# file3

FAUNA:
During the site visit a buzzard was noted overhead.

VEG:
The common lies at the head of Dunnerdale, to the east of the River Duddon. The area was covered by the Cumbria Phase 1 survey in 1984, which provides a habitat map, but little else. (The area is also included in a survey by the National Trust Biological Survey Team, done in 1980). The following description is based on the present survey. 

The common is dominated by a small hill known as High Tongue Pike. On the lower, surrounding slopes are areas of bracken {\it Pteridium aquilinum}, with a mosaic of marshy grassland, acidic flush and valley mire features in wet areas. The small valley mire at (1) appears to have two distinct vegetation communities present. The first covers the larger area and has abundant {\it Narthecium ossifragum} (75 per cent cover) and locally abundant {\it Sphagnum papillosum, S. auriculatum} and {\it S. palustre}, frequent {\it Drosera rotundifolia}, occasional {\it Eriophorum vaginatum, E. angustifolium} and {\it Erica tetralix}, plus locally occasional {\it Dactylorhiza maculata, Myrica gale} and {\it Molinia caerulea}. 

The second community only occupies about 25 per cent of the mire and has abundant tussocks of {\it Molinia caerulea} with occasional/abundant {\it Myrica gale}, locally frequent {\it Euphrasia officinalis}, plus occasional {\it Dactylorhiza maculata} and {\it Narthecium ossifragum}. In between the tussocks are locally frequent {\it Carex panicea, C. pulicaris, C. viridula} subsp. {\it oedocarpa, C. echinata} and {\it C. hostiana}. A well-defined public footpath crosses this area, where {\it Trichophorum cespitosum} and {\it Juncus squarrosus} are locally abundant in trampled areas. 

Other stands of wet vegetation occur throughout the common, and these have some similarities with the above vegetation. The area at (2) for example has dominant {\it M. caerulea}, frequent/abundant {\it Myrica gale}, frequent {\it N. ossifragum}, locally abundant {\it Sphagnum papillosum}, locally frequent {\it Empetrum nigrum, Juncus squarrosus, Euphrasia officinalis, Trichophorum cespitosum} and locally occasional {\it Juncus articulatus, Erica tetralix} and {\it Dactylorhiza maculata}. 

Vegetation at (3) is similarly dominated by {\it M. caerulea} and has been mapped as Phase 1 'B5' -  marshy grassland. Taken as a whole, this vegetation appears to have elements of three different NVC types - M15, M21 and M25. More detailed quadrats need to be taken to accurately assign NVC communities, paying particular reference to the types and abundance of {\it Sphagnum} present. The {\it Molinia} even extends up into the rocky area of the summit itself, presumably there are numerous waterlogged pockets among the rocks. 

Scattered over this area are also small trees of {\it Quercus} sp., {\it Betula} sp. and {\it Sorbus aucuparia}, together with small stands of bracken. Bushes of {\it Calluna vulgaris} and {\it Erica cinerea} were seen trailing over some of the rocks. The stands of bracken in drier areas of the common have already been referred-to above. Noted beneath some of these were woodland floor plants - {\it Hyacinthoides non-scripta} and {\it Anemone nemorosa}.

The extreme edges of the common also have small stands of semi-natural broadleaved woodland. That at (4) has {\it Quercus} spp. (both {\it Q. petraea} and {\it Q. robur} appear to be present). The wood is open beneath and has only occasional shrubs of {\it Ilex aquifolium}. Beneath is a grassy field layer dominated by {\it Agrostis capillaris} and {\it Anthoxanthum odoratum} with frequent {\it Galium saxatile} and locally frequent {\it Hyacinthoides non-scripta} (probably NVC type W11). Rocks on the woodland floor have mosses - {\it Dicranum scoparium, Hypnum cupressiforme} and {\it Polytrichum ?formosum}. This area of woodland has abundant dead branches present on the trees and small amounts of fallen timber on the forest floor. Quite a lot of leaf litter was also noted in places. {\it Carex binervis} was noted on the footpath leading down to this woodland. The block of woodland at (5) was not studied, but appeared from a distance to be dominated by {\it Betula} sp.

MANAGE:
The common appears to be grazed by sheep. This is particularly evident in the wooded areas, where there is little evidence of any tree regeneration. The range of marshy grassland/mire communities on this common are a particularly interesting feature. 

The common lies within the Lake District Environmentally Sensitive Area (ESA). This has been designated because of the outstanding environmental importance of the fells and valleys of the area. For reasons of confidentiality it has not been possible in this project to identify whether or not an individual common has been entered into the ESA scheme. However, for a general summary of the approximate area of Cumbrian common land covered by ESA agreements (as at 1995), please refer to the main report.


VEG:
The common lies on the open fell to the west of the Coniston Fells range. The habitat map has been based on that of the Cumbria Phase 1 survey (please refer to CL 145L). There was insufficient time to visit the site. Most of the common supports a sward of dense bracken {\it Pteridium aquilinum}, locally giving way to acidic grassland. An acidic flush feature follows Sunny Pike Gill.


FAUNA:
No information on fauna available relating specifically to this common.

VEG:
This small common lies on the open fell to the extreme west of the Coniston Fells range. The habitat map has been based on that of the Cumbria Phase 1 survey, which also provides some dominant species codes (please refer to habitat map for CL 145L). There was insufficient time to visit the site. Most of the common supports an acidic grassland sward dominated by {\it Nardus stricta} and {\it Juncus squarrosus}. Small area of dense bracken {\it Pteridium aquilinum}. No other information available.

MANAGE:
No information available, probably sheep-grazed. Lies within the Lake District Environmentally Sensitive Area (ESA). This has been designated because of the outstanding environmental importance of the fells and valleys of the area. For reasons of confidentiality it has not been possible in this project to identify whether or not an individual common has been entered into the ESA scheme. However, for a general summary of the approximate area of Cumbrian common land covered by ESA agreements (as at 1995), please refer to the main report.


FAUNA:
Noted during the site visit were: kestrel, robin, meadow pipit and small heath butterflies. 

The Phase 1 survey notes pools at GR SD 310 917 (1986), with golden-ringed dragonfly {\it Cordulegaster boltonii} and a species of darter, possibly black darter {\it Sympetrum danae}. Also a species of newt present.

In addition, at GR SD 308 903 (1986), boggy pools with {\it C. boltonii} laying eggs. 

The Dodgson Wood SSSI, which overlaps a small part of the common, has a Grade B entry in the Invertebrate Site Register. This notes the vulnerable netted carpet {\it Eustroma reticulatum}, a species restricted to Cumbria, being recorded from several parts of the woodland, some outside the SSSI boundary. Two nationally notable species of beetle (Coleoptera), both predatory and both usually found in oak woodland, have also been recorded, i.e. {\it Calosoma inquisitor} and {\it Dendroxena quadrimaculata} and the mollusc fauna includes scarce species typical of old woodland.

VEG:
The common occupies an area of open fell to the SE of Coniston Water. To the west is a steep slope down towards the lake, while the rest of the common appears to be an undulating hill top, dissected by several small stream/valley systems. A small outlier occurs to the south, with the contiguous common, CL 127L, sandwiched in between. 

The area was covered by the Cumbria Phase 1 survey in 1986 (with some target notes also dating to 1980 and 1982). The habitat map has been based on this source. A section to the west of the common lies within the Dodgson Wood SSSI (see map), while a flush complex at Low Bethecar (GR SD 310 897) is a CWT County Wildlife Site (point reference, no boundary). A visit was also made to the site, ascending the footpath which leads up to Low Parkamoor and then turning south along the footpath skirting Top o' Selside for some distance, before returning by the same route. 

A major portion of the common is dominated by dense bracken {\it Pteridium aquilinum}, especially along the steep hillside which overlooks the lake. Toward the plateau area there is a transition to dry dwarf shrub heath, although much of this also appears to be suffering an invasion by bracken. Discrete areas of non-colonised heath do still occur, but bracken cover on Top o' Selside appears to be at around the 50 per cent level. 

The dwarf shrub vegetation that remains here is characterised by {\it Erica cinerea} (abundant/dominant at 60-75 per cent cover), {\it Calluna vulgaris} (frequent/ abundant at 25 per cent cover) and {\it Vaccinium myrtillus} (occasional/frequent at 20 per cent cover). Also within the sward is occasional/frequent {\it Deschampsia flexuosa}, while there is a well-developed mossy understorey with {\it Hypnum cupressiforme, Pleurozium schreberi, Dicranum scoparium} and occasional {\it Plagiothecium undulatum}. This vegetation belongs to NVC type H10. The dwarf shrubs present all show varying signs of grazing by sheep. Most plants are around 30cm tall and have a moderately "topiary" growth form, suggestive of a sustained low-intensity grazing. A majority of plants were flowering in abundance at the time. Elsewhere there are bushes which reach 40-50cm tall. Short carpet growth can be found adjacent to tracks, paths and grassy areas within the heath. 

A few localised areas were noted where {\it E. cinerea} and {\it Calluna vulgaris} had died-out, their dead stems surrounded by healthy growth of {\it V. myrtillus}. No evidence of heather burning was noted. Ironically, dwarf shrubs beneath invading bracken fronds appeared to be protected from grazing!

To the north of this area (2) the dwarf shrubs become very suppressed and have an untidy appearance, with growth forms ranging from "carpet" to "topiary" much in evidence. Wide patches of acidic grassland have developed within the heath, dominated by {\it Nardus stricta} and {\it Deschampsia flexuosa}, while elsewhere the {\it Calluna} and {\it E. cinerea} have been replaced by {\it V. myrtillus}. 

To the extreme NE of the common there is a transition to wet heath/flush at the head of a broad shallow valley (3). Flushed areas throughout have {\it Juncus acutiflorus, Sphagnum palustre, S. recurvum, Carex panicea, C. viridula} subsp. {\it oedocarpa, C. echinata, Lotus pedunculatus} and {\it Ranunculus flammula} (NVC M6). The wet heath areas have {\it Erica tetralix, Calluna vulgaris, Eriophorum vaginatum, Trichophorum cespitosum} and locally abundant {\it Myrica gale}.         

The available Phase 1 target notes concentrate mainly on the numerous small and diverse flushes which are to be found throughout the common. The majority appear to be acidic to neutral in character; species noted were {\it Sphagnum} spp., {\it Juncus acutiflorus, J. conglomeratus, Eriophorum angustifolium, Myrica gale, Molinia caerulea, Erica tetralix, Narthecium ossifragum, Carex panicea, C. echinata, C. viridula} subsp. {\it oedocarpa, Potentilla erecta, Trichophorum cespitosum, Ranunculus flammula, Viola palustris, Succisa pratensis, Triglochin palustris, Vaccinium oxycoccos, Drosera rotundifolia, Hydrocotyle vulgaris, Potamogeton polygonifolius, Lysimachia nemorum, Filipendula ulmaria} and {\it Valeriana dioica}. Several of these flushes are noted to contain pools with {\it Utricularia minor}, while some others appear neutral/base-rich in character with species such as {\it Parnassia palustris, Selaginella selaginoides} and {\it Pinguicula vulgaris}.

