilis. Sambucus nigra} is an occasional shrub above a dense ground flora of {\it Chrysosplenium alternifolium, Ranunculus repens, Geranium robertianum, Urtica dioica} and {\it Dryopteris filix-mas}. More generally, {\it Salix cinerea} occurs in wet areas around the ponds and streams.

There are also several stands of {\it Pinus sylvestris}, with a plantation noted at GR SU 988 540 supplemented by other areas resulting from natural regeneration. 

Areas of open water on the common include a pond and several small streams. The pond (GR SU 983 539) is dominated by swamp vegetation of {\it Typha latifolia} in the deep water, grading into {\it Juncus} spp., with {\it Deschampsia cespitosa} and {\it Salix} spp. scrub on the margins. Remaining open water with records for {\it Lemna minor} and {\it Nymphaea alba}. The streams contain {\it Ranunculus peltatus} and contribute to the wetland communities at times of flooding. 

TARGET NOTES FROM PRESENT SURVEY........

The western portion of the common was walked during the current project, progressing from the car park on Salt Box Road (GR SU 981 530), skirting the site around the edge of the common, eventually crossing Jordan Hill to the north-west to reach Goose Rye Road (GR SU 985 543). Several areas cleared of encroaching trees were noted within this mainly wooded part of the common, these now largely comprising a mixture {\it Molinia} grassland and/or {\it Erica tetralix} ({\it Calluna vulgaris}) wet heath at varying stages of maturity and ground cover. Rare plants of {\it Salix repens} noted in one such area. Some areas of bracken {\it Pteridium aquilinum} present on Jordan Hill.

Section east of railway line. This once again comprises open areas of both wet and dry heath that tend to be fringed by areas of bracken, trees and secondary woodland. Parts of this area have seen extensive tree clearance work in recent years. Dry heath again dominated by {\it Calluna vulgaris} with locally occasional {\it Erica cinerea} and {\it Ulex minor}. Some scattered scrub of {\it Ulex europaeus}. Some areas of well-developed, mature {\it Calluna} noted to around 40cm tall. However, in the vicinity of a large rabbit warren (GR SU 995 537), the {\it Calluna} plants have been locally grazed into a short carpet around 2-3cm tall. To the immediate east of the railway line are areas of bare ground (burning/turf stripping?) that show signs of good regeneration of {\it Calluna} plants, but with around 50 per cent bare ground still evident.

On the main area of open heath (GR SU 983 532), the history of management has created a mosaic of heath vegetation of differing maturity and dwarf shrub cover - {\it Erica tetralix, Calluna vulgaris} and some {\it Ulex minor}. These range from areas with almost 100 per cent cover of dwarf shrubs through to almost pure {\it Molinia} grassland swards. Also present are several areas of burnt vegetation. Locally occasional clumps of {\it Ulex europaeus} and scattered saplings of {\it Betula} spp., but the area as a whole is relatively free of trees. {\it Pinus sylvesrtis} appears fairly rare on this part of the site.

MANAGE:
The common is of significant nature conservation importance in that it encompasses an area of lowland dry heath, a habitat which formerly covered extensive parts of southern England, including Surrey. There have been many accounts of the decline of the habitat, with the suggestion that some 85 per cent of Surrey's Heathlands have disappeared over the last two hundred years. In addition, a further 16 per cent decline has taken place between 1975 and 1985 (NCC/Surrey County Council, 1988). In addition, it is estimated that the UK contains around one fifth of Europe's remaining lowland heathland. The causes of this decline include a cessation of traditional grazing (leading to scrub, bracken and ultimately, succession to woodland), plus intensification of agriculture, forestry, afforestation, land enclosures and, more recently, building, especially of housing.

These heaths support a distinctive assemblage of flora and fauna which is severely at risk due to the decline in the extent of the habitat. The importance of the habitat has been widely recognised, with the preparation of an inventory of remaining heathland sites in the county and the preparation by English Nature of a strategy for the conservation of the habitat in the county (English Nature/SCC, 1988). More recently, "Lowland Dry Heath" has been highlighted amongst the "Priority Habitats" of the UK Biodiversity Action Plan. 

The site at present is managed by Surrey County Council, with the Surrey Heathland Project acting in an advisory capacity. Ideal management of these heaths would be the reintroduction of traditional grazing. This has been possible on limited areas of this common, with two areas of temporary electric fencing noted during the course of the site visit - enclosed areas being grazed by cattle (leased from the Surrey Heathland Project). Elsewhere the heath is maintained by a variety of management techniques which include scrub and tree thinning/clearance, burning and possibly also mowing/turf stripping. Grazing by rabbits is locally significant. A marginal band of woodland appears to have been left to provide a 'buffer zone' against the A320. 

Despite the advantages of clearing scrub and trees, some pine woods need to remain to provide nesting habitat for nightjar (UK BAP "Priority Species").

For a fuller account of the significance of lowland heath as a habitat, please refer to the relavant section of the main report and the various references highlighted on the front of this site report.

Potential additional UK BAP "Priority Habitats": "Wet woodland", certain types of {\it Molinia} grassland i.e. "Purple moor grass and rush pastures", plus Mesotrophic and Eutrophic standing waters.


FAUNA:
No fauna noted during the brief site visit to this common.

VEG:
The common lies to the north-east of Worplesdon (Guildford district) and mainly comprises a mixture of secondary broadleaved and mixed woodland.

To the north and west the woodland appears broadleaved in nature, the canopy dominated largely by {\it Betula} spp. with occasional {\it Quercus robur}. A scattered shrub layer includes {\it Ilex aquifolium} and sapling {\it Betula} spp., whilst the field layer, which is well-developed in places, includes {\it Rubus fruticosus} agg., {\it Pteridium aquilinum, Lonicera periclymenum} and {\it Hedera helix}, with locally frequent {\it Holcus mollis} and occasional {\it Molinia caerulea}. 

The land slopes gradually toward the south and east of this small site. Here the woodland is generally mixed and quite damp in character, with {\it Pinus sylvestris} occurring at varying frequency. Other occasional trees/shrubs noted from the road include {\it Fagus sylvatica} (sapling), {\it Carpinus betulus, Quercus cerris, Fraxinus excelsior, Salix} spp. and {\it Crataegus monogyna}. The field layer appears locally dominated by {\it Molinia caerulea} with locally abundant {\it R. fruticosus} agg. and locally frequent {\it Lonicera periclymenum, Melampyrum pratense, Stellaria holostea} and {\it P. aquilinum}.

MANAGE:
The common appears unmanaged at present. Note that "wet woodland" is one of the the "Priority Habitats" of the UK Biodiversity Action Plan.


FAUNA:
Noted during the site visit were: blue tit, green woodpecker, robin.

VEG:
The common comprises three parcels of land lying on the northern outskirts of Guildford. The two most westerly units lie within the boundary of the Whitmoor Common SSSI/Thames Basin heaths pSPA, an important area of lowland heathland. The following notes relate primarily to the site visit.

(1). Western compartment.

Area of rather open, scrubby broadleaved woodland with a canopy mainly comprising {\it Betula} spp. Occasional trees of {\it Quercus robur} and {\it Sorbus aucuparia}; rare individuals of {\it Pinus sylvestris}. Field layer of {\it Pteridium aquilinum}, with {\it Molinia caerulea} locally abundant. More open canopy areas with {\it Crataegus monogyna} and {\it Salix cinerea}. Occasional small trees of {\it Populus tremula} near to the road.

(2). Fringing Britten's Pond. 

A mosaic of scrub, trees and tall ruderal species: {\it Crataegus monogyna, Betula} spp., {\it Salix fragilis, S. cinerea, S. capraea, Ulmus} sp., {\it Sambucus nigra, Quercus robur, Cornus sanguinea} (rare), {\it Rubus fruticosus} agg., {\it Artemisia vulgaris, Urtica dioica, Heracleum sphondylium, Cirsium arvense, C. palustre, Calystegia sepium} and {\it Chamerion angustifolium}. Occasional patches of {\it P. aquilinum} to the west.

Adjacent to the pond, spanning the strip between here and the roadside car park is an area of coarsely-mown neutral grassland. 

(3). Eastern compartment (non-SSSI). 

Small pond with marginal vegetation of {\it Typha latifolia, Iris pseudacorus, Juncus effusus, Sparganium} sp., {\it Alisma plantago-aquatica} and {\it Carex otrubae}. Fringed by trees of {\it Salix fragilis, S. cinerea} and {\it Salix} sp. ('weeping' variety). The adjacent area of swamp/tall ruderals has {\it Urtica dioica, Angelica sylvestris, Festuca} sp. ? {\it F. arundinacea, Cirsium arvense, Epilobium hirsutum, Heracleum sphondylium, Sparganium} sp., {\it Cirsium palustre} and {\it Oenanthe crocata}.

Adjacent block of broadleaved woodland has canopy of {\it Betula} spp., with occasional tall trees of {\it Salix cinerea} and individuals of {\it Quercus robur}. Shrub layer of locally occasional {\it Crataegus monogyna}. Field layer contains frequent/abundant {\it P. aquilinum, Rubus fruticosus} agg., {\it Lonicera periclymenum} and abundant leaf litter.

Note mown roadside verge at edge of roundabout. Ditch continues along here with {\it Salix cinerea} and {\it Oenanthe crocata} at the woodland edge.

MANAGE:
There appears to be periodic scrub/tree clearance in the areas adjacent to Britten's Pond. Occasional mowing of grassland adjacent to car park here and also alongside the roundabout adjoining the eastern part of the common.

Note that land within the Whitmoor Common SSSI is listed in the Surrey Lowland Heathland Inventory, although there does not appear to be any heathland present on this particular common.


FAUNA:
Noted on the pond during the site visit were: moorhen, coot, great crested grebe, mallard, black-headed gull.  Note that the site lies within the Whitmoor Common SSSI/Thames Basin Heaths pSPA - please see under CL 158 for relevant description.

VEG:
The common forms a small part of the Whitmoor Common SSSI, lying at the northern edge of Guildford (see map). The greater part of the common comprises the small Britten's Pond. Many unusual species have in the past been recorded here including {\it Alopecurus aequalis, Eleocharis multicaulis, Stellaria alsine, Oenanthe fistulosa} and {\it Zannichellia palustris}. Following clearance of {\it Typha latifolia} in 1971, which resulted in many of the submerged plant beds being smothered with clay, there was a marked decline in many of these species. In the period since, the pond has become heavily-used for coarse fishing and it is thought that high turbidity caused by carp and bream have prevented a recovery in the formerly diverse aquatic flora. 

At the present time, the pond appears to have almost no aquatic vegetation present. A path leads all the way round, incorporating various bare ground 'fishing stations' with a stepped edge to the pond retained by wooden planks. Trees/shrubs around the pond margins include {\it Salix cinerea, S. capraea, Quercus robur, Rubus fruticosus} agg. and {\it Crataegus monogyna}.

The eastern edge of the pond is fringed by a narrow wooded strip with a canopy of several fairly large trees of {\it Quercus robur} adjacent to the pond. Much of the ground beneath the canopy is devoid af any vegetation. Along the eastern edge is a zone with abundant {\it Crataegus monogyna} with an understorey of {\it Ulmus} sp. and {\it Corylus avellana} plus a field layer of dominant/abundant {\it Hedera helix} and locally occasional {\it Pteridium aquilinum, Lonicera periclymenum, R. fruticosus} agg., {\it Urtica dioica} and {\it Heracleum sphondylium}.

MANAGE:
As already outlined, this pond is subject to intense pressure from fishing. Nutrient measurements have shown that the water in the pond lies within the mesotrophic range. The failure of the formerly diverse aquatic vegetation to recover is believed to be primarily due to excessive turbidity caused by the large numbers of carp and, to a lesser extent bream in the pond. A further factor degrading the marginal and bankside vegetation is excessive trampling by the anglers and other visitors to the pond.

With the extreme populartiy of the pond amongst the local anglers it is extremely unlikely that anything can now be done to restore some of the botanical interest of the pond. The SSSI of which it forms a small part was designated on the basis of the presence of important areas of lowland heatland and therefore the pond does not make any contribuition to this interest. In its present state and overall circumstances it might be more appropriate to remove this area from the SSSI rather than holding out any realistic hope of restoration. 

N.B. i). "Mesotrophic standing water" is one of the "Priority Habitats" of the UK Biodiversity Action Plan. 

N.B. ii). The Whitmoor Common SSSI is also a site listed in the Surrey Lowland Heathland Inventory. The inventory map includes this particular common within its boundary, although there is no lowland heath present here.


FAUNA:
No fauna noted specifically on this particular common.

VEG:
The common lies on the northern edge of Guildford. The portion to the south of Jacobs Well Road lies within an area surveyed by the Surrey Wildlife Trust as part of the SNCI project and subsequently selected as SNCI. However, the general description of this area does not include any information relevant to the common and the following description is therefore drawn from target notes made during the course of the present survey.

This southern section largely comprises an expanse of semi-improved neutral grassland with marginal blocks of scrub/trees etc.

(1). Main area of grassland somewhat damp/(acidic?); dominated by {\it Holcus lanatus} and {\it Festuca rubra}. Frequent/abundant {\it Carex hirta, Cirsium arvense, Juncus effusus, J. inflexus, Senecio jacobaea, Potentilla erecta, Centaurea nigra, Stellaria graminea} plus locally frequent {\it Galium saxatile} and locally occasional {\it Cirsium palustre, Prunella vulgaris} and {\it Lotus pedunculatus}. Small area with abundant {\it Succisa pratensis}. Locally occasional small scattered bushes of {\it Salix cinerea}. Abundant rabbit droppings evident.

(2). Further north the grassland has scattered patches of scrub/trees - {\it Salix cinerea, Prunus spinosa, Rubus fruticosus} agg. and {\it Quercus robur}. The grassland itself comprises a mixture of quite tall, rank vegetation and areas with a shorter sward: {\it Arrhenatherum elatius, Holcus lanatus, Dactylis glomerata, Deschampsia cespitosa, Juncus ? articulatus, J. inflexus, Lotus pedunculatus, Trifolium repens, T. pratense, Achillea millefolium, Stellaria graminea, Centaurea nigra, Rumex acetosa, Carex hirta} and {\it Ranunculus repens}.

(3). Coarse/tall grassland/ruderals etc. comprising {\it A. elatius, Pulicaria dysenterica, Scrophularia aquatica, D. cespitosa, Artemisia vulgaris, Prunella vulgaris, Holcus lanatus, Cirsium arvense, Heracleum sphondylium, Agrimonia eupatoria, Rubus fruticosus} agg., plus scattered individuals of {\it Salix fragilis, S. cinerea} and {\it Quercus robur}. 

(4). Land to north of Jacobs Well Road. Most comprises an amenity grassland football pitch. Surrounding a pond is a strip of uncut grassland: {\it A. elatius, D. glomerata, Senecio jacobaea, Glechoma hederacea, Equisetum arvense, Epilobium hirsutum, Cirsium arvense, Urtica dioica, R. fruticosus} agg., {\it Ranunculus repens, Juncus inflexus, Symphitum} sp., {\it Centaurea nigra} and {\it Torilis japonica}. Trees/shrubs fringing pond: {\it Salix cinerea, S. capraea, Fraxinus excelsior, Robinia pseudoacacia} and {\it Euonymus europaeus}. A similar band of uncut vegetation runs along the roadside.

The pond itself has a broad band of marginal/emergent vegetation. This includes {\it Typha latifolia, Glyceria maxima, Lycopus europaeus, Carex otrubae, Eleocharis palustris, Mentha} sp. and one small area of {\it Crassula helmsii}. Open water in the centre of the pond contains locally occasional plants of {\it Nymphaea alba}.

MANAGE:
The northern portion of the common is managed as a formal amenity area, including a football pitch. There is a further area of mown amenity grassland to the extreme south of the site.

The remainder of the common has quite a varied botanical composition and shows evidence of occasional localised grazing by tethered horses, plus significant grazing by rabbits. This has produced a mosaic of different sward heights when, taken in conjunction with the associated patches of scrub and trees, represents a structurally diverse habitat with potential for a range of invertebrates/small mammals etc. 

The site is too small to be worth managing formally, indeed it has the general appearance of a small piece of 'waste ground' and therefore, this casual grazing by horses is probably the main factor conserving the biodiversity of this small area.


FAUNA:
Noted during the site visit were: songthrush (UK BAP "Priority Species", blue tit, robin, plus large white, meadow brown and small skipper butterflies. Mole hills apparent in an area of grassland.

VEG:
The common lies on the northern outskirts of Guildford. Most of the site is coincident with an area surveyed by Surrey Wildlife Trust as part of the SNCI project and subsequently selected as SNCI. However, the following description is based on target notes made during the course of the present survey.

The common comprises a mosaic of secondary woodland and neutral grassland habitats, with small areas of scrub where the two habitats adjoin.

Broadleaved woodland generally has a canopy comprising {\it Quercus robur} and {\it Betula pendula}. Locally there are pure stands of even-aged {\it B. pendula}. The shrub layer is mainly of {\it Ilex aquifolium} and {\it Crataegus monogyna} with some {\it Salix cinerea, S. capraea, Sambucus nigra} and {\it Sorbus aucuparia}. Field layer dominants are {\it Rubus fruticosus} agg., {\it Pteridium aquilinum, Lonicera periclymenum} and locally, {\it Molinia caerulea}. Other local associates include {\it Urtica dioica, Hedera helix, Holcus mollis, Stachys sylvatica, Stellaria holostea} and {\it Bromus ramosus}.

Margins of dense {\it Salix cinerea} scrub at boundary with open grassland habitat.

Several areas of neutral grassland were target noted individually.....

(1). Dominated by {\it Agrostis capillaris, Holcus lanatus} and {\it Festuca rubra}. Locally frequent {\it Stellaria graminea, Lotus pedunculatus} and {\it Rumex acetosa}, locally ocasional {\it Achillea ptarmica, A. millefolium, Ranunculus repens, Centaurea nigra} and {\it Potentilla erecta}. Along paths crossing this area: frequent/abundant {\it Lolium perenne}. Small dried-up pond with {\it Juncus effusus, Rumex acetosa} and {\it H. lanatus}. 

Note infestation of {\it Fallopia japonica} along eastern edge. Also growth of {\it F. baldschuanica} along northern boundary of excluded area.

(2). Dominated by {\it H. lanatus, A. capillaris} and {\it A. stolonifera}. Locally abundant {\it Festuca rubra}. Occasional/frequent {\it Carex hirta, Potentilla erecta, Cerastium fontanum, Rumex acetosa, L. pedunculatus, Ranunculus repens, Stellaria graminea, Molinia caerulea, Luzula campestris and {\it Anthoxanthum odoratum}. Locally frequent {\it Succisa pratensis, Achillea ptarmica, Prunella vulgaris, Juncus articulatus} and {\it Centaurea nigra}. Locally occasional {\it Cirsium palustre, Potentilla reptans, P. anserina, Senecio jacobaea} and {\it Ranunculus acris}.

Scrubby edges to adjacent woodland - {\it Salix cinerea} and also scattered within this block and alongside the road.

(3). Dominated by {\it A. capillaris} and {\it H. lanatus} with locally abundant {\it Festuca rubra}. Locally frequent {\it Trifolium repens, Stellaria graminea, Rumex acetosa} and {\it Potentilla erecta, L. pedunculatus, Centaurea nigra} and {\it A. millefolium}. One plant noted of {\it Ononis} sp. (? {\it O. spinosa}).

MANAGE:
The grassland of the common may be cut periodically. The swards are not particularly species-rich, but some areas have a good representation of more common damp grassland herbs. Ideally this type of vegetation should be grazed in order to maintain its species diversity, although this is probably infeasible on such a site (with perhaps, the exception of tethered horses). Grazing by rabbits may be relevant. The other more feasible alternative is mowing. This should ideally take place twice a year, with the first cut delayed until after mid-summer, thereby allowing plants to set seed. In addition, the cut material should be removed to prevent soil enrichment and, if possible, cutting should be done on a rotation to maintain structural habitat features that may be of importance to invertebrate populations. The scrub/woodland interface should be allowed to further develop, with marginal areas of longer grassland to provide habitat for small mammals. Soil nutrient enrichment from dogs may be significant.

Woodland areas appear unmanaged. Being situated on the fringe of a large urban area, the mosaic of woodland, scrub and grassland habitats on the common appears to be of significant value to local wildlife.


FAUNA:
Noted during the site visit were: skylark (UK BAP "Priority Species"), plus wren, blue tit, carrion crow, chaffinch, blackbird, rabbits. Numerous bush-crickets and grasshoppers noted in chalk grassland.

VEG:
The common lies at the southern edge of the A31 where it runs along the Hog's Back, the crest of the North Downs in between Aldershot and Guildford (i.e. Guildford district).

The site forms a linear roadside strip, with the west-bound dual carriageway of the road impinging partially along the northern margin of the common. The site includes a busy lay-by/rest area, complete with a refreshment kiosk and toilet block. The section immediately to the south of the lay-by has mown amenity grassland with picnic seats provided for motorists. This has, at the edge of the lay-by, a strip being colonised by various ruderal-type species. Noted here were {\it Papaver} sp., {\it Sisymbrium officinale, Stellaria media, Rumex obtusifolius, Cirsium arvense, Lolium perenne, Polygonum aviculare} and {\it Hordeum murinum}. 

Moving westwards, the grassland becomes calcicolous in character, being largely dominated by {\it Bromopsis erecta} with locally abundant {\it Agrostis stolonifera} and {\it Festuca rubra}. Other associates include locally frequent {\it Plantago lanceolata, Achillea millefolium, Ranunculus bulbosus, Centaurea nigra} and {\it Trifolium repens}, locally occasional {\it Geranium dissectum, Hypericum perforatum, Dactylis glomerata, Lotus corniculatus, Medicago lupulina, Cerastium fontanum, Arenaria serpyllifolia, Prunella vulgaris, Carex flacca, Senecio jacobaea, Pilosella officinarum, Phleum pratense, Reseda luteola, Linum catharticum, Cirsium vulgare, C. arvense, Crepis capillaris} and {\it Sonchus asper}, plus rare {\it Galium mollugo}.

Occasional clumps of {\it Leucanthemum vulgare}, and also of {\it Arrhenatherum elatius}. Locally frequent bare areas/scrapes caused by rabbit activity.

To the rear of this western portion runs a narrow scrubby wooded strip, gradually widening westwards. This includes trees/shrubs of {\it Sorbus aria, Fraxinus excelsior, Taxus baccata, Ilex aquifolium, Crataegus monogyna, Acer pseudoplatanus, Corylus avellana, Sambucus nigra, Prunus spinosa, Fagus sylvatica, Populus tremula, Viburnum} sp. and {\it Ligustrum vulgare}. Abundant growth of {\it Clematis vitalba} on some trees. The field layer is somewhat transitional with the grassland vegetation, but locally takes on more of a scrub/woodland character. Noted here were: {\it Arctium minus, Urtica dioica, Cirsium arvense, Mercurialis perennis, Alliaria petiolata, Hedera helix, Brachypodium sylvaticum, Stachys sylvatica} and {\it Sanicula europaea}.

To the east of the lay-by the grassland is rather similar to that at the westward side, but is probably maintained by mowing. Species noted here include locally abundant {\it Linum catharticum, Veronica serpyllifolia, Ranunculus repens} and locally frequent {\it Prunella vulgaris} and {\it Veronica chamaedrys}. The dominant grass appears to be {\it Agrostis stolonifera}. Occasional planted/amenity trees include {\it Fraxinus excelsior} and {\it Sorbus aria}.

The block of woodland to the rear of this eastern portion has a mixed canopy, again locally quite open and scrubby in character. This comprises {\it Fraxinus excelsior, Taxus baccata, Sorbus aria, Ligustrum vulgare, Rhamnus catharticus, Prunus spinosa, Sambucus nigra} and {\it C. monogyna}. The more open areas have a field layer comprising {\it Rubus fruticosus} agg., {\it Brachypodium sylvaticum} and {\it Clematis vitalba}, plus saplings of {\it Sambucus nigra, Ligustrum vulgare} and {\it F. excelsior}. Under the closed canopy, {\it Hedera helix} tends to dominate the field layer.

Note: there is a young planted hedge of {\it Crataegus monogyna} plus occasional {\it P. spinosa} running the entire length of the common at the edge of the carriageway.

MANAGE:
As discussed above, part of the common overlaps with the westbound carriageway of the A31 and includes a refreshment lay-by. There is also a toilet block. Adjacent grassland is mown as a picnic area for patrons of these facilities. 

The long strip of semi-improved calcicolous grassland which runs westwards may be mown occasionally and grazing by rabbits appears to be significant. Bare 'scrapes' produced by rabbit activity may represent important micro-habitat features. As this grassland still retains some elements of a chalk grassland flora, a sympathetic mowing regime may maintain/enhance its species compsition. This would include perhaps only two cuts a year and delaying the first cut until after mid-summer, to allow flowering/seed setting to take place. In addition, any cut grass should be raked-off to prevent eutrophication, whilst mowing should also take account of the needs of invertebrate populations (e.g. abundant grasshoppers/bush crickets evident at the time of the site visit).

Grazing of part of this area has been tried in the past, but the ponies used were badly disturbed by the high traffic density (Surrey Heathland Project Staff, pers. comm.).

Additional habitat diversity is provided by the long, narrow scrub/woodland strip along the southern edge of the common. This again contains a good range of calcicolous species and is probably important for a range of birds, representing a locally important wildlife corridor. The road itself, however, poses a threat to some forms of wildlife.

The eastward section of the new roadside hedge has been recently laid.


FAUNA:
Noted during the site visit were: blue tit, magpie, wren, jay, chiff chaff.

VEG:
The common lies to the eastern end of Puttenham Heath on a sandstone ridge, at the foot of the North Downs (Guildford district). There is some base-rich influence due to down-wash from the chalk hills.

The common comprises two separate parcels of land which both partially overlap a site which has been surveyed by the Surrey Wildlife Trust as part of the SNCI project. This includes a general description which has been consulted for the purposed of the present survey. However, none of the surveyed areas has subsequently been designated as SNCI.

The larger, western block of the common, is contiguous with the eastern end of Puttenham Heath. It comprises broadleaved woodland, apparently of secondary origin. 

(1). The southern portion of this lies outside the SWT survey area and has quite a varied composition. Here there is a canopy largely dominated by {\it Quercus robur}, locally accompanied by {\it Acer pseudoplatanus}, with locally occasional trees of {\it Pinus sylvestris}. Other rare canopy trees noted include {\it Aesculus hippocastanum} and {\it Castanea sativa}. Occasional large open-grown oak trees noted, plus a multi-stemmed individual which is possibly an old pollard.

The shrub layer contains locally frequent sapling {\it Acer pseudoplatanus}, plus locally occasional {\it Ilex aquifolium, Sambucus nigra, Corylus avellana, Crataegus monogyna, Ribes} sp. and {\it Ulmus procera}.

The field layer is also quite varied and includes locally abundant {\it Urtica dioica, Mercurialis perennis, Hedera helix, Lonicera periclymenum, Glechoma hederacea}, locally occasional {\it Alliaria petiolata, Galium aparine, Lapsana communis, Melica nutans, Silene dioica} and {\it Geum urbanum}. More open areas of the canopy tend to have a dense ground cover of {\it Pteridium aquilinum} and {\it Rubus fruticosus} agg. Abundant leaf litter and small quantities of fallen dead wood.

At the southern tip of this area, a new road has been constructed and apparently crosses the common. Adjacent to this is a scrubby wooded strip of {\it Betula pendula} and occasional {\it Acer pseudoplatanus}. Tree-planting on the roadside embankment itself includes {\it Quercus} sp., {\it Acer campestre, Fraxinus excelsior, Ilex aquifolium, Cornus sanguinea} and {\it Viburnum} sp. There is also a dense thicket of {\it Ulex europaeus} being colonised by {\it B. pendula}. Some stands of {\it Fallopia japonica} where the track runs from the new road northwards across the common.

(2). The northern portion to the east of the track lies within the SWT survey area. This again has a broadleaved woodland of quite varied composition and locally displays a calcaerous influence. The canopy is once more dominated by {\it Q. robur}, with occasional mature/open grown specimens noted. There is also a small area of {\it Pinus sylvestris}. The shrub layer includes {\it Crataegus monogyna, Aesculus hippocastanum} (sapling), {\it Ilex aquifolium, Acer platanoides, Sambucus nigra, Salix capraea, Rosa} sp., {\it Rhamnus catharticus} and, rarely, {\it Sorbus aria}. In addition, there is one area of overgrown old coppice stools of {\it Corylus avellana}. The field layer is either dominated by {\it P. aquilinum} or a mixture of {\it R. fruticosus, Urtica dioica, Lonicera periclymenum} etc.

There are occasional open woodland clearings dominated by stands of {\it P. aquilinum} with scrubby growth of {\it Prunus spinosa, Salix capraea, Betula pendula, Ligustrum vulgare} and {\it Euonymus europaeus}. Also noted was one stand of tall, spindly trees of {\it C. monogyna} with a field layer of {\it Mercurialis perennis}. In addition, there is a further area comprising a canopy of mature trees of {\it Betula pendula} over a {\it P. aquilinum} field layer. There are also a number of open grassy rides which include species such as {\it Centaurea nigra, Ranunculus acris} and {\it Pilosella officinarum}.

The eastern boundary of this part of the common is marked by an old wood bank.

(3). Eastern portion. This lies along the route af an ancient trackway, the 'Pilgrim's Way', a short distance to the east of the main portion. The westernmost two thirds of this part are coincident with the SWT survey area. Most of this part of the common comprises a narrow strip of broadleaved woodland. The canopy is dominated either by {\it F. excelsior} or {\it Quercus robur} with locally occasional {\it Larix decidua} (self-seeded from adjacent plantation) and rarely, {\it Quercus cerris}. The shrub layer has abundant {\it Corylus avellana} with suckering {\it Ulmus} sp., {\it Crataegus monogyna}, saplings of {\it Acer pseudoplatanus}, plus locally occasional {\it Euonymus europaeus, Ribes} sp., {\it Prunus spinosa, Acer platanoides} (sapling) and {\it A. campestre}. Also noted, one small tree of {\it Tilia} sp. 

The field layer includes {\it Mercurialis perennis, Geum urbanum, Geranium robertianum, Hedera helix, Stellaria holostea, Stachys sylvatica, Rubus fruticosus} agg., {\it Heracleum sphondylium, Anthriscus sylvestris, Galium aparine, Lapsana communis, Urtica dioica, Glechoma hederacea, Plantago major, Ranunculus acris, Alliaria petiolata, Prunella vulgaris, Myosotis} sp. and {\it P. aquilinum}.

The eastern section of the track comprises a mixture of {\it P. aquilinum}, tall grass/ruderal species and scattered scrub/broadleaved trees. This area may have been cleared beneath power lines. The scrub/trees include smallish individuals of {\it Q. robur} and {\it F. excelsior} plus {\it C. monogyna, Sambucus nigra, Ulmus} sp. and rarely, {\it E. europaeus}. Several dead ? elm trees. The other vegetation includes {\it Arrhenatherum elatius, Dactylis glomereta, Heracleum sphondylium, R. fruticosus} agg., {\it Artemisia vulgaris, Rumex obtusifolius, Urtica dioica, Silene dioica, Glechoma hederacea, Bromus sterilis, Arctium minus, Galium aparine} and {\it Aegopodium podagraria}.

MANAGE:
The common appears largely unmanaged at present. The presence of some large oak trees might suggest that part of the site was formerly wood-pasture, but further research into the history of the site would be needed to confirm this. Further historic interest derives from the section of the 'Pilgrim's Way'. Parts of the common are bounded by old wood banks. 

The southern tip of the common has had a new road built across it and there has been planting of trees on the associated embankment. A further part of the site has been cleared, apparently to provide clearance beneath power lines.

The species composition of the site is enhanced by the influence of calcareous material arising from the adjacent North Downs.


VEG:
The common lies at the foot of the Hog's Back, a few km west of Guildford (i.e. Guildford district). The site lies almost entirely within a larger area which has been surveyed by the Surrey Wildlife Trust as part of the SNCI project, although none of this land has subsequently been designated as SNCI. These surveys include a general description which has been consulted for the purposes of the common land survey. The habitat map has been based upon that of the Surrey Phase 1 (aerial photograph) survey. Additional notes were made during a brief visit to the site during the course of the present project.

Lying at the foot of the North Downs, the site lies over the sandy and loamy Folkestone Beds of the Lower Greensand, as well as Gault Clay. Soil types include acidic podzols, argillic brown sands and brown earths.

The common is occupied by part of an 18 hole golf course. The site is essentially a series of grassland fairways with associated small strips of woodland. The fairways contain a variety of grassland types ranging from semi-improved acidic through semi-improved neutral, to the closely mown amenity grasslands of the greens. For example the acidic grassland type includes {\it Agrostis capillaris, Rumex acetosella} and the moss {\it Rhytidiadelphus squarrosus}. There are also small remnants of dry lowland heath with {\it Calluna vulgaris}.

The wooded areas appear to comprise either semi-natural broadleaved or mixed, planted stands. 

The former appears to have a canopy largely dominated by {\it Quercus robur} and {\it Betula pendula}. Other local trees include {\it Fraxinus excelsior, Pinus sylvestris} and {\it Acer pseudoplatanus}. The shrub layer includes {\it Corylus avellana, Ilex aquifolium, Sambucus nigra and {\it Crataegus monogyna}, whilst the field layer is generally species-poor and includes {\it Rubus fruticosus} agg., {\it Hedera helix, Lonicera periclymenum, Pteridium aquilinum} and {\it Urtica dioica}. 

Two parts of the site lie within private gardens.

MANAGE:
The whole common is managed as part of a golf course. The main form of management, therefore, involves the mowing of fairways and greens.