A further feature noted by the Phase 1 survey is Arnsbarrow Tarn (GR SD 310 917). This has emergent vegetation which includes {\it Nymphaea alba, Equisetum fluviatile} and {\it Carex rostrata}.

There are several areas of {\it Juniperus communis} scrub present on the common. Examples are to the SE at (4) and along the slope to the NW (5), within the Dodgson Wood SSSI.  The {\it J. communis} scrub of the SSSI lies at the upper edge of a broadleaved wood which stretches all the way down to the edge of the lake. Along with the {\it J. communis} bushes are scattered individuals of {\it Ilex aquifolium} and trees of {\it Quercus} sp., {\it Taxus baccata} and {\it Betula pendula}. 

The SSSI as a whole is notable in this context, in that this is one of the largest and densest blocks of {\it J. communis} scrub in South Cumbria. The area at (5) has also suffered bracken invasion. Under the edge of the bracken were noted acidic grassland patches with {\it Agrostis capillaris, Festuca ovina, Anthoxanthum odoratum, Deschampsia flexuosa, Potentilla erecta, Polytrichum commune, Vaccinium myrttillus, Galium saxatile, Oreopteris limbosperma, Blechnum spicant, Athyrium filix-femina, Oxalis acetosella, Pleurozium schreberi, Rhytidiadelphus squarrosus} and {\it Plagiomnium undulatum}. 

Along the footpath leading up to High Parkamoor were noted further small flushed areas. These contain {\it Molinia caerulea, Carex panicea, C. pulicaris, C. viridula} subsp. {\it oedocarpa, C. echinata, Danthonia decumbens, Narthecium ossifragum, Pinguicula vulgaris, Sphagnum subnitens, S. palustre, S. recurvum, Juncus articulatus, J. acutiflorus, Galium palustre}, and {\it Viola palustris}. Growing next to rocks along the path were {\it Festuca ovina, Thymus polytrichus, Campanula rotundifolia, Anthoxanthum odoratum} and {\it Potentilla erecta}.

The flush feature which is mentioned in the site files of the CWT (Low Bethecar - GR SD 310 897) sounds representative of the above and is described as dominated by a low, shrubby growth of {\it Myrica gale}. Other species recorded include {\it E. tetralix, Drosera rotundifolia, Pinguicula vulgaris, Vaccinium oxycoccos, Selaginella selaginoides, Carex} spp. and {\it Narthecium ossifragum}.  Also noted for occurrence of {\it Juniperus communis}.

A final feature worthy of mention is the valley immediately below High Parkamoor itself (GR SD 310 926). Along this are several mature trees of {\it Alnus glutinosa, Fraxinus excelsior} and one native individual of {\it Tilia cordata}.

MANAGE:
The common is grazed by sheep and lies within the Lake District Environmentally Sensitive Area (ESA). This has been designated because of the outstanding environmental importance of the fells and valleys of the area. For reasons of confidentiality it has not been possible in this project to identify whether or not an individual common has been entered into the ESA scheme. However, for a general summary of the approximate area of Cumbrian common land covered by ESA agreements (as at 1995), please refer to the main report. 

The present grazing regime appears to be having a significant effect on certain areas of the dwarf shrub vegetation, especially to the north of the common. There is also an apparent spread of bracken into the dwarf shrub areas and there are a number of possible factors which may encourage such a situation. 

- Grazing may be suppressing the dwarf shrubs sufficiently to give the bracken a competitive advantage.

- Failure to harvest bracken: Until recent times, the dead fronds were used extensively as stock bedding. This practice has now almost totally ceased, due to the difficulties of mechanising the collection process and the ready availability of cheap straw as a substitute. Annual harvesting of the dead bracken fronds prevented the build-up of a litter layer. This in turn helps frosts to penetrate to the rhizomes and kill them (bracken being a frost-sensitive plant). 

- Rights to graze cattle exist for many of the upland commons, although in the Lake District (and other parts of upland England and Wales), these rights are rarely made use of today. It is thought that trampling of the bracken rhizomes by cattle helped to suppress the plant.

Under the present management regime, spraying of bracken may be the only feasible way of protecting the dwindling area of dwarf shrub vegetation. Even so, care must be taken to make sure there are no rare ferns present, because Asulam, the preferred herbicide, kills all ferns. Burning of the heath would be counter-productive, as it would only encourage further bracken colonisation.

The common has a number of other features of conservation interest. Of particular note are the pools with {\it Urticularia minor} and dragonflies plus the native tree of {\it Tilia cordata}. The heathland is a habitat which is declining nationally and is of vital importance to a number of nesting bird species such as red grouse. The many flushes around the common support a wide range of plant species and there are significant areas of {\it Juniperus communis} scrub. Continued monitoring is needed to follow the dynamics of bracken, which ideally needs some form of control introducing.


FAUNA:
Noted during the site visit were: oystercatcher, swift, lesser black-backed gull, black-headed gull, curlew, shelduck, lapwing, skylark, blackbird, grey heron (some seen on adjacent sand banks and therefore not strictly on the common).

VEG:
The common, along with is contiguous neighbour, CL 159W, lies along the western edge of the Kent estuary. The area was covered by the Cumbria Phase 1 survey in 1978 and the Salt Marsh Survey of Great Britain in 1983. A visit was made to the site to look for any change since these surveys and to investigate management/recreation etc. 

To the south of the common is a block of saltmarsh. This appears very intensively grazed and to some extent agriculturally improved, with abundant sheep droppings present. The major part of the saltmarsh is dominated variously by {\it Festuca rubra, Juncus gerardii} and {\it Puccinellia maritima}. Locally frequent associates include {\it Triglochin maritima, Glaux maritima, Trifolium repens, Poa pratensis, Plantago maritima} and {\it P. coronopus}. This vegetation all probably belongs to various sub-communities of NVC tye SM16. 

Depressions within the salt marsh tend to be dominated by {\it Alopecurus geniculatus}. Locally there are transitions to a pure improved grassland sward dominated by {\it Lolium perenne} with frequent {\it Trifolium pratense} and locally frequent {\it Potentilla anserina}. Reference to the map of the 1983 survey would suggest that the eutrophication of the sward has occurred subsequent to this date. In addition, several infestations of {\it Juncus maritimus} in the upper saltmarsh were not noted during the site visit. There are no creek systems present within the salt marsh. However,a small number elongated pools may be remnants of such.

The floodbank has a pure improved grassland sward - {\it L. perenne, Trifolium repens, Ranunculus repens, Bellis perennis} and {\it Stellaria media}.

MANAGE:
The common is grazed by sheep and cattle. Grazing levels appear high, judging from the abundant sheep droppings present on the turf. The site is fenced from the surrounding land along the rear of the floodbank. There are also small fenced areas within the common itself; near to High Foulshaw farm, for example, while a section of the floodbank is also fenced at the seaward side. 

Opposite the farm is an area of bare ground which has been used for tipping concrete rubble. 

The site appears to be of only limited conservation value, but may provide a feeding area for some wader species (does not include any of the adjoining mudflats). The edge of the saltmarsh, which follows the edge of the river channel at one point, is marked by a shallow step. The margin is largely intact, although there has been a small amount of erosion of the turf at one point. 

Localised areas of soft saltmarsh turf has been heavily poached by the hooves of cattle.


VEG:
The common, along with is contiguous neighbour, CL 158W, lie along the western edge of the Kent estuary. The area was covered by the Cumbria Phase 1 survey in 1978 and the Salt Marsh Survey of Great Britain in 1983. A visit was made to the site, which was viewed from the footpath running along the floodbank. 

A strip of saltmarsh runs the length ot the common, narrowing soutwards and eventually giving way to exposed intertidal shingle. The turf is grazed, but less intensively than that on CL 158 (5-10cm tall). This is described as relatively species-poor (1) and dominated by {\it Festuca/Puccinellia}, with {\it Agrostis} sp. and other associates such as {\it Glaux maritima, Juncus gerardii, Potentilla anserina, Alopecurus geniculatus, Poa} sp. 

At the upper marsh, to both the north and the south of the common (2) there are extensive stands of {\it Juncus maritimus}. These still coincide closely with their positions indicated on the map of the Salt Marsh (1983) Survey. At the upper edge in these areas there are often strips of {\it Bolboschoenus maritimus}, while at one point, a stand of {\it Eleocharis uniglumis} was also noted. 

To the north (3), the {\it Juncus maritimus} also has scattered scrub of {\it Ulex europaeus} and occasional bushes of {\it Crataegus monogyna}. Rare individuals of {\it Phragmites australis} were also noted within this compartment. The flood bank has improved grassland, while to the landward edge is a hedge of {\it Crataegus monogyna}. The vegetation appears substantially unchanged since the previous surveys.

MANAGE:
The common is grazed, probably by both sheep and cattle. Grazing levels appear less high than on the contiguous CL 158W, from which this common is fenced. Unlike CL 158W, the flood bank is not fenced from the remainder of the site. However, there appears to be a fence running along the seaward edge of part of the common. A sign has been erected on here saying "Private Shooting".


FAUNA:
See under the contiguous CL 65W for a discussion of the fauna of the Farleton Fell SSSI.

VEG:
The common lies to the south of the Holmepark Fell/Newbiggin Fell area. The northern portion lies within the Farleton Knott SSSI and an area of limestone pavement notified by English Nature. For a fuller account of the limestone pavements of this area, together with maps of the scheduled areas, please refer to CLs 31W and 65W. 

In addition, the Farleton Knott SSSI plus the nearby Hutton Roof Crags SSSI (also largely registered common land), now collectively form a part of the Morecambe Bay Pavements proposed Special Area of Conservation (pSAC), to be designated under EC legislation.

The habitat map has been based on that of the Cumbria Phase 1 survey, which shows the limestone pavement to the north, surrounded by calcicolous grassland. There was insufficient time to visit the common. 

The area to the south has a mosaic of dense scrub and bracken {\it Pteridium aquilinum} and was target noted during the Phase 1 survey in 1984. GR SD 545 788 - "Very complex mosaic of bracken, {\it Ulex europaeus, Fraxinus excelsior} and {\it Crataegus monogyna} with some calcicolous grassland. {\it F. excelsior} and {\it C. monogyna} dominate the limestone outcrops with {\it Brachypodium sylvaticum, Teucrium scorodonia} and a variety of bryophytes making up the ground flora".

MANAGE:
The common is presumably grazed by sheep. Unfortunately there was insufficient time to assess the management regime. The limestone pavements of this area are known to have suffered extensive damage from stone extraction in past decades. They are now the subject of a Limestone Pavement Order (Farleton Knott, June 1989). This makes removal of the pavement illegal under the 1981 Wildlife and Countryside Act. For a fuller account of these features please refer to CLs 31W and 65W.


FAUNA:
Noted during the site visit were: lapwing, yellowhammer, chaffinch, skylark, willow warbler, thrush, ravens (several passing above common), curlew (party of 8 overhead), dunnock, meadow pipit, swift, robin, magpie, rabbits. 

The limestone pavement on the common lies within a Grade C site on the Invertebrate Site Register. This states that there is a strong colony of the local grayling butterfly {\it Hipparchia semele} on this fell. Several other rare and local butterflies have been noted here, but not in any numbers. These include the nationally notable northern brown argus {\it Aricia artaxerxes} and pearl-bordered fritillary {\it Boloria euphrosyne}, plus the vulnerable (RDB 2) high brown fritillary {\it Argynnis adippe}. Further survey of the site is recommended.

VEG:
The common forms the south-eastern portion of Farleton Knott. This is an extremely distinctive landscape feature comprising a low Carboniferous Limestone hill. The habitat map has been based on that of the Cumbria Phase 1 survey. 

A major part of the common lies within the SSSI of the same name (for map of the SSSI see under the contiguous CL 31W). The majority of this site as a whole is listed in "A Nature Conservation Review" (ed. D.A. Ratcliffe, 1977). The site has extensive limestone pavements which have been notified to Cumbria County Council by English Nature under Section 34 of the Wildlife and Countryside Act, 1981 (see map under CL 31W). In addition, the Farleton Knott SSSI plus the nearby Hutton Roof Crags SSSI (also largely registered common land), now collectively form a part of the Morecambe Bay Pavements proposed Special Area of Conservation (pSAC), to be designated under EC legislation.

The SSSI as a whole is of both geological and botanical importance and contains the second largest expanse of limestone pavement in Cumbria after Hutton Roof Crags SSSI (lying immediately to the south of this site and also common land). Many of the pavements have been damaged by clint removal, but there is still much intact pavement remaining. These are well-developed and display outstanding examples of solution features. There are also important features in relation to glaciation. For a fuller account of the geological characteristics of the area consult English Nature.

There are extensive areas of limestone pavement present on this common (see habitat map). Uncommon species found within the grikes (recorded for the site as a whole) include the nationally rare (NR) {\it Carex ornithopoda}, the nationally scarce (NS) {\it Epipactis atrorubens, Polygonatum odoratum, Gymnocarpium robertianum} and {\it Dryopteris submontana}, plus more "local" species such as {\it Geranium sanguineum, Convallaria majalis, Melica nutans, Inula conyza, Viola hirta, Galium sterneri, Mycelis muralis, Polystichum lonchitis} and {\it P. aculeatum}. (Nationally rare species are defined as those occurring in 15 or fewer ten km squares of the National Grid, while nationally scarce species are those occurring in bewteen 16 and 100 ten km squares - see references). 

Other more common species include {\it Anemone nemorosa, Oxalis acetosella, Allium ursinum, Mercurialis perennis, Asplenium trichomanes, A. ruta-muraria, Phyllitis scolopendrium} and {\it Geranium robertianum}. 

Scrub and tree cover is rather sparse on parts of the pavement due to grazing pressure, but the following species occur quite frequently: {\it Fraxinus excelsior, Acer pseudolpatanus, Corylus avellana} and {\it Crataegus monogyna} with, less commonly, {\it Sorbus aucuparia, Quercus petraea, Taxus baccata, Juniperus communis, Sambucus nigra, Prunus spinosa, Sorbus} sp. and {\it Rhamnus catharticus}.

Among and surrounding the pavements are extensive areas of unimproved calcicolous grassland. However, this is less botanically diverse than that on Hutton Roof. It is one of the largest expanses of this habitat type in South Cumbria. The sward is generally dominated by {\it Sesleria caerulea} (NS), with {\it Danthonia decumbens, Festuca ovina, Anthoxanthum odoratum, Briza media} and {\it Carex flacca} all widespread. Forbs include {\it Thymus praecox, Filipendula vulgaris, Lotus corniculatus, Galium sterneri} and {\it Asperula cynanchia}.

Areas of deeper drift soils found in hollows and on terraces and some of the marginal slopes, support contrasting acidic grassland communities. These are dominated by {\it Nardus stricta} and {\it Festuca ovina}, with {\it Agrostis} spp., {\it Luzula campestris, Galium saxatile} and {\it Potentilla erecta}. Locally there are also {\it Vaccinium myrtillus} and {\it Calluna vulgaris}. Along the eastern edge of the common are steep slopes which are predominantly dense bracken {\it Pteridium aquilinum} and scrub of {\it Ulex europaeus} and {\it Crataegus monogyna}. The southern portion of the common lies outside the SSSI boundary. 

Away from the pavement there is a change to: first, a poor semi-improved grassland sward and adjacent to the road, improved grassland. The former type was noted to be dominated by {\it Festuca rubra} with abundant {\it Bromus hordaceus} subsp. {\it hordaceus, Anthoxanthum odoratum, Agrostis capillaris} and {\it Trifolium} spp. plus local clumps of {\it Urtica dioica}.

MANAGE:
The common is grazed by sheep. Grazing levels are high on the improved/semi-improved grassland to the south. There has been slurry spreading here. 

Grazing levels are somewhat lower within the pavements, with some areas probably totally inaccessible to livestock. Some areas were noted where clints have been stripped from the pavement. Dumped farm rubbish - barbed wire and metal etc. was noted at one point within the pavement and there is a pile of dumped tyres in the grassland to the south of the common. 

An area to the east of the common has apparently been fenced by a local farmer (GR SD 554 795). It is the responsibility of the local authority to act against this in accordance with its obligations under Section 9 of the Commons Registration Act, 1965. 

As discussed earlier, extensive areas of the limestone pavement on this common have been severely damaged by past stone removal. The pavements at Farleton Knott are now the subject of a Limestone Pavement Order (June 1989). This makes removal of the limestone a criminal offence under the 1981 Wildlife and Countryside Act.


FAUNA:
Noted during site visit were: blue tit, willow warbler, carrion crow, wren, greenfinch.

VEG:
The common lies close to a small housing estate in the hamlet of Summerlands, a few km south of Kendal. The site has been covered by the Cumbria Phase 1 survey, with target notes from 1979, 1982 and 1986. Part of the common is a Cumbria Wildlife Trust "County Wildlife Site". In view of the large amount of existing information, only a brief visit was made to the common. 

The main feature of interest is a small block of broadleaved woodland. This is highlighted in the Cumbria Inventory of Ancient Woodland as falling into the category of "Ancient Semi-natural Woodland". These are woodlands which have been continuously wooded, or in continuous land-use as woodland, since at least the year 1600 AD. 

This wood appears to have developed on an area of raised ground. A very uneven ground surface, coupled with the presence on site of a disused lime kiln, suggests that there have been some past limestone workings here. There is a central "core" of {\it Corylus avellana} trees, taking the form of regrown coppice stools. Occasional individuals of {\it Fraxinus excelsior} and {\it Acer pseudoplatanus} are present in the canopy, while there are scattered understorey bushes of {\it Prunus spinosa}. The field layer of this portion has abundant {\it Mercurialis perennis}, locally abundant {\it Allium ursinum} plus locally occasional {\it Conopodium majus} and {\it Arctium minus}. There is quite a lot of small size fallen timber on the woodland floor. 

Surrounding this area of old coppice, the canopy gives way to {\it F. excelsior} and {\it A. pseudoplatanus}. Other species noted in the Phase 1 target notes are {\it Ilex aquifolium, Hyacinthiodes non-scripta, Silene dioica, Stellaria holostea, Ranunculus ficaria, Galium cruciata, Primula veris, Urtica dioica, Torilis japonica, Glechoma hederacea, Epilobium montanum} and {\it Fragaria} sp. In addition, the CWT description of the site also mentions {\it Paris quadrifolia, Saxifraga granulata, Listera ovata} and {\it Orchis mascula}.  

The margins of the wood merge into the surrounding grassland; parts could perhaps be better described as grassland with scattered trees. This grassland now appears to be agriculturally improved. However, in 1979 it was described as "fairly herb-rich meadow", with species such as {\it Stachys officinalis, Geranium pratense, Conopodium majus} and {\it Alchemilla vulgaris}. By 1986 it had become "Improved with no sign of any remaining interest". At the date of the present survey this is dominated by {\it Lolium perenne} and {\it Poa} spp., with frequent {\it Ranunculus repens, Rumex obtusifolius, Trifolium} spp., and locally frequent {\it Anthoxanthum odoratum, Dactylis glomerata, Cerastium fontanum, Taraxacum officinale} and {\it Veronica chamaedrys}. Rarely, there are indicators of the more diverse sward in the form of {\it Alchemilla} sp. 

The margins of the common have hedges of {\it Crataegus monogyna}. To the south is a further narrow wooded strip which it was not possible to visit. However, this appears to have a canopy of {\it Acer pseudoplatanus} with an understorey of {\it Corylus avellana}. A number of mature, standing dead trees were noted.

MANAGE:
The management of the common is not entirely clear. It is apparent that the grassland surrounding the wood has been extensively agriculturally improved. There may be a silage crop taken and it is probably grazed at some time of the year (stock type unknown). 

The woodland is now unmanaged, although it has been actively coppiced in the past. There is also an old lime kiln on the site and and evidence of limestone quarrying within the wood. Today the wood is the site for much tipping of stone/concrete/asbestos rubble. This has caused considerable disturbance to parts of the woodland floor. The area used for tipping can be reached by vehicles, from the village via the track/footpath. Areas of species-rich meadow have been lost from the site. 

The woodland also appears to be under threat. At the time of the brief site visit, the recorded botanical diversity was not fully appreciated and there was no conscious attempt made to search for particular species. However, the results of this survey would suggest that there has been a drastic decline in species diversity. Indeed, the overall area covered by the woodland as plotted on the Phase 1 map seems to have declined, with the marginal areas being reduced to grassland with scattered trees. A full survey and continued monitoring of the site is recommended.


FAUNA:
No information available about the fauna of this common.