The site as a whole harbours remnants of "Lowland dry acidic grassland" and "Lowland heathland", both of which are "Priority Habitats: of the UK Biodiversity Action Plan. In addition, the site is highlighted in English Nature's Lowland Heathland Inventory.

It is not known whether the management of the golf course is sympathetic to the conservation of these and the woodland habitats on the common. The latter may offer a refuge to elements of the local avifauna.

Grazing by rabbits appears to be significant.


FAUNA:
Noted during the site visit were: blackbird, blackcap, robin, chiff chaff, chaffinch, plus meadow brown, large white and white admiral butterflies. Roe deer.

VEG:
The common lies along the B3000 to the north of Godalming (Guildford district). The common includes all of two sites which have been surveyed by the Surrey Wildlife Trust as part of the SNCI project, although neither was subsequently selected as SNCI. These surveys include general descriptions which have been consulted for the purposes of the common land survey. The boundaries of the two SWT-surveyed sites take in almost all of the common, the only difference in their combined area as compared with the common, being that the SWT-surveyed portion does not include a small area of amenity grassland at the north-western tip of the common. Additional target notes were made while visiting the common during the course of the present survey.

Most of the common comprises semi-natural broadleaved woodland. The canopy is in general dominated by {\it Quercus robur} with occasional {\it Fraxinus excelsior}. The shrub layer includes {\it Corylus avellana} (some old coppice stools noted) and {\it Crataegus monogyna}. On poorly-drained ground (e.g. (1) in the vicinity of drains to the north of the B3000), these are replaced by {\it Salix alba} and {\it S. cinerea} etc. Two large trees of {\it Tilia} sp. noted here at the edge of the B3000. These areas have an understorey which includes {\it Urtica dioica, Epilobium hirsutum} and {\it Impatiens glandulifera}.

In places the canopy is very dense with immature trees of {\it Q. robur}, with little growing beneath, except {\it Hedera helix}. Elsewhere the field layer is more diverse with {\it Milium effusum, Urtica dioica}, and {\it Pteridium aquilinum}. 

Woodland to the south of the B3000 (2) is once again dominated by {\it Q. robur} also with locally frequent trees of {\it Populus} sp. ({\it P. x canescens}). A swathe of the wood has been cut beneath a power line. Here there are regenerating trees of {\it Aesculus hippocastanum, Acer platanoides, Ulmus procera, Corylus avellana, Salix cinerea, C. monogyna} and {\it Prunus spinosa}. The field layer in this part of the wood contains {\it Hedera helix, Urtica dioica, Galium aparine, Stachys sylvatica, Heracleum sphondylium, Geranium robertianum, Dryopteris filix-mas, Aegopodium podagraria, Circaea lutetiana, Mercurialis perennis, Melica uniflora, Glechoma hederacea} and {\it Rubus fruticosus} agg.

Further westwards, the common gradually narrows. Along here is a row of several mature pollards, the majority of which have been re-pollarded recently. The total count is: {\it Q. robur} - four trees (one not recently pollarded, {\it Fraxinus excelsior} - five trees (also one not recently pollarded), plus two of {\it Castanea sativa} (both recently pollarded). In addition, there is also one individual of {\it F. excelsior} which appears to be dead. In consequence this area of woodland at present has a very open character, with dense growth of {\it Urtica dioica} and {\it R. fruticosus} agg. in the open areas.

In the north-western part of the common, the woodland includes periodically mown glades of neutral grassland, which eventually give way to open grassland with scattered broadleaved trees. This grassland has a relatively coarse sward dominated by {\it Arrhenatherum elatius, Holcus lanatus} and {\it Dactylis glomerata}. Other associates include locally frequent {\it Poa pratensis, Agrostis capillaris, Festuca rubra} and {\it Ranunculus repens} plus locally occasional {\it Anthoxanthum odoratum, Centaurea nigra, Lotus corniculatus, Rumex acetosa, Galium aparine, Trifolium pratense, Vicia cracca, Heracleum sphondylium, Plantago lanceolata, Veronica chamaedrys} and {\it Juncus effusus}. One large patch of {\it Lysimachia} sp. (?. {\it L. punctata}). Occasional scattered broadleaved trees include {\it Aesculus hippocastanum, Q. robur, Q. cerris, Fraxinus excelsior, Betula pendula, Malus} sp. and {\it Corylus avellana}.

The south-eastern portion of the common forms the second SWT-surveyed site. The northern part of this area (3) has a rather open area of broadleaved woodland, comprising a canopy of tall, mature, well-speced trees which include {\it Q. robur, B. pendula, Acer pseudoplatanus} and {\it Populus} ? x {\it canescens}, plus occasional re-grown coppiced {\it C. avellana}. The field layer is generally grassy, and dominated by {\it Agrostis capillaris, A. elatius, Poa trivialis, D. glomerata} and {\it Holcus lanatus}, with locally frequent {\it Rubus fruticosus} agg. Other associates include locally occasional/frequent {\it Veronica chamaedrys, Rumex acetosa, Lonicera periclymenum, Dryopteris filix-mas, Hyacinthoides non-scripta, Stellaria graminea, Lotus corniculatus} and {\it Ranunculus repens}. Also noted were three individuals of {\it Epipactis} sp.

To the south of this area the trees thin to create a more open grassland sward with scattered broadleaved trees. The overall species composition of the grassland appears largely similar to the wooded portion. Also recorded from this area is a damp grassland type with {\it Juncus effusus, Lotus pedunculatus, Stellaria alsine, Alopecurus pratensis} and {\it Angelica sylvestris}. In addition, {\it Lathyrus nissolia} plus several spikes of {\it Dactylorhiza fuchsii} and {\it D. praetermissa} have been recorded form this part of the common. A number of trees of {\it Salix cinerea} have been planted in grazing guards in this area (one dead at time of visit).

Along either side of the minor road are a row of maturing trees which include {\it Aesculus hippocastanum, Tilia} sp., {\it Populus} spp., {\it Q. robur} and {\it F. excelsior}.

MANAGE:
The common is of some ecological interest by virtue of the population of mature, recently re-pollarded trees to the south of the B3000. It would be worthwhile researching the origin of these. Perhaps they were originally planted as a roadside avenue, or perhaps they originate from the past use of the site as wood-pasture. The apparent absence of large pollards in other parts of the site may support the former idea.

There is evidence of other forms of woodland management in the form of the presence of past-coppiced hazels. 

Grassland on the common is probably maintained by periodic mowing. The area with the most conservation interest appears to be that to the south-west, although the tall grassland elsewhere offers a structural diversity of habitat which may be of benefit to invertebrate and small mammal populations. 

In the absence of grazing, mowing would appear to be the best management option for these grassland swards. Ideally there should be a twice annual cut, not before late summer (to allow herbs to set seed), with the cut grass being removed to prevent eutrophication. This would hopefully maintain and encourage the more species-rich grassland to the south-east. On the rank swards to the west, a more suitable mowing regime might be aimed at maintaining a mosaic of short and tall swards to encourage the maximum structural diversity of habitat. The latter would be further enhanced by encouraging scrub margins to develop along the woodland-grassland interface.

Continued periodic maintenance of the pollard trees is recommended, in addition to monitoring of the grassland swards. Consideration might be given to the gradual removal of some of the non-native tree species, which have presumably spread from original plantings. 

Note that "Wet woodlands" are one of the "Priority Habitats" of the UK Biodiversity Action Plan.


FAUNA:
Noted during the site visit were: chiff chaff, wren, yellowhammer and small tortioseshell butterfly.

VEG:
This site lies in the district of Guildford, occupying a north-facing slope to the south of the Hog's Back. The following description is based largely on the results of the present survey (viewing the common from the bridleway to the south), with some outline information coming from the quoted sources.

The greater part of the site comprises a sward of dense bracken {Pteridium aquilinum} (NVC type U20). This generally has a dense build-up of dead frond litter. Some areas with an understorey of {\it Deschampsia flexuosa} recorded. There are scattered broadleaved trees/shrubs across the site and locally these become dense enough to form blocks of secondary woodland. The main species present are {\it Quercus robur, Betula pendula, Ilex aquifolium, Sambucus nigra, Fraxinus excelsior, Corylus avellana, Salix ? capraea, Crataegus monogyna} and {\it Lonicera periclymenum}. 

Also noted near to the bridleway were: {\it Rosa canina, Acer pseudoplatanus} (saplings and re-growth from cut stumps), {\it Castanea sativa} (clump of medium-sized trees) and {\it Prunus spinosa}. Understorey/field layer species noted were: locally frequent {\it Rubus fruticosus} agg., {\it Galium aparine, Glechoma hederacea, Stellaria holostea, S. graminea} and {\it Urtica dioica}, plus locally occasional {\it Dyropteris dilatata, Digitalis purpurea, Silene dioica, Chamerion angustifolium} and {\it Bryonia dioica}.

MANAGE:
The main value of this site is probably ornithological, with potential for birds of woodland and woodland edge habitats. Unless there are remnants of heathland or species-rich grassland communities present beneath the bracken, a policy of non-intervention is probably the best management option, with possible future scrub clearance if it is desired to maintain a mosaic of secondary woodland with bracken and scattered trees. 

The site has not been selected as SNCI.


FAUNA:
Noted during the site visit were: blackbird, blue tit, wren, swift, chiff chaff. Numerous rabbits.

VEG:
This common lies adjacent to the River Wey at the point where it crosses through the scarp slope of the North Downs (Guildford district).

The site has an interesting appearance, being an isolated hill which falls away steeply on its eastern side to the river. The main part of the hill supports a closely rabbit-grazed semi-improved grassland sward. This vegetation is generally open and sandy, containing {\it Agrostis capillaris, Festuca ovina, Rumex acetosella} and {\it R. acetosa} plus abundant mosses including {\it Hypnum cupressiforme, Rhytidiadelphus squarrosus, Polytrichum juniperinum} and {\it Ceratodon purpureus}. Locally frequent are {\it Cirsium vulgare} and {\it Senecio jacobaea}. On the slope to the north, occasional small trees of {\it Quercus robur}. Also noted here, several clumps of {\it Narcissus} sp.

The western and southern sides of the hill are wooded, the main canopy trees being of {\it Quercus} spp. Other occasional trees include {\it Fagus sylvatica, Acer pseudoplatanus, Pinus} sp. {\it Fraxinus excelsior, Corylus avellana, Ulmus} sp. and {\it Ilex aquifolium}. Some areas have a very dense understorey of {\it Ulmus} sp. Also noted next to road, one individual of a non-native {\it Acer} sp. tree, plus one of a non-native conifer species. Further up the slope there is a single notable large standing dead tree of {\it F. sylvatica}, beneath which there is an extensive complex of rabbit burrows. The field layer is generally poorly developed - mostly leaf litter only.

At the up-slope edge, the size of the trees rapidly diminishes, quite stunted in fact and adjacent to the chapel, there is a patch of dense scrub of {\it Ulex europaeus}.

At the base of the slope to the north is an area of coarse neutral grassland/tall ruderal species: {\it Arrhenetherum elatius, Dactylis glomerata, Urtica dioica, Rumex acetosa, Rubus fruticosus} agg., {\it Holcus lanatus, Aegopodium podagraria, Glechoma hederacea, Heracleum sphondylium, Pentaglottis sempervirens} and {\it Anthriscus sylvestris}. Also present across this area are frequent saplings of {\it Ulmus} sp. and occasional ones of {\it Acer pseudoplatanus}.

The steep eastern slope down to the river is a very distinctive feature. Generally it comprises a yellow/orange sand devoid of vegetation. Occasional trees of {\it Quercus} sp. toward the bottom of the slope, plus small patches of {\it Ulex europaeus} scrub.

MANAGE:
The site appears unmanaged. The common is clearly of landscape significance and also historic interest in the form of the ruin of St. Catherine's Chapel. In addition, "Lowland acidic grassland" is one of the "Priority Habitats" of the UK Biodiversity Action Plan. Despite this, the vegetation on the common is not particularly species-rich, the acidic grassland in particular being subject to an extreme level of grazing by rabbits. 

The un-vegetated eastern slope offers habitat scope for burrowing insects. However, being a local landmark, this area is so intensively visited, that much of the slope appears to be badly compacted.


FAUNA:
Noted during the site visit were: wren, willow warbler, chiff chaff, great-crested grebe, mallard, yellowhammer, robin, chaffinch, carrion crow, jackdaw, blackbird, blackcap, magpie, green woodpecker, plus small tortoiseshell and silver-studded blue butterflies and numerous rabbits.

N.B. silver-studded blue butterfly is a "Priority Species" of the UK Biodiversity Action Plan.

Puttenham Common contains a good variety of bird habitats and the breeding community includes nightjar (UK BAP "Priority Species"), plus great crested grebe, kingfisher, tufted duck, mute swan, nightingale, grasshopper warbler, tree pipit and stonechat.

The Puttenham Ponds have a Grade C entry in the Invertebrate Site Register. These are defined as sites of potential importance on habitat or structural grounds where information on invertebrates is only preliminary.

There are records for two localised dragonflies: {\it Aeshna juncea} and {\it Cordulegaster boltonii}, plus two beetles (Coleoptera): {\it Platydracus fulvipes} and {\it Thryogenes festucae}.

VEG:
The common encompasses an area of former heathland lying approximately mid-way between Godalming and Farnham (Guildford district), situated on the acidic Folkestone Beds of the Lower Greensand. 

The common includes the greater portion of the Puttenham and Crooksbury Commons SSSI (see map). Much of the non-SSSI land to the south has been selected as SNCI. In addition, the SSSI and land to the north are included in English Nature's Lowland Heathland Inventory for the county. A brief visit was made to the common, which was viewed from rights of way. 

The greater part of the common comprises a mosaic of dense bracken {\it Pteridium aquininum} with colonising broadleaved trees, progressing to secondary broadleaved woodland. Within this mosaic are also areas of heavily rabbit-grazed and species-poor acidic grassland. The SSSI citation and 1985 Phase 1 survey also refer to two large remaining areas of open heathland. However, notes from the monitoring file suggest that most of this vegetation has now been overtaken by the encroaching trees and bracken. This too was the impression gained while walking round the site, with only very isolated pockets of heath vegetation being noted, the best-developed at (1). This has {\it Calluna vulgaris} plants of up to 40cm tall, with occasional individuals of {\it Erica cinerea}. This vegetation is closely nibbled by rabbits around the margins.

The encroacing trees are mainly of {\it Betula} spp., grading to {\it Quercus robur} in the best-developed woodland stands. Other occasional associates of the latter include {\it Quercus cerris, Sorbus aucuparia} and {\it Castanea sativa}, with a shrub layer which includes {\it Crataegus monogyna, Sambucus nigra} and {\it Lonicera periclymenum}. The field layer is generally dominated by {\it P. aquilinum}.

The acidic grassland areas comprise a very closely rabbit-grazed sward dominated by {\it Deschampsia flexuosa} with locally frequent {\it Galium saxatile}. These areas are also often being colonised by bracken and scattered trees. Locally frequent {\it Spergularia rubra} noted in sandy grassland around the top car park (2). Also some well-developed copses of {\it Ulex europaeus} here.

The southern part of the SSSI includes two large, shallow ponds (i.e. The Tarn and Cutmill Pond). These contain a good range of aquatic plants including: {\it Nymphaea alba, Callitriche hamulata} and {\it Elatine hydropiper}. The latter species is recorded as nationally rare - i.e. occurring in 15 or fewer ten km squares of the Ordnance Survey Grid (also "Schedule 8), although it is believed that the species is under-recorded (JNCC, 1994; Perring and Farrell, 1983).

The emergent vegetation is generally well-developed and includes {\it Typha latifolia, Mentha aquatica, Lycopus europaeus, Veronica beccabunga, Ranunculus flammula, Bidens cernua} and {\it Nasturtium officinale}. However, in recent years there has been concern over the fact that these ponds are showing signs of eutrophication, with consequent decline of the flora, in particular the apparent loss of {\it Elatine hydropiper}. This problem appears to be due to the management of both ponds for angling.

A smaller pond to the north has a tall-fen community dominated by {\it Juncus} spp. with {\it Potentilla palustris} and {\it Carex curta}.

Associated with the ponds are several areas of alder-carr woodland. These have a canopy of {\it Alnus glutinosa} and {\it Betula pubescens} over a swampy field layer dominated by {\it Carex paniculata}. Further from the ponds {\it A. glutinosa} gives way to {\it Salix} spp. and the field layer here is dominated by {\it Molinia caerulea} with {\it Sphagnum} spp. Other associates of these wet woodlands include {\it Viola palustris, Scutellaria minor, Athryium filix-femina, Blechnum spicant, Dryopteris carthusiana, D. dilatata, Valeriana officinalis, Cardamine amara} and {\it Chrysosplenium oppositifolium}.

Where these woods eventually give way to drier surrounding {\it Q. robur/Betula} spp. woodland, {\it Luzula sylvatica} can be found, being described as "rare" in the county. 

A further habitat feature of the common are avenues of fairly large old pollarded trees of {\it Q. robur} running south-eastwards along either side if the road from the Tarn Pond. These have a well-developed structure, with abundant presence of dead branches present (i.e. potential invertebrate dead wood habitat).

MANAGE:
Puttenham common forms a fragment of what was once one of the largest areas of heathland in Southern England.

The common includes areas of several habitats which coincide with "Priority Habitats" of the UK Biodiversity Action Plan, namely: "Lowland heathland", "Lowland dry acidic grassland", "Eutrophic standing waters", plus "Wet woodlands".

Present management appears aimed at maintaining the open character of the common, in particular within the northern part of the SSSI - the area which still retains small pockets of heathland vegetation. Hopefully further loss of this habitat can be achieved, with an eventual aim of extending its area on this part of the common. Management also needs to consider the habitat requirements of the important breeding bird and invertebrate populations.

Careful management of the fishing may be required to maintain the marginal and aquatic vegetation of these habitats. This will require continued monitoring of water quality in the ponds. 

There is good management for public access, with several car parks provided, information boards and way-marking of paths/tracks.


FAUNA:
Noted during the site visit were: skylark and songthrush (both UK BAP "Priority Species") plus robin, magpie, swift and mallard.

VEG:
The common lies to the west of Peasmarsh, being crossed by the A3100 (Guildford district).

Part of the common is covered under a survey undertaken by the Surrey Wildlife Trust as part of the SNCI project, although this area has not subsequently been selected as SNCI. This includes a (very) general description which has been consutled for the purposes of this project. The coincident area includes all land lying to the west of the A3100. Mapping of habitats on the common has been done with the aid of the Surrey Phase 1 survey (aerial photographs). Additional notes were made during the present survey - concentrating on previously un-surveyed areas. 

Most of this area comprises free-draining, somewhat species-poor secondary broadleaved woodland dominated by {\it Quercus robur} and {\it Betula} spp. (NVC type W10a). During the course of the present survey a number of large open-grown and possaibly some pollarded {\it Quercus} sp. trees were noted within the woodland canopy, which appears to be generally even-aged. The shrub and field layers appear relatively sparse. Some past-coppiced bushes of {\it Corylus avellana}, together with locally occasional {\it Ilex aquifolium} were noted in the shrub layer, plus locally frequent regenerating saplings of {\it Acer pseudoplatanus}. The woodland floor has much leaf litter/fallen branches. Locally abundant {\it Glechoma hederacea} and {\it Rubus fruticosus} agg. noted. 

To the north lie stands of wet {\it Salix} sp. woodland (NVC type W1). Noted here during the present survey: canopy dominated by tall {\it Salix fragilis} plus {\it S. cinerea}. All of the trees are multi-stemmed. The shrub layer includes occasional {\it Crataegus monogyna} and {\it Sambucus nigra}. There is a damp field layer with frequent {\it Urtica dioica}, occasional {\it R. fruticosus} agg. and locally occasional {\it Iris pseudacorus}. Abundant leaf litter and locally abundant mosses: {\it Atrichum undulatum} and {\it Brachythecium rutabulum}.

In the centre of the common lies a house/gardens which have been excluded from the registration. There is an area of open grassland adjacent to the house, apparently mown by the householder as part of the gardens. Adjacent to here this grassland grades into dense {\it Salix} spp. scrub/trees. Located within this area is also a fairly large pond, somewhat overshadowed by the scrub. Species noted around the margins of the pond include {\it Filipendula ulmaria, Urtica dioica, Juncus effusus, Scrophularia aquatica, Lycopus europaeus, Glyceria fluitans, Myosotis} sp., {\it Epilobium hirsutum} and a single clump of {\it Mimulus guttatus}. Two small islands in the centre of the pond also have dense {\it Salix} sp. scrub.

Areas to the east of the A3100 (i.e. non-pSNCI):

(1). Mown amenity grassland with occasional scattered, planted ornamental trees - {\it Acer platanoides, Sorbus aria, Fraxinus excelsior} and {\it Carpinus betulus}. To the north of this portion lies a clump of several large, mostly pollarded trees of {\it Quercus robur}, and also a clump of tall trees of {\it Betula pendula}. Adjacent to the minor road across the northern part, a single large tree of {\it Tilia} sp. The grassland on this northern section is locally displaying elements of an acidic flora in the form of {\it Agrostis capillaris, Festuca rubra, Rumex actosella} and {\it R. acetosa}. Wet strip alongside road with {\it Iris pseudacorus} and {\it Juncus effusus}.

(2). To the north of the minor road, the grassland is taller, not being cut for amenity purposes. The central portion has a sward of moderate height with abundant {\it Festuca rubra} and {\it Agrostis capillaris}, locally frequent {\it Anthoxanthum odoratum, Holcus lanatus} and {\it Rumex acetosa}, locally occasional {\it Lotus corniculatus, Luzula campestris, Stellaria graminea} and {\it Ranunculus acris}. Nearer towards the road the sward is taller, dominated by {\it A. elatius, H. lanatus} and {\it Dactylis glomerata}. Generally species-poor, but with slightly more diverse areas  which have locally frequent {\it Lathyrus pratensis, Centaurea nigra, Ranunculus acris} and {\it Stellaria graminea}. Apparently a transitional MG1/MG5 sward. One small stand dominated by {\it Deschampsia cespitosa}. Occasional trees present, again mainly alongside the road - {\it Quercus robur} and {\it Q. cerris}.

MANAGE:
The wooded portion of the common appears largely unmanaged at present. However, there are signs of clearance/thinning in the past - e.g. the multi-stemmed willows of the northern portion.

An area surrounding the private house which lies within the excluded portion appears to be managed as part of the house's gardens by the householder. Some of the vegetation on the banks of the pond has also been cut.

The land at (1) is regularly cut as amenity grassland, as are other strips to the extreme south of the common.

Although of limited botanical merit, the site forms part of a mosaic of small commons in this part of the county. Note that "Wet woodland" is one of the "Priority Habitats" of the UK Biodiversity Action Plan.


FAUNA:
Noted during the site visit were: wren, blackbird.

VEG:
This common lies just off the A3100 to the south of Peasmarsh (Guildford district).

(1). Complex area adjacent to the A3100. This includes a recently-mown triangular plot of fairly species-poor grassland. This is characterised by {\it Dactylis glomerata, Lolium perenne, Poa trivialis, Holcus lanatus, Anthriscus sylvestris, Cirsium arvense, Taraxacum officinale} agg. and {\it Plantago lanceolata}. Occasional associates include {\it Achillea millefolium, Potentilla reptans, Medicago lupulina, Trifolium repens} and {\it Ranunculus acris}.

To the north of this area is a narrow strip of broadleaved woodland comprising tall trees of {\it Alnus glutinosa} and {\it Fraxinus excelsior}. Associated shrubs include {\it Crataegus monogyna, Corylus avellana, Sambucus nigra} and {\it Salix cinerea}. The field layer is mostly of tall herbs/ruderals and includes {\it Urtica dioica, Galium aparine, Arrhenatherum elatius, Anthriscus sylvestris, Glechoma hederacea, Rubus fruticosus} agg. and {\it Heracleum sphondylium}.

(2). Narrow roadside woodland strip: {\it A. glutinosa, F. excelsior, Salix cinerea, C. monogyna, Acer pseudoplatanus} (sapling). Field layer similar to above: {\it Urtica dioica, H. sphondylium, Geranium robertianum, Stachys sylvatica, Hedera helix} and {\it Aegopodium podagraria}. Water-filled ditch running along here; contains locally occasional {\it Oenanthe crocata} and {\it Carex remota}.

(3). Small dense stand of wet broadleaved woodland around a small complex of ponds. The canopy comprises multi-stemmed trees of {\it A. glutinosa} and {\it Salix fragilis}, with some of {\it F. excelsior} in drier areas. The shrub layer includes {\it F. excelsior} (saplings) and {\it Ulmus procera} plus, occasionally, {\it Frangula alnus}. The field layer is largely characterised by {\it Urtica dioica} and {\it Hedera helix}. Other associates include {\it Arum maculatum, Aegopodium podagraria, Rubus fruticosus} agg. and {\it Filipendula ulmaria}. Marginal vegetation around the ponds includes {\it Carex remota, Oenanthe crocata, Lycopus europaeus, Myosotis} sp., {\it Glyceria maxima}, and {\it Sparganium} sp. One large fallen tree of {\it Salix fragilis} lying across the pond. Also present: large standing dead tree of ?{\it A. glutinosa} festooned with {\it Hedera helix}.

(4). Drier broadleaved woodland, mainly dominated by {\it Salix fragilis} with occasional trees of {\it Betula pendula} and {\it Acer pseudoplatanus}. Small trees of {\it F. excelsior} form the shrub layer. The field layer has abundant {\it Hedera helix} with locally frequent {\it Urtica dioica} plus  occasional {\it Dryopteris dilatata} and {\it D. filix-mas}. One large tree of ? planted {\it Fagus sylvatica} ('copper' variety) next to the road known as Tilham's Green. Alongside the minor road were noted locally abundant {\it Urtica dioica} plus locally frequent {\it Oenanthe crocata, Salix cinerea, C. monogyna} and {\it R. fruticosus} agg.

At the extreme west of this block, the canopy tends to be dominated by {\it F. excelsior} with a field layer of dense {\it Urtica dioica}. Undershrubs include locally occasional {\it Sambucus nigra} and {\it C. monogyna} plus frequent sapling {\it A. pseudoplatanus}.

Note areas of mown grassland/broadleaved trees adjacent to the Tiltham's Green road junction.

MANAGE:
The site appears unmanaged, save for mowing of grassland verges adjacent to the A3100 and elsewhere. Due to their small size, the individual blocks of woodland are not of any particular nature conservation importance. However, they form part of a local mosaic of roadside verge habitats which represent important 'wildlife corridors'. Note that "Wet woodland" is one of the "Priority Habitats" of the UK Biodiversity Action Plan.


FAUNA:
Noted during site visit were:skylark and wren (pouring with rain at the time).

VEG:
The common lies at the foot of the Hog's Back, a few km west of Guildford (i.e. Guildford district). The site lies entirely within a larger area which has been surveyed by the Surrey Wildlife Trust as part of the SNCI project, although none of this land has subsequently been designated as SNCI. This survey includes a general description which has been consulted for the purposes of the common land survey. The habitat map has been based upon that of the Surrey Phase 1 (aerial photograph) survey. Additional notes were made during a brief visit to the site during the course of the present project.

Lying at the foot of the North Downs, the common lies over the sandy and loamy Folkestone Beds of the Lower Greensand, as well as Gault Clay. Soil types include acidic podzols, argillic brown sands and brown earths.

The common is occupied by part of an 18 hole golf course. The site is essentially a series of grassland fairways surrounded by strips of semi-natural broadleaved woodland. The fairways contain a variety of grassland types ranging from semi-improved acidic through semi-improved neutral, to the closely mown amenity grasslands of the greens. For example the acidic grassland type includes {\it Agrostis capillaris, Rumex acetosella} and the moss {\it Rhytidiadelphus squarrosus}. There are also small remnants of dry lowland heath with {\it Calluna vulgaris}.

The cemetery is recorded to have an "unimproved" neutral grassland sward. This feature is edged by several large trees of {\it Taxus baccata}.

The wooded areas have a canopy largely dominated by {\it Quercus robur} and {\it Betula pendula}. Other local trees include {\it Fraxinus excelsior, Pinus sylvestris} and {\it Acer pseudoplatanus}. The shrub layer comprises {\it Corylus avellana, Ilex aquifolium, Prunus laurocerasus, Taxus baccata} (saplings), {\it Ulmus} sp. and {\it Crataegus monogyna}, whilst the field layer is generally species-poor and includes {\it Rubus fruticosus} agg., {\it Hedera helix, Lonicera periclymenum, Pteridium aquilinum} and {\it Urtica dioica}.

Alongside the B3000 is a mown verge with a number of specimen and pollarded trees. These include {\it Tilia} sp., {\it Ulmus} sp. and {\it Fagus sylvatica}. In places, closely-spaced trees have been planted as 'screens'.

Note that part of the common is occupied by the club house, car park and associated buildings.

MANAGE:
The whole common is managed as part of a golf course. The main form of management, therefore, involves the mowing of fairways and greens. 

The site harbours remnants of "Lowland dry acidic grassland" and "Lowland heathland", both of which are "Priority Habitats: of the UK Biodiversity Action Plan. In addition, the site is highlighted in English Nature's Lowland Heathland Inventory.

It is not known whether the management of the golf course is sympathetic to the conservation of these and the woodland habitats on the common. The latter may offer a refuge to elements of the local avifauna.

Grazing by rabbits appears to be significant.

Note various antiquities present on the common.


FAUNA:
Noted during the site visit were: housemartins, moorhen, coot, greenfinch, blackcap, meadow brown butterfly and rabbits. Pond frequented by mallards etc. (accommodation provided).

VEG:
The common comprises several parcels of land at Shalford (Guildford district), which lie in the proximity of the junction of the A281 with the A248. 

Land to the east of the A281 is generally managed as amenity grassland with ornamental broadleaved trees (incl. {\it Tilia} sp.). The largest such portion is used as a cricket pitch and there is a pavilion provided here. Several large ornamental trees of {\it Aesculus hippocastanum} in the vicinity of this. In the small patch at (1), locally abundant {\it Plantago coronopus} was noted in the grassland.

(2). Semi-improved grassland (with occasional recently-planted saplings alongside the track to cemetery). Grassland a short, rabbit-grazed sward dominated by {\it Festuca rubra} and {\it Agrostis capillaris}, with locally frequent {\it Rumex acetosa, Carex hirta} and locally occasional {\it Lotus corniculatus, Geranium pusillum} and {\it Achillea millefolium}.

(3). Mosaic of semi-improved grassland types with, to the south, two blocks of secondary broadleaved woodland. The latter comprise {\it Quercus} sp., {\it Betula pendula} and {\it Salix cinerea}. Much of the grassland appears to be acidic in character, having abundant {\it A. capillaris, Anthoxanthum odoratum, Galium saxatile, Pseudoscleropodium purum} and {\it Rumex acetosa}, locally abundant {\it Rhytidiadelphus squarrosus}, plus locally occasional {\it Juncus effusus, Carex hirta} and {\it Potentilla erecta}. Toward the edges of the roads - turning to a neutral sward with, for example, locally abundant {\it Holcus lanatus} and {\it Juncus effusus}, plus locally frequent {\it Stellaria graminea, Rumex acetosa} and {\it Ranunculus acris}.

(4). Complex area comprising small wooded copses ({\it Q. robur/B. pendula}) surrounded by a coarse semi-improved acidic grassland of {\it Deschampsia flexuosa, Holcus lanatus, Galium saxatile} and {\it R. squarrosus}. Also some patches dominated by {\it Festuca ovina} with abundant {\it Rumex acetosella} and {\it Pseudoscleropodium purum}. Once again, turning locally to a tall semi-improved neutral grassland type, especially close to the roads - typically dominated by {\it H. lanatus} and often with abundant {\it Arrhenatherum elatius} and {\it Urtica dioica}. Also one of the wooded areas dominated by {\it Populus tremula} with locally frequent {\it Ulmus procera} and locally occasional {\it Crataegus monogyna}. Locally elsewhere, the edges of the wooded copses rather scrubby with saplings of {\it Betula pendula} and bushes of {\it Ulex europaeus}.

Fairly large pond in this area fringed by tall trees of {\it Salix fragilis}. Marginal plants include {\it Sparganium erectum, Iris pseudacorus} and {\it Alisma plantago-aquatica}.

(5). Another complex area. Scattered copses of broadleaved woodland ({\it Q. robur, B. pendula, Fraxinus excelsior} and, occasionally, {\it Salix fragilis}). In-between is a mosaic of semi-improved neutral and acidic grassland types similar to (4). Occasional bushes of {\it Ulex europaeus} at the copse margins. 

(6). Small overgrown pond surrounded by tall trees of {\it Salix fragilis} plus occasional {\it Alnus glutinosa} and {\it Salix capraea}. Marginal vegetation includes {\it Urtica dioica} and {\it Typha latifolia}. 2.0m wide mown strip next to the road. Adjacent woodland is {\it Q. robur} and {\it Acer platanoides}, with occasional {\it A. hippocastanum} next to the road. Woodland strip to the extreme south of here is {\it Salix fragilis}, with narrow mown strip of B22 next to road.

(7). One large tree of {\it Salix} sp. ('weeping' variety). Stand of {\it Fallopia japonica} over B22.

MANAGE:
The main form of observed management was cutting of grassland for amenity purposes. Also noted, a good population of planted ornamental trees - mosatly as avenues along roadsides. Grassland to the west of the common is probably mown on an infrequent basis.

Note that "Lowland acidic grassland" is one of the "Priority Habitats" of the UK Biodiversity Action Plan. Such habitat on this common is not of any particular botanical merit.

Taken as a whole, although the common is not of striking nature conservation importance, it forms part of a mosaic of local commons and is also of obvious amenity value.


VEG:
This small common overlaps partially with the Blackheath SSSI (Guildford district - see map). This comprises a segment of a once much more extensive area of lowland dry heath and acidic grassland which occurred on the Bargate and Folkestone Beds of the Lower Greensand. 