VEG:
The common comprises an area of very steep hillsides on the southern side of Barbon Beck. The habitat map has been based on that of the Cumbria Phase 1 survey. There are some dominant species codes, but no specific target notes. Unfortunately there was insufficient time to visit the common during the course of the present survey. 

Most of the steeply sloping ground of the site has an acidic grassland sward dominated by {\it Nardus stricta} and {\it Juncus squarrosus}. In the NE corner this gives way to dense bracken {\it Pteridium aquilinum}. Locally there are several small stands of marshy grassland dominated by {\it Juncus effusus}. 

A small section of the eastern edge of the common lies within the Leck Beck Head Catchment Area SSSI. This is a minute portion of the SSSI as a whole.

MANAGE:
The common is probably grazed by sheep. Unfortunately, due to constraints on time, it was not possible to visit the site to investigate the management regime.


FAUNA:
Noted during site visit were: blue tit, lapwing, carrion crow, wheatear, skylark, willow warbler, chaffinch, jackdaw, meadow pipit, kestrel, flock of starlings, large red damselfly and small heath butterfly. Grouse droppings also seen.

VEG:
The common comprises a hill to the south of Sedbergh. The area was covered by the Cumbria Phase 1 survey in 1978 and 1986, with several target notes and dominant species codes being available. In addition, the common also includes within its boundaries two Cumbria Wildlife Trust sites (see below). 

A field visit was made to the common to look at the {\it Calluna vulgaris} dwarf shrub vegetation which was shown to the north of the site. This was done while walking along a public footpath which crosses this area. The heather moor is managed for grouse, with signs of an active programme of burning. There is a mosaic of discrete blocks of different-aged {\it Calluna}, ranging from just burnt, through seedling, pioneer, building, mature and senescent stages. Cover is in the range of 75-90 per cent. Sheep were noted grazing this area, with a significant proportion of the {\it Calluna} plants showing evidence of grazing. The most noticeable grazing effects are in areas with grassy patches, where the {\it Calluna} plants have often been grazed into a short carpet. Taller {\it Calluna} bushes have often developed a "topiary" appearance. Areas marked as a mosaic of {\it Calluna} heath and acidic grassland (Phase 1 D5) have an overall cover of less than 25 per cent {\it Calluna}. 

To the south of the common is a further block of dwarf shrub heath (not visited) shown as dominated by {\it Calluna} and {\it Vaccinium myrtillus} (1). Surrounding this are areas where the heath occurs as a mosaic within acidic grassland. Some areas are also shown as either wet heath ({\it Calluna} and {\it V. myrtillus}) or as a mosaic of wet heath plus acidic grassland. This grassland is mainly dominated by {\it Nardus stricta} and {\it Juncus squarrosus}, and locally with {\it Festuca ovina}. The southern portion of the common has considerable areas of pure acidic grassland. 

To the north of the common there are a number of different acidic grassland NVC types represented. The first is of NVC type U4 and has a closely grazed turf dominated by {\it Agrostis capillaris} and {\it Festuca ovina} with frequent {\it Galium saxatile}, abundant {\it Hypnum cupressiforme} and {\it Rhytidiadelphus squarrosus}, plus locally occasional {\it Danthonia decumbens} and {\it Potentilla erecta}. 

Away from the track there is a progression to taller grassland either of NVC U5 ({\it Nardus stricta}) or U6 ({\it Juncus squarrosus}); both have frequent {\it Deschampsia flexuosa, Galium saxatile} and {\it Potentilla erecta}. Locally there is scattered bracken {\it Pteridium aquilinum} and elsewhere stands of dense bracken. The area dominated by dense bracken appears to have increased since the date of the Phase 1 survey. There are also signs of bracken invasion at the margins of some of the {\it Calluna} heath. 

To the north of the common is the summit of Holme Knott. Here is a small tarn, which is recorded in the site files of CWT. This has "aquatic vegetation which includes {\it Litorella uniflora, Eleocharis} sp. and {\it Utricularia} sp. Moorland vegetation of the banks is of interest too, with {\it Calluna vulgaris, Listera cordata, Erica tetralix, Vaccinium oxycoccos, V. myrtillus, Sphagnum} spp, {\it Juncus effusus, J. squarrosus, Polytrichum commune}. Flushed area around tarn outflow contains {\it Menyanthes trifoliata, Ranunculus flammula, Drosera rotundifolia, Carex panicea, C. viridula} subsp. {\it oedocarpa, Viola palustris, J. effusus} and {\it Sphagnum} spp.".

The second CWT site (Jordan Lane Meadow) lies to the NW of the common. This is the 'arm' which runs down from the fellside to the main road. This is separated in management terms from the remainder of the site by a farm gate controlling access onto the open fell. The northern slopes support a seni-improved acidic grassland sward. The botanical interest lies in the lower slopes where there is a complex mosaic of marshy, acidic and neutral grassland, plus scrub and trees. 

The marshy grassland is dominated by {\it Molinia caerulea}. A wide variety of other species occur in this area. These include {\it Filipendula ulmaria, Dactylorhiza maculata, D. fuchsii, Lotus pedunculatus, Succisa pratensis, Stachys sylvatica, Cirsium palustre, Lychnis flos-cuculi, Galium palustre, Juncus acutiflorus, J. effusus, Narthecium ossifragum, Carex panicea, C. hostiana, C. pulicaris, C. flacca, Briza media, Potentilla palustris, Ranunculus flammula, Senecio aquaticus, Caltha palustris, Hypericum ?tetrapterum, Glyceria fluitans, Cardamine pratensis, Myosotis} sp., {\it Luzula multiflora, Achillea ptarmica, Rhinanthus minor} and {\it Genista tinctoria}. This latter species is predominantly found on cliff/coastal grassland in Cumbria. Inland it is "very scattered, although locally common and most frequent in the middle Eden valley" (source, Halliday, 1997). In addition a single plant of {\it Platanthera chlorantha} was also noted. This species is recorded as "generally scarce or infrequent in the county, although not uncommon between Kendal and the Kent Estuary and in the Sebergham area" (Halliday, 1997). Some of the other orchids were locally quite numerous. 

Scrub and trees at the edges of this area include {\it Quercus} sp., {\it Sorbus aucuparia, Crataegus monogyna, Rosa} sp., {\it Betula pendula} and {\it Salix} sp. Other species recorded by the CWT include {\it Sanguisorba minor, S. officinalis, Centaurea nigra} and {\it Prunella vulgaris}.

MANAGE:
The area of open fell is grazed by sheep. Some of the more palatable grassland along the track to the north appears closely-grazed, while other areas are dominated by the unpalatable species {\it Nardus stricta} and {\it Juncus squarrosus}. 

Discussion with the local farmer revealed that as a child he remembered that there used to be much more extensive heather cover in the land adjacent to the farm. In addition, bracken used to be cut extensively for bedding. The cessation of the latter activity and sustained high stocking levels may be the main factors which have led to the spread of grass-moor and bracken at the expense of dwarf shrub communities. Interestingly there are no rights allowing cattle on the common. Trampling and resulting damage to bracken rhizomes by cattle hooves is also thought to control its spread. 

The remaining areas of {\it Calluna} heath are still actively managed as grouse moor through a programme of controlled rotational burning. There is evidence of a significant grazing pressure and spread of bracken also into some of these areas. Further study is needed to examine any potantial threat to this remaining dwarf shrub vegetation from the current management regime. Apparently there are no sheep on the fell during winter. 

The small north-western arm of the common is separate from the remainder.  Parts of this area had evidence of being recently lightly grazed by cattle - this is probably the ideal mode of management for this part of the common. This area is of quite wide botanical diversity and is notable in the presence of {\it Genista tinctoria} and the {\it orchid} spp. Continued monitoring is recommended. There also appears to be good potential here for scrub/woodland edge birds and as a source of small mammals for feeding birds of prey.


FAUNA:
Noted during the site visit were: curlew, skylark, meadow pipit, carrion crow and small heath butterfly.

VEG:
The common lies on the southern side of Dentdale, close to the hamlet of Gawthrop. The area was covered by the Cumbria Phase 1 survey in 1978. A site visit has also been made to the common. 

To the west of the track crossing the site is a steep bank of acidic grassland. This appears to mainly be co-dominated by {\it Nardus stricta} and {\it Festuca ovina}. As such it may be transitional between NVC types U4 and U5. Within this are frequent {\it Juncus sqauarrosus, Galium saxatile} and {\it Potentilla erecta}, plus locally frequent {\it Thymus praecox, Deschampsia flexuosa, Carex pilulifera} and {\it Danthonia decumbens}. Smaller areas appear more diverse in species, possibly slightly base-rich in character, as indicated by the presence of {\it Pilosella officinarum, Lotus corniculatus} and {\it Carex caryophyllea}. Througout this grassland are scattered bushes of {\it Crataegus monogyna}, small and wind-sculpted. Small sandstone rocks/boulders protrude in places.

Below the footpath there is more acidic grassland, within which is an extensive and complex mosaic of acidic/neutral/base-rich flushing. The more acidic examples tend to be dominated by {\it Juncus ?articulatus}. Other species present are abundant {\it Polytrichum commune, Sphagnum recurvum, S. palustre} and {\it Anthoxanthum odoratum}, frequent {\it Viola palustris, Carex panicea, C. nigra, Holcus lanatus, Potentilla erecta, Galium palustre, Stellaria alsine} and {\it Juncus squarrosus}, locally frequent {\it Narthecium ossifragum} and occasional {\it Cardamine pratensis} and {\it Cirsium palustre}. 

Most of these flush features are likely to be sub-communities of NVC type M6, the above possibly of M6d. Locally, Carices are prominent, in the form of abundant {\it Carex echinata, C. panicea} and {\it C. viridula} subsp. {\it oedocarpa}, plus abundant {\it Sphagnum palustre} and frequent {\it Ranunculus flammula} (NVC M6a). Some of the flushes have {\it Sphagnum} "hummocks" (possibly {\it S. subnitens, S. russowii} and {\it S. warnstorfii}), often with {\it Drosera rotundifolia}. 

Base-rich flushes have a carpet of pleurocarpous brown mosses. Other species noted from these situations include {\it Carex echinata, C. panicea, C. viridula} subsp. {\it oedocarpa, C. pulicaris, Eleocharis quinqueflora, Pedicularis palustris, Bellis perennis, Juncus bulbosus, Briza media, Pinguicula vulgaris} and {\it Succisa pratensis}. These probably belong to NVC type M10. 

In between the flushed areas is acidic grassland dominated either by {\it Nardus stricta} or {\it Juncus squarrosus}, plus locally, {\it Juncus effusus}.