However, the common does not appear to include any of the open heath communities but is instead occupied by a coniferous woodland dominated by {\it Pinus sylvestris}. These woods are said to originate from planting of the open heath around 75 years ago and now regenerating with self-sown trees. Other trees occurring occasionally within the canopy include {\it Betula pendula} and {\it Castanea sativa}. Pure {\it P. sylvestris} stands have almost no field layer, mainly comprising a deep litter layer of pine needles. More mixed or open stands have a field layer dominated either by {\it Pteridium aquilinum} or {\it Vaccinium myrtillus}.

For a more detailed account of the commons lying within the Blackheath SSSI, consult the appropriate site reports.

MANAGE:
Although there are apparently no open heath communities occurring at present on the common, the SSSI portion forms part of a site which is listed in the Surrey Lowland Heathland Inventory.

The SSSI as a whole is managed with input from the the Surrey Heathland Project. For a more detailed account of the ecology and management of the Blackheath SSSI, please see under the site reports for the other, larger commons occurring here.


VEG:
The common is a small element of a complex of registered commons forming the area known as Blackheath (Guildford district). The major part of Blackheath (including a significant portion of this common) is SSSI - see map. This comprises a segment of a once much more extensive area of lowland dry heath and acidic grassland which occurred on the Bargate and Folkestone Beds of the Lower Greensand. In addition, this particular common is owned by the National Trust, with a variety of survey and other ecological information being available, principally the Biological Survey of 1983 and a management plan for the period from 1992 to 1996.

The most extensive habitat type present on the common is coniferous woodland dominated by {\it Pinus sylvestris}. This appears to have been planted on open heath around 75 years ago and now regenerating with self-sown trees. Other trees occurring occasionally within the canopy include {\it Betula pendula} and {\it Castanea sativa}. Pure {\it P. sylvestris} stands have almost no field layer, mainly comprising a deep litter layer of pine needles. More mixed or open stands have a field layer dominated either by {\it Pteridium aquilinum} or {\it Vaccinium myrtillus}.

Locally, around the margins of the common (for example to the west along the old 'Hollow Way' and in the sand pit area) are predominantly broadleaved secondary woodlands. These are dominated by {\it Quercus} spp. and/or {\it Betula} spp., with some mature individuals of {\it Quercus} spp. in places. Other trees at low frequency include {\it Pinus sylvestris, Fagus sylvatica, Castanea sativa} and {\it Sorbus aucuparia}, whilst the shrub layer includes {\it Ilex aquifolium, Crataegus monogyna, Ulex europaeus, Rhododendron ponticum}, and {\it Frangula alnus}, plus sapling {\it Quercus} spp., {\it Betula pendula} and {\it Fagus sylvatica}.

These woods have a field layer dominated by {\it P. aquilinum} or {\it Rubus fruticosus} agg., plus some heathland/acidic species: {\it Calluna vulgaris, Erica cinerea, V. myrtillus, Deschampsia flexuosa, Holcus lanatus, Pleurozium schreberi} and {\it Pseudoscleropodium purum}.

The common also includes several remnants of open heathland habitat, plus an area of {\it Betula} sp. - invaded grassy heath. The open heath is kept clear of invading {\it P. sylvestris} and is dominated by {\it Calluna vulgaris}, beneath which is a well-developed byrophyte community, plus abundant {\it Cladonia} spp. Other dwarf shrubs include {\it Erica cinerea, E. tetralix, Ulex minor} and {\it Molinia caerulea}. Bryophyte records for the SSSI include the 'rare' {\it Dicranum polysetum} (few surrey sites) plus {\it Dicranella cerviculata, D. rufescens, Bartramia pomiformis, Plagiothecium latebricola, Racomitrium fasciculare} and {\it Taxiphyllum wissgrillii}.

Grass-heath to the south of the Hollow Way has {\it Deschampsia flexuosa} co-dominant with {\it Calluna vulgaris}.

MANAGE:
As already outlined, the common encompasses remnants of lowland dry heath, a habitat which formerly covered extensive parts of southern England, including Surrey. This and the maintenance of a additional features of nature conservation interest are addressed in the objectives of the National Trust management plan for the common. 

There have been many accounts of the decline of lowland heathlands, with the suggestion that some 85 per cent of Surrey's Heathlands have disappeared over the last two hundred years. In addition, a further 16 per cent decline has taken place between 1975 and 1985 (NCC/Surrey County Council, 1988). In addition, it is estimated that the UK contains around one fifth of Europe's remaining lowland heathland. The causes of this decline include a cessation of traditional grazing (leading to scrub, bracken and ultimately, succession to woodland), plus intensification of agriculture, forestry, afforestation, land enclosures and, more recently, building, especially of housing.

These heaths support a distinctive assemblage of flora and fauna which is severely at risk due to the decline in the extent of the habitat. The importance of the habitat has been widely recognised, with the preparation of an inventory of remaining heathland sites in the county and the preparation by English Nature of a strategy for the conservation of the habitat in the county (English Nature/SCC, 1988). More recently, "Lowland heathland" (and "Lowland dry acidic grassland") have been highlighted as "Priority Habitats" of the UK Biodiversity Action Plan. 

One of the key management objectives is to maintain the open heathland areas through the removal of invading trees. The conifer woodlands with a heathy field layer are to be gradually thinned to increase the extent of open heath and elsewhere to create open glades and also to encourage natural regeneration. However, woodland areas are to be retained, but managed to encourage a canopy of uneven-aged composition. A proportion of elderly trees should be retained within existing woodland canopies to live out their entire life cycle and eventually decay to provide deadwood habitat, being left in-situ to decompose.


FAUNA:
Noted during the site visit were: wren, blackcap, chiff chaff, green woodpecker, robin, moorhen, housemartin, greenfinch, meadow brown butterfly.

VEG:
The common comprises broad verges alongside the A248 to the east of Shalford (Guildford district). Most of the area has been surveyed by the Surrey Wildlife Trust as part of the SNCI project, this area being subsequently selected as SNCI. This includes a general description which has been consulted for the purposes of the Common Land Survey. The area included within this particular survey runs from the point in the west where the common is contiguous with CL 128, eastwards to the junction of the A248 with the B2128.

The SNCI has a variation in soil types and past management which has given rise to a number of habitat types. The most extensive habitat is secondary broadleaved woodland dominated by {\it Q. robur}. To the south of the A248 are stands of: {\it Alnus glutinosa, Quercus} sp.-{\it Betula} sp. and {\it Salix}-sp. scrub stands. Small areas of permanently wet/flushed {\it A. glutinosa} woodland have {\it Epilobium palustre, Dryopteris carthusiana} and (unconfirmed) {\it Carex rostrata}. 

The detalied habitat mapping was done during the present survey. Target notes made at this time:

(1). Woodland here dominated by tall {\it A. glutinosa} with occasional {\it Q. robur, Fraxinus excelsior, Acer pseudoplatanus, Populus alba} and {\it Betula pendula}. Roadside semi-improved neutral grassland, 2.0m wide mown strip.

(2). Main area of secondary broadleaved woodland. Canopy {\it Quercus} sp. and {\it Betula pendula}. Locally occasional {\it Fraxinus excelsior}. Shrub layer sparse with {\it Crateagus monogyna}. 

(3). Childrens play area. Soft rubbery base around swings etc., surrounded by amenity grassland. Area to north has ornamental trees: {\it Aesculus hippocastanum, Q. robur} and {\it F. excelsior}. Grassland between the play area and the main road mainly semi-improved neutral with {\it Arrhenatherum elatius, Dactylis glomerata, Holcus lanatus} and {\it Lolium perenne}. Also localised areas which are semi-improved acidic in character: {\it Deschampsia flexuosa} and {\it Galium saxatile}.

(4). Now beyond the SNCI boundary. Pond with adjacent semi-improved neutral grassland and very occasional planted ornamental trees. Next to pond: Several trees of {\it Salix} sp. ('weeping' variety) plus one individual of {\it Populus} sp. Much of the grassland is rank; dominated by {\it A. elatius, D. glomerata, Anthoxanthum odoratum, Holcus lanatus} and {\it Agrostis capillaris}. The pond itself has a dense fringe of {\it Typha latifolia} with locally frequent {\it Iris pseudacorus, Phalaris arundinacea, Juncus inflexus, J. effusus, Potentilla anserina} and {\it Pulicaria dysenterica}. Bushes of {\it Salix cinerea} around edges. Open water lacking vegetation, apart from several large clumps of {\it Nymphaea alba}.

(5). Closely-mown amenity grassland used as a football picth. Impressive avenues of tall {\it Tilia} sp. trees along roadsides.

MANAGE:
The wooded portions of the common appear unmanaged at present. Amenity grassland areas are regularly mown, whilst taller grassland is probably only cut periodically. The pond appears to be regularly cleared of encroaching vegetation. 

Note that two habitat types recorded on the common are among the "Priority Habitats" of the UK Biodiversity Action Plan. I.E. "Wet woodlands" and "Lowland acidic grassland".

In general the common is not especially botanically diverse. However, the areas of wet woodland appear to be of potential interest.

Taken as a whole, in context with the other surrounding areas of common land, the site forms part of a mosaic of habitats which are likely to provide a refuge for local wildlife.


FAUNA:
No fauna noted specifically during the brief visit to the southern part of this common.

The SSSI has a Grade B entry in the Invertebrate Site Register. There are  populations of the vulnerable heathland spider {\it Oxyopes heterophtalmus}, a species only known from three or possibly four sites in Surrey and the rare beetle {\it Lomechusoides strumosa}, a species associated with the nests of ants {\it Formica} species. A vulnerable moth {\it Lampronia fuscatella} occurs in association with birch scrub, whilst several other uncommon moths and the silver-studded blue butterfly {\it Plebejus argus} (UK BAP "Priority Species") have been recorded from the site. 

N.B. Grade B ISR sites are those of regional importance for invertebrate conservation, equivalent to SSSI status on grounds of invertebrate interest.

The heathland supports populations of the commoner reptiles such as the adder {\it Vipera berus} and common lizard {\it Lacerta vivipara} and a range of woodland and heathland birds which include nightjar (UK BAP "Priority Species") plus tree pipit and woodcock.

VEG:
The common overlaps partially with the Blackheath SSSI (Guildford district - see map). This comprises a segment of a once much more extensive area of lowland dry heath and acidic grassland which occurred on the Bargate and Folkestone Beds of the Lower Greensand. In addition, those parts of the common which do not form part of the SSSI have for the most part covered by surveys undertaken by the Surrey Wildlife Trust as part of the SNCI project. These include general descriptions which have been consulted for the purposes of the Common Land Survey. Subsequently, most, but not all of this area was selected as SNCI. Only a brief visit was made to the south-eastern portion of the common.

The central-western portion of the common mainly comprises coniferous woodland dominated by {\it Pinus sylvestris}. This was apparently planted around 75 years ago on open heathland and is now regenerating to some extent with self-sown trees. In addition, there is historical evidence suggesting that some conifer stands have been planted on an ancient woodland site. Other trees occurring occasionally within the canopy include {\it Betula pendula} and {\it Castanea sativa}. Pure {\it P. sylvestris} stands have almost no field layer, mainly comprising a deep litter layer of pine needles. More mixed or open stands have a field layer dominated either by {\it Pteridium aquilinum} or {\it Vaccinium myrtillus}.

Fringing this to the east is a mixed, rather open secondary woodland comprising {\it Betula pendula, P. sylvestris} and occasional {\it Quercus robur}. The field layer and canopy gaps grade into more discrete areas of open heath and are largely dominated by {\it P. aquilinum}, often overshadowing the heathland flora in the form of {\it Calluna vulgaris, Vaccinium myrtillus, Erica tetralix} and {\it Erica cinerea}.

To the extreme north of the common is a separate compartment which comprises a secondary broadleaved woodland canopy of {\it Quercus robur, Betula pendula} and {\it B. pubescens}. Field layer species-poor: {\it P. aquilinum} with local {\it V. myrtillus, Lonicera periclymenum} and {\it Rubus fruticosus} agg.

MANAGE:
As already outlined, the common is situated largely opon former open heath and encompasses small remnants of this habitat, which formerly covered extensive parts of southern England, including Surrey. There have been many accounts of the decline of the habitat, with the suggestion that some 85 per cent of Surrey's heathlands have disappeared over the last two hundred years. In addition, a further 16 per cent decline has taken place between 1975 and 1985 (NCC/Surrey County Council, 1988). In addition, it is estimated that the UK contains around one fifth of Europe's remaining lowland heathland. The causes of this decline include a cessation of traditional grazing (leading to scrub, bracken and ultimately, succession to woodland), plus intensification of agriculture, forestry, afforestation, land enclosures and, more recently, building, especially of housing.

These heaths support a distinctive assemblage of flora and fauna which is severely at risk due to the decline in the extent of the habitat. The importance of the habitat has been widely recognised, with the preparation of an inventory of remaining heathland sites in the county and the preparation by English Nature of a strategy for the conservation of the habitat in the county (English Nature/SCC, 1988). More recently, "Lowland heathland" has been highlighted among the "Priority Habitats" of the UK Biodiversity Action Plan. 

Ideal management of these heaths would be the reintroduction of the traditional grazing. However, for a variety of reasons, this is often infeasible (although there is slight-moderate localised nibbling of the heather by rabbits). Recent management has included clearance of encroaching scrub and trees to encourage recovery of the heathland vegetation. Some areas of dense pine plantation have been cleared/thinned, while elsewhere, bracken and birch have been cleared chemically. Young pines are pulled by hand. Despite the advantages of clearing scrub and trees, some pine woods remain to provide nesting habitat for nightjar (UK BAP "Priority Species"), whilst gorse scrub in association with mature heather is the preferred habitat for dartford warbler. The precise management history on this particular common is not evident, although the small areas of heath may still remain viable and capable of expansion.


FAUNA:
Noted during the site visit were: songthrush (UK BAP "Priority Species"), plus wren, magpie, robin, green woodpecker, yellowhammer, chiff chaff, goldcrest, wood ant {\it Formica} sp. and grey squirrel.

VEG:
The common is situated south-east of the Blackheath SSSI (Guildford district) lying mainly over the Lower Greensand and representing an area of former open heathland. The site was surveyed by the Surrey Wildlife Trust as part of the SNCI project, although was not subsequently selected as SNCI. This includes a general description which has been consulted for the purposes of the Common Land Survey. Additional field notes made during a visit to the site.

Most of the common comprises an open bracken {\it Pteridium aquilinum}-dominated underscrub community. There are scattered trees of {\it Betula} spp., {\it  Quercus} spp. and {\it Pinus sylvestris}, in places succeeding to stands of mixed woodland. There are localised small patches of relict dry heath and moderately species-rich acidic grassland. In addition, there are replanted woodland stands of {\it P. sylvestris} and boundary stands of {\it Quercus} sp.-{\it Betula} sp. woodland with associated scrub.

(1). More open {\it P. aquilinum}-dominated community with localised small patches of sandy acidic grassland noted in places near to the road. These dominated by closely rabbit-grazed {\it Deschampsia flexuosa} and {\it Agrostis capillaris} with locally abundant {\it Polytrichum piliferum}, locally frequent {\it Plantago coronopus}, plus locally occasional {\it Spergularia rubra} and {\it Filago minima}. In addition, rare, plants of {\it Calluna vulgaris} suppressed into very short carpet due to the activity of grazing rabbits. Occasional tall, spindly {\it Calluna} plants noted elsewhere amongst {\it P. aquilinum} stands. 

(2). Car park area. This comprises a mix of bare sand, improved grassland and semi-improved acidic grassland, the latter comprising {\it Agrostis capillaris, Rumex acetosella} and {\it Spergularia rubra}.

(3). Secondary broadleaved woodland next to car park. This has a canopy of smallish trees of {\it Quercus robur} with locally occasional individuals of {\it Betula pendula} and {\it Castanea sativa}, with rarely, {\it Pinus sylvestris}. The field layer contains scattered {\it P. aquilinum} and leaf litter, plus locally frequent {\it Rubus fruticosus} agg. and {\it Deschampsia flexuosa}.

(4). Fenced area of recently clear-felled woodland. Standard trees of {\it B. pendula, C. sativa} and {\it Q. robur} left in-situ. Self-sown saplings of {\it P. sylvestris} developing. Other species colonising the cleared area include {\it Crepis capillaris, Senecio vulgaris, Juncus effusus, Digitalis purpurea, Urtica dioica, Cirsium arvense, C. palustre, Dryopteris filix-mas, Cerastium fontanum, Hypochaeris radicata, Agrostis capillaris, Holcus lanatus, Glechoma hederacea} and {\it Hypericum pulchrum}.

(5). Adjacent block of forestry which has been re-planted with conifers. Mature standards of {\it B. pendula, Q. robur} and {\it P. sylvestris}.

MANAGE:
The common appears to have a low level of management. There may have been clearance of bracken and encroaching trees in the more open parts of the site.

There are isolated plants of {\it Calluna} etc., but there is probably insufficient cover to be worth considering the restoration of former lowland heathland which probably occupied the site. The south-western portion of the common overlaps with a site highlighted in the Surrey Lowland Heathland Inventory. For a more detailed account of the importance of this habitat, plese consult the main report and the site descriptions for the associated commons forming Blackheath.

Areas of acidic grassland are subject to severe grazing pressure from rabbits - also markedly suppressing isolated {\it Calluna} plants.

Potential invertebrate habitat in the form of bracken litter and open, sandy acidic grassland. Insect burrows noted in the latter. Good overall structural diversity of habitat ranging from the small areas of open grassland, through bracken with varying amounts of scrub/trees, to pockets of secondary mixed woodland.

The small blocks of plantation woodland to the south appear to be sympathetically managed with the retention of broadleaved standards.

Note that "Lowland heathland" and "Lowland dry acidic grassland" are "Priority Habitats" of the UK Biodiversity Action Plan.


FAUNA:
Noted during the site visit were: green woodpecker, blackbird, gatekeeper butterfly, grey squirrel.

The Ockham and Wisley Commons SSSI forms one element of a proposed Special Protection Area (pSPA) known as the Thames Basin Heaths. These are areas designated under the EC Directive 79/409 on the Conservation of Wild Birds (the "Birds Directive").

The site is of documented ornithological significance, with recent records of breeding hobby and nightjar (1992). There are also records from the 1960s for redstart and woodlark. Note that woodlark and nightjar are both  "Priority Species" of the UK Biodiversity Action Plan.

Animals found on the dry heath include local insects such as the silver studded blue butterfly {\it Plebejus argus} and the wood tiger beetle {\it Cicindela sylvatica}. The former is also a UK BAP "Priority Species".

Among the many local insects found within the wet heath are bog bush-cricket {\it Merioptera brachyptera} and a large robber fly {\it Asilus crabroniformis} - the latter is a UK BAP "Priority Species".

Open water surrounded by heathland presents an ideal habitat for many dragonflies and damselflies (Odonata), and over 20 species have been recorded from the site which is thus of national importance for this group. They include the rare white-faced dragonfly {\it Leucorrhina dubia} (the only Surrey colony), the local hairy dragonfly {\it Brachytron pratense} and is the only known Surrey breeding site for the ruddy darter {\it Sympetrum sanguineum}. 

The site also supports many other local and rare invertebrates. It is of national importance for true flies (Diptera); rare species include a bee fly {\it Thyridanthrax fenestratus} and a crane-fIy {\it Tipula livida}, while the crane-fly {\it Limonia inusta} is among the many local species. A large number of local beetles (Coleoptera) are also found, including the ground beetle {\it Amara infima} and the weevil {\it Byctiscus populi}.

Regarded as a top national site for Diptera (with 8 RDB species) and also for Odonata.

VEG:
The common forms a significant part of the Ockham and Wisley Common SSSI (see map - note that the M25 and certain other parts of the common do not fall within the SSSI boundary). The site as a whole comprises a large tract of heathland lying between the Mole and Wey Rivers near Cobham (Guildford and Elmbridge districts). Principal habitats include wet and dry heath, bog, open water, secondary woodland and scrub. This variety of habitats supports a rich community of heathland plants and animals, including a large number of rare and local insects (see fauna section). 

N.B. The common itself is situated wholly within Guildford district.

In addition, a small portion of the common lying outside the SSSI boundary has been covered by a survey undertaken by Surrey Wildlife Trust as part of the SNCI project (see map). However, none of this area has subsequently been selected as SNCI. This includes a general description which has been consulted for the purposes of the common land survey.  

The site lies on Bagshot beds, which give rise to an acidic sandy soil supporting heath dominated by {\it Calluna vulgaris} and {\it Erica cinerea}, and in grassy areas by {\it Agrostis capillaris} and {\it Deschampsia flexuosa}. Amongst these grow {\it Ulex minor, Genista tinctoria} and {\it Teesdalia nudicaulis}. Good examples of this dry heath are to be found in both the north-eastern part and also to the south-west of the common. 

However, over much of the common, the heath occurs on a layer of peat which overlies the sand. The resulting wet heath is dominated by {\it Erica tetralix, Molinia caerulea, Deschampsia cespitosa} and {\it Sphagnum} spp. Also found in such situations are {\it Osmunda regalis, Scutellaria minor, Cirsium dissectum} and {\it Salix repens}, plus the largest Surrey colonies of {\it Deschampsia setacea}. The latter species is nationally scarce (NS) i.e. occurring in 16 - 100 ten km squares of the Ordnance Survey Grid (JNCC, 1994). There is an extensive area of open, wet heath in the western part of the site. 

Much of the heathland is very overgrown with bracken {\it Pteridium aquilinum} and invasive trees and shrubs: mainly {\it Betula pendula, Pinus sylvestris} and {\it Quercus robur}. However, the major blocks of heath within the site are now being actively managed to remove encroaching trees and bracken and restore the open character of the heath (see management section).

In several parts of the SSSI there are dense pine plantations which have replaced the heathland completely. The pines have self-seeded onto the heath in some areas and there are also mixed secondary woodland stands to be found. Rides/tracks and various clearings tend to contain remnants of both dry and wet heath vegetation.

Pure secondary broadleaved woodland tends to occur around the fringes of the site. The more recent stands are dominated by {\it Betula} spp., often still with the occasional individual of {\it Pinus sylvestris}, whilst slightly more mature stands are of {\it Quercus robur}. 

The field and shrub layer of the secondary woodland types are broadly similar:

A generally sparse shrub layer includes {\it Crataegus monogyna, Ilex aquifolium} and {\it Corylus avellana}, whilst the field layer includes {\it Pteridium aquilinum, Deschampsia flexuosa, Agrostis capillaris, Rubus fruticosus} agg., {\it Holcus lanatus, Lonicera periclymenum, Stellaria holostea} and {\it Teucrium scorodonia. Molinia caerulea} occurs in damp/wet areas. Abundant leaf litter, with local signs of a persistent heathland flora in the form of {\it Calluna vulgaris}. Locally frequent dead trunks of {\it Betula} spp. noted.  

There are a number of ponds and pools in the wet heathland. Plants growing around the water include several Surrey "rarities" including {\it Littorella uniflora, Hypericum elodes} and {\it Baldellia ranunculoides}. Locally-distributed plants include {\it Pilularia globulifera} (NS) and {\it Eleocharis acicularis}.

The pond at GR TQ 075 590 was dry at the time of the site visit. The margins have frequent/abundant {\it Juncus effusus}, grading onto {\it Juncus bulbosus} and {\it Sphagnum} spp. in the central portion. Also noted were locally frequent {\it Hydrocotyle vulgaris} and locally occasional {\it Ranunculus flammula}.

N.B. Note that Bolder Mere is the most significant water body in terms of marginal aquatic plants, but this feature does not lie within the boundary of registered common land (and therefore some/all of the rare aquatics mentioned may not actually be recorded from the common itself).

Land to the west of Wisley Lane is extensively influenced by the adjacent Wisley Royal Horticultural Society Garden. There is a large car park with associated drives and landscaped areas within this part of the site, which lies outside the SSSI boundary. Mixed secondary woodland here is of {\it P. sylvestris} and {\it Betula} sp., with a field layer of {\it M. caerulea, R. fruticosus} agg., {\it P. aquilinum} and {\it Lonicera periclymenum}. To the south is a broadleaved canopy of {\it Quercus robur, Betula} sp. and {\it Castanea sativa) plus an understorey of {\it Rhododendron} sp. and other introduced evergreen shrubs.

MANAGE:
The Wisley and Ockham Commons are of significant nature conservation importance, encompassing an area of lowland dry heath, a habitat which formerly covered extensive parts of southern England, including Surrey. There have been many accounts of the decline of the habitat, with the suggestion that some 85 per cent of Surrey's Heathlands have disappeared over the last two hundred years. In addition, a further 16 per cent decline has taken place between 1975 and 1985 (NCC/Surrey County Council, 1988). In addition, it is estimated that the UK contains around one fifth of Europe's remaining lowland heathland. The causes of this decline include a cessation of traditional grazing (leading to scrub, bracken and ultimately, succession to woodland), plus intensification of agriculture, forestry, afforestation, land enclosures and, more recently, building, especially of housing.

These heaths support a distinctive assemblage of flora and fauna which is severely at risk due to the decline in the extent of the habitat. The importance of the habitat has been widely recognised, with the preparation of an inventory of remaining heathland sites in the county and the preparation by English Nature of a strategy for the conservation of the habitat in the county (English Nature/SCC, 1988). More recently, "lowland heathland" has been highlighted as one of the "Priority Habitats" of the UK Biodiversity Action Plan. 

The site as a whole is managed by Surrey County Council Countryside Service, who have a detailed management plan. The primary management objective is to "manage and restore the remaining areas of heathland and, where feasible, to recreate former heathland from woodland". The plan takes into account the needs of the various notable species associated with the heath, including breeding hobby and nightjar, a colony of the silver-studded blue butterfly and also those of the plants {\it Pilularia globulifera} and {\it Deschampsia setacea}. 

Ideal management of these heaths would be the reintroduction of traditional grazing. This has been possible (with cattle and sheep) on a section to the west of this particular common by the use of temporary electric fencing. Trampling by cattle has helped to reduce the dominance of species such as {\it Molinia} and {\it P. aquilinum}. Areas of bare substrate thus created cannot be simulated by other forms of management - this feature also being important for colonisation by species such as {\it Pilularia globulifera} and also for some types of invertebrates. 

Elsewhere the heath is maintained by a variety of management techniques which include scrub and tree thinning/clearance, turf stripping and use of herbicide to treat stumps and bracken. The overall philosophy is to undertake this type of management work in small-scale compartments to both maximise the structural diversity of habitat and minimise the visual impact. Often, specimen trees and small copses are retained to maintain the overall visual character of the site.

Restoration of former heath is being undertaken through clear felling of trees, followed by scaping to remove the humus layer and seed-spreading. Such activity is preceeded by clear forewarning to the public of the work and its intentions. 

There are detailed management prescriptions for the other major habitats:

Broadleaved woodland: "To restore structure within the deciduous woodland to encourage ground, field, shrub and tree canopy layers to develop and to encourage greater tree species diversity by reducing the present dominance of Scots Pine".

Coniferous woodland: "To maintain an overall woodland cover within the Pine woodland, create an uneven age and structure through natural regeneration and incerasing the proportion of broadleaves". 

Other important considerations include the need to maintain an effective wooded screen alongside the M25 to reduce visual and noise intrusion; future monitoring requirements of the various habitats and species; management of recreational issues (including horseriding) and the steps needed to ensure preservation of the archaeological features of the site. 

For a fuller account of the significance of lowland heath as a habitat, please refer to the relevant section of the main report and the various references highlighted on the front of this site report.


FAUNA:
Noted during the site visit were: chiff chaff, wren, cuckoo, blackbird.

VEG:
The common lies alon either side of a minor road just to the east of the A281 at Peasmarsh (Guidlford district). The major part of the site comprises secondary broadleaved woodland.

(1). Canopy largely comprising {\it Betula pendula} (plus occasional standing/fallen dead trees), locally also with {\it Quercus robur}. The shrub layer includes scattered {\it Ulmus procera, Sorbus aucuparia, Ilex aquifolium}, plus rarely, {\it Frangula alnus}. The field layer is largely a mix of either {\it Rubus fruticosus} agg. or {\it Pteridium aquilinum} (the latter becoming more prominent in open glades. Abundant leaf litter. Other associates include locally abundant {\it Agrostis capillaris, Holcus mollis} and {\it H. lanatus}, locally frequent {\it Stellaria holostea} and {\it Corydalis claviculata} plus occasional {\it Lonicera periclymenum}. Several large oak trees along boundary (possibly old pollards). 

Small dry pond with a deep layer of leaf litter, plus abundant {\it Glyceria} sp. and {\it Juncus effusus}.

(2). The woodland here is wet, with {\it Alnus glutinosa} locally the dominant canopy tree, with a shrub layer comprising occasional {\it Salix cinerea} and {\it Sambucus nigra}. The main field layer species are {\it Urtica dioica} and {\it Hedera helix}. Other associates include locally occasional/frequent {\it J. effusus, Valeriana officinalis, Iris pseudacorus, Filipendula ulmaria, Phalaris arundinacea, Glechoma hederacea, Stellaria holostea, Glyceria maxima, Carex remota, Oenanthe crocata, Dryopteris dilatata, Ranunculus repens, Lycopus europaeus, Heracleum sphondylium} and {\it Alliaria petiolata}. A water-filled ditch to the extreme eastern edge contains frequent {\it Impatiens} sp.

(3). To the south of the road (only viewed from the road) - a further area of secondary broadleaved woodland. Immediately next to the road is once again wet with {\it Alnus glutinosa} and {\it Salix cinerea}. The field layer has occasional clumps of {\it Molinia caerulea, Sphagnum} mosses and {\it Iris pseudacorus}. Beyond this the woodland appears to be drier with a mixed canopy of {\it Q. robur} and {\it Betula} spp, plus occasional {\it S. aucuparia, Corylus avellana} and {\it Frangula alnus}. The field layer appears dense with {\it Rubus fruticosus} agg. and {\it Urtica dioica}, plus locally abundant {\it Corydalis claviculata}.

MANAGE:
The common appears unmanaged at present. Note that "Wet woodland" is one of the "Priority Habitats" of the UK Biodiversity Action Plan. Forms part of a mosaic of small blocks of common land in this part of the county.


VEG:
The common lies to the western side of the Bookham Commons complex, although it does not form a part of the SSSI. The site has been surveyed by Surrey Wildlife Trust as part of the SNCI project, although it was not subsequently selected as SNCI. This includes a general description which has been consulted for the purposes of the common land survey. Also consulted were the Surrey Phase 1 (aerial photograph) survey and the Surrey Ancient Woodland Inventory. The northernmost extreme of the site was viewed from the bridleway. No public access onto remainder of the site.

Lying over the London Clay, soils are typically composed of stagnogleys of the Wickham series. Most of the common comprises recent broadleaved woodland-scrub. The SWT survey general description also refers to a patch of relict unimproved acidic grassland in this area, but it cannot be deduced whether this is on the common itself.

To the north-west lies a small area of coniferous plantation. This includes {\it Pinus sylvestris} and {\it Picea sitchensis} with scattered spindly self-sown trees of {\it Betula} sp. Shrub layer of occasional spindly {\it Crataegus monogyna}. Field layer with locally occasional {\it Urtica dioica} and {\it Glechoma hederacea}.

MANAGE:
The common appears unmanaged at present, although there is a small conifer plantation.


FAUNA:
Noted during the site visit were: Blackcap, magpie, pheasant. 

An important invertebrate fauna is associated with areas of remnant lowland dry heath. There is a record for the nationally rare solitary bee {\it Andrena florea}, together with a further eight nationally notable aculeate Hymenoptera (1994).

VEG:
The common lies to the north-east of Blackheath on an outcrop of the Folkestone Beds (Guildford district). The site lies within an area surveyed by Surrey Wildlife Trust as part of the SNCI project and subsequently selected as SNCI. This includes a general description which has been consulted for the purposes of the common land survey.

The south-eastern portion of the common is notable in that it supports remnants of lowland dry heathland habitat. A programme of management under the Surrey Lowland Heathland Programme has been successful in retaining a fragment of open lowland dry heath across the central portion of this area.

Blocks of mature {\it Calluna vulgaris} have varying cover of {\it Pteridium aquilinum}, plus small patches of acidic grassland characterised by {\it Deschampsia flexuosa} and {\it Rumex acetosella}. In addition, there are also areas of bare ground due the stripping of vegetation as part of the management activity. Occasional saplings noted of {\it Betula pendula}, plus an occasional bush of {\it Ulex europaeus}.

Surrounding this area, {\it P. aquilinum} tends to dominate, with a mixture of scattered scrub and broadleaved trees that have progressed locally to a closed canopy secondary broadleaved woodland. This is characterised by {\it Quercus robur} and {\it Betula pendula}, plus occasional individuals of {\it Pinus sylvestris}. Some of the oaks are multi-stemmed (pollarded?) and some have crown die-back.

To the north-west of the common is a more mature mixed canopy secondary woodland. This again comprises a mixture of {\it Q. robur} (some ? pollards) and {\it B. pendula} with occasional {\it Sorbus aucuparia, Pinus sylvestris, Larix decidua, Castanea sativa, Fagus sylvatica} and {\it Ilex aquifolium}. Field layer mostly {\it P. aquilinum} with {\it Rubus fruticosus} agg., {\it Lonicera periclymenum} and leaf litter.

Note area of amenity grassland used as cricket pitch.

MANAGE:
The common is of significant nature conservation importance in that it encompasses an area of lowland dry heath, a habitat which formerly covered extensive parts of southern England, including Surrey. There have been many accounts of the decline of the habitat, with the suggestion that some 85 per cent of Surrey's Heathlands have disappeared over the last two hundred years. In addition, a further 16 per cent decline has taken place between 1975 and 1985 (NCC/Surrey County Council, 1988). In addition, it is estimated that the UK contains around one fifth of Europe's remaining lowland heathland. The causes of this decline include a cessation of traditional grazing (leading to scrub, bracken and ultimately, succession to woodland), plus intensification of agriculture, forestry, afforestation, land enclosures and, more recently, building, especially of housing.