MANAGE:
The common is grazed by sheep. Overall grazing levels appear moderate, although some of the palatable base-rich flush vegetation is selectively grazed. The common is notable for the extensive flushing and relatively diverse species composition. Only those features near to the path were investigated. Further survey and monitoring of this site is recommended.


FAUNA:
The Howgill Fells have an ungraded entry in the Invertebrate Site Register. These are sites which have not been assigned, either because they have been recommended to the ISR without supporting species information, are sites recorded in the literature as being of interest but unknown to present day entomologists, or other sites where there is insufficient information for evaluation. 

The Howgills are described as very underworked entomologically. T. Bird of Kendal found a number of local upland beetles (Coleoptera) and there is a rather old record of the rare cranefly {\it Tipula grisescens}, a species associated with upland peat bogs, from Cautley Spout. There is also a record for the golden ringed dragonfly {\it Cordulegaster boltonii}. 

There is a fair degree of ornithological interest within the Howgill Fells as a whole. The upland grassland is important for ground nesting birds such as syklark, meadow pipit and, possibly, twite. There are a small number of records for breeding merlin in the locality. Craggy areas may provide nesting sites for peregrine. There are a number of pairs of buzzard known to breed in the area.

VEG:
The common comprises the southern portion of the Howgill Fells and lies immediately to the north of Sedbergh and the River Rawthey. The range as a whole are a major topographical feature. The distictive rounded outline of the fells is the result of a localised ice cap and subsequent erosion by water. The common has been covered by the Cumbria Phase 1 survey (1978 and 1986) and the habitat map and following description are based on this source. There was insufficient time to visit the common during the present survey. 

Most of the site comprises steep slopes with an acidic grassland sward. This is variously dominated by {\it Nardus stricta, Festuca ovina, Deschampsia flexuosa} and, at higher altitudes, {\it Juncus squarrosus}. Other associates include {\it Galium saxatile} and {\it Potentilla erecta}. 

Some of the 1978 target notes suggest a heathy sward with {\it Vaccinium myrtillus}, but by 1986 it was noted that very little of this species was still present. However, some areas have been mapped as a mosaic of acidic grassland and {\it V. myrtillus} heath; these tend to lie on the higher slopes. For example, the rounded hilltop of Great Dummacks to the south of Cautley Crag (Map 2) appears to have remants of dry heath vegetation in the form of {\it V. myrtillus} and {\it Empetrum nigrum}, plus localised {\it Calluna vulgaris}. In addition, in the Long Rigg area (1 - Map 1) the Phase 1 map also shows a stand of discrete {\it Calluna vulgaris/V. myrtillus} heath. 

At the bases of the slopes around the margins of the common, there are localised stands of dense bracken {\it Pteridium aquilinum}. 

To the extreme north of Map 1 can be seen Carlin Gill (which forms the border between this CL and CL 45W, to the north). The target note here: GR SD 628 997 (1986) mentions that {\it V. myrtillus} is only just at sufficient cover to warrant placing it in the grass/heath category. Small flushes along the gill appear to be base-rich and have {\it Carex} spp. (incl. {\it C. panicea}), {\it Briza media}, mosses, {\it Pinguicula vulgaris, Euphrasia} sp. and {\it Chrysosplenium oppositifolium}. The rocky outcrops support {\it Cryptogramma crispa, Sedum forsterianum} (nationally scarce), {\it Anagallis tenella}, plus some {\it Calluna vulgaris} and {\it V. myrtillus}. 

There are, in addition, references from the 1978 set of target notes to areas of base-rich grassland along Carlin Gill: GR 648 998: - "Area of more base-rich grassland by stream. Species present include {\it Cerastium fontanum, Deschampsia cespitosa, Ranunculus acris, Cirsium palustre, Trifolium repens, Euphrasia} sp., {\it Leontodon autumnalis, Achillea millefolium, Rumex acetosella, Festuca rubra} and occasional {\it Nardus stricta}". 

Flush features are of restricted occurrence as a whole. One such feature is target noted at SD 664 940 (1978): - "Flushes around springs with {\it Sphagnum} spp., {\it Polytrichum} spp., {\it Saxifraga stellaris, Juncus effusus, J. squarrosus} and {\it Carex echinata}".
 
Various rock outcrops and screes occur over the common. The major feature in this respect is the Cautley Crag/Cautley Spout area. However, no target notes for the vegetation of this feature could be located. A large scree slope is target noted at SD 630 996 (1986, Map 1): - "Large scree slope which, like others in the area has little vegetation apart from large amounts of {\it Cryptogramma crispa}. The crags beneath it have a relict woodland flora of {\it Sorbus aucuparia, Ulmus glabra, Fraxinus excelsior}, with {\it Athyrium filix-femina, Oreopteris limbosperma, Blechnum spicant, Polystichum aculeatum, Fragaria vesca, Oxalis acetosella, Digitalis purpurea, Filipendula ulmaria, Luzula sylvatica, Solidago virgaurea} and {\it Geranium robertianum}".

MANAGE:
The common is grazed by sheep. Grazing levels in general appear quite high and consistent with the apparent observed decline in the cover of {\it Vaccinium myrtillus}. The Phase 1 survey comments in general also that the area of bracken has incresed due to the grazing pressure. 

A minute part of the common, along the lower reaches of Cautley Holme Beck (SD 692 968), lies within the Pennine Dales ESA.


FAUNA:
No information on fauna available for this common.

VEG:
The common lies on the northern portion of Holme Knott. The area was covered by the Cumbria Phase 1 survey in 1986. Owing to limititions of time, the site was not visited during the present survey. 

The relevant target note is as follows: SD 646 904 - "Holme Fell. Lower acid grassland slopes dominated by the typical species ({\it Nardus, Festuca, Agrostis}) and several flushes dominated by {\it Carex panicea, C. viridula} subsp. {\it oedocarpa} and with these, Sphagna: {\it S. capillifolium, S. papillosum, S. palustre} and {\it Polytrichum commune}. In wettest areas {\it Pedicularis palustris, Ranunculus flammula, Hydrocotyle vulgaris} and {\it Juncus bufonius} were found". 

One area of bracken {\it Pteridium aquilinum} is mapped. Reference to the adjoining OS sheet SD 68 NW and on evidence of the visit to the nearby CL 110W, would suggest that bracken has colonised much of the grassland on this part of the fell.

MANAGE:
The common is grazed by sheep. Adjacent land on CL 110W is heavily grazed.


FAUNA:
Noted during the site visit were: meadow pipit, skylark, small heath butterfly. 

The Frostrow Fells as a whole have an ungraded entry in the Invertebrate Site Register. The nationally notable ground beetle {\it Calosoma inquisitor} has been reported from the area (1977). This species is usually associated with oak woodland. 

Phase 1 survey target notes the black darter dragonfly {\it Sympetrum danae}: GR 666 905 (1986).

VEG:
The common rises eastwards from the outskirts of Sedbergh, onto a range of low hills. The area was covered by the Cumbria Phase 1 survey in 1986. A large number of target notes are available. A brief site visit was made to the common. The greater part of the site supports acidic grassland of various types, with local remnants of wet heath vegetation. There are extensive flush features present on parts of the common.

The western portion has an acidic grassland sward dominated by {\it Nardus stricta} and {\it Juncus squarrosus}. There is scattered {\it Juncus effusus} present, with other associates such as {\it Polytrichum commune, Galium saxatile} and {\it Potentilla erecta}. To the extreme west is a closely-grazed {\it Agrostis/Festuca} sward. 

An acidic flush feature at GR SD 665 907 (1) has a pool of open water (1986). This was noted to have {\it Ranunculus flammula, Menyanthes trifoliata, Juncus effusus, Sphagnum recurvum, S. cuspidatum} and {\it S. capillifolium}. This leads to an area mappped as marshy grassland, dominated by {\it J. effusus} (SD 668 909). Other species recorded here include {\it Carex viridula} subsp. {\it brachyrrhyncha, C. nigra, C. echinata, Eriophorum angustifolium, Hydrocotyle vulgaris, Viola palustris, Galium palustre, Myosotis} sp., {\it Potamogeton} sp., {\it Drosera} sp. (? {\it rotundifolia}), {\it Mentha aquatica} and {\it Vaccinium oxycoccos}. 

Toward the centre of the common are several large flush features target noted extensively by the Phase 1 survey, all dominated by {\it J. effusus}. In addition, a part at Hunder Moor Moss (2) is also a CWT County Wildlife Site. This latter site is particularly rich in {\it Sphagna} and includes {\it S. capillifolium, S. recurvum, S. cuspidatum, S. fimbriatum, S. palustre, S. magellanicum} and {\it S. papillosum}. Many of the above species are also present, plus {\it Narthecium ossifragum, Eriophorum vaginatum, Succisa pratensis, Cardamine pratensis} and {\it Carex panicea}. 

A further large flush feature lies to the east of here (SD 682 904) and is said to be similar in character to Hunder Moor Moss (3). In the northern part of this, {\it Carex rostrata} is also recorded. Other species noted from this feature during the present survey include (SD 682 905) - {\it Sphagnum auriculatum, S. subnitens} and {\it S. capillifolium}. 

In addition, the flush at SD 678 911 (4), at its northern extremity, adjacent to the path, appears to be locally base-rich in character. Noted here were {\it Carex panicea, C. demissa, C. echinata, C. dioica, Pedicularis} sp., {\it N. ossifragum, Drosera rotundifolia, Potentilla erecta, Eleocharis quinqueflora, E. multicaulis, Juncus bulbosus, J. articulatus, Hydrocotyle vulgaris, Triglochin palustris, Sphagnum palustre} and {\it S. recurvum}. Locally this appears to grade into a carpet of pleurocarpous brown mosses. 

The fells to the east of the common have been mapped as a mosaic of wet heath and acidic grassland. The dominant species are shown as {\it Sphagnum} spp., {\it Eriophorum} spp., {\it Vaccinium myrtillus, Nardus stricta} and {\it Juncus squarrosus. Sphagna} are target noted as {\it S. palustre, S. recurvum, S. capillifolium} and {\it S. cuspidatum}. 

At the time of the present survey the vegetation here appeared to be a mosaic of two different communities. The first is dominated by {\it Nardus stricta} and is of NVC type U5. This has locally frequent {\it Deschampsia flexuosa, Galium saxatile} and {\it Festuca ovina}, abundant {\it Hypnum cupressiforme} and occasional {\it Juncus squarrosus, Polytrichum commune, Potentilla erecta, Carex pilulifera} and {\it Vaccinium myrtillus}. The second community is dominated by {\it Juncus squarrosus} and is of NVC type U6. This has frequent {\it D. flexuosa}, locally abundant {\it Sphagnum} spp. and {\it Pleurozium schreberi}, locally frequent {\it F. ovina} and {\it N. stricta}, plus occasional {\it Galium saxatile} and {\it V. myrtillus}. The cover of {\it V. myrtillus} throughout this area is becoming very patchy and is probably at no more than 5 per cent total cover. Even where it does occur, the total cover per quadrat is no more than around 10 per cent. 