These heaths support a distinctive assemblage of flora and fauna which is severely at risk due to the decline in the extent of the habitat. The importance of the habitat has been widely recognised, with the preparation of an inventory of remaining heathland sites in the county and the preparation by English Nature of a strategy for the conservation of the habitat in the county (English Nature/SCC, 1988). More recently, "Lowland dry heath" has been highlighted amongst the "Priority Habitats" of the UK Biodiversity Action Plan. 

Ideal management of these heaths would be the reintroduction of the traditional grazing. However, for a variety of reasons, this is often infeasible (although there is slight-moderate localised nibbling of the heather by rabbits). Recent management work at Albury Heath has been carried-out by the Albury Estate with some input by the Surrey Heathland Project. This has included clearance of encroaching bracken, scrub and trees, together with stripping of surface vegetation to encourage recovery of the heathland flora. 

For a fuller account of the significance of lowland heath as a habitat, please refer to the relevant section of the main report and the various references highlighted on the front of this site report.

Note that "Lowland acidic grassland" is also one of the UK BAP "Priority Habitats".

The wooded portion of the common is notable for the scattered large, multi-stemmed oak trees. These may have been pollarded in the past.

A small part of the common is mown as a cricket pitch.


VEG:
The common lies to the north-east of Blackheath on an outcrop of the Folkestone Beds (Guildford district). The site lies within an area surveyed by Surrey Wildlife Trust as part of the SNCI project and subsequently selected as SNCI. This includes a general description which has been consulted for the purposes of the common land survey.

The common lies within an area of former lowland heath which has largely been colonised by a mixture of bracken {\it Pteridium aquilinum}, scrub and trees and in places is progessing to a closed canopy secondary broadleaved woodland. However, small remnants of heath vegetation remain on the common....

The smaller, more southerly stand (1) is generally dominated by {\it Calluna vulgaris} to 30cm tall, with locally occasional {\it Erica cinerea} and {\it Ulex minor}. In addition, parts of this area show evidence of burning and stripping of surface vegetation as part of the management regime. These areas were around 90 per cent bare ground at the time of the survey, but with occasional plants of {\it Deschampsia flexuosa, Rumex acetosella}, sapling {\it Betula pendula} and a small quantity of seedling {\it Calluna} plants. Several more mature trees of {\it Pinus sylvestris} also present.

The larger, more northerly block of lowland heath (2) shows similar clear signs of management activity, mainly here undertaken in a series of fairly narrow strips. Thus there are further recently turf-stripped areas as above, sometimes with scattered fronds of {\it P. aquilinum}. Other areas treated in the more distant past have 50-75 per cent cover of pioneer {\it Calluna} plants, 25 per cent bare ground and 10 per cent cover of the acrocarpous moss {\it Campylopus introflexus}. Elsewhere are almost pure swards of {\it Deschampsia flexuosa} - i.e. acidic grassland. Rabbit grazing noted in both of these heathland areas, with a significant grazing of {\it Calluna} plants evident.

Much of the remainder of the common has a cover of dense {\it P. aquilinum} with a mix of scrub and (mainly) broadleaved trees, progressing locally to secondary woodland. These include {\it Betula pendula, Quercus robur} and locally, {\it Cytisus scoparius} and {\it Ulex europaeus} plus, very occasionally, {\it Pinus sylvestris}.

A small bare ground car park to the west of the common is surrounded by a mixture of coarse grasses/tall ruderals: {\it Arrhenetherum elatius, Dipsacus fullonum, Arctium minus, Artemisia vulgaris, Cirsium vulgare, Rumex obtusifolius, Urtica dioica, Fallopia japonica, Rubus fruticosus} agg. and {\it Cirsium arvense}. On thin 'ballast' around the car park grow species such as {\it Polygonum aviculare, Tripleurospermum maritimum, Plantago major, Carex hirta, Anagallis arvensis, Prunella vulgaris, Potentilla reptans, Achillea millefolium} and {\it Glechoma hederacea}. Also local scattered scrub in the form of {\it Malva sylvestris, Crataegus monogyna, Salix cinerea} and {\it Rosa canina}.

To the north of the common is a more mature canopy of secondary broadleaved woodland comprising {\it Quercus robur} and {\it Betula pendula} plus locally occasional {\it Sorbus aucuparia, Castanea sativa} and {\it Pinus sylvestris}. Sparse shrub layer of {\it Ilex aquifolium}, whilst the field layer has scattered {\it P. aquilinum, R. fruticosus} agg. and {\it Lonicera periclymenum}. Several of the oaks are clearly multi-stemmed and may be the result of deliberate pollarding. Some crown die-back noted also of these trees.

Note small area of mown, semi-improved acidic grassland to the south-east, adjacent to houses.

MANAGE:
The common is of significant nature conservation importance in that it encompasses an area of lowland dry heath, a habitat which formerly covered extensive parts of southern England, including Surrey. There have been many accounts of the decline of the habitat, with the suggestion that some 85 per cent of Surrey's Heathlands have disappeared over the last two hundred years. In addition, a further 16 per cent decline has taken place between 1975 and 1985 (NCC/Surrey County Council, 1988). In addition, it is estimated that the UK contains around one fifth of Europe's remaining lowland heathland. The causes of this decline include a cessation of traditional grazing (leading to scrub, bracken and ultimately, succession to woodland), plus intensification of agriculture, forestry, afforestation, land enclosures and, more recently, building, especially of housing.

These heaths support a distinctive assemblage of flora and fauna which is severely at risk due to the decline in the extent of the habitat. The importance of the habitat has been widely recognised, with the preparation of an inventory of remaining heathland sites in the county and the preparation by English Nature of a strategy for the conservation of the habitat in the county (English Nature/SCC, 1988). More recently, "Lowland dry heath" has been highlighted as one of the "Priority Habitats" of the UK Biodiversity Action Plan.  

Ideal management of these heaths would be the reintroduction of the traditional grazing. However, for a variety of reasons, this is often infeasible. However, note that grazing by rabbits appears to be having a marked effect on the structural character of much of the developing {\it Calluna} swards. Recent management work at Albury Heath has been carried-out by the Albury Estate with some input from the Surrey Heathland Project. This has included clearance of encroaching bracken, scrub and trees, together with stripping of surface vegetation and burning to encourage recovery of the heathland flora. 

For a fuller account of the significance of lowland heath as a habitat, please refer to the relavant section of the main report and the various references highlighted on the front of this site report.

Note that "Lowland acidic grassland" is also one of the UK BAP "Priority Habitats" Note also: small area of mown acidic grassland to the south-east.

The wooded portion of the common is notable for the scattered large, multi-stemmed oak trees. These may have been pollarded in the past.


FAUNA:
Noted during the site visit were: skylark (UK BAP "Priority Species"), plus blue tit, green woodpecker, magpie, chiff chaff and meadow brown butterfly.

VEG:
The common lies to the south of the River Tillingbourne on a range of low hills formed from sandy Folkestone Beds of the Lower Greensand (Guildford district). The northern portion of the common has been surveyed by Surrey Wildlife Trust as part of the SNCI project, although none of this area has been subsequently been selected as SNCI. This includes a general description which has been consulted for the purposes of the common land survey.

Most of the common now compises secondary broadleaved woodland with a canopy comprising {it Quercus robur} and {\it Betula pendula}. Other associates include occasional {\it Sorbus aucuparia} and locally occasional {\it Pinus sylvestris}. Occasional large, generally multi-stemmed (pollarded?) individual oak trees noted, in one locality almost forming an avenue to either side of a track. 

The field layer contains {\it Pteridium aquilinum, Rubus fruticosus} agg., {\it Deschampsia flexuosa, Lonicera periclymenum} and {\it Corydalis claviculata}.

Elsewhere the woodland is more open. Here there tends to be an underscrub community of {\it P. aquilinum} and {\it R. fruticosus} agg., with scattered maturing trees of {\it B. pendula} etc.  In addition, there are small remnants of acidic grassland habitat, dominated by {\it Deschampsia flexuosa}. One such example is apparent on the habitat map (1). Here, {\it D. flexuosa} is accompanied by locally occasional {\it Galium saxatile}, with rare, straggly plants of {\it Calluna vulgaris}. Occasional small trees of {\it Q. robur} and {\it B. pendula} also present. Abundant leaf litter and locally abundant {\it Hypnum jutlandicum} in between grass 'tussocks'. At the eastern edge of the common this gives way to a roughly circular patch of semi-improved grassland, probably used for turning vehicles.

Next to the railway line is the site of an old pit, where there is now a mixture of closely rabbit-grazed neutral grassland, plus stands of tall ruderal species. The grassland is characterised by {\it Holcus lanatus, Agrostis stolonifera} and {\it A. capillaris}. Other associates include {\it Prunella vulgaris, Bellis perennis, Ranunculus repens, Medicago lupulina, Myosotis} sp., {\it Cerastium fontanum, Trifolium repens, Centaurium erythraea, Glechoma hederacea, Mentha} sp. and {\it Potentilla reptans}. The ruderals include stands of {\it Urtica dioica} and {\it Cirsium vulgare}, plus one rather impressive stand of {\it Dipsacus fullonum}. Small patch of {\it Sherardia arvensis}. Frequent/abundant {\it Rhytidiadelphus squarrosus}.

The southern portion of the common comprises broadly similar woodland to the northern part. Again, multi-stemmed (pollarded?) oaks present. Several trees noted with die-back, plus several standing dead individuals. {\it Pinus sylvestris} possibly abundant enough locally to be defined as mixed rather than broadleaved woodland. One canopy gap has an infestation of {\it Fallopia japonica}.

MANAGE:
The common is managed by the Hurtwood Control Committee. There is little evidence of recent management, but there may be thinning of open bracken underscrub areas from time to time. The multi-stemmed character of the more mature oaks suggests past thinning/pollarding. Treatment of the infestation of {\it F. japonica} is recommended. Grazing by rabbits is significant on grassland areas.

The part of the common that lies within the surveyed pSNCI area is also a site that has been identified on the Surrey Lowland Heathland Inventory. This habitat, together with lowland acidic grassland are among the "Priority Habitats" of the UK Biodiversity Action Plan. Such heathland was formerly extensive over the Surrey Hills, but has undergone a rapid decline in recent decades. However, despite listing in the inventory, occurrence of heath species is very sporadic and the site appears to have no obvious potential for restoration of heathland.


VEG:
The common lies in the village of Gomshall (Guildford district). The site is overgrown with a mosaic of scrub, broadleaved trees and tall ruderal species: {\it Urtica dioica, Galium aparine, Cirsium arvense, Senecio jacobaea, Symphitum} sp., {\it Artemisia vulgaris, Betula pendula, Acer pseudoplatanus, Crataegus monogyna, Sambucus nigra, Salix fragilis, S. capraea, Corylus avellana, Fraxinus excelsior} and {\it Quercus robur}.

MANAGE:
The common appears to have been unmanaged for some time.


FAUNA:
Noted during the site visit were: wren, greenfinch, chiff chaff, house sparrow, pied wagtail, housemartin, swift, blackbird, plus large white and meadow brown butterflies.

VEG:
The common lies along the course of the River Tillingbourne at Abinger Hammer (Guildford district). The common was viewed from the adjacent A25 and the two public rights of way crossing it.

The greater part of the site is occupied by a stand of wet woodland dominated by {\it Alnus glutinosa} (multi-stemmed) with occasional {\it Salix fragilis}. A section to the west (1) was found to have a field layer with frequent/abundant {\it Holcus lanatus, Oenanthe crocata, Ranunculus repens} and the moss {\it Mnium hornum} (mostly at the bases of tree trunks). Other associates include occasional/frequent {\it Glyceria maxima, Rubus fruticosus} agg., {\it Solanum dulcamara, Chrysosplenium oppositifolium, Urtica dioica, Filipendula ulmaria, Glechoma hederacea} and {\it Galium aparine}, plus occasional {\it Angelica sylvestris, Carex remota, Dryopteris dilatata, Valeriana officinalis} and {\it Caltha palustris}. Abundant fallen small-size branches/twigs etc. 

This appears typical of much of the woodland and probably belongs to NVC type W6. Toward the A25, there is a transition to a drier type (2), here with an open canopy of {\it Betula} sp., {\it Salix cinerea, Fraxinus excelsior, A. glutinosa} and (multi-stemmed) {\it Salix fragilis}. There is a sparse shrub layer comprising occasional {\it Corylus avellana, Crataegus monogyna} and {\it Euonymus europaeus}, plus frequent sapling trees of {\it F. excelsior}. The field layer under a closed canopy includes {\it Geranium robertianum, Dryopteris filix-mas} and {\it Rubus fruticosus} agg., whereas in the more open areas this comprises {\it Urtica dioica, Cirsium arvense, Chamerion angustifolium} and {\it R. fruticosus} agg.

Elsewhere adjacent to the A25, this woodland gives way to an open area which has a mosaic of tall ruderal species with scattered scrub and broadleaved trees. {\it Urtica dioica} and {\it Epilobium hirsutum} are generally dominant. Close to the road are stands of {\it Fallopia japonica}, and {\it Cirsium arvense}. Shrubs/trees include {\it Corylus avellana, Sambucus nigra, Crataegus monogyna, Salix cinerea, Ligustrum} sp. (? {\it L. ovalifolium}) and {\it Spiraea} sp. (a garden escape). Note several large specimen trees of {\it Salix alba} along the track at the western end of this block.

The eastern part of the common, towards the A25, once again comprises a mosaic of tall ruderals and scattered trees (4). This area is dominated by {\it Epilobium hirsutum} with frequent/abundant {\it Urtica dioica} and {\it Cirsium arvense}, plus occasional/frequent {\it Heracleum sphondylium, Ranunculus repens, Rubus fruticosus} agg. and {\it Chamerion angustifolium}. Other species noted include locally abundant {\it Calystegia sepium} plus locally frequent {\it Equisetum arvense} and {\it Galium aparine}. Trees/shrubs here include {\it Quercus robur, C. avellana, Ilex aquifolium, Salix fragilis, Alnus glutinosa, F. excelsior, Salix alba, S. cinerea} and {\it C. monogyna}. The overall pattern here seems to be distinct clumps of trees/scrub with stands of dense ruderals surrounding these.

To the south lies a distinctive area of swamp (5), dominated by {\it Glyceria maxima} (NVC type S5). Other associates include locally abundant {\it Filipendula ulmaria, E. hirsutum} and {\it Urtica dioica}. Along the course of the river itself is a discontinuous row of {\it A. glutinosa} trees. The river channel contains {\it Apium nodiflorum, Oenenathe crocata} and {\it Glyceria} sp. (? {\it G. fluitans}). 

Large stand of introduced {\it Solidago} sp. adjacent to houses in excluded portion of common (? {\it S. canadensis}). Localised areas of semi-improved grassland adjacent to these properties: {\it Arrhenatherum elatius, Carex hirta} and {\it Holcus mollis}.

Note further, smaller area of {\it Glyceria maxima} swamp to the western part of the common.

MANAGE:
The common appears unmanaged at present. Many of the larger trees are multi-stemmed, suggesting woodland/scrub thinning and clearance in the past. Historically the site may have been used as floodplain grazing meadow (see rights section). Note some dumping of rubbish (including garden refuse) along edge of A25.

The O.S. map suggests that part of the site may also have in the past been used as "watercress beds".

N.B. "Wet woodland" is one of the "Priority Habitats" of the UK Biodiversity Action Plan (see discussion in main report).


VEG:
The common comprises two small parcels of land in the village of Gomshall (Guildford district).

The site essentially compsises mown amenity grassland. The larger, westernmost portion includes a single large, planted, multi-stemmed tree of {\it Fraxinus excelsior}. To the west of this lies a small area of dense scrub, mainly dominated by {\it Crataegus monogyna} following an old hedge line (with occasional dead trees of {\it F. excelsior}). Understorey of {\it Urtica dioica, Hedera helix} and {\it Glechoma hederacea}.

The smaller, eastern portion has uncut areas at the edges, with tall ruderals (i.e. {\it Urtica dioica}). The plot is also fringed by a range of broadleaved trees: {\it Quercus robur, Salix} sp. ('weeping' variety), {\it Fraxinus excelsior, Corylus avellana, Alnus glutinosa, Sambucus nigra} and {\it Crataegus} sp. (? {\it C. crus-gallii}). Two small trees of {\it Crataegus monogyna} on the open grassland itself.

MANAGE:
The grassland of the common is mown by the local authority for amenity use. Small-scale planting of ornamental trees. Small area fenced as childrens play area.


FAUNA:
Noted during the site visit were: goldcrest, wren, nuthatch, blackbird, blackcap, chiff chaff, blue tit, coal tit, rabbit. 

The mosaic of scrub/woodland/grassland habitats on the Hackhurst Downs provide important clearings for flying insects. Butterflies recorded by the National Trust at Colekitchen Hole: meadow brown, peacock, speckled wood, ringlet and brimstone.

In addition, the Hackhurst Downs have a Grade A entry in the Invertebrate Site Register. The site has the largest number of juniper-associated species in the South-East (a total of 13), including the bug {\it Cyphostethus tristriatus}. Also recorded: the rare flies {\it Gymnosoma rotundatum} and {\it Microdon devius}, four rare beetles (Coleoptera), plus {\it Centromerus albidus}, a spider known from only two other locations in Britain, this being a "Priority Species" of the UK BAP.
 
A total of 40 species of buttefly have been recoerded from the SSSI as a whole, including silver-spotted skipper and adonis blue (UK BAP "Priority Species"), plus chalkhill blue, Duke of Burgundy fritillary and marbled white.

VEG:
This common runs along the summit plateau of the North Downs, lying approximately mid-way between Guildford and Dorking (Guildford district). Most is underlain by the Netley Heath Beds of the Clay-with-Flints. To the south-east the site includes part of the Hackhurst Downs, a section of the steep chalk scarp slope.

Various information sources were collated in relation to the site (see references). Additional target notes were made during a brief visit to parts of the common. 

A. Plateau area...... 

Largely now under commercial forestry. Mapping of this area was achieved by reference to the Surrey Phase 1 (aerial photograph) survey. This appears to comprise alternating blocks of pure coniferous and also mixed plantation. The coniferous stands are mainly of {\it Pinus sylyestris} with some areas of {\it Larix decidua}. Mixed stands include {\it P. sylvestris} with any of {\it Fagus sylvatica, Quercus robur, Fraxinus excelsior, Sorbus aucuparia} and {\it Betula pendula}. 

To the north of this block lies an area of what appears to be semi-natural broadleaved woodland that has been either deliberately thinned or suffered severe wind-throw during the 1987/90 storms (1) - GR TQ 085 497. Here are occasional remaining large standard trees of {\it Fagus sylvatica} plus, less frequently, individuals of {\it Quercus robur, Taxus baccata, Sorbus aucuparia} and {\it Betula pendula}. Note the prescence or two particularly large trees of {\it T. baccata}. The field layer has dense {\it Pteridium aquilinum} with locally frequent sapling {\it Betula pendula}. 

(2). Stand of mature (pollarded?) {\it F. sylvatica} with sub-mature {\it B. pendula}. Shrub layer has {\it Corylus avellana} and {\it Crataegus monogyna} with a field layer of {\it Rubus fruticosus} agg. Also one area under the canopy of a large {\it Q. robur} tree has a colony of {\it Convallaria majalis} and occasional {\it Hyacinthoides non-scrpita} beneath scattered {\it P. aquilinum} and {\it R. fruticosus} agg.

(3). Further block of thinned/wind-thrown woodland. Only very occasional remaining mature trees of {\it Fagus sylvatica} (including one standing dead tree). The remaining area has a mosaic of vegetation that includes small trees/bushes of {\it Betula pendula, Sambucus nigra, Ilex aquifolium, Fagus sylvatica} and {\it Sorbus aucuparia}, amongst which is a ground cover of {\it P. aquilinum} plus locally frequent {\it Rubus fruticosus} agg. and occasional {\it Digitalis purpurea} etc.

B. Hackhurst Downs......

Note that the southern part of this area lies within the Hackhurst and White Downs SSSI/LNR (a site also listed in a Nature Conservation Review, Ed. D.A. Ratcliffe, 1977). In addition, two National Trust Properties also overlap with this part of the common.

(4). Colekitchen Hole. This is a fenced block of secondary broadleaved woodland forming a part of a National Trust Property known as Little King's Wood. Last visited by the NT Biological Survey team in 1983, the canopy largely dominated by {\it Fraxinus excelsior}. Some thinning evident locally. More diverse areas of the canopy also include medium-aged trees of {\it Taxus baccata} and locally frequent {\it Sorbus aria}. The shrub layer contains {\it Corylus avellana} and {\it Acer campestre}. The field layer is generally well-developed with {\it Mercurialis perennis, Brachypodium sylvaticum, Circaea lutetiana, Ajuga reptans, Glechoma hederacea, Fragaria vesca, Stachys sylvatica, Dryopteris filix-mas} and {\it Carex sylvatica. Campanula trachelium} occurs locally along ride margins.

More scrubby areas of woodland include {\it C. monogyna, Cornus sanguinea, Rosa} agg. and {\it Clematis vitalba}. There are also small, coarse, chalk grassland clearings. Recorded from these were: {\it Arrhenetherum elatius, Dactylis glomerata, Bromus ramosus, Origanum vulgare, Clinopodium vulgare, Poterium sanguisorba, Agrimonia eupatoria, Pastinaca sativa, Galium mollugo, G. cruciata, Hypericum perforatum, Inula conyza} and {\it Reseda luteola}.

(5). Hackhurst Downs. The remainder of the scarp slope here has a rather complex mosaic of calcareous scrub and grassland, with several different information sources available. There was insufficient time to comprehensively re-survey this area, the following description being based mainly on the SSSI citation (i.e. not relating specifically to the Hackhurst Downs). Common species of the scrub are {\it Crataegus monogyna, Cornus sanguinea, Betula pendula, Prunus spinosa, Taxus baccata, Euonymus europaeus} and occasionally, {\it Ulex europaeus}. In addition, Hackhurst Down is notable in that it supports the only sizeable population of {\it Juniperus communis} remaining on the North Downs. (The National Trust property of Hackhurst Down overlaps only to a minor extent, the western edge of this part of the common). 

In amongst the scrub are areas of chalk grassland dominated variously by {\it Bromopsis erecta} and {\it Brachypodium pinnatum}, with localised areas of closely rabbit-grazed {\it Festuca ovina}. Typical chalk grassland herbs include {\it Asperula cyananchia, Blackstonia perforata, Gentianella amarella, Ophrys apifera, Gymnadenia conopsea} and {\it Anacamptis pyramidalis}. Less common species include {\it Hippocrepis comosa, Spiranthes spiralis} and {\it Ophrys insectifera}, plus two Nationally Scarce (NS) plants: {\it Orchis ustulata} and {\it Aceras anthropophorum}. N.B. NS = those species recorded in between 16-100 ten km squares of the Ordnance Survey Grid (JNCC, 1994). 

Locally the scrub grades into broadleaved woodland dominated by {\it Fraxinus excelsior}, along with {\it Taxus baccata, Sorbus aria, Acer campestre, Clematis vitalba} and {\it Ligustrum vulgare}. Where the canopy is fairly open, a rich field layer is often present of {\it Mercurialis perennis, Hedera helix, Brachypodium sylvaticum, Arum maculatum} and {\it Viola} spp. Less common species include {\it Cephalanthera damasonium, Neottia nidus-avis, Monotropa hypopitys} and {\it Platanthera chlorantha}. 

(6). Grassland noted here during the present survey appears somewhat semi-improved/neutral in character: {\it Arrhenatherum elatius, Dactylis glomerata, Clinopodium vulgare, Glechoma hederacea, Galium cruciata, Plantago lanceolata, Odontites vernus, Stellaria graminea, Veronica chamaedrys, Holcus lanatus, Galium verum, Potentilla reptans, Centaurea nigra, Agrimonia eupatoria, Prunella vulgaris, Leontodon hispidus, Hypericum perforatum, Poterium sanguisorba, Pastinaca sativa} and a single plant of {\it Malva moschata}.

(7). North of the SSSI boundary lies a somewhat varied block of secondary broadleaved woodland straddling the transition between the upper edge of the scarp slope and the plateau to the north. On the scarp slope this is rather scrubby in character, mainly comprising {\it F. excelsior} and {\it Q. robur}. Noted locally were occasional ?pollarded individuals of {\it Q. robur} and {\it Crataegus monogyna}. To the north the canopy is more fully-developed, comprising a mixture of {\it Q. robur, Fagus sylvatica, Ilex aquifolium} and occasional {\it Taxus baccata}.

Bryophytes.......

A number of notable species are listed in the Surrey Bryophyte Register for Hackhurst Down: {\it Barbula acuta, B. reflexa, Eurynchium swartzii} var. {\it rigidum, Weissia sterilis} and {\it Leiocolea badensis}.

MANAGE:
The plateau area of Netley Heath is largely managed as commercial forestry.

Management of the chalk downs is being undertaken through a variety of initiatives. The National Trust have fenced the Cole Kitchen Hole site and have successfully reintroduced sheep grazing as a way of maintaining the conservation value of the chalk grassland and scrub habitats. There is also possibly periodic clearance of scrub on this area.

The Hackhurst Downs LNR is managed by Surrey County Council. This area is being managed by initial scrub clearance followed by rotational grazing of the various compartments by sheep. Stock is provided either by the Downlands Countryside Management Project or the National Trust. Grazing by rabbits is also significant. Note also the problem of the use of the track crossing this area by 4-wheel drive vehicles. This has caused considerable degradation along the track and banks (important for orchids).

Both SCC and the National Trust have also been planting juniper on the site - using propagated cuttings from the existing population. Selected blocks of the associated woodland are to remain, with selective thinning of some ash (for fencing etc.) and re-coppicing of hazel. Yews to be left alone.

The Hackhurst Downs are clearly of great nature conservation importance. Note that "Lowland calcareous grassland" is one of the "Priority Habitats" of the UK Biodiversity Action Plan. In addition, stands of juniper on calcareous substrates are a habitat category listed in Annex 1 of the EC Habitats Directive.


FAUNA:
Noted during the site visit were: blackbird, chiff chaff, blue tit, wren, meadow brown butterfly, rabbits.

VEG:
The common lies across the upper edge of the scarp slope of the North Downs, being situated some 8km east of Guildford (i.e. Guildford district).

The greater part of the site is wooded. Reference to the Surrey Ancient Woodland Inventory indicates that a major portion is considered to be of ancient origin (ASNW) - i.e. continuous woodland cover or use as woodland since AD 1600. The composition of the different parcels of land that constitute the site are rather different.....

(1). This, the northernmost parcel lies on the broad summit ridge of the Downs (viewed from Staple Lane only). Shown as ASNW. The greater part of this area appears now to be a maturing and well-thinned plantation of {\it Larix decidua}. Sparse (marginal ?) undershrubs of {\it Sambucus nigra, Corylus avellana} and {\it Salix capraea}. Field layer close to road mainly {\it Pteridium aquilinum} with local {\it Rubus fruticosus} agg., {\it Urtica dioica} and some {\it Mercurialis perennis}.

The northern part of this block has mature trees of {\it Fraxinus excelsior} (plus occasional {\it Fagus sylvatica}) with scattered scrub of {\it Sambucus nigra, Corylus avellana} and {\it Salix cinerea}. Beneath this is a ground layer comprising {\it Urtica dioica, Cirsium arvense, R. fruticosus} agg., {\it P. aquilinum} and {\it Mercurialis perennis}. Frequent small seedling {\it F. excelsior}.

(2). This compartment has a central stand of {\it Fagus sylvatica} and ? {\it Chamaecyparis lawsoniana}. Surrounding this is a rather open broadleaved woodland. Scattered mature, standard trees include {\it Quercus robur, Fraxinus excelsior, Fagus sylvatica} and occasionally, {\it Sorbus aucuparia}. Dense self-seeded saplings of {\it Betula pendula} and {\it F. sylvatica} and, more locally, {\it Acer pseudoplatanus}. The shrub layer includes {\it C. avellana, Ilex aquifolium, Sambucus nigra, Crataegus monogyna} and {\it Rubus fruticosus} agg. The field layer includes {\it P. aquilinum, Urtica dioica, Circaea lutetiana, Heracleum sphondylium, Digitalis purpurea} and {\it Hyacinthoides non-scripta}. Several stumps of fallen trees noted, together with some crown die-back of standard trees.

N.B. This section not indicated to be ASNW.

(3). A somewhat similar area to the above with thinned standard trees: {\it Fagus sylvatica} and {\it Q. robur} with occasional {\it Betula pendula} and {\it Fraxinus excelsior}, plus a single tree of {\it Taxus baccata} noted. In between the mature trees is a mix of immature trees/scrub: {\it Betula pendula, Acer pseudoplatanus, Sambucus nigra, C. avellana, Salix capraea, F. excelsior} and {\it Ilex aquifolium}. The field layer includes {\it Urtica dioica, Rubus idaeus, R. fruticosus} agg., {\it P. aquilinum} and {\it Glechoma hederacea} - with occasional open areas present within the developing canopy. Further occasional small clumps of ? {\it C. lawsoniana}. To the south the canopy is more mature. Also noted were single individuals of {\it Picea sitchensis} and {\it Pinus sylvestris}.

N.B. This section also not indicated to be ASNW.

(4). This section lies on the steep scarp slope of the Downs. All of this block is identified as ASNW. Most comprises a mature wood of {\it Fagus sylvatica}. Beneath the tall trees the woodland floor is quite open, with a field layer dominated by {\it Mercurialis perennis}. Localised parts of the wood also have a canopy where {\it Fraxinus excelsior} dominates. Here the field layer is more varied and includes {\it M. perennis} with locally frequent {\it Dryopteris filix-mas} and {\it Urtica dioica}, plus locally occasional {\it Circaea lutetiana} and {\it Geum urbanum}. Occasional scattered trees of {\it Taxus baccata} also noted. Several fallen mature beech trees. More open areas of the canopy tend to have frequent seedling trees of {\it F. excelsior} and {\it F. sylvatica}.

In the far-eastern corner lies an area of dense, overstood, {\it Corylus avellana} coppice.

(5). This, the largest compartment, lies on fairly level ground at the crest of the Downs, although the southern edge slopes steeply down to the road. It is also listed as ASNW. Of all the parts of the common this portion appears to be the most obviously and recently thinned - either as a result of the 1987/1990 storms or deliberate management. As a result, most of this area has only occasional standard trees remaining. On the slope down to the road: {\it Fagus sylvatica} and {\it Taxus baccata}, further north also joined by {\it F. excelsior, Quercus robur, Castanea sativa} and {\it Pinus sylvestris}. Much of the area has dense re-growth of {\it Betula pendula}, but with some areas kept open by rabbit-grazing. Other associates of these areas include {\it Glechoma hederacea, Centaurium erythraea} and {\it Senecio jacobaea}. Locally occasional bushes of {\it Rhododendron ponticum} on southern slope.

To the north of this compartment is a more intact canopy, notable in that the shrub layer comprises an established stand of {\it Castanea sativa} coppice. 

Note small bare ground car park. This is situated beneath several large specimen trees if {\it F. sylvatica}. Compaction by vehicles may pose a threat to the long-term survival of these trees and it may be appropriate to site the car park elsewhere.

MANAGE:
The compartment at (1) is clearly under management as private forestry.

The thinning on the remainder of the common is likely to have been the result of clearing-up operations following the storms of 1987/90. Note the area of sweet chestnut coppice - maintenance of this feature should continue. The greater part of the site is probably now best left to re-colonise naturally.

At the eastern end of compartment (4), adjacent to the track leading down to the main road, hidden amongst the trees, lies a WW2 machine gun bunker guarding this route across the Downs.

Note that "Lowland beech and yew woods" a characteristic habitat of chalk outcrops in southern Britain, is a "Priority Habitat" of the UK Biodiversity Action Plan.


FAUNA:
Noted during the site visit were: skylark (UK BAP "Priority Species"), blackbird, nuthatch, carrion crow, jay.

Butterflies: meadow brown, ringlet, small skipper, large white, dark green fritillary. Anthills in scrub/grassland.

Mammals: rabbit, grey squirrel, roe deer.

VEG:
This common lies on the northern fringe of the North Downs some 4km east of Guildford (i.e. Guildford district). The site is underlain by chalk and is bisected by a former training course that runs approximately east-west across the centre of the site. This central portion of the common is generally level ground. To the north the land eventually slopes away gently. At the southern edge of the common lies a steeper, south-facing hillside.

The following description has been based entirely on target notes made during the course of the present survey. The common has several notable habitat features:

The eastern part of the site has a central core of well-established, dense {\it Taxus baccata} woodland (1). The yew trees are very well-developed, mature specimens. This feature is effectively split into two compartments by the grassy ride that bisects the common. 

Surrounding the yew woods is a band of mixed semi-natural woodland (2) of quite variable composition comprising canopy trees of {\it Quercus robur, Fagus sylvatica} and {\it Taxus baccata}.

The field/shrub layer is sparse under the closed canopy, but more open areas and adjacent scrub have {\it Corylus avellana, Rubus fruticosus} agg,. {\it Rubus idaeus, Clematis vitalba, Prunus spinosa, Crataegus monogyna, Rhamnus catharticus, Ligustrum vulgare, Viburnum lantana, Sorbus aria} and saplings of {\it Fraxinus excelsior} and {\it Betula pendula}. These scrubby features are especially well-developed along the edges of the grassy ride crossing the common. The field layer includes include frequent/abundant {\it Mercurialis perennis, Brachypodium sylvaticum, Holcus lanatus}, occasional/frequent {\it Geum urbanum, Viola} sp., {\it Prunella vulgaris, Fragaria vesca, Stellaria graminea}, plus occasional {\it Hypericum perforatum} and {\it H. hirsutum}.

A notable feature fringing the southern block of yew wood are a number of fallen mature trees of {\it F. sylvatica}. Their upturned root plates have exposed a considerable expanse of bare chalk.

Locally within these woods are some overstood old coppice stools of {\it Corylus avellana} and {\it Crataegus monogyna}. However, a discrete strip of pure old coppice wood lies along the south-western edge of the site (3). This area comprises an almost pure stand of overtopped former {\it C. avellana} coppice. Locally occasional bushes of {\it C. monongya} and {\it Euonymus europaeus}. Sparse field layer of {\it Glechoma hederacea} and {\it Viola} sp., plus locally occasional {\it Circaea lutetiana} and {\it Geum urbanum}. Mosses noted here were: {\it Thamnobryum alopecurum} and {\it Eurynchium striatum}.

The track running across the centre of the common (4) was formerly part of a training course for race horses. Today this supports a calcicolous grassland sward maintained through the activity of grazing rabbits. This short sward is dominated by {\it Agrostis capillaris} and {\it Festuca ovina}. Other associates include frequent/abundant {\it Glechoma hederacea, Myosotis} sp., {\it Plantago lanceolata, Senecio jacobaea, Hypericum perforatum} and locally abundant {\it Pseudoscleropodium purum, Galium verum} and {\it Poterium sanguisorba}, locally occasional {\it Euphrasia officinalis} agg., {\it Odontites vernus, Pastinaca sativa, Viola} sp., {\it Achillea millefolium, Veronica agrestis, Origanum vulgare, Galium verum}, plus rare {\it Malva moschata, Cirsium acaule, Linum catharticum} and {\it Ononis repens}. The trees adjacent to this ride have a clear browse line set along either edge at around 45cm above the ground.

Chalk grassland habitat also occurs in a mosaic with scrub and trees adjacent to the western edges of the track (5). This scrub is essentially similar to that described in connection with the woodland (above). The grassland has a variable composition depending upon the extent of grazing by rabbits. The most intensely grazed swards resemble that described above, mainly dominated by {\it Festuca rubra}. Other associates include locally frequent {\it Prunella vulgaris, Clinopodium vulgare, Hypericum perforatum, Myosotis} sp., {\it Potentilla reptans, Veronica chamaedrys, Glechoma hederacea, Galium verum, Ranunculus repens, Poterium sanguisorba}, plus locally occasional {\it Senecio jacobaea, Linum catharticum} and rare {\it Verbascum thapsus}. Also some ant hills noted here. Rare {\it Campanula trachelium} noted in open area next to path in SE corner.

Ungrazed areas of grassland appear to be a rather coarse sward dominated by {\it Arrhenatherum elatius} and {\it Brachypodium pinnatum}, occasional/frequent {\it Dactylis glomerata, Bromus erectus, Clinopodium vulgare, Origanum vulgare, Hypericum perforatum, Galium mollugo} and {\it P. sanguisorba}.

NB. A total of 130 species have been recorded for Clandon Downs (Recorder no. 270/2). Notable additional species to those found during the present survey include {\it Helianthemum nummularium, Lepidium campestre, Primula veris, Filipendula vulgaris, Cornus sanguinea, Lithospermum arvense, Verbena officinalis, Lamiastrum galeobdolon, Plantago media, Origanum vulgare, Adoxa moschatellina, Carduus crispus, Centaurea scabiosa} and {\it Listera ovata}.

MANAGE:
The common appears to be unmamaned at present. Parts have been extensively managed as hazel (and hawthorn) coppice in the past. The route of a former training course crosses the common, apparently bisecting what was probably once a continuous block of yew wood, introducing a swathe of base-rich grassland across the site. As the common is now completely surrounded by arable land along all but its southern border, this feature now only exists in the area where it crosses the common. The status of the site as common land has clearly helped prevent its incorpration into the adjacent arable land.

The common includes some extremely important habitats and the whole site is of significant local nature conservation value. This includes the chalk grassland - "Lowland base-rich grassland" being one of the "Priority Habitats" of the UK Biodiversity Action Plan. This grassland also includes valuable calcicolous scrub habitat. The dense yew wood and associated mixed oak/beech/yew stands are also specialised communities associated in particular with the chalk of the North Downs - with further and more extensive similar stands on the nearby Albury Downs (also common land). Woodlands characterised by yew (one of only three native British conifers) are represented by a further UK BAP category, namely "Lowland beech and yew woodland".  

These woodlands are also noted for the fallen, mature beech trees, with their shallow, horizontal roots running along the surface of the chalk. The loss of these trees from the canopy will create space for new colonisation and the fallen trees themselves may become important dead wood habitat.

At present, the scrub and grassland habitats are largely dependent upon rabbit-grazing for their maintenance, with grazing levels along the track itself being high. There may be a need in the future for careful selecive thinning of some areas of scrub to maintain the optimum structural diversity of habitats.

The stand of former hazel coppice adds yet further ecological interest to the site. It may be worth reinstating a coppice cycle on this part of the site. 

Continued monitoring of this important site is recommended. Specific surveys should be considered for invertebrates, as the site has great habitat potential for this group.


FAUNA:
No records of fauna relating specifically to this particular common, which was not visited during the course of the current survey.

VEG:
The common comprises three small parcels of land lying within the much larger CL 196: The Hurtwood. As such, they were not visited during the course of the present survey (indeed, all portions are individually less than the survey threshold of 1.0ha.). The smallest area appears in fact to be an enclosure around a building. Of the other two portions, one is shown as open grassland on the Surrey aerial photograph survey and has been mapped as amenity grassland - being shown on the base map as a playing field. The final portion appears to be continuous with the surrounding wooded portion of CL 196. Please refer to CL 196.


FAUNA:
Noted during the site visit were: pheasant, blackbird, yellowhammer, rabbit.

VEG:
The common lies at the eastern end of a block of hills in the Lower Greensand, largely occupied by the much larger contiguous common, CL 196. The site lies in Guildford district and overlaps with two areas which have been surveyed by the Surrey Wildlife Trust as part of the SNCI project, all of this being subsequently designated as SNCI. The survey reports include a general description and these have been consulted for the purposes of the Common Land Survey. Habitat mapping done with the aid of the Surrey Phase 1 (aerial photograph) survey. Target notes made whilst visiting the site. For a more comprehensive account of the area as a whole, please see under CL 196.

CL 21 lies on the southern edge of the hill, overlooking the Wealden Basin. It represents the second highest point in the county and the hilltop area is occupied by the earthworks of a hill fort. Most of the common supports  secondary broadleaved woodlands. On gently sloping ground to the north-western side of the hill the canopy here is dominated largely by {\it Betula pendula} with a field layer of continuous {\it Pteridium aquilinum} and locally frequent {\it Vaccinium myrtillus}. Occasional other trees include {\it Quercus robur, Q. petraea, Q. cerris, Populus tremula, Sorbus aucuparia} and rarely, {\it Pinus sylvestris}. Occasional undershrubs of {\it Rhododendron ponticum}. Locally there are canopy clearings dominated by contnuous {\it P. aquilinum}. 

These woods may have largely developed over former open heathland communities and to the north of the common open woodland rides still retain elements of such, with {\it Calluna vulgaris}, plus some {\it Vaccinium myrtillus, Erica cinerea} and {\it Erica tetralix}.

Along the steeper slopes adjoining the southern and eastern flanks of Holbury Hill is a more fully-developed woodland canopy which includes {\it Quercus} spp., {\it Betula pendula, Castanea sativa} and locally occasional {\it Pinus sylvestris}. The field layer again is mainly {\it P. aquilinum}, which also dominates canopy gaps, accompanied by bushes of {\it R. ponticum}.  

The area surrounding the hill fort itself and stretching to the north, is also much more open. This may relate either to storm damage from the hurricanes of 1987 and 1990 or some active management to keep the historic feature visible. This area has dominant/abundant {\it Pteridium aquilinum} with around 25 per cent cover of scattered broadleaved trees/shrubs. These are mainly {\it Betula pendula} but also include occasional {\it Quercus} spp., occasional/frequent {\it Castanea sativa} and locally occasional {\it Quercus cerris, Amelanchier lamarckii} and {\it Rhododendron ponticum}. Small occasional patches of {\it Calluna} heath noted locally.

MANAGE:
The common appears largely unmanaged at present. For a more detailed discussion of the ecology of this part of the county see under CL 196. Several small areas of heath vegetation on the common appear on the Surrey Lowland Heathland Inventory - this being one of the "Priority Habitats" of the UK Biodiversity Action Plan.


VEG:
The common comprises a broadly triangular plot of land lying along the western side of the A281 in the village of Gosden (Guildford district).

Most of the common has been surveyed by Surrey Wildlife Trust as part of the SNCI project, although the site was not subsequently selected as SNCI. This includes a general description which has been consulted for the purposes of this project. The main difference in the boundaries of the two sites is that the common includes the A281, wheras the SWT boundary does not. Additional notes were made during the course of the present survey.

Most of the common comprises a block of secondary broadleaved woodland. The  canopy compsises even-aged trees of {\it Quercus robur} with occasional {\it Acer pseudoplatanus} and {\it Betula pendula}. The shrub layer has {\it Ilex aquifolium} with occasional individuals of {\it Crataegus monogyna, Sambucus nigra} and {\it Sorbus aucuparia}. Field layer largely dominated by {\it Hedera helix} and {\it Rubus fruticosus} agg. Other trees/shrubs noted along the narrow northern portion of the wood include {\it Fraxinus excelsior, Corylus avellana, Salix cinerea} and {\it Acer platanoides}. 

Alongisde the road there tends to be a mown grassland verge. This continues as a narrow strip northwards alonside the road. To the far north a wet ditch lies along the western side of the road. Noted here were: {\it Oenanthe crocata, Carex remota, Epilobium hirsutum, Angelica sylvestris, Scrophularia aquatica} and {\it Urtica dioica}.

MANAGE:
The only form of management appears to be the mowing of roadside vegetation. The site does not appear to be of significant nature conservation importance. However, it forms part of a mosaic of small blocks of common land in this general area.


VEG:
This botanically important common runs along both the scarp and dip slopes of the North Downs, lying some 3-4km east of Guildford (i.e. Guildford district). A major portion of the common lies within sites surveyed by the Surrey Wildlife Trust as part of the SNCI project, all of this being subsequently designated as SNCI. These surveys include a general description, which have been consulted for the purposes of the common land survey. 

The SWT surveyed portion of the common does not include a broad strip of chalk grassland that lies on the scarp slope of the North Downs. This vegetation has been covered by an earlier Phase 2 chalk grassland survey undertaken by English Nature. Additional target notes were made during a fairly brief walk around the site. Some habitat mapping has been done with reference to the Surrey Phase 1 (aerial photograph) survey. 

The dip slope of the common generally supports a fairly complex pattern secondary woodland and scrub types. The former range from pure stands of {\it Taxus baccata} (i.e. coniferous), through to {\it Quercus robur} (i.e. broadleaved), with a range of mixed canopies also widely occurring. Elsewhere are extensive, more open scrubby areas with an incomplete tree canopy, often with a field layer of abundant {\it Pteridium aquilinum}. In addition, there appears to be a distinct band of dense scrub running along the summit of the scarp slope, forming an effective boundary between the chalk grassland and wooded parts of the common. Note also the narrow strip of scrub/trees at the extreme foot of the scarp slope.  

The pure coniferous woods are very dense and {\it T. baccata} tends to be the only species occurring; with shrub or field layer species being absent. The mixed canopies include {\it Q. robur, T. baccata, Betula pendula, Fraxinus excelsior} and {\it Sorbus aucuparia}. In general the {\it T. baccata} trees of both mixed and pure coniferous stands are very well-developed specimens. Pure broadleaved canopies tend to be similar, either with {\it T. baccata} absent, or at a cover of less than 25 per cent.

The field layer of the broadleaved/mixed woods includes {\it Pteridium aquilinum, Rubus fruticosus} agg., {\it Lonicera periclymenum} and less frequently, {\it Hedera helix, Geum urbanum} and {\it Dryopteris dilatata}. In addition, {\it Lithospermum officinale} has also been recorded. Variable quantities of leaf litter. The shrub layer locally includes overstood coppice stools of {\it Corylus avellana} (noted to the west of the common), plus {\it Ilex aquifolium} and {\it Sambucus nigra}.

Species that characterise the scrub/woodland boundary along the top of the Downs include {\it Prunus spinosa, Cornus sanguinea, Viburnum opulus, Ligustrum vulgare, Rhamnus catharticus, Crataegus monogyna, Sambucus nigra, Fraxinus excelsior, Sorbus aria} and {\it Q. robur}.

Running along the scarp slope westwards from Newlands Corner lies one of the largest continuous units of chalk grassland remaining in the county. A brief look was taken at this during the course of the present survey. {\it Brachypodium pinnatum} appears to be locally dominant, with locally abundant {\it Bromopsis erecta}. Other associates include {\it Festuca rubra, Origanum vulgare, Galium verum, Lotus corniculatus, Carex flacca, Viola} sp., {\it Hypericum perforatum, Linum catharticum, Pimpinella saxifraga, Poterium sanguisorba} and {\it Agrimonia eupatoria}.

Notable species recorded include {\it Centaurium pulchellum, Spiranthes spiralis, Arabis hirsuta, Lithospermum officinale} and rare individuals of {\it Juniperus communis}.

Note grassy ride in woodland at GR TQ 031 492: {\it Cirsium acaule} (closely rabbit-grazed sward).

The chalk grassland extends up the scarp slope toward the car park at Newlands Corner. Scattered trees of {\it T. baccata} and scrub of {\it C. monogyna} also present here. Immediately adjacent to the car park itself, the grassland has taken on the character of an amenity sward with very few calcicole species noted - used as a picnic area, with scattered ornamental trees present. 

To the east of Newlands Corner, the greater part of the scarp slope supports a mosaic of secondary woodland and scrub, with further significant areas of open chalk downland, said to contain some county rarities. A part of the wooded section comprises {\it Corylus avellana} coppice under {\it Fraxinus excelsior}, with significant regeneration of {\it F. excelsior} in canopy gaps. There are also some well-developed trees of {\it T. baccata}, notably alongside the track at GR TQ 054 491. The field layer tends to be dominated by either {\it Hedera helix} or {\it Mercurialis perennis}. Locally, there are also areas with significant wind-throw evident, especially along the top of the slope toward Newlands Corner, these areas being more open and scrubby.

Situated on this slope are two main areas of open downland. That to the south of the A25 has been fenced and is grazed. To the north, a large area of reclaimed scrub/woodland supports a rather open vegetation community comprising abundant {\it Glechoma hederacea}, frequent {\it Senecio jacobaea, Potentilla reptans, Inula conyzae} and {\it Prunella vulgaris}, plus occasional {\it Viola} sp., {\it Clinopodium vulgare} and {\it Hypericum perforatum}. Locally occasional standing trees remain of {\it Fraxinus excelsior} and {\it Sorbus aria}. Bordering the surrounding woodland this changes to a fringe of {\it Brachypodium sylvaticum}. This community does not appear to fall easily into any of the Phase 1 habitat categories, probably being rather transitory. However, as it is an area of chalk downland it has been placed in B32, semi-improved calcareous grassland as it is presumably being managed with this habitat as the end point. {\it Arabis hirsuta} has been recorded from this part of the common. 

The far-eastern part of the site is notable for an area of dense {\it T.baccata/Buxus sempervirens} woodland. There is evidence that the oldest trees were planted, but there has been subsequent natural regeneration of both species. Note that {\it B. sempervirens} is a 'nationally rare' species (i.e. occurring in fewer than 15 ten km squares of the Ordnance Survey Grid - Ref. Perring and Farrell, 1993). The adjacent area has a secondary woodland canopy that has been heavily storm damaged to leave an open canopy of {\it Fagus sylvatica, F. excelsior, T. baccata} and {\it Sorbus aria}. Numerous sapling {\it B. pendula} and {\it F. excelsior} also present. Associated small, somewhat species-poor (semi-improved?) chalk grassland occurs here in more open, scrubby areas. 

Bryophytes......

There is a description of the byrological interest of the site in the Surrey Bryophyte Register. Both the calcareous and non-calcareous parts of the site support a rich bryophyte flora. Of particular interest from within the chalk grassland is {\it Weissia sterilis} - a species recorded at only one other locality in Surrey in the last 30 years.

Other species occurring in the chalk grassland/base-rich woods: {\it Campylium chrysophyllum, Ditrichum flexicaule, Entodon concinnus, Ephemerum recurvifolium, Eurynchium schleicheri, Fissidens pusillus} var. {\it tenuifolius, Fissidens cristatus, Homalothecium lutescens, Phascum curvicolle, Seligeria paucifolia} and {\it Weissia longifolia} var. {\it angustifolia}.

Notable species from the non-calcaerous woodlands: {\it Campylopus subulatus} (the only recent Surrey record for this species), {\it Zygodon conoideus} (one of two Surrey records), plus {\it Orthotrichum lyellii} and {\it Metzgeria fruticulosa} (probably {\it M. temperata}).

MANAGE:
The wooded portions of the common appear largely unmanaged at present. There is evidence of past areas of hazel coppice. More open areas of the woodland may relate to the storms of 1987 and 1990, possibly with subsequent clearing operations.

The major areas of open downland turf have been in the past winter-grazed by cattle provided by the Surrey Heathland Project, although the grazing is now let to a local farmer.

The area around Newlands Corner is managed as a major car park/refreshment area by the County Council. This is both used by tourists and motorists using the A25. Adjacent grassland/road verges mown by County Council.

The common includes some extremely important habitats and the whole site is of significant nature conservation value. This includes the chalk grassland, or  "Lowland base-rich grassland", one of the "Priority Habitats" of the UK  Biodiversity Action Plan. 

The site also includes valuable calcicolous scrub habitat, whilst the dense yew wood and associated mixed oak/beech/yew stands are also specialised communities associated in particular with the chalk of the North Downs. These belong to a further UK BAP "Priority Habitat" namely "Lowland beech and yew woodland". 

Further interest on the site lies in the existence of an area of yew/box wood to the east. Stands of box on chalk are a habitat category listed in Annex 1 of the EC Habitats Directive and again fall within the above UK BAP :Priority Habitat".


FAUNA:
Noted during the site visit were: wood pigeon, blue tit, jay, robin, green woodpecker, wood ant {\it Formica} sp., plus two members of the Odonata: {\it Aeshna cyanea} and {\it Sympetrum} sp.

VEG:
The common lies in the village of West End, about 3km west of Chobham (Surrey Heath district) and comprises five parcels of land alongside roads.

Target notes from present survey (no other information available)......

The larger portion (1) has the appearance of a fairly large village green, which is also used as the playing fields for an adjacent school. However, despite being intensively mown for amenity use, the sward still displays, to the north-eastern side in particular, many elements of an acidic grassland (and heathland) flora. Locally dominant are {\it Danthonia decumbens, Juncus squarrosus, Nardus stricta} and {\it Molinia caerulea}, with locally frequent {\it Luzula campestris, Potentilla erecta, Leontodon saxatilis} and {\it Polytrichum juniperinum}. Also present are locally occasional {\it Galium saxatile, Hypochaeris radicata, Rumex acetosella} and some patches of very suppressed plants of {\it Calluna vulgaris}.

To the west the sward has a sparse, sandy character, being dominated by {\it Agrostis capillaris}, with locally abundant {\it L. saxatilis} and {\it Plantago coronopus}, plus locally occasional {\it Holcus lanatus, Bellis perennis} and {\it Hypochaeris radicata}. Toward the north-west in particular, is an open sandy sward totally dominated by {\it P. coronopus}.

Alongside Church Road, which marks the western edge of this part of the common, is an impressive avenue of mature trees of {\it Aesculus hippocastanum}.

Along the northern side of this parcel is a narrow strip of scrub-woodland with {\it Quercus robur} and {\it Betula pendula}. To the east this gives way to a scrubby strip comprising {\it Betula} sp., {\it Salix cinerea, Q. robur, Rubus fruticosus} agg., {\it Ilex aquifolium} and {\it Hedera helix}. The small rectangular plot adjacent to the road comprises a fenced tennis court and also a childrens playground.

In the south-western corner is an area of dense scrub/trees within which is situated a small pond. This has marginal vegetation comprising abundant {\it Typha angustifolia}, frequent {\it Mentha} sp., {\it Juncus effusus, J. ? acutiflorus, Iris pseudacorus, Ranunculus lingua} and {\it Eleocharis palustris}, locally frequent {\it Crassula helmsii, Myriophyllum} sp. and {\it Myosotis} sp., plus locally occasional {\it Typha latifolia}. Occasional plants of {\it Potamogeton natans} in the open water.

(2). The next largest portion of the common comprises a small block of secondary broadleaved woodland with a canopy dominated by {\it Betula pendula}. Locally occasional trees of {\it Q. robur} and tall individuals of {\it Salix cinerea}, plus mature trees of {\it Pinus sylvestris}. The shrub layer includes {\it Rubus fruticosus} agg., {\it Frangula alnus, Ilex aquifolium} and {\it Ulex europaeus}. The field layer contains locally abundant {\it Molinia caerulea} within which can also be found straggly plants of {\it Calluna vulgaris}. More marginal parts have locally abundant {\it A. capillaris, Juncus effusus} and {\it Stellaria holostea}. Several individuals of {\it Epipactis} noted, (? {\it E. helleborine}). Abundant leaf litter and small fallen twigs etc. Bryophytes noted: {\it Hypnum cupressiforme} and {\it Dicranum scoparium}. 

In the northern part, this woodland has much bare ground due to trampling, locally abundant {\it Pteridium aquilinum} plus {\it Lonicera periclymenum, Dryopteris filix-mas} and {\it Digitalis purpurea}.

Along the eastern edge of this portion runs an unmetalled lane, adjacent to which lies an area of open ground containing an old bonfire site. Growing here are a number of tall ruderal-type species and a variety of thrown-out garden plants such as {\it Crocosmia} sp., {\it Filipendula ulmaria, Aster} sp., {\it Polygonatum} sp. (? {\it P. x hybridum}) and {\it Solidago canadensis}. Also noted alongside this lane were dumped rubble and grass cuttings etc.

Note the small triangle of mown, amenity grassland to the south of this area.

Habitats for the three remaining, much smaller portions of the common can be seen on the attached habitat map. These were not specifically target noted.

MANAGE:
The common is managed primarily for its amenity value, both for the local residents and also as a facility for the adjacent school. It is remarkable that a suppressed acidic grassland/heathland flora has survived under this management regime. "Lowland heathland" and "Lowland dry acidic grassland" are identified as "Priority Habitats" under the UK Biodiversity Action Plan. However, the common appears to be primarily important as an area of public open space. This includes the visually attractive roadside avenue of mature horse chestnut trees. 

The pond and adjacent scrub should be actively conserved, as this provides a habitat for invertebrates such as dragonflies/damselflies and also possibly amphibians. Periodic clearance of marginal and aquatic vegetation may be needed to maintain open water. Removed material should for a time be left at the pond margin to allow displaced animals to return to the water. Some management of the surrounding scrub may be necessary, both to maintain the structural elements of the habitat and prevent trees from overshadowing the water. 

Additional features of habitat diversity include the blocks of woodland and scrub providing a refuge for birds of these habitats. Clearance of dumped material and of the escaped garden plants is recommended. Heavily affected by recreational usage.


FAUNA:
Noted during the site visit were: blue tit, woodpigeon, robin, green woodpecker and grey squirrel.

VEG:
The common is situated approximately 3km to the west of Chobham (Surrey Heath district).

The major part of the site comprises an area of secondary broadleaved woodland with a canopy co-dominated by {\it Quercus robur} and {\it Betula pendula}. The shrub layer contains occasional {\it Corylus avellana, Ilex aquifolium} and {\it Crataegus monogyna}, locally occasional {\it Ulmus} sp., {\it Sambucus nigra} and saplings of {\it Acer pseudoplatanus}, plus rare {\it Prunus} sp., {\it Frangula alnus} and sapling {\it Fagus sylvatica}. One roadside bush of {\it Prunus laurocerasus}. The field layer has abundant {\it Rubus fruticosus} agg., with locally frequent {\it Hedera helix, Pteridium aquilinum, Glechoma hederacea, Lonicera periclymenum} and {\it Urtica dioica} plus locally occasional {\it Dryopteris filix-mas} and {\it Teucrium scorodonia}. In addition, one small colony of {\it Convallaria majalis} also noted. Abundant leaf litter plus a variety of fallen twigs/branches. Quite a lot of dumped rubbish scattered throughout this area - old tyres etc. and roadside dumping of garden rubbish.

In the corner of this area, adjacent to the road junction is a small triangle of recently cut neutral grassland. Elsewhere are mown verges adjacent to properties. Amenity grassland in front of Hookstone Farm has individual ornamental trees of {\it Aesculus hippocastanum} and {\it Populus} sp.

MANAGE:
The common is unmanaged, apart from the mowing of some verges by adjacent property owners. The site is not of any great nature conservation importance, although it provides a small local area of cover for birds etc. Removal of garden refuse and other dumped material suggested.


FAUNA:
No fauna noted specifically on this common during the site visit.

The Colony Bog and Bagshot Heath SSSI forms part of the Thames Basin Heaths proposed Special Protection Area (pSPA), put forward under the EC Directive 79/409 on the Conservation of Wild Birds (the Birds Directive). In particular, these heaths are important for breeding nightjar. This species has been declining in Britain for many years, mainly due to loss of suitable heathland habitat. The bird is listed in Annexe 1 of the Birds Directive and has also been highlighted as a "Priority Species" of the UK Biodiversity Action Plan. The Thames Basin Heaths as a whole support an estimated 9.0 per cent of the British breeding population of nightjar.

VEG:
The common comprises an area of lowland heathland habitat to the west of the village of Bisley (Surrey Heath district). A major part of the site lies within the Colony Bog and Bagshot Heath SSSI. There is also a smaller outlying portion situated about 1km to the north of the main common that does not lie within the SSSI. 

A. Main portion.

Excluded from the SSSI are a small area of woodland to the north-east and a further area of woodland to the west, adjacent to Lucas Green Road. The central part of the common (1) comprises an area of open, wet heath habitat, across which are scattered saplings/small trees of {\it Betula} sp. (and occasional {\it Pinus sylvestris}). Also present are the dead trunks of more-mature trees that have been felled in the past. The wet heath comprises abundant {\it Calluna vulgaris} with frequent {\it Erica tetralix, Molinia caerulea, Pleurozium schreberi} and {\it Hypnum cupressiforme} and locally occasional {\it Sphagnum} spp. Most of the dwarf shrubs are even-aged and fairly young, possibly due to the effects of a past burn. Locally abundant {\it Campylopus introflexus} on old burns/bare peat. Along one side of this area runs a wide ride/firebreak, used by horseriders.

Toward the western side of the block of heath were noted two patches of recently-burnt vegetation (marked "B" on map).

Enclosing the edges of the heath is a marginal band of secondary broadleaved/mixed woodland. This comprises {\it Betula} spp. with occasional {\it Quercus robur}, plus {\it Pinus sylvestris} along the southern side. The shrub layer includes {\it Ilex aquifolium, Sorbus aucuparia, Sambucus nigra, Corylus avellana, Crataegus monogyna} and {\it Rubus fruticosus} agg. plus rare {\it Alnus glutinosa}. The field layer is locally dominated by {\it Molinia caerulea}, especially along the northern and southern strips. Other species noted from the woodland to the east were {\it Pseudoscleropodium purum, Eurynchium praelongum, Dicranum scoparium, Hedera helix, Urtica dioica, Pteridium aquilinum, Stellaria holostea} and {\it Agrostis capillaris}. Woodland along Lucas Green Road is of broadly similar composition.

B. Northern portion.

This area is new land added to the common since registration, in exchange for a trianglar plot of land deleted from the south-western corner of the main common. Unfortunately at the time of the site visit, this fact was not realised and time constraints on the project did not allow the area to be re-visited. However this area also lies at the edge of the SSSI and basic habitat information is available from the Woking Borough Ecological Site Alert Map. This shows that the common lies at the edge of a larger area of open heath, with a fringe of secondary woodland. Heathland within the SSSI as a whole is described as being predominantly of the wet type. Ideally this area should be surveyed fully.

MANAGE:
The common is of particular note for the presence of lowland heathland, one of the "Priority Habitats" of the UK Biodiversity Action Plan. All heathland on this particular common is situated within the Colony Bog and Bagshot Heaths SSSI, which is a component part of the "Thames Basin Heaths" proposed Special Protection Area (pSPA) under EC legislation for the conservation of wild birds and their habitats. This SSSI has also been highlighted in the Surrey Inventory of Lowland Heathland. 

In fact, the common lies only at the very edge of the SSSI, which extends westwards across an extensive area of heathland used as a military training area. There is no physical boundary along the western edge of the common and the heathland is therefore continuous with that on the rest of the SSSI. Several areas of heath on the common were noted to have been recently burnt, although it is not clear whether this was part of deliberate management or not. There is also clear evidence of the felling/clearance of some sizable birch and pine trees in the past.

For a more detailed account of the ecology and ideal management of lowland heathlands in Surrey, please consult the site descriptions for some of the other lowland heathland commons in the county, such as CL 100, Horsell Common, CL 158, Whitmoor Common and CL 326, Chobham Common.


FAUNA:
Noted during the site visit were: robin, blue tit, wood pigeon, carrion crow, magpie, nuthatch, swallow, green woodpecker, grey squirrel, large white butterfly.

VEG:
The common comprises a series of roadside verges to the SW of Chobham (Surrey Heath District). The following target notes were made during the present survey. The site supports a fairly diverse mixture of different habitats.

(1). Wet woodland with a canopy dominated by {\it Alnus glutinosa} and {\it Fraxinus excelsior} with occasional large trees of {\it Salix fragilis}. Sparse shrub layer of locally occasional {\it Corylus avellana} and {\it Sambucus nigra}. Field layer contains abundant {\it Urtica dioica} and {\it Glechoma hederacea}, locally frequent {\it Hedera helix, Stellaria holostea, Mercurialis perennis, Silene dioica} and {\it Prunella vulgaris}, plus locally occasional {\it Stachys sylvatica, Geum urbanum} and {\it Heracleum sphondylium}. The wood is quite scrubby next to the road, with several large trees of {\it Salix cinerea}.

(2). Area of recently and fairly frequently cut grassland: ? semi-improved neutral.

(3). Mown amenity grassland crossed by a gravel drive to an adjoining house. A ditch crossing this area has a bush of {\it Salix cinerea} and un-cut vegetation which includes {\it Holcus lanatus, Lotus pedunculatus, Juncus effusus, J. inflexus, Centaurea nigra, Deschampsia cespitosa, Persicaria maculosa} and {\it Mentha} sp.

(4). A series of narrow roadside verges comprising tall, coarse neutral grassland and tall ruderals etc. Mown next to road. This vegetation includes {\it Arrhenatherum elatius, Dactylis glomerata, Filipendula ulmaria, Rubus fruticosus} agg., {\it Epilobium hirsutum, Potentilla anserina, Trifolium pratense, Lathyrus pratensis, Heracleum sphondylium, Ranunculus acris, Calystegia sepium, Cirsium arvense, Equisetum arvense, Urtica dioica} and {\it Holcus lanatus}. 

Along both margins are intact hedges with trees which include {\it Corylus avellana, Fraxinus excelsior, Quercus robur, Crataegus monogyna, Ilex aquifolium, Ulmus procera, Alnus glutinosa, Viburnum opulus} and {\it Acer campestre}. Also noted along here was a single large boundary oak tree.

(5). Narrow strip of scrub/woodland comprising {\it Q. robur, F. excelsior} and {\it Salix cinerea} with locally occasional {\it A. glutinosa} and {\it Betula} sp. Abundant epiphytic {\it Hedera helix} on trees. Shrub layer of locally occasional {\it C. avellana} and {\it I. aquifolium}. Field layer contains locally abundant {\it Urtica dioica} and {\it H. helix}, plus locally occasional {\it Geum urbanum} and {\it Geranium robertianum}.

(6). Narrow strip of drier broadleaved woodland dominated by {\it Q. robur} with occasional {\it Betula} sp. Shrub layer of {\it Corylus avellana} with occasional {\it Ilex aquifolium} and saplings of {\it Fagus sylvatica}. Field layer includes {\it R. fruticosus} agg., {\it Lonicera periclymenum, Stellaria holostea, Melica uniflora} and {\it Viola riviniana}.

(7). Semi-natural broadleaved woodland dominated by {\it Q. robur} with some large trees of {\it Salix cinerea} and locally occasional trees of {\it A. glutinosa}. Shrub layer with locally occasional {\it C. avellana} and {\it Ilex aquifolium}. Field layer includes {\it Urtica dioica, R. fruticosus} agg., {\it Hedera helix, Heracleum sphondylium, Rosa} sp., {\it Bromopsis ramosa, Lapsana communis, Glechoma hederacea} and {\it Silene dioica}. Swathe cut out across this area beneath a power cable has abundant sapling {\it A. glutinosa}.

(8). Semi-natural broadleaved woodland with {\it Q. robur, F. excelsior, A. campestre, C. avellana, R. fruticosus} agg., {\it H. helix, I. aquifolium, Urtica dioica} and {\it Salix cinerea}.

MANAGE:
The common appears predominantly unmanaged, save for the mowing of roadside grassland, probably by the local authority and smaller areas mown for amenity purposes, presumably by the owners of adjacent properties.

Despite its small size, the site represents an interesting complex of interconnected roadside verges, with a structurally diverse mosaic of habitats present. These offer potential for birds of scrub, woodland and hedgerow. Areas of taller grass may be locally important for small mammals and their prey and also for a variety of invertebrates. Of particular note is the area of wet woodland, a "Priority Habitat" category of the UK Biodiversity Action Plan.