A final feature noted by the Phase 1 survey are some overgrown workings at SD 692 907. These are described as having thin soil over calcareous rock. Species present include {\it Thymus drucei, Festuca rubra/ovina, Luzula campestris, Prunella vulgaris, Achillea millefolium, Plantago lanceolata, Bellis perennis, Leontodon autumnalis, Potentilla erecta} and stunted {\it V. myrtillus}. To the NE of the common, in the vicinity of the A684, the vegetation gives way to a pure acidic grassland sward ({\it Nardus stricta, Juncus squarrosus} and {\it Festuca ovina}).

MANAGE:
The common is grazed by sheep. Levels of grazing appear high. There seems to have been a decline in the abundance of {\it V. myrtillus} on the eastern half of the common since the 1986 Phase 1 survey. The common is notable for its diverse and species-rich flush features. Continued monitoring of these is strongly recommended to assess whether they are being adversely affected by the current grazing regime.


FAUNA:
Noted during site survey were: skylark, kestrel.

VEG:
The common lies on a hillside to the west of the Lune Valley. Toward the top of the hill there are several small ?sandstone outcrops. The Cumbria Phase 1 survey provides a number of dominant species codes. There was only time to allow a brief site visit to be made, viewing the common from the road to the west. 

Most of the area has an acidic grassland sward. This is dominated by {\it Nardus stricta, Festuca ovina} and {\it Agrostis capillaris}. Toward the base of the slope, at the eastern edge, there is scattered bracken {\it Pteridium aquilinum} plus scattered scrub and trees of {\it Crataegus monogyna} and {\it Fraxinus excelsior}. 

In the south-western corner, at the top of the slope, there is a poorly-drained area with marshy grassland dominated by tussocky {\it Molinia caerulea}. 

Four trees of {\it Larix decidua} have been planted adjacent to the Fox's Pulpit (see 'Acccess/Recreation').

MANAGE:
The common is grazed by sheep. Overall grazing levels appear moderate. The site appears to be surrounded by a continuous boundary wall. Probably of limited nature conservation value, but grassland of this type is important to ground-nesting birds such as meadow pipit and skylark.


FAUNA:
Noted during the site visit were: kestrel, black-headed gull, meadow pipit, skylark, curlew, small heath butterfly.

VEG:
The common comprises an area of hill-top moorland just to the north of Killington Lake/Lily Mere. The area has target notes from the Cumbria Phase 1 survey from 1980 and 1986. The habitat map from this survey shows the common to comprise a mosaic of wet heath and acidic grassland. The site was briefly visited by walking along the bridleway/track to the east, and it was also viewed from along the A684. 

At the present time, the vegetation over that part of the common which was visible, appears to have progressed to a pure acidic grassland sward. A typical area, adjacent to the bridleway is dominated by {\it Nardus stricta}. Within the sward are abundant {\it Rhytidiadelphus squarrosus}, occasional (locally abundant) {\it Festuca ovina, Juncus squarrosus} and {\it Pleurozium schreberi}, locally frequent {\it Deschampsia flexuosa}, occasional {\it Galium saxatile, Carex nigra, Molinia caerulea, Potentilla erecta} and {\it Luzula campestris}, plus locally occasional/locally frequent {\it Vaccinium myrtillus}. This vegetation appears to be mainly of NVC type U5. Locally, {\it Molinia caerulea} and {\it Juncus squarrosus} become more abundant, possibly marking transitions respectively to NVC M25 and U6. 

In this small area examined in detail and the larger area studied through binoculars, {\it Vaccinium myrtillus} was the only dwarf shrub species seen, and then at very low frequency. On the basis of this it was decided to re-define the main habitat as acidic grassland only. The area of marshy grassland shown just to the north of the bridleway comprises {\it Juncus effusus}, with locally frequent {\it J. acutiflorus} and locally occasional {\it Cirsium palustre}.

The eariler target notes relate to the vegetation in the vicinity of the flush feature shown as Owshaw Moss. The surrounding vegetation (GR SD 606 929 and SD 606 927) was described as difficult to classify, but has having a mixture of {\it Eriophorum vaginatum, E. angustifolium, M. caerulea, N. stricta, D. flexuosa, Calluna vulgaris, V. myrtillus, Juncus squarrosus, Sphagnum} spp. and {\it Polytrichum commune}. Further species target noted from the flush itself include {\it Carex rostrata, Hydrocotyle vulgaris, Ranunculus flammula, Potamogeton polygonifolius, Viola palustris, Menyanthes trifoliata, Vaccinium oxycoccos}, and {\it Narthecium ossifragum}. Several other acidic flush/mire features are mapped for the site and there has been some confusion over the correct Phase 1 category into which each should be placed.

MANAGE:
The common is grazed by sheep. Grazing levels are likely to be fairly high. There appears to have been a progression to acidic grassland from a grass/heath mosaic since the date of the last survey. The current status of the various flush/mire habitats to the north of the common was not determined. Further survey of the site is recommended, to determine whether any pockets of dwarf shrubs still persist. Dumping of rubble was noted at two points on the common. The first was just inside the gate providing access to the bridleway/track. The second is just inside another gate which lies at the edge of an adjoining heavily-used lay-by on the A684.


FAUNA:
Noted during the brief site visit were: skylark and meadow pipit.

VEG:
The common lies on a fellside to the west of Whernside, on the county border. The area was covered by the Cumbria Phase 1 survey in 1986. The site was viewed briefly from the roadside during the present survey. It has the same appearance as other surrounding enclosure award fields and is enclosed by a dry stone wall. 

The Phase 1 survey shows the common to comprise an acidic grassland sward dominated by {\it Nardus stricta} and {\it Deschampsia flexuosa}. At the time of the present survey, the grassland appears to have abundant {\it Juncus squarrosus, Nardus stricta, Festuca ovina} and {\it Deschampsia flexousa}, with frequent {\it Galium saxatile, Polytrichum commune} and {\it Potentilla erecta}. The vegetation is probably a mosaic of NVC types U5, with more abundant {\it N. stricta} in dry areas, and U6, with more abundant {\it J. squarrosus} in wetter areas. The flush to the south is dominated by {\it Juncus effusus} and {\it Sphagnum recurvum} and is probably of NVC type M6c.

MANAGE:
The common, in a similar fashion to the surrounding fields, is grazed by sheep. The site appears to have little nature conservation interest. However, this type of upland grassland, which occupies large expanses of the surrounding fells, is important for upland ground-nesting birds such as skylark and meadow pipit. As its name suggests, the site is an enclosure allotment, but has been registered as common land due to the right of turbary.


FAUNA:
Noted during the site visit were: curlew, meadow pipit, lapwing, oystercatcher! and small heath butterfly. The common appears to offer good potential for a range of other moorland birds such as wheatear, skylark, buzzard etc. 

Part of the common, known as Bluecaster, East Side (SD 7296), has an ungraded entry in the Invertebrate Site Register. These are sites which have not been assigned either because they have been recommended to the ISR without supporting species information, sites recorded in the literature as being of interest but unknown to present day entomologists, or other sites where there is insufficient information for evaluation. This particular site was placed into the ISR on the basis of a record for large red damselfly ({\it Pyrrhosoma numphula}).

VEG:
This common is the largest of the handfull of Cumbrian commons which lie within the Yorkshire Dales National Park. Baugh Fell lies to the north of Garsdale. The common includes most of the plateau area, plus the slopes to the north, west and east. The area has been extensively covered by the Cumbria Phase 1 survey, with target notes dating mainly from 1986. The common also includes several small areas with records in the files of the Cumbria Wildlife Trust ("County Wildlife Sites"). In view of time constraints and the exisiting body of survey data, it was only possible to pay a very brief visit to the extreme eastern end of the common.

The greater part of the common has a sward of acidic grassland. The majority appears to be dominated either by {\it Nardus stricta} or {\it Juncus squarrosus}. Other associates include {\it Deschampsia flexuosa, Agrostis capillaris, Festuca ovina, Galium saxatile, Potentilla erecta} and very occasionally, small amounts of {\it Calluna vulgaris} and {\it Vaccinium myrtillus. Molinia caerulea} is present in transitions to marshy grassland. 

Some areas of this grassland appear to have been derived from blanket mire, having references to bare peat. For example, GR SD 726 951: - "Badly eroded peat where pools have formed and tree remains are exposed in the bare peat. Dominated by {\it Juncus effusus} and {\it Sphagnum} sp., with {\it Polytrichum} sp. and {\it Eriophorum angustifolium}. Of no real interest". 

There is further degraded blanket mire at Holmes Moss Hill and also on the plateau of East Baugh Fell; these have been placed in the Phase 1 category of dry modified bog. On the slopes to the south of Holmes Moss Hill are extensive areas mapped as marshy grassland; SD 752 948: - "Marshy grassland dominated by {\it Eriophrum vaginatum}, with abundant {\it E. angustifolium, Trichophorum cespitosum, Deschampsia flexuosa} and {\it Juncus squarrosus}. The {\it Sphagnum} cover is patchy along with {\it Polytrichum} spp., {\it Narthecium ossifragum} and {\it Erica tetralix} are occasional but without grazing the area would probably become more heathy". The dominant species codes also indicate {\it Molinia caerulea} to be an important component of this vegetation, here and elsewhere on the commom. Other recorded marshy grassland species include {\it Sphagnum capillifolium, S. papillosum, Vaccinium myrtillus, Vaccinium oxycoccos}. 

Moving southwards onto the summit of East Baugh Fell, there appears to be a complex mosaic of habitats present. The summit area (SD 755 924): - "supports a wet heath community dominated by {\it Eriophorum vaginatum} with {\it Empetrum nigrum} and {\it Vaccinium myrtillus}. Also present are {\it Vaccinium vitis-idaea, Juncus squarrosus, Deschampsia flexuosa, Nardus stricta, Calluna vulgaris, Eriophorum angustifolium} and occasional {\it Rubus chamaemorus}". This part of the site is one of the CWT "County Wildlife Sites". {\it R. chamaemorus} occurs in the county chiefly on the blanket bogs of the Pennines and also the Bewcastle fells. However, it is described as "very rare" in the Lake District (source: Halliday, 1997).