The present management regime would appear to be appropriate for the site. However, some consideration needs to be given to the ideal grassland cutting regime. Ideally this should be done later in the summer to allow plants to flower and set seed. The cut material should be raked-off to prevent nutrient enrichment and litter development. There is benefit in maintaining a varied mosaic of both short and tall grassland, in order to maximise the habitat potential for invertebrate populations. Any necessary trimming of roadside trees should be done in a sympathetic manner, with indescrimnate flailing seen as inappropriate. Limited thinning of some scrub/woodland may further enhance the structural characteristics of the habitat.

Also of note is the large bounday oak, which should be retained as both a landscape feature and an important part of the habitat. Any dead branches developing should be allowed to decay naturally on the tree, unless there are overriding reasons of public safety.


FAUNA:
No records of fauna relating specifically to this common.

VEG:
The common lies along a minor road to the south-west of the village of West End (Surrey Heath district). The major part was surveyed by Surrey Wildlife Trust as part of the SNCI project. However, the site was not subsequently selected as SNCI. The 'general description' of the surveyed area has been consulted for the purposes of the common land survey. Only the very briefest of visits was made to the common during the course of the present survey, merely taking a brief view from the road.

The site comprises a strip of secondary broadleaved woodland along Lucas Green Road, situated upon River Gravels with Typical Argillic Gley and Stagnogley Podzol soils. The woodland is fairly immature and dominated by both {\it Betula pubescens} and {\it B. pendula}, with some {\it Quercus robur}. The field layer is dominated by a mixture of {\it Molinia caerulea, Rubus fruticosus} agg. and {\it Pteridium aquilinum}. There is one small area of remnant heathland along the line of a disused path, with {\it Calluna vulgaris, Erica tetralix} and {\it M. caerulea}, but which is being encroached upon by scrub. 

Note the two small areas of mown amenity grassland at the extreme eastern tip.

MANAGE:
No apparent management. May form a useful buffer zone to the nearby area of heath on the contiguous CL 299 and a refuge for local wildlife (e.g. birds, mammals).


FAUNA:
No fauna noted during brief site visit. Penny Anderson survey recorded blue tit, great tit, robin, blackbird, wren and chaffinch. Offers potential for other birds and also small mammals.

VEG:
The common lies approximately 1km to the south of Chobham (Surrey Heath district) and, together with its contiguous neighbour, CL 101, forms a small triangle of land at the point where two minor roads meet. The contiguous CL 101 in fact lies within Woking Borough and as such, this common and the greater part of CL 318 were covered by the survey of this Borough's commons by Penny Anderson Associates in 1987. The only part of CL 318 not included in this survey is the separate northern road verge. A brief visit was made to map the habitats on this part of the common, but the remainder was not target noted. 

In addition, the area of both commons covered by the Penny Anderson survey was also evaluated by the Surrey Wildlife Trust as part of the SNCI project and all the land covered by the 1987 survey has subsequently been selected as SNCI.

As CL 101 in fact measures less than the 1.0ha threshold, a description for this site has not been prepared for the purposes of this survey, although the site is effectively described here along with CL 318.

The greater part of the site comprises an area of secondary broadleaved woodland. The canopy is dominated by young and mature trees of {\it Quercus robur} with occasional {\it Betula pendula}, especially to the north. A line of mature trees of {\it Q. robur} fringe the western side of the Guildford Road and the northern side of Wychwood Lane. A sparse shrub layer comprises {\it Corylus avellana, Prunus spinosa, Ilex aquifolium, Ulmus} sp., sapling {\it Q. robur} and occasional old, leggy individuals of {\it Crataegus monogyna}. 

The field layer is quite variable, being locally dominated by {\it Rubus fruticosus} agg., {\it Hedera helix} and {\it Lonicera periclymenum} and elswehere by grasses. {\it Holcus mollis} is occasional throughout, {\it Pteridium aquilinum} occurs on the eastern side of the road, whilst {\it Alliaria petiolata, Urtica dioica} and {\it Anthriscus sylvestris} fringe the road verges. Damp soils have {\it Molinia caerulea, Juncus} spp. and {\it Deschampsia cespitosa}.

Crossing the main part of the common are several ditches. As at 1987, most of these had been recently cleared-out, although still heavily shaded and contain few aquatic or emergent wetland plants. Species noted were: {\it Callitriche} sp., {\it Ranunculus flammula, Veronica beccabunga, Mentha aquatica, Ranunculus repens} and {\it Epilobium hirsutum}.

Along the south-western side of the common, areas of mown amenity grassland occur, sometimes with scattered broadleaved trees. 

The western road verge comprises a strip of scrub with trees dominated by {\it Quercus robur} and {\it Salix cinerea}.

MANAGE:
The range of management activity on this common appears limited. There has been past clearance of some of the ditches. Small areas of grassland are regularly mown for amenity purposes. 

The site is relatively small, which restricts its nature conservation potential. However, it does offer a refuge for some local wildlife such as common birds and small mammals. Recommended management includes clearing scrub from the pond and digging-out to restore an area of open water. This would increase the diversity of habitats present on the common.


FAUNA:
Noted during the site visit were: songthrush (UK BAP "Priority Species"), plus pair of sparrowhawks, jay, blue tit, magpie, wood pigeon, nuthatch and speckled wood butterfly.

Noted on Coxhill Green during Penny Anderson Survey: blackbird, jay, moorhen nesting on pond.

VEG:
The common lies to either side of the A3046 to the SE of Chobham (Surrey Heath district). The site effectively comprises two separate commons, with a narrow strip of land connecting them, these being Milford Green to the north and Coxhill Green to the south. The latter area is contiguous with CL 102 - this particular common lying within Woking Borough. As such, this site was included in Penny Anderson's 1987 survey of Woking commons. In fact, there is no physical boundary between the southern part of CL 318 and the contiguous CL 102 and, as they therefore form part of the same land management unit, the southern portion of CL 318 was also included in Penny Anderson's survey, although it does not actually lie within Woking Borough (i.e. the borough boundary also marks the edge of the two commons).

As part of Surrey Wildlife Trust's SNCI project, the Penny Anderson survey was used to consider the southern part of the common for designation as SNCI, although in fact the area has not been thus selected.

The northern part of the common had no survey information available - this area therefore being mapped at the time of the present survey.

1. Coxhill Green. 

(i). South of A3046 - Penny Anderson Survey.

A significant part of the common comprises a secondary broadleaved woodland dominated by {\it Betula pendula}. The shrub layer is generally sparse but includes occasional {\it Frangula alnus, Ilex aquifolium, Corylus avellana} and sapling {\it Quercus robur}. The field layer is locally dominated by {\it Pteridium aquilinum}, but elsewhere by {\it Rubus fruticosus} agg. and/or {\it Lonicera periclymenum}, accompanied by {\it Holcus mollis, Stellaria holostea, Corydalis claviculata} and locally, {\it Hyacinthoides non-scripta}.

To the eastern part is a mixed woodland canopy of {\it Q. robur, B. pendula} and {\it Pinus sylvestris}. There are also two areas of pure {\it P. sylvestris}. This is the only part of the site with relict heath vegetation, with patches of {\it Calluna vulgaris} beneath the younger trees of the canopy. Locally {\it Molinia caerulea} and mosses are dominant, with these areas having up to 30 per cent cover of {\it Erica tetralix} and occasional old or dead {\it Ulex europaeus}. There are also some more open areas with colonisation by {\it M. caerulea}. To the east there is a younger {\it Betula} sp. - dominated woodland, with only scattered {\it P. sylvestris} and a greater (senescent) dwarf shrub cover of up to 60 per cent.

Ground cover in the {\it P. sylvestris} stands is sparse, but {\it M. caerulea} dominates in some areas and {\it P. aquilinum} and {\it R. fruticosus} agg. occur along the margins.

To the NW of Coxhill green is a small area of well-established scrub comprising {\it Ilex aquifolium, Ulmus} sp., {\it Acer pseudoplatanus, Salix} spp. and {\it Q. robur}. Locally the understorey has frequent {\it Urtica dioica, R. fruticosus} agg. and {\it Hedera helix}, but there are also bare areas in heavy shade. {\it A. pseudoplatanus} invading rapidly. Also in this part of the common are three heavily shaded small ponds, one of which has now almost completely dried-out. The others lack any truly aquatic vegetation but include {\it Urtica dioica, Solanum dulcamara} and {\it Glyceria fluitans}.

Bordering the grassy track to the edge of this scrub are tall stands of {\it Urtica dioica}, introduced plants of {\it Hyacinthoides} sp. and abundant {\it Myosotis sylvatica}.  

(ii). North of A3046 - notes from present survey.

(1). Further area of pure {\it P. sylvestris} woodland (may possibly be of planted origin). The trees are now mature and some have fallen, creating canopy gaps. Beneath the main canopy are locally occasional smaller trees of {\it Fagus sylvatica, Sorbus aucuparia, Betula} sp., {\it Corylus avellana} and {\it Castanea sativa}. The shrub/field layer includes abundant {\it Ilex aquifolium, R. fruticosus} agg. and {\it M. caerulea}. Well-used path along edge and dumped grass cuttings noted.

(2). Adjacent block of secondary broadleaved woodland dominated by {\it Q. robur} with locally occasional trees of {\it Betula} sp. Large areas have a shrub layer dominated by {\it I. aquifolium}, plus locally occasional {\it Corylus avellana, Prunus} sp. and {\it Crataegus monogyna}. The field layer has locally abundant {\it R. fruticosus} agg. and {\it Hedera helix}. Abundant leaf litter and fallen small branches. Well-used path (incl. horses). Roadside clumps of {\it Crocosmia} sp. (garden escape).

(3). Narrow strip of secondary broadleaved woodland, but crossed by drives to houses, with adjacent areas of mown grass. Locally abundant {\it Rhododendron ponticum, Ilex aquifolium, P. aquilinum, R. fruticosus} agg. and {\it Lonicera periclymenum}.

2. Milford Green.

Most of the common comprises a secondary broadleaved woodland forming two main blocks separated by the A3046. The canopy is dominated by {\it Quercus robur} and {\it Betula pendula/B.pubescens}. Occasional dead trees of {\it Betula} sp. present. Occurring more locally (on the southern block) are small trees of {\it Fagus sylvatica, Aesculus hippocastanum} and {\it Castanea sativa}. The shrub layer includes {\it Ilex aquifolium, Populus tremula, Salix cinerea, Frangula alnus} and {\it Corylus avellana}. The field layer contains {\it Holcus mollis, H. lanatus, Pteridium aquilinum, R. fruticosus} agg., {\it L. periclymenum, Stellaria holostea, Teucrium scorodonia, Dryopteris filix-mas} and {\it D. dilatata}. Abundant leaf litter and fallen branches etc.

In addition, the field layer also has locally well-developed bryophyte communities. Species present include: {\it Hypnum cupressiforme, Polytrichum formosum, Eurynchium praelongum, E. striatum, Dicranum scoparium, Mnium hornum, Brachythecium rutabulum, Atrichum undulatum, Campylopus paradoxus, Lepidozia reptans} and {\it Calypogeia} sp. (? {\it C. fissa}).

In addition, over quite extensive areas, the field layer is quite damp, with abundant {\it Molinia caerulea}.

Within the southern block of woodland are two "ponds". The larger of these is now swamped by growth of tall {\it Typha latifolia} with abundant {\it Galium palustre}. Fringing the pond are trees of {\it Salix cinerea}. Other species present include locally abundant {\it Sphagnum squarrosum} plus locally frequent {\it Ranunculus flammula, Juncus effusus} and {\it Solanum dulcamara}.

The second feature is also shaded by surrounding trees of {\it Salix} sp. and has almost dried-up. Aquatic vegetation growing in what is effectively a sloppy mud includes locally abundant {\it Alisma plantago-aquatica, Mentha aquatica} and {\it Juncus effusus}, plus locally occasional {\it Carex} sp. (? {\it C. pseudocyperus}), {\it Lycopus europaeus} and {\it Solanum dulcamara}. Abundant {\it Lemna} sp. growing in any remaining open, muddy water.

The south-eastern triangle of this southern portion is separated from the remainder by a track. Planted around the margins of this portion (and self-seeding into it) are trees of {\it Castanea sativa, Aesculus hippocastanum} and {\it Tilia} sp., plus occasional individuals of {\it Acer pseudoplatanus}. The shrub layer here includes {\it Ulmus procera, I. aquifolium, Acer platanoides} and {\it C. avellana} plus sapling {\it Taxus baccata} and {\it Fagus sylvatica}.

A track tuns along the southern edge of the common and a part of this area is being used as a store of building materials. Stand of {\it Fallopia japonica}.

The northern strip of the common runs alongside Sandpit Hall Road. To the east this forms a further area of secondary broadleaved woodland typical of the drier parts of the woodland elsewhere on the common. However, {\it Q. robur} is the dominant canopy tree. Mowing westwards, this woodland has been increasingly influenced by the cutting of the underlying vegetation by adjacent property owners, eventually giving way to a formally mown verge opposite a school with specimen trees of {\it Tilia} sp., {\it Salix} sp. ("weeping") variety and {\it Quercus robur}.

To the east of Sandpit Hall Road are two small ponds, connected by a drain beneath the road. The open water of both has abundant {\it Lemna} sp. Marginal vegetation is best-developed on the pond to the north of the road, which has a narrow fringe that includes {\it Iris pseudacorus, Juncus effusus, Lotus pedunculatus, Lycopus europaeus, Typha latifolia, Mentha aquatica} and {\it Sparganium erectum}. A small island in the centre of this pond has abundant small birch trees. The margins of this pond appear to be kept clear of encroaching vegetation by strimming. Large fallen {\it Q. robur} tree cut-up and formed into log pile.

MANAGE:
1. Coxhill Green.

Recommendations include selective thinning and coppicing of the {\it Betula} sp. woodland to improve the structural diversity. Removal of {\it A. pseudoplatanus} which is colonising woodland adjacent to the scrub in the NW corner. Open-up ponds by dredging and clearing surrounding scrub. It was also suggested that commercial harvesting of the areas of {\it P. sylvestris} woodland may be viable. Clearance of these and other parts of the adjacent mixed woodland may provide some opportunity for restoration of lowland heathland vegetation.

The presence of {\it Corydalis claviculata} in this part of the county was considered quite noteworthy, although it is unclear whether it represents an "ancient woodland indicator" in this particular locality.

2. Milford Green.

The greater part of this area appears unmanaged. However, there are mown grassland sections along Sandpit Hall Road. Ideally, where a continuous woodland canopy is still present, this activity should be discouraged. The two small ponds to the east of the lane appear to be regularly cleared of vegetation and the margins kept free of encroaching vegetation.

The major blocks of woodland appear to be losing some of the older birches through natural processes and the resulting fallen and dead wood should be allowed to decay {\it in-situ}. A policy of non-intervention would appear to be the ideal management option, although selective thinning would help to create a more diverse structure.

It may also be desirable to remove some of the planted and other colonising trees (of {\it A. pseudoplatanus} in particular) from the south-eastern "triangle".

The two larger drying-up ponds are in need of urgent management if they are not to disappear completely within a relatively short space of time. This would involve clearing back the surrounding dense scrub cover (this has already been carried-out in one small area) and some dredging to restore areas of open water. It may be desirable to leave undisturbed areas within both ponds to allow for a subsequent recovery of the aquatic vegetation and retain species such as {\it Sphagnum squarrosum}.

The infestation of {\it F. japonica} should be removed by treatment with an appropriate herbicide. The storing of building materials on this part of the common is an obvious encroachment and ideally should be cleared-up.

N.B. UK BAP "Priority Habitats": "Wet woodland", "Lowland heathland", meso/eutrophic standing water.


FAUNA:
The common provides breeding habitat for a variety of heathland birds such as nightjar (UK BAP "Priority Species"), plus grasshopper warbler and snipe.  Woodlark (UK BAP "Priority Species") and stonechat have both bred on the heath in the past any may return once more, given suitable management of the heath.

The surrounding woodland areas support breeding birds such as spotted flycatcher (also UK BAP "Priority Species"), plus sparrowhawk, woodcock, tawny owl and lesser spotted woodpecker.

To some extent, the presence of a small amount of scattered scrub and trees is important to the ornithological interest of the site. These provide perches for birds (and also provide shelter from wind for invertebrates). The different heathland birds have varying habitat requirements. For example, woodlark need short heather, preferably under 25cm tall. The ground nesting nightjar also needs short heather, but can exploit stands of young conifers. Dartford warbler on the other hand needs more mature {\it Calluna}, with scattered bushes of {\it Ulex} spp. etc.

The Horsell Common SSSI forms part of the proposed "Thames Basin Heaths Special Protection Area", as a wetland of international importance under the EC Directive 79/409 on the Conservation of Wild Birds. 

Other vertebates recorded include common lizard, adder and common frog. 

Invertebrate Site register (Grade B site). One of the richest sites in Surrey for Aculeate Hymenoptera (ants, bees and wasps). In total, 163 species have been recorded, including the potter wasp {\it Eumenes coarctata}, 15 species of spider-hunting wasps (Pompilidae) and the solitary bee {\it Anthidium manicatum}. Many solitary bees and wasps nest in exposed sand occurring alongside paths and on the faces of an old sandpit, where the greatest concentration of these insects is found. However, this area is said to have suffered badly from the effects of horse-riding. The patchy heathland habitats on the common also have some invertebrate interest. Other locally-distributed insects found within the site include the silver-studded blue butterfly {\it Plebejus argus} (UK BAP "Priority Species"), the RDB3 stilt-legged fly {\it Micropeza lateralis} and the beetle {\it Melanophila acuminiata}.

Broad-bodied chaser {\it Libellula depressa} recorded from Danewell Gutter area.

VEG:
Horsell Common lies on the northern edge of Woking (i.e. Woking Borough) and includes the entire 150ha of the SSSI of the same name (see map). 

Most of the remaining sections of the common have been surveyed by Surrey Wildlife Trust as part of the SNCI project. All but one small section (i.e. "Horsell Common Road Verge", Recorder no's. 65/1 and 223/1) have subsequently been selected as SNCI. These survey reports include a general description which have been consulted for the purposes of the common land survey.

The following description and habitat map have been compiled from the quoted sources, primarily the SSSI citation, the survey of Woking Commons by Penny Anderson Associates in 1987 and the earlier NCC Phase 1 survey. A brief visit only was made to selected parts of the common.

The common lies on the Bagshot Beds, giving rise to an acidic, sandy soil, often with deposits of peat in damp areas. Since clearance of woodland by humans in Mesolithic times, the area has supported extensive areas of open heathland habitat, maintained by grazing. Such lowland heathland is a habitat of major nature conservation importance, once covering extensive areas in south-eastern England. However, the habitat has seen a marked decline in its extent and that on Horsell Common has largely succumbed to colonisation by scrub and trees as a result of the cessation of grazing.

Horsell Common retains several areas of open heathland which are being kept free of encroaching trees and scrub through active management. Overall there is a rather complex mosaic of habitats present on the common ranging from open heath and acidic grassland communities, through scrub and trees to a closed secondary woodland canopy.

The common supports several fairly extensive areas of dry heath dominated by {\it Calluna vulgaris} and {\it Erica cinerea}. Elewhere there is a mosaic of heath and dry acidic grassland of {\it Agrostis capillaris, A. stolonifera, Aira praecox, Festuca ovina} and {\it Polytrichum} spp.  Other associates of these habitats include, {\it Ulex minor, Cuscuta epithymum, Filago vulgaris, Galium saxatile} and {\it Potentilla erecta}.

Wet heath occurs locally, with {\it Calluna vulgaris, Erica tetralix, Molinia caerulea, Sphagnum} spp., {\it Drosera} spp., {\it Eriophorum} spp., {\it Trichophorum cespitosum, Salix repens} and {\it Narthecium ossifragum}.

Danewell Gutter supports a valley mire complex with wet heath and marshy grassland dominated by {\it Erica tetralix, Molinia caerulea, Juncus squarrosus, Sphagnum} spp., with {\it Rhynchospora alba, Narthecium ossifragum} and {\it Drosera rotundifolia}.

Wet heath at Horsell Birch (within the SSSI) has wet hollows with {\it Hydrocotyle vulgaris, Salix repens, Sphagnum} spp., and {\it Iris pseudacorus}, the largest Surrey colony of {\it Baldellia ranunculoides} and the nationally scarce (NS) {\it Deschampsia setacea}. In addition, the only remaining Surrey colony of {\it Ranunculus tripartitus} (UK BAP "Priority Species"/NS) is found here in heathland pools. 

N.B. NS = nationally scarce plants: occurring in between 16 - 100 ten km squares of the Ordnance Survey Grid (HNSO, 1994).

Heathland mosses noted during the brief site visit were: {\it Campylopus introflexus, Ceratodon purpureus} and {\it Polytrichum juniperinum} (on burnt ground/bare peat) plus {\it Hypnum jutlandicum}.

Invading scrub/trees occur throughout the site and, outside the SSSI boundary in particular, has developed into a closed secondary woodland canopy. The scrub is of varying ages and structure, reflecting various types of management activity. Species present include {\it Betula pendula, Quercus robur, Frangula alnus, Populus tremula, Ulex europaeus, Cytisus scoparius} and {\it Pinus sylvestris}. Wet areas have {\it Betula pubescens} and {\it Salix cinerea}.

A variety of woodland types occur, with a spectrum from pure broadleaved, to mixed stands and pure conifers. The broadleaved types generally have a canopy of {\it Quercus robur} and {\it Betula pendula}, with {\it Q. robur} locally dominant.  The shrub layer comprises {\it Corylus avellana, Ilex aquifolium} and {\it Sorbus aucuparia}, with a field layer of {\it R. fruticosus} agg., {\it Pteridium aquilinum} and {\it Hedera helix}, plus {\it M. caerulea} in wet areas.

Mixed canopy woodlands support {\it Q. robur} and {\it B. pendula} with varying abundance of {\it Pinus sylvestris}. In fact the frequency of {\it P. sylvestris} is quite variable and this type of woodland is intermingled with almost pure stands of {\it P. sylvestris}, of varying maturity, which occur in particular to the SE of the common. Other local canopy trees of both the mixed and broadleaved woodlands include {\it Populus} spp. and {\it Acer pseudoplatanus}.

The more mature stands of pure {\it P. sylvestris} have a poorly-developed shrub and field layer, but with {\it P. aquilinum} locally dominant. The mixed canopies are more diverse, with a shrub layer of {\it Sorbus aucuparia, Ilex aquifolium} and occasionally, {\it Corylus avellana, Crataegus monogyna, Frangula alnus} and seedlings of {\it Castanea sativa}. The field layer supports scattered plants of {\it Calluna} and {\it Erica cinerea} in addition to {\it R. fruticosus} agg., {\it Holcus mollis, P. aquilinum, Hedera helix, Lonicera periclymenum} and occasionally, {\it Hyacinthoides non-scripta, Carex remota} and {\it C. pendula}. Locally extensive moss-dominated communities with {\it Polytrichum commune, Pseudoscleropodium purum, Eurynchium praelongum, Dicranum scoparium, Brachythecium rutabulum} and {\it Atrichum} spp. Local wet areas with {\it M. caerulea} and {\it Succisa pratensis}. 

There are several mown roadside verges to be found on the common, which support neutral grassland swards. Dominated generally by {\it Agrostis} spp., {\it Festuca} spp. and {\it Holcus lanatus}, the more diverse swards support species such as {\it Cynosurus cristatus, Achillea millefolium, Carex} spp., {\it Luzula campestris, Galium laevipes, Centaurea nigra, Ranunculus repens, Hypericum perforatum} and {\it Lotus corniculatus}. Wet areas support {\it Juncus} spp., {\it Lychnis flos-cuculi, Cirsium palustre, Lycopus europeaus} and {\it Filipendula ulmaria}. Less frequently-mown, or disturbed swards are characterised by species such as {\it Hordeum murinum, Dactylis glomerata, Arrhenatherum elatius, Galium aparine} and {\it Urtica dioica}.

A notable verge appears to be that running north-south alongside Horsell Common Road for a distance of some 600m (from GR SU 993 599 to SU 993 604) and surveyed by SWT for the SNCI project (not known at present if selected). Shaded by trees for most of its length. Notable species include {\it Epipactis helleborine} and {\it Succisa pratensis}.

The common supports a number of small ponds, the largest of which is Chertsey Pond: GR TQ 010 595. This is essentially a heathland pool and supports {\it Iris pseudacorus, Glyceria fluitans, G. maxima, Potamogeton natans, Nymphaea} sp. (introduced?) and {\it Sphagnum} spp.

Areas of bare ground, in particular the sand pits in TQ 0160, are an important element of the habitat mosaic of the common. These provide sites for burrowing invertebrates and also basking sites for reptiles. Areas with exposed peaty substrate are sites where {\it Drosera} spp. can colonise. 

Horsell Common Field (GR TQ 986 602) is a fenced-off compartment adjacent to the main common, and selected as SNCI. It comprises an area of rough neutral grassland dominated by {\it Holcus lanatus, Agrostis canina, A. stolonifera} and {\it Arrhenatherum elatius}, with patches of {\it Agrostis capillaris, Deschampsia cespitosa} and {\it Festuca rubra. D. cespitosa} and {\it Juncus effusus} are more abundant in the southern half. Other associates include {\it Vicia hirsuta, Vicia cracca, Lotus corniculatus, L. pedunculatus, Leontodon autumnalis} and {\it Cirsium arvense}.

To the west, the grassland is damp and overgrown, with some grown-from-coppice {\it Alnus glutinosa} and {\it Q. robur}, next to patches of {\it Urtica dioica, Angelica sylvestris} and {\it Mentha aquatica}. Heathland specialists were limited, but include {\it Ulex} sp., {\it Cytisus scoparius} and {\it Galium saxatile}. This site is fringed by {\it Salix cinerea} scrub, young regenerating trees of {\it Q. robur, Betula pendula} and {\it B. pubescens} and a few {\it A. glutinosa}. 

Other notable species recorded from the common include {\it Eleocharis multicaulis, Salix aurita, Drosera intermedia, Dactylorhiza fuchsii, Melampyrum pratense, Agrimonia procera, Carex panicea} and {\it Eriophorum angustifolium}.

Note the two small parcels of new land. There is no habitat information available for these areas, which need surveying.

MANAGE:
The common is managed by the Horsell Common Preservation Society, who have developed a management strategy for the site in collaboration with the Surrey Heathland Project.

The common is notable for supporting remnants of lowland heathland. This habitat once covered extensive parts of southern England, including Surrey. There have been many accounts of the decline of the habitat, with the suggestion that some 85 per cent of Surrey's heathlands have disappeared over the last two hundred years. In addition, a further 16 per cent decline has taken place between 1975 and 1985 (NCC/Surrey County Council, 1988). 

It is estimated that the UK contains around one fifth of Europe's remaining lowland heathland and that Surrey contains around 13 per cent of the UK total. The causes of the decline in the habitat include a cessation of traditional grazing (leading to scrub, bracken and ultimately, succession to woodland), plus intensification of agriculture, forestry, afforestation, land enclosures and, more recently, building, especially of housing.

These heaths support a distinctive assemblage of flora and fauna which is severely at risk due to the decline in the extent of the habitat. The importance of the habitat in a UK context has been widely recognised, with the preparation of an inventory of remaining heathland sites in the county and the preparation by English Nature of a strategy for the conservation of the habitat in the county (English Nature/SCC, 1988). Note, however, that only the SSSI portion appears in the inventory and not the small heathland fragments within some of the SNCI portions. More recently, "Lowland heathland" (and "Lowland dry acidic grassland") have been highlighted among the "Priority Habitats" of the UK Biodiversity Action Plan. 

Without suitable management, the heaths would undergo a serial succession to scrub and woodland, which would result in the loss of open heath and drying of the wet heath and mire due to increased evapotranspiration. Ideal management would be the reintroduction of traditional grazing, which ceased from around 1922, and this is an eventual aim for the site (see below). 

Prior to 1991, management of the common was aimed at small-scale scrub and tree removal from the heathland parts of the site. Since this time, a number of developments, including "Countryside Stewardship" and the "Wildlife Enhancement Scheme" have enabled a more comprehensive programme heathland management to take place. During 1991 there was a small grazing experiment set-up on one of the outlying portions of the common (? Horsell Common Field  - GR SU 986 602). Subsequently it has been possible to fence a larger area of 40ha and, after removal of scrub and trees, summer grazing by cattle and poines has been introduced here (i.e. area north of the minor road in grid squares SU 9860/9960).

At present, other areas of heath have to be cleared manually and there is also localised grazing by rabbits, especially where heath occurs in a mosaic with grassland, together with occasional accidental fires. Other threats to the nature conservation value of the site include trampling damage and disturbance of nesting birds etc. by humans and dogs. In addition, there has been a recorded increase in the number of dogs being walked on the common (for example, by commercial dog-minding firms), which poses the threat of a eutrophication problem.

The majority of the road verges are mown by the local authority. Attention needs to be given to the management regime for the most species-rich swards, in particular the verge along Horsell Common Road.

An interesting general observation, looking at the development of Woking as a town, is the way it has been shaped by the presence of the of the common. The registration as common land has both saved this area from being encroached upon by the growing town and at the same time has provided a major local resource for both nature conservation and public recreation.

N.B. The Phase 1 habitat of 'E31' - valley mire appears to belong to the UK BAP "Priority Habitat" category of "Fens".


FAUNA:
The areas of tall, damp grassland offer good potential habitat for a range of invertebrates, as do dead branches on some of the trees. The various ditches represent a further important habitat for the fauna - for example, water snails, sticklebacks, invertebrates and amphibians.

Fauna recorded: songthrush (UK BAP "Priority Species"), blackbird, woodpigeon, wren, great tit, garden warbler, coot, jay, blue tit, grey squirrel, common frog, beautiful demoiselle {\it Calopteryx virgo} (a damselfly), plus speckled wood, large skipper, red admiral, small tortoiseshell and ringlet butterflies.

VEG:
The common lies in the south-western part of Woking. It forms an arc of land lying along the southern bank of the Basingstoke Canal. The site is a former remnant of the much larger body of lowland heathland known as Hook Heath, which lies a little way further to the south.

The greater part of the common was covered by the survey of Woking Commons by Penny Anderson Associates during 1987 and lies within an area which has subsequently been selected as SNCI. However, the two separate easternmost portions were not covered by the 1987 survey, nor do they form part of the SNCI. Due to severe constraints on field time, coupled with the existence of the 1987 survey (now a little out of date) only the parts not covered by the Penny Anderson survey were visited.

Most of the common supports secondary broadleaved woodland of varying maturity. There are also areas of marshy grassland etc. associated with overflow dykes leading from the canal. 

The woodland canopy contains a mixture of {\it Quercus robur} and {\it Betula} spp. The shrub layer is locally sparse due to quite a dense shade. Elsewhere the canopy is more open and better-developed. These areas variously include sapling trees of {\it Q. robur, Betula} sp. and {\it Frangula alnus}, plus occasional {\it Populus tremula, Ilex aquifolium, Sorbus aucuparia, Fagus sylvatica, Castanea sativa, Rosa} spp., {\it Corylus avellana} and old bushes of {\it Crataegus monogyna}. The field layer is sparse under dense shade, but better-developed elsewhere. This is characterised by species such as {\it Holcus mollis, Anthoxanthum odoratum, Hedera helix, Pteridium aquilinum, Rubus fruticosus} agg., {\it Lonicera periclymenum} with local {\it Potentilla erecta, Poa nemoralis, Juncus effusus} and {\it Dryopteris} sp. 

Along the east, west and southern margins by the drains the woodland is wet, grading into a narrow strip of marshy ground with {\it Salix capraea} and {\it Alnus glutinosa}. In the south there is much seasonal standing water which, in wet periods, forms shallow, transitory pools. Some of the {\it A. glutinosa} trees are old with dead branches riddled with woodpecker holes. Along the drains is tall herbaceous vegetation which includes {\it Oenenthe crocata, Lycopus europaeus, Glyceria maxima, Equisetum arvense} and some stands of {\it Urtica dioica}.

(1). Area of marshy grassland/tall herb associated with a dyke. This includes {\it Juncus effusus, J. articulatus, Carex pseudocyperus, Myosoton aquaticum, Phalaris arundinacea, Lycopus europaeus, Scrophularia aquatica, Glyceria fluitans, Holcus lanatus, Poa trivialis} and {\it Poa pratensis}.

(2). A further area of marshy grassland, here dominated by {\it Molinia caerulea}, but also including stands of {\it Pteridium aquilinum} and clumps of dense and scattered scrub. Other associates include {\it Potentilla erecta}, various members of the Compositae, plus {\it Lonicera periclymenum, Luzula campestris, Deschampsia cespitosa, Succisa pratensis} and {\it Hypericum pulchrum}.

(3). This strip of marshy grassland is described as "species-rich" and contains {\it Carex} spp., {\it Juncus} spp., {\it Cardamine pratensis} and {\it Lychnis flos-cuculi}. 

The two south-eastern, outlying portions of the common form two further blocks of broadleaved woodland - target notes from present survey: 

(4). The canopy is dominated by {\it Q. robur} with occasional {\it Betula pendula}. Locally occasional mature dead {\it Q. robur} tree. Tipping noted in pull-in next to the road. The shrub layer contains occasional/frequent {\it Ilex aquifolium} and sapling {\it Fagus sylvatica}, occasional {\it Corylus avellana} and {\it Crataegus monogyna}, locally occasional {\it Prunus} sp., {\it Betula pubescens} and {\it Salix capraea} plus rare {\it Viburnum opulus, Frangula alnus} and {\it Sorbus aucuparia}. The field layer is dominated by {\it Rubus fruticosus} agg., {\it Hedera helix} and {\it Pteridium aquilinum}. 

Passing across this area is a grassy track/ride dominated by {\it Holcus lanatus}. Noted along the margins of this feature were a number of small trees planted in tree-tubes: {\it Q. robur, Betula} sp., {\it C. monogyna, Corylus avellana} and {\it Ilex aquifolium}.

Woodland to the south of the ride also includes a handful of mature trees of {\it Pinus sylvestris}.

MANAGE:
The site has a good diversity of habitats and was considered to be of local ecological importance, in particular for invertebrates, as reflected in the designation of most of the site as SNCI. 

The woodland has a varied shrub layer and appears important for a variety of woodland birds. In addition, wet woodland and certain swards of {\it Molinia} grasslands feature among the "Priority Habitats" identified within the UK Biodiversity Action Plan. 

The wetland communities associated with the drains represent a further feature of ecological importance, as do the wet grassland/tall herb vegetation adjacent to the Basingstoke canal.

Suggested management for the common includes clearing scrub from the marshy grassland areas and coppicing of the woodland along some of the drains. The former would help to maintain and enhance the structural diversity of the grassland habitat, whilst the latter would maintain open habitat for the benefit of aquatic plants. Cleared material from ditches should ideally be spread along the margins so that invertebrates, amphibians and plants can easily recolonise.

In addition, some thinning of the more dense areas of woodland has been suggested. This would allow more light to penetrate the canopy and encourage the development of a more varied shrub and field layer.

It has also been suggested that it would be beneficial to create a pond in the southern area of marshy grassland to further enhance potential for dragonflies and damselflies.


FAUNA:
The common forms a small part of the Chobham Common SSSI. For a discussion of the fauna of this area as a whole, please see under CL 326 which forms the greater part of the SSSI.

Note that the SSSI forms one element of a suite of sites known as the "Thames Basin Heaths" which are a potential Special Protection Area (pSPA) under the EC Directive 79/409 on the Conservation of Wild Birds.

VEG:
The common forms a small part of the SSSI of the same name (Surrey Heath District). It is completely encircled by the larger contiguous CL 326. For a discussion of the ecology of the SSSI as a whole, please see under CL 326, which forms the greater part of the SSSI. Note that the Chobham Common SSSI is a candidate Special Area of Conservation (pSAC) under the EC Habitats Directive.

Habitat information for CL 469 has been taken from the original NCC Phase 1 survey. It is fully appreciated that this is now extremely out of date. However, in the context to this particular common being merely one very minor element of a much larger site, it was not possible to spare the time to visit CL 469 in order to conduct a specific habitat survey. Ideally, an up-to date habitat survey needs to be undertaken for the whole of Chobham Common. With much existing ecological information, it was not feasible to allocate time for this during the present work. 

Much of the vegetation on CL 469 appears to be wet and dominated by {\it Molinia caerulea}. The target notes stress that the distinction between pure marshy grassland and wet heath is somewhat arbitrary and therefore there may also be elements of a wet heath flora present on this common. Also associated with this habitat is an area mapped as valley mire. There are several such "boggy" areas of the common, with {\it Sphagnum} spp. mosses and other associates such as {\it Erica tetralix, M. caerulea} plus, in places, {\it Eriophorum angustifolium}.

These "boggy" areas also provide habitat for some of the more notable plant species occurring at Chobham Common: {\it Drosera intermedia, Narthecium ossifragum} and two nationally scarce (NS) species: {\it Lycopodium inundatum} and {\it Gentiana pneumonanthe}. However, it is not known whether any of these actually occur on this common itself.

N.B. Nationally Scarce: occurring in 16 - 100 ten km squares of the Ordnance Survey Grid. (Source: Scarce Plants in Britain, JNCC, 1994). 

There are also two different communities of semi-natural broadleaved woodland to be found on CL 469. The first is dominated by {\it Salix} and {\it Betula} spp., with a field layer largely dominated by {\it Pteridium aquilinum}. The second comprises a carr arising on areas of bog. This is dominated by {\it Salix} spp., {\it Betula pubescens} and {\it Alnus glutinosa}. In woodlands of this type on the site generally is to be found {\it Salix aurita}, described as "rare" in the county. Other associates include {\it Sphagnum} spp., {\it M. caerulea} and {\it Polytrichum commune}.

MANAGE:
For an account of the management and ecological significance of the Chobham Common area as a whole, please see under CL 326.

N.B. UK BAP "Priority Habitats": "Fens" (i.e. Phase 1 'E31' - valley mire, "Lowland Heathland.


FAUNA:
Noted during the site visit were: chiff chaff, willow warbler, wren, blue tit, blackbird, songthrush, goldcrest, greenfinch, robin, grey squirrel and fox.

VEG:
The two portions of the common lie on the southern fringe of Farnham (Waverley district).

1. Larger portion ("The Ten Acre"):

This level area comprises a block of semi-natural broadleaved woodland. The canopy generally comprises closely-spaced secondary growth of {\it Betula pendula}, with occasional smallish trees of {\it Quercus robur} and {\it Corylus avellana}. There is a fairly dense shrub layer which includes {\it Ilex aquifolium, Salix cinerea, Rubus fruticosus} agg. and (rare) {\it Crataegus monogyna}, plus saplings of {\it Q. robur, B. pendula} and (rare) {\it Castanea sativa}.

Field layer species include locally abundant {\it Hedera helix, Agrostis capillaris} and {\it Holcus lanatus}, locally frequent {\it Poa trivialis, Molinia caerulea, Viola riviniana, Luzula forsteri} and {\it Stellaria holostea}, locally occasional {\it Teucrium scorodonia, Potentilla erecta, Dryopteris dilatata} and {\it D. filix-mas}, plus locally rare {\it Lapsana communis, Epilobium montanum} and {\it Dactylorhiza fuchsii}. Mosses noted (locally abundant): {\it Pseudoscleropodium purum, Eurynchium praelongum, Atrichum undulatum, Brachythecium rutabulum} and {\it Rhytidiadelphus squarrosus}.

In the south-western corner the wood has a slightly different character. Some parts noted with frequent seedling trees of {\it Populus tremula} over {\it Molinia caerulea}, other areas where the birch trees are clearly multi-stemmed, plus other areas where the canopy is more open, with a dense field layer of bracken {\it Pteridium aquilinum}. Occasional bush of {\it Ulex europaeus} noted in the shrub layer.

The wood as a whole has fairly good quantities of dead/decaying timber.

2. Smaller portion ("Little Switzerland, Lower Bourne"):

This portion lies on a steep north-facing hillside. The major part of this slope has a block of mature {\it Pinus sylvestris} woodland. These trees widely-spaced and it was not clear whether or not they are of planted origin. The site appears too small and in the wrong sort of context to form a commercially planted area of forestry. Several dead trees are present, one with lots of "nest holes" noted within it. 

The field layer of the wood comprises a carpet of pine needles and deciduous leaf litter. There is only a very sparse shrub layer, comprising small, widely scattered shrubs/saplings of {\it Ilex aquifolium} and occasional sapling trees of {\it Quercus robur} and {\it Sorbus aucuparia}, plus rare {\it Castanea sativa}. Locally there are occasional small patches of {\it Deschampsia flexuosa} (mainly around the edges), plus one area with abundant {\it Pteridium aquilinum}. Also notd was a small patch of bushy {\it Vaccinium myrtillus}, plus rare plants of {\it Calluna vulgaris} and {\it Erica cinerea}.

Along the base of the slope runs a path and a narrow strip of scrub/sapling trees: {\it Quercus robur, Ilex aquifolium, Acer pseudoplatanus, A. platanoides, Castanea sativa, Fagus sylvatica, Pinus sylvestris, Corylus avellana, Fraxinus excelsior} and {\it Crataegus monogyna}. Field layer species include {\it Rubus fruticosus} agg., {\it Agrostis capillaris, Pseudoscleropodium purum, Hedera helix, Anthriscus sylvestris, Dactylis glomerata, Urtica dioica} and {\it Pteridium aquilinum}.

MANAGE:
The two elements of the common appear to be of nature conservation importance at a local level. They form a part of a series of small plots of semi-natural vegetation within the framework of housing development which has occurred in these southern suburbs of Farnham. A policy of non-intervention is probably the best management strategy for these relatively small parcels of land (they appear unmanaged at present).


FAUNA:
The SSSI has a Grade B entry in the Invertebrate Site Register. There are  populations of the vulnerable heathland spider {\it Oxyopes heterophtalmus}, a species only known from three or possibly four sites in Surrey and the rare beetle {\it Lomechusoides strumosa}, a species associated with the nests of ants {\it Formica} species. A vulnerable moth {\it Lampronia fuscatella} occurs in association with birch scrub, whilst several other uncommon moths and the silver-studded blue butterfly {\it Plebejus argus} have been recorded from the site. 

N.B. Grade B ISR sites are those of regional importance for invertebrate conservation, equivalent to SSSI status on grounds of invertebrate interest.

The heathland of the SSSI supports populations of the commoner reptiles such as the adder {\it Vipera berus} and common lizard {\it Lacerta vivipara} and a range of woodland and heathland birds which include nightjar (UK BAP "Priority Species") plus tree pipit and woodcock.

VEG:
A segment of this small common forms a tiny part of the Blackheath SSSI (Guildford district). Parts of the common which do not lie within the SSSI are the road along the western edge plus the portion which forms a house and gardens. The SSSI as a whole comprises a segment of a once much more extensive area of lowland dry heath and acidic grassland which occurred on the Bargate and Folkestone Beds of the Lower Greensand. 

The available habitat information suggests that the SSSI portion of the common comprises a secondary broadleaved woodland. Areas of this habitat within the SSSI have a canopy comprising {\it Betula pendula, Quercus robur} and locally, {\it Pinus sylvestris}, plus scattered individuals of {\it Fagus sylvatica} and {\it Castanea sativa}. The field layer is characterised by either bracken {\it Pteridium aquilinum} or {\it Rubus fruticosus} agg., plus {\it Calluna vulgaris} and {\it Vaccinium myrtillus}. In addition, woodlands in the southern part of the site also contain the rare moss {\it Dicranum polysetum}.

For a more extensive account of the ecology of the Blackheath SSSI, please consult the site description for the contiguous CL 179.

The eastern, non-SSSI portion of the common comprises a house and gardens, with several tall trees present, including native and non-native examples.

MANAGE:
No obvious management of the wooded (SSSI) portion of the common. However, this is identified as part of a site appearing in the Surrey Lowland Heathland Inventory and therefore may fall within the area managed by the Waverley Borough Council/Surrey Heathland Project (see under CL 179). House and gardens managed privately.


FAUNA:
Noted during the site visit were: green woodpecker, wren, nuthatch, blue tit, jay, black-headed gull, grey squirrel.

The SSSI as a whole is of national importance for its bird, reptile and invertebrate populations. The commons are one of the few sites in Britain to carry all six of the native reptiles, including sizeable populations of sand lizard, a "Priority Species" of the UK Biodiversity Action Plan. The community of breeding and wintering birds is exceptionally rich and includes species associated with heath, open water and woodland. In recognition of its ornithological importance, the SSSI forms a part of a suite of sites known as the "Wealden Heaths", which have been classified as a Special Protection Area under the EC Directive 79/409 on the Conservation of Wild Birds.

Much of the information about the invertebrate fauna relates to the the SSSI as a whole. However, the Frensham Commons also have an individual entry in the Invertebrate Site Register (Grade B). It has been possible here to give a more general discussion relating to the SSSI as a whole (unless where stated).
  
Grasshoppers and crickets (\it Orthoptera) include 12 species. Of particular note is the nationally rare large marsh grasshopper {\it Stetophyma grossum} - also a "Priority Species" of the UK BAP. In addition, field cricket {\it Gryllus campestris} (UK BAP "Priority Species") has been bred in captivity under English Nature's Species Recovery Programme and was due for reintroduction at Frensham in 1994.

The boggy pools and ditches and the lakes and their margins support dragonfly and damselfly (Odonata) populations which include the nationally scarce white-faced dragonfly {\it Leucorrhinia dubia} in addition to hairy dragonfly {\it Brachytron pratense} and downy emerald {\it Cordulia aenea} (the latter two recorded from the Frensham complex). 

The fly (Diptera) fauna includes three nationally rare (RDB3) species: {\it Asilus crabroniformis} (UK BAP "Priority Species"), {\it Thyridanthrax fenestratus} (Frensham) and {\it Chrysogaster macquarti}. In addition there is also one RDB1 (endangered) species recorded specifically from Frensham: {\it Eutolmus rufibarbis}.

Beetles (Coleoptera) include the nationally rare (RDB3) {\it Phytobuis olsonii} (Frensham) and the scarce {\it Altica ericeti}, in addition to wood tiger beetle {\it Cicendula sylvatica} (Frensham). The nationally rare bug (Hemiptera) {\it Micrantha marginalis} has also been recorded. 

The site supports several nationally scarce butterflies (Lepidoptera) including silver-studded blue {\it Plebejus argus} (UK BAP "Priority Species"), white letter hairstreak {\it Strymonida w-album} and purple emperor {\it Apatura iris}. The commons also support important populations of spiders, bees and wasps.

The heathlands are of outstanding importance for reptiles, most notably the nationally rare sand lizard {\it Lacerta agillis} (UK BAP "Priority Species") and smooth snake {\it Coronella austriaca}. In addition, Thursley has also been a site for the reintroduction of natterjack toad {\it Bufo calamita} (UK BAP "Priority Species"), as part of English Nature's Species Recovery Programme (see management section).  

The site is one of the richest for birds in Southern England. Breeding birds specifically associated with the heathland include woodlark and nightjar (both UK BAP "Priority Species"), plus Dartford warbler, stonechat and whinchat. This is also one of the few inland breeding grounds for curlew. The areas of fen and open water also support rich communities of breeding birds including great crested grebe, mute swan, coot, water rail and little grebe. Birds which breed in the areas of woodland include all three British woodpeckers, woodcock, redstart, tawny owl, nightingale and hawfinch. The open expanse of heath, scrub and unimproved grassland provide important wintering grounds for certain notable species including great grey shrike and raptors such as hen harrier.

Mammals: include roe deer and rabbits.

VEG:
The common forms a significant and the most westerly element of the Thursley, Hankley and Frensham Common SSSI complex (Waverley district). The SSSI as a whole includes some of the finest remaining lowland heathland on the Lower Greensand in Southern England.

The site lies mainly on the strongly acid, leached, podzolic soils of the Folkestone and Sandgate Beds of the Lower Greensand, which are highly infertile. Variations in drainage, topography and management account for the wide diversity of habitats present. Heathland resulted from the Neolithic clearance of woodland but the national extent of this habitat has declined in recent years due to agricultural change and afforestation. 

Frensham Common itself is a Country Park owned by the National Trust and managed by Waverley Borough Council. The greater part of the common is coincident with the SSSI (see map). Note that the part of the SSSI described as Frensham Common also relates to an adjacent area to the south-east, known as "The Flashes" (actually CL 313), in addition to several smaller parcels of land peripheral to CL 87, including two water bodies: Frensham Great Pond (registered as CL 232) and Frensham Little Pond (registered as CL 430).

The common supports extensive tracts of dry heath dominated by {\it Calluna vulgaris}. Scattered scrub and trees are present in most parts of the heath and woodland of various types is also present, largely on the margins of the common. The greater part of this is dominated by {\it Pinus sylvestris} (i.e. coniferous). The general description of this habitat from the original Phase 1 survey states that these woods were originally planted for timber and are now regenerating naturally. To the north of the common there are also secondary mixed woodlands where {\it P. sylvestris} is co-dominant with {\it Betula pendula}, with some {\it Quercus robur}.

The habitat map has been prepared from an interpretation of the 1982 Phase 1 survey and the 1986/88 aerial photograph survey in conjunction with additional notes made during two site visits.

Dry heath is dominated {\it Calluna vulgaris} with {\it Erica cinerea}. {\it Ulex minor} and {\it Genista anglica} are locally important in the community and lichens are prominent in parts. Plants of the dry heath occur in association with {\it Deschampsia flexuosa} or, in damp areas, with {\it Molinia caerulea}, in a heath/grassland mosaic. Bracken {\it Pteridium aquilinum} has colonised a few areas of former dry heath and there are also localised stands of scrub dominated largely by {\it Ulex europaeus}. 

Areas of pure acidic grassland occur locally on the open heath and range from wet communities dominated by {\it Molinia caerulea}, through damp communities dominated by {\it Holcus lanatus} and {\it Agrostis canina}, to dry grasslands dominated by {\it Deschampsia flexuosa}. 

Target notes made during the site visits relating to the vegetation of the common are listed below....

(1). Former main car park, now disused (GR SU 848 406). Extensive areas of dense {\it Ulex europaeus} scrub. In between this are areas of bare ground, often comprising raised sandy banks apparently created to sub-divide the car park. This substrate is being actively colonised by a number of annual/ephemeral-type species which include {\it Plantago coronopus, Filago minima, Trifolium arvense, Rumex acetosella, Polytrichum} sp. ? {\it P. piliferum, Barbula} sp. (? {\it B. recurvirostra}), {\it Brachythecium albicans, Spergularia rubra, Conyza canadensis} and {\it Erodium circutaurium}.

(2). The northern margin of Frensham Great Pond (i.e. CL 232) has an extensive sandy beach. 

(3). Area of trampled acidic grassland between the beach and the adjacent popular car parking area was noted to have locally abundant {\it Plantago coronopus}. 

(4). GR 849 403. Mosaic of acidic grassland and dry heath. Dominated by {\it D. flexuosa}, with locally frequent {\it Galium saxatile, Calluna vulgaris} and {\it Dicranum scoparium}. Also present in the mosaic of habitats here: scattered scrub (i.e. locally occasional {\it Ulex europaeus} and {\it Ilex aquifolium}), scattered mixed sapling trees (i.e. {\it Quercus robur} and {\it Pinus sylvestris}), plus scattered fronds of {\it Pteridium aquilinum} and areas of bare sand (including sandy path around lake shore).

(5). This is a complex area with fenced re-vegetation trial plots (GR 849 405). Mosaic of open heath, areas with frequent/abundant mixed trees, locally occasional areas of bare sand - especially along the well-used paths, often with locally abundant {\it Carex arenaria}. Dry heath with {\it Calluna vulgaris} and {\it Erica cinerea} plus locally abundant {\it Cladonia} sp., {\it Campylopus} spp. and {\it Rosa} sp. (introduced variety).

(6). Area of former {\it P. sylvestris} woodland (GR 855 401). Now extensively cleared to create a mosaic of dry heath (around 50 per cent of the ground cover) with dense {\it P. aquilinum} plus scattered trees and seedlings etc. of {\it P. sylvestris}. Locally the woodland has only just recently been thinned and development of heath vegetation has not yet occurred.

(7). (GR 859 405). Mainly {\it P. sylvestris} woodland with occasional small cleared areas containing a mosaic of {\it B. pendula, Ulex europeaus, Deschsmpsia flexuosa} and {\it Calluna vulgaris}.

(8). Dense {\it P. sylvestris} plantation (GR 859 408). Locally the canopy is more open allowing a heathy field layer to persist.

(9). Small pocket of wet woodland dominated by {\it Alnus glutinosa} (GR 861 407). Field layer includes {\it Carex acutiformis, C. remota, Iris pseudacorus, Ranunculus repens, Rumex sanguineus, Lycopus europaeus, Glechoma hederacea, Scrophularia aquatica, Galium palustre, Athyrium filix-femina} and {\it Chrysosplenium oppositifolium}. The central portion of this woodland has been cleared of trees and is dominated by {\it Molinia caerulea} with locally occasional {\it Erica tetralix}. Other species recorded from this type of woodland elsewhere within the SSSI include {\it Carex pendula, Scutellaria galericulata} and {\it Cardamine} spp.

(10). This small outlying parcel of land (GR SU 848 416) has the appearance of a small village green - strictly speaking, mown amenity grassland. However, it displays elements of an acidic grassland sward with {\it Agrostis capillaris, Hypochaeris radicata, Trifolium repens, Rumex acetosella, Plantago lanceolata} and rare {\it Trifolium arvense}. In addition there are also scattered small patches of closely-mown {\it Calluna vulgaris}. Also noted were single bushes of {\it Cytisus scoparius} and {\it Ulex europaeus}, two trees of {\it Aesculus hippocastanum} three of {\it Acer pseudoplatanus} and three small trees of {\it Quercus robur}.

(11). More heavily trampled acidic grassland adjacent to popular amenity area (GR SU 859 418). Dominated by {\it Agrostis capillaris} with locally occasional {\it Plantago coronopus, Juncus tenuis, Bellis perennis} and {\it Trifolium repens}. Single specimen ?pollarded {\it Q. robur} tree.

(12). Mixed woodland along northern border of the common (GR SU 856 418) with canopy of {\it Betula pendula} plus occasional {\it Pinus sylvestris} and {\it Quercus robur}, plus understorey of {\it Ilex aquifolium, Sorbus aucuparia} and {\it P. aquilinum}. 

Note that open water and associated communities recorded from the SSSI within this locality are to be found on the two contiguous commons, CL 232, Frensham Great Pond and CL 430, Frensham Little Pond.  

Other species recorded from "Frensham Common" as a whole include {\it Glyceria declinata, Tortula ruralis, Typha angustifolia, Scirpus sylvaticus, Thymus pulegioides} and {\it Pedicularis palustris}. Old records for {\it Veronica scutellata, Anagallis tenella, Potentilla palustris, Bidens tripartita, Galium debile, Cerastium diffusum, Stellaria pallida, Teesdalia nudicaulis} and {\it Dryopteris carthusiana}. (source: NT, Frensham Common Management Plan).

MANAGE:
As already outlined, the common encompasses an extensive area of lowland heathland vegetation, a habitat which formerly covered extensive parts of southern England, including Surrey. There have been many accounts of the decline of the habitat, with the suggestion that some 85 per cent of Surrey's heathlands have disappeared over the last two hundred years. In addition, a further 16 per cent decline has taken place between 1975 and 1985 (NCC/Surrey County Council, 1988). In addition, it is estimated that the UK contains around one fifth of Europe's remaining lowland heathland. The causes of this decline include a cessation of traditional grazing (leading to scrub, bracken and ultimately, succession to woodland), plus intensification of agriculture, forestry, afforestation, land enclosures and, more recently, building, especially of housing.

These heaths support a distinctive assemblage of flora and fauna which is severely at risk due to the decline in the extent of the habitat. The importance of the habitat has been widely recognised, with the preparation of an inventory of remaining heathland sites in the county and the preparation by English Nature of a strategy for the conservation of the habitat in the county (English Nature/SCC, 1988). More recently, "Lowland heathland" has been highlighted among the "Priority Habitats" of the UK Biodiversity Action Plan. 

The Frensham Commons were used for common grazing up until the 1930s, from which time there has been successive invasion by {\it P. sylvestris, Betula} spp. and {\it P. aquilinum}. The common was used for military training during both WW1 and WW2. The National Trust interest in the area dates from 1925 and at present, Frensham Common is managed by Waverley Borough Council on behalf of the National Trust, with occasional input from the Surrey Heathland Project. 

There have been a variety of separate management plans by both NT and Waverley BC since 1971, but no overall plan for the whole site due to lack of liaison between the two parties. A major factor is to reconcile both the recreational and nature conservation interests of the site. With parts of the common being heavily utilised for recreational purposes, especially areas along the northern shore of Great Pond and the western shore of Little Pond, there has been extensive erosion of vegetation, in addition to noise and litter pollution.

The major management priority in nature conservation terms is to encourage a mosaic of open heathland habitats with smaller areas of scrub and woodland.

Ideal management would be the reintroduction of traditional grazing. However, for a variety of reasons, this is often infeasible (although there is slight-moderate localised nibbling of the heather by rabbits).

Each of the major habitat types has its own conservation interest and specific management objectives. The aim with the open heath is to provide  suitable conditions for the greatest diversity of heathland species. This is addressed through a programme of mowing with the aim of diversifying the age classes and structure of the heather plants. For example, woodlarks require short vegetation, sand lizards depend upon old heather, as do Dartford warblers - also in the presence of scattered shrubs/trees for perches and nightjars require open heathland glades in woodland for nesting. 

In addition, some areas of bare ground have been created by scraping, both to encourage new heather seedlings to develop and provide habitat for invertebrates requiring an open habitat, such as the wood tiger beetle and field cricket. Some areas of pinewoods and scrub etc. have been thinned/cleared in an attempt to further increase the area of open heathland. 

Of particular note is the former car park north of the Great Pond which has provided suitable conditions for colonist plant species of bare substrates, in addition to potential for invertebrates which require these habitat conditions.

Woodlands on the site are of relatively recent origin and gererally have little variety in age structure. Nightingale formerly bred at the site and by creating areas of scrubby woodland it may be possible to recreate suitable conditions for this species.

A further threat to the nature conservation interest of the heath is that of colonisation by bracken. In the past, the plant may have been held in check by the trampling of cattle hooves and collection for livestock bedding. This will need monitoring and suitable control if necessary. A significant threat is that of uncontrolled summer fires which tend to favour bracken spread.

The common is one of several Surrey sites where there have been attempts to reintroduce the natterjack toad as part of English Nature's Species Recovery Programme (English Nature, 1995). The species died-out at the site during the 1960s, probably as a result of scrub and then common toad encroachment. 

The toads have a number of specific habitat requirements which include the need for seasonal, circumneutral ponds for successful breeding and adjacent terrestrial habitat in the form of open ground for hunting. Should the ponds  become permanent, this creates favourable conditions for more competitive species such as common frogs and toads in addition to major tadpole predators such as crested newts as well as being unfavourable to the hunting behaviour of natterjacks. Grazing is beneficial in maintaining the preferred  open ground terrestrial hunting habitat.

Under the Species Recovery Programme, a small pond was dug adjacent to the Great Pond, in an area where suitable terrestrial habitat had been identified. This was filled with water of neutral pH via a sluice from the Great Pond and natterjack spawn was first introduced in 1993 and results to 1995 are encouraging. The main threat to the success of the reintroduction is seen as the high levels of public access around the pond in spring and early summer.

Recreational use of the common raises several other issues relevant to nature conservation:

Erosion of vegetation, in particular along well-used paths near the Great and Little Ponds, on other routes across across the common and to some extent in stands of heather away from paths. There has been some fencing of affected areas to stimulate recovery. Cycling and horseriding can also accelerate erosion, and these activities will need to be restricted to bridleways and other permissive routes. 

Dogs can be a problem, in addition to the obvious risk to public health (esp. children), uncontrolled dogs can disturb ground-nesting birds.

A variety of other recreational activities can result in both trampling of the vegetation and/or disturbance of the wildlife.

N.B. Additional UK BAP "Priority Habitat" - "lowland dry acidic grassland".


FAUNA:
Noted during the site visit were: songthrush (UK BAP "Priority Species"), plus blue tit, green woodpecker, nuthatch, goldcrest, jay, chiff chaff, meadow brown butterfly.

VEG:
The common lies to the south of Frensham Great Pond (Waverley district).

(1). Broadleaved woodland with canopy of {\it Quercus robur} and {\it Betula pendula}. Understorey of {\it Ilex aquifolium, Pteridium aquilinum} and {\it Lonicera periclymenum}. 

(2). Rather open-canopy conifer woodland dominated by {\it Pinus sylvestris}. Locally occasional trees of {\it Betula pendula} and {\it Sorbus aucuparia}. Understorey absent in places, elsewhere of {\it Pteridium aquilinum} with occasional {\it Lonicera periclymenum} and {\it Stellaria holostea}. Abundant litter layer of pine needles. 

To the west of the main track is a narrow strip with {\it Prunus laurocerasus, Ilex aquifolium, Corylus avellana, Rhododendron ponticum, Hedera helix, Aegopodium podagraria} and {\it Rubus fruticosus} agg. Occasional large trees of {\it Q. robur} along the boundary itself, with what appears to be a pollarded tree of this species near the entrance to an adjoining house. 

Further north this widens into a narrow marginal strip of broadleaved woodland dominated by {\it Q. robur} and {\it B. pendula} with a shrub layer of {\it Sambucus nigra, S. aucuparia} and {\it Corylus avellana}. 

Bryophytes noted along path (running NW/SE): {\it Hypnum jutlandicum, Dicranum scoparium, Pleurozium schreberi} and {\it Pseudoscleropodium purum}. Very sparse plants of {\it Erica cinerea} and even more rarely, {\it Calluna vulgaris} along banks at edge of path.

(3). This woodland is generally more mixed in character with {\it P. sylvestris/B. pendula}.

(4). Abundant small trees of {\it P. sylvestris} and {\it B. pendula} over {\it P. aquilinum}.

(5). This is a small area of dry heath dominated by {\it Calluna vulgaris, Erica cinerea} and {\it Deschampsia flexuosa} plus abundant trees of {\it P. sylvestris} and {\it B. pendula}. Bryophytes: abundant {\it Hypnum jutlandicum} plus locally abundant {\it Pseudoscleropodium purum, Pleurozium schreberi} and {\it Dicranum scoparium}.

(6). Mixed (open) woodland canopy again, also here with a number of probably planted non-native conifers. Beneath the main canopy are a number of smaller trees of {\it Q. robur} and {\it B. pendula}. Field layer mainly dominated by {\it P. aquilinum} with locally frequent {\it Agrostis capillaris, Digitalis purpurea} and {\it Teucrium scorodonia}. Occasional more scrubby areas with {\it B. pendula, Ulex europaeus} and {\it Cytisus scoparius}.

(7). Here, broadleaved woodland runs along the course of a stream. Canopy dominated by {\it Alnus glutinosa} (many of which are multi-stemmed) with locally occasional {\it Q. robur}. Shrub layer includes {\it Ilex aquifolium} and {\it C. avellana}, plus sapling {\it Fraxinus excelsior}. The field layer is dominated by {\it R. fruticosus} agg. and {\it Urtica diocia}. Species noted along the course of the stream include {\it Oenanthe crocata, Myosotis} sp., {\it Angelica sylvestris, Iris pseudacorus} and {\it Carex} sp. (? {\it C. acutiformis} - vegetative, and beyond reach!).

MANAGE:
The greater part of the common appears unmanaged at present. Note the small parcel of land to the west which includes an established house and gardens (and probably pre-dates registration). Much {\it Rhododendron ponticum} in this vicinity. In addition, there is a larger fenced block of land to the east which also contains a private house and its gardens.

Small area of mown grassland to north of track, adjacent to Pond Lane.

Note that "Lowland heathland" and "Wet woodland" are among the "Priority Habitats" of the UK Biodiversity Action Plan.


FAUNA:
Noted during the brief site inspection were: green woodpecker, magpie, wren.

VEG:
The common lies to the south of the Frensham Commons complex (Waverley district). The site comprises a series of three or four separate, enclosed, horse-grazed fields of permanent grassland. The vegetation was not surveyed in any detail, the site being inspected from a over a gate in the NE corner. The grassland appears to have a poor species diversity and possibly dominated by {\it Lolium perenne}. Occasional clumps of {\it Urtica dioica} and {\it Rumex obtusifolius}, especially along field margins, plus locally frequent {\it Trifolium repens}. Much bare substrate adjacent to the gate, churned up by horses hooves.

Boundaries now largely fenced but with occasional former hedgerow trees still in situ: {\it Quercus robur, Ilex aquifolium} and {\it Pinus sylvestris}.

MANAGE:
The common is grazed by horses at quite high intensity. The grassland appears to be of poor species-diversity, although to check this, the site should ideally be surveyed fully, earlier in the summer, after suitable access permission has been obtained.


FAUNA:
Noted during the site visit were: green woodpecker, rabbit, wood ants {\it Formica} sp.

Land within the SSSI forms part of an area with a Grade B entry in the Invertebrate Site Register ("Frensham Common" - see under CL 87).

Note that the SSSI forms a part of a suite of sites known as the "Wealden Heaths", which have been classified as a Special Protection Area under the EC Directive 79/409 on the Conservation of Wild Birds.

VEG:
The common lies adjacent to the southern shore of Frensham Great Pond (i.e. CL 232), situated in Waverley district.

Land to the north of Pond Lane lies within the Thursley, Hankley and Frensham Commons SSSI complex (see under CL 87). 

Most of the site comprises dense woodland of {\it Pinus sylvestris}. In the general locality there are a mixture of both planted and semi-natural secondary {\it P. sylvestris} woodlands. As this common is of a relatively small size, this woodland has been placed in the semi-natural category. 

Adjacent to the southern edge of Pond Lane there is a mixed canopy comprising {\it Quercus robur, Betula pendula, P. sylvestris} and {\it Sorbus aucuparia}, beneath which is a dense understorey of {\it Pteridium aquilinum} with occasional {\it Rubus fruticosus} agg. and {\it Lonicera periclymenum}.

To the north of Pond Lane there is a short, but fairly steep slope down to the margin of Great Pond itself. To the west there is somewhat scrubby  broadleaved woodland of {\it Q. robur} and {\it B. pendula} with {\it P. sylvestris} at most locally occasional. The shrub layer includes {\it Crataegus monogyna, Frangula alnus, Ulex europaeus} and {\it Ilex aquifolium}, whilst the field layer contains {\it P. aquilinum, L. periclymenum, R. fruticosus} agg., {\it Agrostis capillaris} and {\it Stellaria holostea}. 

To the east the canopy is mixed, i.e. with {\it P. sylvestris} again co-dominant, but with {\it Q. robur} and {\it Alnus glutinosa} more abundant adjacent to the lake shore. Understorey largely of {\it P. aquilinum}.


FAUNA:
Noted during site visit: yellowhammer, coot, great crested grebe.

The SSSI as a whole is of national importance for its bird, reptile and invertebrate populations. The commons are one of the few sites in Britain to carry all six of the native reptiles, including sizeable populations of sand lizard, a "Priority Species" of the UK Biodiversity Action Plan. The community of breeding and wintering birds is exceptionally rich and includes species associated with heath, open water and woodland. In recognition of its ornithological importance, the SSSI forms a part of a suite of sites known as the "Wealden Heaths", which have been classified as a Special Protection Area under the EC Directive 79/409 on the Conservation of Wild Birds.