The wet heath extends northwards along the slopes to the east of Rawthey Gill, although the abundance of heath species (which here also includes {\it Erica tetralix}) is described as variable.

To the extreme east of the common, above Garsdale Head, there appear to be intact areas of deep peat. This area was walked across, via the public footpath, during the present survey. The Phase 1 map shows acidic grassland, but perhaps this area may be better mapped, in part at least, as also having areas of blanket mire habitat. In addition to marshy grassland on thin peat dominated by {\it Juncus squarrosus}, there appears also to be vegetation lying on deeper peat. Locally this is dominated by {\it Eriophorum vaginatum}, with abundant {\it Polytrichum commune, Pleurozium schreberi}, locally abundant {\it Trichophorum cespitosum, Molinia caerulea}, locally frequent {\it Potentilla erecta}. {\it Sphagna} are present locally (at less than 25 per cent cover), mainly {\it Sphagnum recurvum} and {\it S. cuspidatum} and smaller amounts of {\it S. capillifolium}. This may equate to the Phase 1 category of E18 - Dry modified bog. Elsewhere there is vegetation dominated by {\it Molinia caerulea} with locally frequent {\it Trichophorum cespitosum}, abundant {\it Sphagnum} spp., occasional/frequent {\it Juncus squarrosus} and {\it Potentilla erecta}, plus locally occasional {\it Eriophorum vaginatum, E. angustifolium} and {\it Deschampsia flexuosa}. This appears, on the basis of the abundant {\it Sphagnum}, to lie in the Phase 1 category of E161 - Blanket/{\it Sphagnum} bog.

Flush and small basin mire features are widely distributed across the common. These are too numerous to describe individually. Most are acidic in character and dominated by {\it Juncus} spp. (incl. {\it J. effusus} and {\it J. acutiflorus}) and {\it Sphagnum} spp. (incl. {\it S. recurvum}). Other frequent associates include {\it Ranunculus flammula, Potamogeton polygonifolius, Myosotis} sp.,{\it Drosera rotundifolia, Eriophorum angustifolium, E. vaginatum, Narthecium ossifragum, Carex echinata, C. panicea, C. rostrata, C. nigra, C. viridula} subsp. {\it oedocarpa, Calluna vulgaris, Vaccinium myrtillus, V. oxycoccos, Erica tetralix, Potentilla palustris, Menyanthes trifoliata, Triglochin palustris, Hydrocotyle vulgaris, Anagallis tenella} and {\it Agrostis canina}. They appear to also encompass transitions to wet heath and marshy grassland. 

These features include two CWT sites, namely Stoups Moss (SD 709 967) and Breaksay Moss (SD 702 923). More neutral examples occur locally, as suggested by {\it Succisa pratensis, Carex flacca, Pedicularis palustris, Parnassia palustris} and, at Breaksay Moss, {\it Pinguicula vulgaris}. Less commonly there are also occasional examples of base-rich types. A target noted example of the latter occurs at SD 714 978, dominated by {\it Juncus inflexus} and including {\it Linum catharticum, Briza media, Cirsium helenoides, Carex panicea, Caltha palustris, Filipendula ulmaria} and {\it Angelica sylvestris}. Also noted from base-rich flush at SD 760 937 was {\it Carex viridula} subsp. {\it brachyrrhyncha}. 

The common has three small areas of outcropping limestone (incl. limestone pavement - GRs SD 711 962; 760 936; 783 934). Surrounding these features there tends to be a closely grazed grassland sward. Species recorded from these areas include {\it Fragaria vesca, Viola} sp., {\it Luzula campestris, Euphrasia vulgaris} agg., {\it Oxalis acetosella, Bellis perennis, Achillea millefolium, Saxifraga hypnoides, Asplenium viride, A. trichomanes, Cystopteris fragilis, Phyllitis scolopendrium, Danthonia decumbens, Veronica serpyllifolia, Geranium robertianum, Lotus corniculatus, Campanula rotundifolia, Thymus drucei, Galium verum, G. sterneri, Plantago media, Prunella vulgaris} and {\it Bellis perennis}. {\it Galium sterneri} occurs in the three major Cumbrian Carboniferous limestone areas: Morecambe Bay, Asby-Orton and the Pennines. It is probably commoner in the county than enywhere else in Britain ( Halliday, 1997).


None of these limestone features has been scheduled (i.e. has been the subject of a Limestone Pavement Order).

MANAGE:
The common is grazed by sheep. Grazing levels appear fairly high. Much of the vegetation of the common apepars to be dominated by species which are unpalatable to sheep - {\it Nardus stricta, Juncus squarrosus} and {\it J. effusus}. This is consistent with a sustained high level of grazing. Cover of dwarf shrubs on the heathy areas apepars variable. 

A survey of heather condition, to determine the current conservation status of heath vegetation across the common is recommended. 

Areas of palatable caliciolous grassland around limestone outcrops appear to be particularly closely-grazed. 

The interpretation of habitats on the common seems to have been complicated by the distribution of deep peat across the site. Re-mapping in this context (insufficient time during the present survey), together with a Phase 2 survey of vegetation communities, would be an advantage. 

Notable for the recorded presence of {\it Rubus chamaemorus} and the diverse flush features.


FAUNA:
No records of fauna specifically for this common. For an account of the fauna of the South Walney and Piel Channel Flats SSSI, please refer to CL 2BF.

VEG:
The common comprises three parcels of land on Walney Island. Two lie near to the hamlet of Biggar. One of these comprises a section of coastal saltmarsh within the South Walney and Piel Channel Flats SSSI, while the other lies on the landward side (ie. outside) the SSSI boundary. The third portion comprises a narrow coastal strip along the western side of South Walney, also lying outside the SSSI.

NB. the South Walney and Piel Channel Flats are also now proposed Special Area of Conservation (pSAC) under the EC Habitats Directive.

Owing to time constraints, parts of the common, including the SSSI section were not visited during the present survey. Much of the following description therefore relies on existing information sources. 

(1). SSSI portion: These saltmarshes appear to be dominated mainly by {\it Spartina anglica}. A full account of the SSSI saltmarshes can be found under CL 2BF.

(2). Inland section at Biggar. This has quite a complex vegetation pattern (target notes from present survey). Most appears to be a transitional marshy grassland/salt marsh sward (mapped as marshy grassland by Phase 1 survey). The less well-drained areas are dominated by {\it Puccinellia maritima} with abundant {\it Triglochin maritima}, locally abundant {\it Festuca rubra}, frequent {\it Plantago maritima} and locally frequent {\it Juncus gerardii}. There are also quite muddy areas with {\it Agrostis stolonifera} and {\it Sueda maritima}. This grades into grassland with abundant {\it Agrostis stolonifera} and {\it Juncus gerardii}, locally frequent {\it Plantago maritima, Triglochin maritima} and {\it Glaux maritima}. Towards the road the sward is drier with abundant {\it Holcus lanatus, Agrostis capillaris, Potentilla anserina, Plantago lanceolata} and locally occasional {\it Ranunculus acris, Cirsium arvense, Trifolium pratense, Lathyrus pratensis} and {\it Vicia cracca}. There was also one area dominated by {\it Juncus effusus}, plus abundant {\it Epilobium hirsutum, H. lanatus, Carex otrubae, Senecio aquaticus}, plus frequent {\it Oenanthe lachenalii} and {\it Potentilla anserina}.

To the north the vegetation comprises a mosaic of neutral grassland plus tall ruderals, with scattered bushes of {\it Crataegus monogyna}.

(3) Western portion: There are target notes from the Phase 1 survey for Hillock Whins, to the north (1979 and 1986). This has a dune heathland/grassland mosaic with {\it Ulex europaeus, Centaurea nigra, Rubus fruticosus} agg., {\it Calluna vulgaris, Juncus articulatus, J. conglomeratus, Pteridium aquilinum, Ulex europaeus, Eriophorum angustifolium, Salix} spp., {\it Campanula rotundifolia, Potentilla erecta, Achillea millefolium, Plantago maritima} and {\it Carex arenaria}.

The entire seaward side of the common has a narrow shingle bank. This is largely unvegetated but has locally frequent/abundant {\it Honkenya peploides, Silene maritima, Atriplex spp., Rumex crispus, Crambe maritima} and {\it Tripleurospermum maritimum}.

To the south, much of the common has been disturbed by the presence of a landfill site on adjacent land, which appears to encroach onto the common in places. There is a rather disturbed remnant of dune grassland along Low Bank, colonised by ruderal/ephemeral species. Elsewhere the common is contiguous with the adjacent improved, cattle grazed permanent pasture (this part of the common only viewed from a distance).

MANAGE:
Some landward areas of the common are contiuous with adjacent cattle-grazed pasture land. Some of this may have originated as reclaimed landfill. As at August 1995, active landfill was encroaching on part of the site.

Coastal defence works are a consideration which may have implications for the shingle bank which runs along this part of Walney Island.

There have been some preliminary steps taken towards the possible future construction of a wind farm on South Walney, near the refuse tip at Low Bank. This has involved an application to erect a 30m tall wind gauge to examine meteorological conditions on the island (Dec. 1995).

Hillock Whins is recorded as a site of archaeological interest.


FAUNA:
No fauna noted specifically on this common during the present survey. For an account of the fauna of the South Walney and Piel Channel Flats SSSI, please refer to CL 2BF.

VEG:
This common forms the most southerly section of a number of South Walney sites. Most, apart from the landward edge, lies within the South Walney and Piel Channel Flats SSSI, now also a proposed Special Area of Conservation (pSAC) under the EC Habitats Directive. There is an old target note from the Phase 1 survey and the common was visited during the present survey.

The main habitat on the common is salt marsh. At the upper edge lies a band of shingle. This is generally sparsely vegetated with species such as  {\it Elytrigia atherica, Festuca rubra, Armeria maritima, Plantago maritima, Juncus gerardii, Honkenya peploides, Silene maritima} and {\it Atriplex hastata}. There is also one stand of {\it Juncus maritimus}. 

On the landward side of the road/track is a narrow strip with either coastal grassland or patches of dense scrub. The former has {\it Agrostis capillaris, Lolium perenne, Achillea millefolium, Plantago lanceolata, P. coronopus,  Capsella bursa-pastoris, Senecio jacobaea, Campanula rotundifolia, Trifolium repens, Silene dioica} and {\it Leontodon autumnalis}.  The scrub is dominated by {\it Ulex europaeus}, with {\it Rubus fruticosus} agg. and {\it Sambucus nigra}. 