The areas of fen and open water support rich communities of breeding birds including great crested grebe, mute swan, coot, water rail and little grebe.

Frensham Common as a whole, which includes Great Pond, has a Grade B entry in the Invertebrate Site Register.

Boggy pools and ditches and the lakes and their margins support dragonfly and damselfly (Odonata) populations which include the nationally scarce white-faced dragonfly {\it Leucorrhinia dubia}. 

For an account of the fauna of the habitats on the other commons forming the SSSI, please refer to the site descriptions for CLs 87 and 313.

VEG:
The common comprises a small portion of Frensham Great Pond, itself a small part of the Thursley, Hankley and Frensham Commons SSSI complex. The remainder of this feature comprises the contiguius CL 232 (see map).

The SSSI as a whole has been scheduled largely due to the presence of extensive areas of lowland heathland. Frensham Common as a whole is a Country park owned by the National Trust and managed by Waverley Borough Council. 

The site lies mainly on the strongly acid, leached, podzolic soils of the Folkestone and Sandgate Beds of the Lower Greensand, which are highly infertile. Variations in drainage, topography and management account for the wide diversity of habitats present. Heathland resulted from the Neolithic clearance of woodland but the national extent of this habitat has declined in recent years due to agricultural change and afforestation. Frensham Great Pond is thought to have been originally created around 1208, whilst its smaller neighbour, Frensham Little Pond (i.e. CL 430), dates to around 1230. 

Open water habitats contribute significantly to the interest of the SSSI and Frensham Great Pond is the largest water body present within the site. 

Much of the pond is fringed with marginal and swamp vegetation comprising {\it Phragmites australis, Epilobium hirsutum, Glyceria maxima} and {\it Impatiens capensis}. Other associates include {\it Sparganium} sp. and {\it Oenanthe crocata}. The development of aquatic vegetation appears to be restricted by heavy recreational use of the lake.

For a more detailed account of the vegetation of the SSSI as a whole, please refer to the site descriptions for the other commons in the Frensham complex, most notably CLs 87 and 313.

MANAGE:
The site as a whole is managed by Waverley Borough Council on behalf of the National Trust.

The Great Pond has heavy recreational use (water sports and angling) and this has caused some deterioration of the marginal and aquatic vegetation communities. Most of the facilities associated with sailing - e.g. jetties etc. are situated on this particular common.

Note that eutrophic standing water is a "Priority Habitat" of the UK Biodiversity Action Plan.


FAUNA:
Note during the site visit were: chaffinch, swallow, blackbird, nuthatch, greenfinch, green woodpecker plus large white, holly blue and meadow brown butterflies and also banded demoiselle {\it Calopteryx splendens} (a damselfly).

VEG:
This small common lies in the hamlet of Shortfield, a few km south of Farnham (Waverley Borough). There is a diverse mosaic of habitats on this common. 

Of particular importance is an area of dry, sandy, acidic grassland (1). Typically this is dominated by {\it Festuca ovina} (locally also with {\it F. rubra}), with abundant/frequent {\it Rumex acetosella, Anthoxanthum odoratum, Agrostis capillaris} and {\it Holcus lanatus}, locally frequent {\it Jasione montana, Trifolium repens, Achillea millefolium, Hypochaeris radicata, Pilosella officinarum}, and locally occasional {\it Danthonia decumbens, Plantago lanceolata, Luzula campestris, Trisetum flavescens, Bromus mollis, Dactylis glomerata, Conopodium majus} and {\it Centaurea nigra}. This vegetation probably belongs to NVC type U1. 

A further feature of this grassland are small patches of very closely-grazed, suppressed plants of {\it Calluna vulgaris}. Also noted: locally rare individuals of {\it Ornithopus perpusillus}. Along the edges of the road which crosses east-west across this part of the common were noted locally frequent {\it Sedum} sp. (? {\it S. reflexum}), plus locally occasional {\it Erodium circutaurium} and {\it Trifolium arvense}.

The grassland to the north of this road (2) is generally similar. The heathy element is particularly well-developed in this area, comprising {\it Calluna vulgaris} and also {\it Erica cinerea}. This vegetation is also accompanied by locally frequent suppressed plants of {\it Ulex europaeus} - thereby introducing the additional element of scattered scrub to the habitat mosaic. Other scattered scrub/trees in this area also include {\it Tilia} sp. and {\it Prunus} sp. (? {\it P. serotina}). Additional elemements of the grassland habitats here include locally abundant {\it Pleurozium schreberi} and locally occasional {\it Narcissus} sp.

In addition, avenues of ornamental trees (Tilia sp.) line many of the roadsides. Beneath these the grassland appears more neutral in character, with {\it Poa pratensis, Dactylis glomerata, Holcus lanatus, Arrhenatherum elatius, Alopecurus pratensis, Veronica chamaedrys, Anthriscus sylvestris, Trifolium pratense, Rumex acetosa, Ranunculus acris, Conopodium majus, Tragopogon pratensis, Lolium perenne} and {\it Achillea millefolium}. The {\it Tilia} sp. trees are generally mature, but occasional individuals appear to have been lost during the 1987 storm and have subsequently been replaced by new planted saplings of the same species.

To the south-west there is an area of rather open, scrubby woodland (3). This includes trees/shrubs of {\it Betula pendula, Ulex europaeus, Quercus robur, Fagus sylvatica} (saplings), {\it Quercus robur} (saplings), {\it Pinus sylvestris} and {\it Cytisus scoparius}. Between the scrub/trees is more acidic grassland with {\it Festuca ovina, Rumex acetosella} and {\it Pleurozium schreberi}.

To the south of the road lies an area of better-developed broadleaved woodland (4). Here the canopy is dominated by {\it Quercus} sp. and {\it Acer pseudoplatanus} with occasional {\it Fraxinus excelsior} and {\it Pinus sylvestris}. There is a dense shrub layer which includes {\it Crataegus mongyna, Ilex aquifolium, Ulmus procera} and {\it Malus} sp. The field layer includes {\it Glechoma hederacea, Pteridium aquilinum, Rubus fruticosus} agg., {\it Urtica dioica, Melica uniflora, Heracleum sphondylium, Geum urbanum, Silene dioica, Galium aparine, Hedera helix, Aegopodium podagraria}  and {\it Alliaria petiolata} plus rare individuals of {\it Chelidonium majus}.

In the south-east (5) lies a rather open and scrubby mixed woodland with mature trees of {\it Quercus} sp. and {\it Pinus sylvestris}. This may have been opened-up through windfall at the time of the 1987 storms. The open areas have abundant {\it Pteridium aquilinum} and {\it Rubus fruticosus} agg. Occasional planted saplings of {\it Quercus} sp. and {\it Sorbus aucuparia} noted, with locally abundant natural recolonisation by {\it Betula pendula}, plus occasional {\it Fagus sylvatica, Acer pseudoplatanus} and {\it S. aucuparia}. Other species noted were {\it Ilex aquifolium, Carpinus betulus} and {\it Prunus} sp. (? {\it P. serotina}).

MANAGE:
There is evidence that at least some of the grassland on the common is maintained by mowing. At the time of the site visit, the northern portion showed signs of grass clippings left in-situ after mowing. The more southerly area had no such signs, although it may well be occasionally mown. Rabbit grazing appears to be significant. Occasional fallen ornamental lime trees have been re-planted. The remainder of the site appears relatively un-managed, although there has also been some planting of trees here.

Although of small size, this particular common is of significant nature conservation value due to the character and diversity of the grassland communities present. Lowland dry acidic grassland of this quality appears to be an uncommon habitat in the county and the sward here is particularly noteworthy in the abundance of {\it Jasione montana}, together with the presence of {\it Sedum reflexum, Erodium circutaurium, Trifolium arvense} and {\it Ornithopus perpusillus}. 

This habitat (together with lowland heathland) is one of the "Priority Habitats" of the UK Biodiversity Action Plan.

It is important therefore that the grassland communities on this common are managed effectively. This means that an infrequent mowing regime should be adopted, perhaps a single cut later in the summer, and that the grass cuttings should be removed to prevent eutrophication of the sward. Grazing by rabbits on this particular site appears significant and may reduce the need for mowing. There does not appear to be a particular value in encouraging the dwarf shrub vegetation, which is suppressed by the rabbit grazing. The most important consideration is probably that of maintaining/enhancing the botanical diversity of the grassland communities. 

Particular attention should be paid to the grassland vegetation along the roadside banks. Here the sward appears to be especially thin and sandy, and a distinctive community of more interesting species is associated with these areas. This may have implications for the maintainance regime along the roadside verges.

This site is worth further detailed survey and would benefit from continued monitoring. Certainly worth consideration for SNCI status.


FAUNA:
Noted during site visit: yellowhammer, coot, great crested grebe.

The SSSI as a whole is of national importance for its bird, reptile and invertebrate populations. The commons are one of the few sites in Britain to carry all six of the native reptiles, including sizeable populations of sand lizard, a "Priority Species" of the UK Biodiversity Action Plan. The community of breeding and wintering birds is exceptionally rich and includes species associated with heath, open water and woodland. In recognition of its ornithological importance, the SSSI forms a part of a suite of sites known as the "Wealden Heaths", which have been classified as a Special Protection Area under the EC Directive 79/409 on the Conservation of Wild Birds. 

The areas of fen and open water support rich communities of breeding birds including great crested grebe, mute swan, coot, water rail and little grebe.

Frensham Common as a whole, which includes Great Pond, has a Grade B entry in the Invertebrate Site Register.

Boggy pools and ditches and the lakes and their margins support dragonfly and damselfly (Odonata) populations which include the nationally scarce white-faced dragonfly {\it Leucorrhinia dubia}. 

For an account of the fauna of the habitats on the other commons forming the SSSI, please refer to the site descriptions for CLs 87 and 313.

VEG:
The common comprises three parcels of land associated with the Frensham Commons complex (Waverley district). The larger portion, which constitutes the greater portion of Frensham Great Pond, lies within the Thursley, Hankley and Frensham Commons SSSI complex. The SSSI as a whole has been scheduled largely due to the presence of extensive areas of lowland heathland. A further portion of the common, also within the SSSI boundary, consists of lowland heathland, whilst the third, smaller portion lies outside the SSSI boundary and comprises semi-natural broadleaved woodland.

Frensham Common as a whole is a Country Park owned by the National Trust and managed by Waverley Borough Council.

The site lies mainly on the strongly acid, leached, podzolic soils of the Folkestone and Sandgate Beds of the Lower Greensand, which are highly infertile. Variations in drainage, topography and management account for the wide diversity of habitats present. Heathland resulted from the Neolithic clearance of woodland but the national extent of this habitat has declined in recent years due to agricultural change and afforestation. Frensham Great Pond is thought to have been originally created around 1208, whilst its smaller neighbour, Frensham Little Pond (i.e. CL 430), dates to around 1230. 
 
Open water habitats contribute significantly to the interest of the SSSI and Frensham Great Pond is the largest water body present within the site. 

Much of the pond is fringed with marginal and swamp vegetation comprising {\it Phragmites australis, Epilobium hirsutum, Glyceria maxima} and {\it Impatiens capensis}. Other associates include {\it Sparganium} sp. and {\it Oenanthe crocata}. The development of aquatic vegetation appears to be restricted by heavy recreational use of the lake.

The sandy beaches and banks around Frensham Great Pond support a number of plants which are more usually found in coastal areas. These include {\it Poa bulbosa} (NS), {\it Vulpia ciliata} subsp. {\it ambigua} (NS) and {\it Carex arenaria}.

N.B. NS = nationally scarce i.e. occurring in 16 - 100 ten km squares of the Ordnance Survey Grid (JNCC, 1994). 

The heathland portion of the common encompasses an area which has been colonised to varying extents by scattered mixed trees and secondary mixed woodland. The central portion has been cleared fairly recently and now has open dry heath of {\it Calluna vulgaris} and {\it Erica cinerea} with occasional remaining mature trees of {\it Betula pendula} and {\it Pinus sylvestris}, plus occasional sapling trees. Further associates of the heath are {\it Deschampsia flexuosa, Hypnum mammilatum, Dicranum scoparium} and {\it Cladonia} sp., plus locally occasional {\it Pteridium aquilinum}. Elsewhere, {\it P. aquilinum} is dominant with only scattered patches of heath.

At the margins this gives way to a closed woodland canopy of {\it P. sylvestris} and {\it B. pendula} with locally occasional {\it Quercus robur} and rare {\it Castanea sativa}. Understorey of {\it Calluna, E. cinerea} and {\it P. aquilinum}. Bryophytes noted: locally abundant {\it Leucobryum glaucum, Pleurozium schreberi, H. jutlandicum} and {\it Dicranum scoparium}.

For a more detailed account of the vegetation of the SSSI as a whole, please refer to the site descriptions for the other commons in the Frensham complex, most notably CLs 87 and 313.

MANAGE:
The site as a whole is managed by Waverley Borough Council on behalf of the National Trust.

The area of heathland has been the subject of fairly recent tree thinning work. For an account of the management and ecological significance of the lowland heathland of Frensham Common as a whole, please refer to the site description for CLs 87 and 313.

The Great Pond has heavy recreational use (water sports and angling) and this has caused some deterioration of the marginal and aquatic vegetation communities.

Note that "Lowland heathland" and "Eutrophic standing water" are both "Priority Habitats" of the UK Biodiversity Action Plan. Lowland heathland at the site lies within an area highlighted in the Surrey Lowland Heathland Inventory (English Nature, 1993).


FAUNA:
Noted during the site visit were: green woodpecker, wren, nuthatch, blue tit, jay, black-headed gull, swan, coot, carrion crow, willow warbler, grey squirrel, roe deer, adder.

The SSSI as a whole is of national importance for its bird, reptile and invertebrate populations. The commons are one of the few sites in Britain to carry all six of the native reptiles, including sizeable populations of sand lizard, a "Priority Species" of the UK Biodiversity Action Plan. The community of breeding and wintering birds is exceptionally rich and includes species associated with heath, open water and woodland. In recognition of its ornithological importance, the SSSI forms a part of a suite of sites known as the "Wealden Heaths", which have been classified as a Special Protection Area under the EC Directive 79/409 on the Conservation of Wild Birds.

The SSSI portion of the common lies within an area which has a Grade B entry in the Invertebrate Site Register. This part of the site was surveyed for invertebrates by the National Trust Biological Survey Team. In summary, the lakeside vegetation has a rich invertebrate fauna. Notable species include the "very local" leaf beetle {\it Phyllobrotica quadrimaculata} (which feeds on {\it Scutellaria galericulata}), the eastern reedbed beetle {\it Demetrias imperialis} and the "local" southern marsh cinquefoil bug {\it Rhopalus maculatus}. There are 17 species of Odonata (dragonflies and damselflies) recorded including the "rare" hairy dragonfly {\it Brachytron pratense} and the "local" downy emerald {\it Cordulia aenea}.

Heath along the eastern edge of the pond includes the "local" south-eastern lacebug {\it Dictyonota fuliginosa} on {\it Cytisus scoparius}. Wetter heath adjacent to the pond supports bog bush-cricket {\it Metrioptera brachyptera} and a "local" horsefly {\it Chrysops relictus}. 

Frensham little pond is very important for water birds, with nesting great-crested grebe, water rail, plus reed and sedge warblers. In addition, there are also a good variety of over-wintering species such as bittern, bearded tit and water rail.

For an account of the fauna of the SSSI and Frensham Common as a whole, please refer to the relevant sections of the site reports for the two main commons making-up this block, CLs 87 and 313. There is also more detailed information provided within the National Trust Biological Survey Report for CL 430.

There was formerly a large colony of natterjack toad (UK BAP "Priority Species") at Frensham Little Pond but this was lost during the 1960s.

VEG:
The common forms three parcels of land on the north-eastern fringe of the Frensham Commons complex. The major portion includes Frensham Little Pond and lies within the Thursley, Hankley and Frensham Common SSSI (Waverley district). The SSSI as a whole includes some of the finest remaining lowland heathland on the Lower Greensand in Southern England.

Two smaller parcels of land lie outside the SSSI boundary. 

The site lies mainly on the strongly acid, leached, podzolic soils of the Folkestone and Sandgate Beds of the Lower Greensand, which are highly infertile. Variations in drainage, topography and management account for the wide diversity of habitats present. Heathland resulted from the Neolithic clearance of woodland but the national extent of this habitat has declined in recent years due to agricultural change and afforestation.

Most information for this description has been taken from the National Trust Biological Survey of 1983 with brief reference to the other listed sources. Additional target notes were made during a visit to the site. 

Area 1. Frensham Little Pond etc.

This main portion of the common effectively forms the Little Pond and its surrounding habitats which include marginal swamps, dry heath, acidic grassland and coniferous woodland.

The southern part of Little Pond has extensive development of marginal swamp - in fact the best examples of this habitat type to be found within the SSSI as a whole. In the southern 'basin' this is dominated by {\it Carex acutiformis} and {\it Typha latifolia}, and elswehere by {\it Phragmites australis}. Other associates include {\it Potentilla palustris, Lythrum salicaria, Lycopus europaeus, Scutellaria galericulata, Valeriana officinalis, Persicaria amphibia, Angelica sylvestris, Mentha aquatica, Filipendula ulmaria, Pulicaria dysenterica, Menyanthes trifoliata, Bidens tripartita, Iris pseudacorus, Carex pseudocyperus, C. hirta, C. rostrata, C. ovalis, C. echinata, C. nigra, C. curta} and {\it C. paniculata}. 

The most "notable" species recorded from Little Pond are {\it Pedicularis palustris, Dryopteris carthusiana} and {\it Glyceria declinata}. There are in addition, old records for {\it Veronica scutellata, Carex flacca} and {\it Anagallis tenella} plus, on the eastern side of the pond, {\it Genista anglica}.

Aquatic species recorded are {\it Elodea canadensis, Myriophyllum} sp., {\it Potamogton obtusifolius, Alisma plantago-aquatica, Typha latifolia, T. angustifolia} and {\it Sparganium erectum}.

Flanking the south-eastern arm of the lake is a strip of vegetation dominated by {\it Molinia caerulea} - marshy grassland in Phase 1 terms. Other associates include {\it Carex acutiformis, Lycopus europeus, Iris pseudacorus, Potentilla palustris, Carex nigra, Juncus} spp. (incl. {\it J. effusus} and {\it J. ? acutiflorus}), {\it Equisetum fluviatile} and {\it Galium palustre}.  Also present along this margin are trees of {\it Betula} sp., {\it Salix cinerea} and {\it Pinus sylvestris}.

Adjacent to the eastern bank of the lake is a strip of trampled and rabbit-grazed sparse, sandy acidic grassland. {\it Carex arenaria} is associated with sandy areas adjacent to the lake. In addition, there are also a variety of scattered trees, mostly along the lake shore: {\it Pinus sylvestris, Betula pendula, Salix fragilis, S. cinerea} and {\it Quercus robur}. 

To the east of here lies an area of dry heath dominated by {\it Calluna vulgaris} with some {\it Erica cinerea} and very occasional {\it Deschampsia flexuosa}. Other associates include {\it Ulex minor, Carex} sp. (?{\it C. binervis}), {\it Potentilla erecta} and {\it Erica tetralix}. In addition, three "local" species have also been previously recorded from here: {\it Filago minima, Juncus tenuis} and {\it Thymus pulegioides}. Note the clump of mature {\it P. sylvestris} trees, plus scattered scrub of {\it Ulex europeaus} to the south of this area.

The north-western shore of the lake is subjcet to a high pressure of vistors and is eroded with much sand.

To the south-east of the lake, the common includes a section of an adjacent block of thinned {\it Pinus sylvestris} plantation with some {\it Calluna} and {\it Erica cinerea} plus locally abundant {\it Hypnum jutlandicum} in the field layer.

Area 2. Northern Portion surrounding Chuter's Cottage.

This largely comprises secondary mixed woodland with {\it Pinus sylvestris} and {\it Betula pendula} plus occasional {\it Quercus robur}. Understorey of {\it Pteridium aquilinum, Ilex aquifolium, Rubus fruticosus} agg., and {\it Rhododendron ponticum}. The stream along the western boundary of this section includes the "local" {\it Scirpus sylvaticus} in addition to {\it Urtica diocia, Mentha aquatica} and {\it Myosotis} sp. Frequent/abundant {\it Salix cinerea} along stream. South-eastern corner appears to be pure plantation of {\it P. sylvestris}.

Area 3. South-eastern outlier.

This could only be examined from marginal rights of way - no other survey information available. 

To the east are two enclosed fields of acidic grassland, with grazing by horses, at least on the southern field. Noted from here and and along the adjoining track to the east were: {\it Agrostis capillaris, Rumex acetosella, Aira praecox, P. aquilinum, Polytrichum} sp. (? {\it P. juniperinum}), {\it Filago} sp., {\it Calluna vulgaris, Hypochaeris radicata, Erodium circutaurium, Plantago lanceolata, Centaurium erythraea} and {\it Bellis perennis}. This field also contains two old WW2 concrete huts and horse jumps made from log piles. Occasional trees of {\it Betula} sp. and {\it P. sylvestris}. 

Also noted along the track to the east: small colony of shrivelled plants of {\it Convallaria majalis}. Locally occasional {\it Hypericum perforatum}.

The field to the north (separated by an internal fence) appears to have been cleared of trees and ploughed. Sparse turf, apparently not grazed at present. {\it Agrostis capillaris} and {\it Rumex acetosella} with locally frequent {\it Filago} sp. and {\it Cerastium fontanum}. To the edges are strips of heathy vegetation with {\it Calluna vulgaris} and {\it Erica cinerea}. Locally occasional remaining trees of {\it B. pendula} and scattered fronds of {\it P. aquilinum}.

The western portion comprises {\it Calluna} heath with scattered trees of {\it P. sylvestris} (and {it Betula} sp.). Appears ungrazed for some time, but some old horse jumps noted.

MANAGE:
In contrast with the remaining portions of the Frensham Commons which are leased to Waverley Borough Council by the National Trust, the Trust manage this particular common directly.

There is heavy recreational pressure around the northern part of the lake, with well-used paths around much of the margins. These circumnavigate the south-eastern "basin", which is managed as a nature reserve. Ideally, minimal public access should apply to as much of the southern shoreline of the pond as possible and in particular the south-eastern basin.

The Frensham Little Pond is thought to have been created deliberately around 1230, using dams to retain the water. There seems to be quite a lot of information about its history. Fish from the lake were preserved in a nearby salting house, now the warden's cottage. The dam broke in 1282 following floods and for a time the ponds were drained every five years to allow a crop of barley to be grown on the accumulated silt, after which it was refilled and restocked with fish.

There may have been some clearance of trees from the heathland area to the east and the block of conifer plantation in the south-eastern corner has been thinned (this probably not under NT management).

The northern portion of the common has a significant area cleared of trees in recent times.

The south-eastern parcel of land appears to come under private ownership and has internal boundaries. There appears to be some horse grazing, with part apparently having been plouged in the fairly recent past. Access permission to survey the vegetation of this area could not be sought. The acidic grassland appears to have some interesting species and the un-ploughed area may be at risk of eventual ploughing. A full survey of this part of the common is recommended. 

For a more detailed discussiion of the ecological importance of the Frensham Commons and associated habitats please see the relevant sections of CLs 87 and 313.


FAUNA:
Noted on pond: swans, grey heron, semi-domesticated ducks.

VEG:
The common lies contiguous with the south-eastern edge of CL 87, Frensham Common - outside the boundary of the Thursley, Hankley and Frensham commons SSSI. There is no public access onto the common and so the following notes were made while viewing the site from a right of way on the contiguous CL 87. Please also either CLs 87 or 313 for the habitat map for CL 441.

The greater part of the common comprises a pond (apparently larger than indicated on the O.S. base map). There are several small islands with trees which include {\it Alnus glutinosa, Populus} sp. {\it Salix} spp. and {\it Betula} sp. Very little in the way of marginal vegetation could be seen - occasional clumps of {\it Iris pseudacorus} and {\it Typha latifolia}, with {\it Eupatorium cannabinum} noted next to one of the islands. Some trampling of vegetation on one of the islands by swans etc.

Along the western margin of the pond lies a strip of what appears to be short, rabbit-grazed acidic grassland. Several mature trees of {\it Quercus robur} along both margins of the pond.

MANAGE:
The common forms what is essentially a large ornamental lake belonging to a large private residence which lies at its northern end. Mowing of grassland?

UK BAP "Priority Habitat": Meso/eutrophic standing water.


FAUNA:
Noted during the site visit were: green woodpecker, jay.

The SSSI as a whole is of national importance for its bird, reptile and invertebrate populations. The commons are one of the few sites in Britain to carry all six of the native reptiles, including sizeable populations of sand lizard, a "Priority Species" of the UK Biodiversity Action Plan. The community of breeding and wintering birds is exceptionally rich and includes species associated with heath, open water and woodland. In recognition of its ornithological importance, the SSSI forms a part of a suite of sites known as the "Wealden Heaths", which have been classified as a Special Protection Area under the EC Directive 79/409 on the Conservation of Wild Birds. 

The Frensham Commons complex as a whole (i.e. includes CL 87 etc.) is one of two selected components of the SSSI with individual entries in the Invertebrate Site Register (Grade B), the other being Thursley Common (Grade A).
 
The SSSI as a whole supports twelve species of  grasshoppers and crickets (Orthoptera) occur including the nationally rare large marsh grasshopper {\it Stetophyma grossum} - also a "Priority Species" of the UK BAP. The boggy pools and ditches and the lakes and their margins support dragonfly and damselfly (Odonata) populations which include the nationally scarce white-faced dragonfly {\it Leucorrhinia dubia}. 

The fly (Diptera) fauna for the SSSI includes three nationally rare species: {\it Asilus crabroniformis} (UK BAP "Priority Species"), {\it Thyridanthrax fenestratus} and {\it Chrysogaster macquarti}. The nationally scarce beetle (Coleoptera) {\it Altica ericeti} and the nationally rare bug (Hemiptera) {\it Micrantha marginalis} have also been recorded. The site supports several nationally scarce butterflies (Lepidoptera) including silver-studded blue {\it Plebejus argus} (UK BAP "Priority Species"), white letter hairstreak {\it Strymonida w-album} and purple emperor {\it Apatura iris}. The commons also support important populations of spiders, bees and wasps.

The heathlands are of outstanding importance for reptiles, most notably the nationally rare sand lizard {\it Lacerta agillis} (UK BAP "Priority Species") and smooth snake {\it Coronella austriaca}. 

There is also a thriving population of natterjack toad (UK BAP "Priority Species"), benefiting from specific management as part of English Nature's Recovery Programme for the species (see management section).

The SSSI as a whole is one of the richest for birds in Southern England. Breeding birds specifically associated with the heathland include woodlark and nightjar (both UK BAP "Priority Species"), Dartford warbler, stonechat and whinchat. The SSSI also provides one of the few inland breeding grounds for curlew. Birds which breed in the areas of woodland include all three British woodpeckers, woodcock, redstart, tawny owl, nightingale and hawfinch. The open expanse of heath, scrub and unimproved grassland provide important wintering grounds for certain notable species including great grey shrike and raptors.

During may of 1995, the eastern portion of The Flashes was badly affected by a serious accidental fire. Direct casualties were two broods of Dartford warblers, several grass snakes, common lizards and a fox cub.

VEG:
The common forms a significant element of the Thursley, Hankley and Frensham Common SSSI complex (Waverley district). The SSSI as a whole includes some of the finest remaining lowland heathland on the Lower Greensand in Southern England. This particular common forms a major portion of a Local Nature Reserve known as "The Flashes", managed by Waverley Borough Council on behalf of the National Trust, who own the site.

The SSSI lies mainly on the strongly acid, leached, podzolic soils of the Folkestone and Sandgate Beds of the Lower Greensand, which are highly infertile. Variations in drainage, topography and management account for the wide diversity of habitats present. Heathland resulted from the Neolithic clearance of woodland but the national extent of this habitat has declined in recent years due to agricultural change and afforestation.

This particular common lies predominantly within a poorly-drained 'basin'. The most extensive vegetation is of a wet heath type and is the second-most extensive area of this vegetation type to be found within the SSSI, after that present at Thursley Common. In terms of its origin, the site is considered largely to be a river valley mire which is in the state of transition from a "quaking bog" toward wet heath. 

The dominant species of the wet heath are {\it M. caerulea, E. tetralix, Eriophorum angustifolium, Calluna vulgaris, Juncus} spp. and {\it Sphagnum} spp. mosses. 

Around the periphery there is a transition toward a drier heath type. The extent of this vegetation community is believed to have been increasing as the site has dried-out over recent years due to a fall in the local water table for a variety of reasons. 

There are scattered trees of {\it Pinus sylvestris} and {\it Betula pendula} across the site. To the south this changes to a continuous mixed secondary woodland canopy with a field layer which includes {\it M. caerulea, Pteridium aquilinum, Calluna vulgaris, Erica tetralix, Erica cinerea} and {\it Vaccinium myrtillus}.

On the northern side of the common the habitat map shows an area of continuous {\it P. sylvestris} woodland. Target notes indicate that woodlands of this type were originally extensively planted within the SSSI and there has since been development of self-sown stands.

The eastern portion of the common was extensively damaged by a severe accidental fire at the site during May 1995, affecting an area of around 40ha. At the time of the present site visit, much of this area now shows good signs of regenerating seedlings of {\it Calluna vulgaris} and {\it Erica tetralix}. Frequent dead stumps of charred trees of {\it B. pendula} remain. Along the southern side of the affected area is a strip of former {\it B pendula} woodland which at present largely comprises a sward of continuous {\it Pteridium aquilinum} with occasional dead charred trees.

The pond in the north-eastern corner was dried-up at the time of the site visit. This area was at this time dominated by a sward of {\it Juncus bulbosus} with marginal growth of {\it M. caerulea} and {\it Sphagnum cuspidatum}. Around most of the pond edge is an almost continuous strip of trees of {\it P. sylvestris} and bushes of {\it Rhododendron ponticum}. 

For a more general discussion of the features of the SSSI as a whole, please refer to the site descriptions for the various other major commons making up the site.

MANAGE:
The common is managed by Waverley Borough Council as a major component of a Local Nature Reserve, with some input from the Surrey Heathland Project. 

Lowland heathland is a habitat which formerly covered extensive parts of southern England, including Surrey. There have been many accounts of the decline of the habitat, with the suggestion that some 85 per cent of Surrey's heathlands have disappeared over the last two hundred years. In addition, a further 16 per cent decline has taken place between 1975 and 1985 (NCC/Surrey County Council, 1988). In addition, it is estimated that the UK contains around one fifth of Europe's remaining lowland heathland. The causes of this decline include a cessation of traditional grazing (leading to scrub, bracken and ultimately, succession to woodland), plus intensification of agriculture, forestry, afforestation, land enclosures and, more recently, building, especially of housing.

These heaths support a distinctive assemblage of flora and fauna which is severely at risk due to the decline in the extent of the habitat. The importance of the habitat has been widely recognised, with the preparation of an inventory of remaining heathland sites in the county and the preparation by English Nature of a strategy for the conservation of the habitat in the county (English Nature/SCC, 1988). More recently, "Fens" (i.e. Phase 1 'E31' - valley mire), in addition to "Lowland heathland" have been highlighted among the "Priority Habitats" of the UK Biodiversity Action Plan. 

Ideal management of these heaths would be the reintroduction of traditional grazing. This has been achieved on a significant portion of the non fire-damaged wet heath at The Flashes, through the use of temporary electric fencing. For this, assistance has been provided by the Surrey Heathland Project. This is an initiative operating largely within and funded by the Boroughs of Woking, Waverley and Guildford, with additional support from English Nature, the RSPB and Surrey County Council. The Heathland Project both advised upon and installed the temporary fencing and also provide cattle for limited grazing of the fenced area. In addition, the eventual aim is to hopefully install permanent perimeter fencing to allow the whole common to be grazed.

On the remainder of the site, the most dominant recent impact has been the severe fire of 1995. A system of fire breaks was already in place before this event. A monitoring programme has been set-up to see whether there will be any colonisation of the heath by species such as birch and bracken as the vegetation recovers.

Despite the need to restore areas of open heath, there is also some benefit in having some heathy woodland glades to provide suitable nesting habitat for nightjar, whilst Dartford warbler prefer  mature heather in association with scattered scrub/trees to provide suitable perches. 

The common is one of several Surrey sites where there have been attempts to reintroduce the natterjack toad as part of English Nature's Species Recovery Programme (English Nature, 1995). The species died-out at the site during the 1960s and attempts to reintroduce them in the early 1970s were unsuccessful, as was realised much later, acid ponds were chosen for the releases. 

The toads have a number of specific habitat requirements which include the need for seasonal, circumneutral ponds for successful breeding and adjacent terrestrial habitat in the form of open ground for hunting. Should the ponds  become permanent, this creates favourable conditions for more competitive species such as common frogs and toads in addition to major tadpole predators such as crested newts as well as being unfavourable to the hunting behaviour of natterjacks. Grazing is beneficial in maintaining the preferred  open ground terrestrial hunting habitat.

Two ponds were created on the common in the mid-1980s and although these were also naturally acidic, the pH is increased by the periodic addition of lime. Translocation of toads to these ponds began in 1985, but with very limited success up to the early 1990s. It was around this time that plans were developed to reintroduce grazing to part of this site. Initially this did not include the area around the natterjack ponds, but under the Species Revovery Programme, the area was extended to include the ponds, this work being undertaken under the Heathland Countryside Management Project in late 1992. Grazing by a cattle at low levels since this time has had a beneficial effect on the toads, due to the reduced cover of {\it Molinia} and other grasses, whilst leaving the heather in good condition.