The upper portion of the saltmarsh has blocks of turf comprising a form of raised terrace. This is grazed by cattle at a low intensity. The blocks have a short turf with abundant {\it Puccinellia maritima}, frequent {\it Salicornia europaea, Armeria maritima, Glaux maritima, Suaeda maritima, Plantago maritima} and occasional {\it Triglochin maritima}. The ground in between the blocks of turf is extensively poached by the hooves of cattle.

Further towards the sea this gives way to a lower band of saltmarsh. This has two distinct vegetation communities present. The first, occupying approximately 85 per cent of the ground cover is bare mud with 10 per cent cover of {\it Salicornia europaea} and 5 per cent {\it Spartina anglica}.

The other type comprises low mounds of turf with patches of mud (20 per cent ground cover) in between the blocks. The turf comprises dominant {\it Puccinellia maritima} with abundant {\it Salicornia} and frequent {\it Suaeda}. Much of the surrounding mud has also been colonised with frequent {\it Salicornia}.

This salt marsh therefore appears to have been eroding into blocks in the past, but conditions have now changed to accretion, with evidence of plants beginning to re-colonise bare mud in between the blocks. 

A 1982 target note recorded an eroding, terraced salt marsh, reminiscent of many of the Morecambe Bay Marshes. This general appearance is indeed similar to the eroding edges of extensive saltmarshes on Lancashire Common Land previously surveyed in Morecambe Bay.   

Further towards the channel and probably beyond the boundary of the common, there is a band of {\it Spartina anglica/Salicornia} saltmarsh.

To the north of the common lies scar End Point, from where there is an indistinct shingle spit with discontinuous salt marsh.

MANAGE:
As noted earlier, there is evidence of cattle grazing, though no stock noted at time of the site visit.


FAUNA:
No records of fauna available specifically for this common.

VEG:
The common comprises several small parcels of land on the south of Walney Island. None lie within the South Walney and Piel Channel Flats SSSI. There is one target note (1986) from the Cumbria Phase 1 survey. Most of the following description has been based on the present survey.

In the hamlet of Biggar lie three small parcels of land. These are at the intersection of several roads and look like a rather untidy village green. The southern portion of these has coarse netural grassland with some ruderals and scattered scrub of {\it Rubus fruticosus} agg. There is also a small, somewhat dried-up pond. At the time of the survey this had abundant {\it Lemna} sp., plus {\it Persicaria maculosa} and a species of water crowfoot. The pond is fringed with {\it Glyceria fluitans}, and {\it Agrostis stolonifera}, plus clumps of {\it Juncus effusus}, plus locally occasional {\it Senecio aquaticus} and locally frequent {\it Potentilla anserina} and {\it Persicaria amphibia}. 

The north-eastern portion has a mix of mown grassland and unmanaged coarse grassland with some ruderals.

The major portion of the common lies on the western shore of the island. At the extreme north lies a rather degraded area of dune grassland, much of which has been disturbed by the construction of a new sea wall. This affects a seaward srtip of around 6m in width. The grassland itself behind this has a turf height of between 10-15cm and is dominated by {\it Festuca rubra}, with locally abundant {\it Geranium sanguineum}, locally frequent {\it Achillea millefolium, Trifolium arvense, Plantago lanceolata, Lotus corniculatus, Carex arenaria, Galium verum, Pimpinella saxifraga} and {\it Ononis repens,} plus locally occasional {\it Plantago coronopus, Matricaria matricarioides, Rumex crispus} and {\it Centaurea nigra}. However, much of the turf has been trampled and flattened by visitors. This area lies at the southern tip of a block of dune grassland target noted by the Phase 1 survey during 1986. Additional species noted include {\it Koeleria macrantha, Campanula rotundifolia, Erodium circutarium, Geranium molle} and {\it Rosa pimpinellifolia}.

The car park is mainly bare ground but also with some extremely flattened turf. Grassland on the dunes in this vicinity is of relatively poor species composition, with {\it Agrostis stolonifera, A. capillaris, Elytrigia atherica, Lolium perenne} and {\it Festuca rubra}, abundant {\it Plantago lanceolata} and {\it Taraxacum offininale} agg., locally frequent {\it Raphanus raphanistrum} subsp. {\it maritimus, Achillea millefolium, Leontodon autumnalis, Trifolium arvense, Plantago major, Cirsium arvense, Convolvolus arvensis, Dactylis glomerata, Potentilla anserina} and {\it Senecio jacobaea}, plus locally occasional {\it Centaurea nigra, Heracleum sphondylium} and {\it Malva sylvestris}. In addition, a large clump of {\it Armoracia rusticana} was also noted here.

Along the seaward side is a sand/shingle beach, largely unvegetated, but with locally abundant/frequent {\it Honkenya peploides, Silene maritima, Atriplex hastata, Rumex crispus, Crambe maritima} and {\it Tripleurospermum maritimum}. 

Finally, there is a further small parcel of land falling under this registration number. This lies at the tip of the contiguous CL 3BF. It is shown also to comprise part of the same shingle ridge running along this side of the Island, but was not visited during the present survey.

MANAGE:
There is no active management of the common, apart for its use for construction of flood defences (to the north). These may be strengthened at some time in the future and this could affect the ephemeral habitats associated with the shingle ridge/strand line etc.

Small areas of grassland mown by householders in the hamlet of Biggar.


FAUNA:
Noted during site visit were: wren, willow warbler (it was pouring with rain at the time).

VEG:
The common lies at the edge of the village of Braithwaite and is contigous with the open fell to the SW of the village. There was little information available from the Cumbria Phase 1 survey and a field survey has therefore been undertaken. 

The site is effectively divided in two by a stony stream. Land to the north of the stream lies in the Buttermere Fells SSSI. 

To the western side of the common the stream has a small dammed area. To the north of the stream is a steep bracken-covered hillside amongst which are scattered trees/bushes of {\it Betula pendula, Salix cinerea} and {\it Corylus avellana}. Toward the base of the slope are wet areas with {\it Juncus effusus, J. articulatus, Cirsium palustre, Holcus lanatus, Angelica sylvestris} and {\it Lotus pedunculatus}. Along the northern bank of the stream is a strip of dense scrub - {\it Salix cinerea} plus occasional {\it Sambucus nigra} and tree of {\it Alnus glutinosa}. Beneath this there is an understorey with {\it Dryopteris filix-mas, Athyrium filix-femina, Teucrium scorodonia, Stachys sylvatica} and {\it Holcus lanatus}. Toward the west, this moves toward a woodland, with {\it A. glutinosa, Betula pendula, Quercus} sp., {\it Crataegus monogyna} and {\it Sambucus nigra}.

To the south of the stream, a variety of other habitats are present. To the east is mown amenity grassland surrounding houses which are excluded from the common. Locally there are marginal stands of tall neutral grassland/tall ruderal species. Throughout are scattered planted deciduous trees which include {\it Quercus} sp., {\it Prunus} sp., {\it Sorbus aucuparia, Betula} sp., {\it Acer} sp. and other ornamental varieties. To the west lies a complex mix of neutral grassland, amenity grassland, tall ruderals, scrub and scattered trees. Species recorded include {\it Salix cinerea, A. glutinosa, Ulmus glabra, Prunus} sp., {\it Larix decidua, Rosa canina, Ulex europaeus, Quercus} sp., {\it Ilex aquifolium, Betula pendula, S. aucuparia, Pteridium aquilinum, Rubus fruticosus} agg., {\it Galium aparine, Urtica dioica, Holcus lanatus, Juncus} spp. and {\it Valeriana dioica}.

MANAGE:
Despite the existence of grazing rights the common now appears ungrazed. Land to the north of the stream may form part of the open fell, but appears to offer little palatable grazing. Land to the south of the stream is mown as amenity grassland and a number of deciduous trees have been planted for amenity purposes. There are a number of seats provided, including one with a plaque commemorating the Queen's Silver Jubliee in 1977. There is a small footbridge over the stream connecting the village with the path to the northern side.

The common lies within the Lake District Environmentally Sensitive Area (ESA). This has been designated because of the outstanding environmental importance of the fells and valleys of the area. For reasons of confidentiality it has not been possible in this project to identify whether or not an individual common has been entered into the ESA scheme. However, for a general summary of the approximate area of Cumbrian Common Land covered by ESA agreements (as at 1995), please refer to the main report.


FAUNA:
Noted during the site visit were: yellowhammer, willow warbler, blackbirds, blue tits, chaffinch, meadow pipit, flock of starlings, wren, rabbits.

VEG:
The common lies on a steep hillside to the south of Kendal. The A65 crosses the edge of the common, at the fringe of the hill, with a small portion lying to the west of this. The habitat map is based on that of the Cumbria Phase 1 survey and there are several target notes available from this source. A small section of the common also has records in the site files of CWT (see map for boundary of this site). A brief visit was made to the common to investigate management/recreation etc. 

The hillside is mainly colonised by dense bracken {\it Pteridium aquilinum}, with smaller areas of acidic grassland, scattered bracken, plus dense and scattered scrub. Much of the bracken has a dense litter layer. The proportion of the common covered by bracken appears to have increased since the Phase 1 survey and the habitat map has been modified in an attempt to reflect this. Scrub and tree species present include {\it Crataegus monogyna, Sorbus aucuparia, Acer pseudoplatanus, Betula} sp., {\it Cytisus scoparius, Quercus} sp. and {\it Ulex europaeus}. 

At (1) there are about six planted {\it Quercus} sp. trees hidden inside plastic tree guards. 

Grassland on the common is mainly acidic in character. This is dominated variously by {\it Festuca ovina} and {\it Agrostis capillaris} with, on thinner soils at higher altitude, {\it Deschampsia flexuosa}.  Other associates include {\it Holcus lanatus, Festuca rubra, Anthoxanthum odoratum, Rumex acetosella, Ranunculus repens, Conopodium majus, Cerastium fontanum, Heracleum sphondylium, Potentilla erecta, Luzula campestris, Trifolium pratense, Poa pratensis, Galium saxatile, Rhytidiadelphus squarrosus, Cirsium arvense, Pleurozium schreberi, Digitalis purpurea} and rarely, {\it Vaccinium myrtillus}. 

At the base of the slope is an area of interesting marshy grassland and {\it Salix} spp. scrub (2). This has been the subject of most of the target notes and is also the area with records at CWT. Species recorded from this area include {\it Potentilla palustris, Caltha palustris, Equisetum} sp., {\it Cardamine pratensis, Cirsium palustre, Dactylorhiza fuchsii, Ajuga reptans, Juncus effusus, J. articulatus, J. acutiflorus, Persicaria bistorta, Narthecium ossifragum, Carex nigra, Eriophorum angustifolium, Filipendula ulmaria, Succisa pratensis, Achillea ptarmica, Calluna vulgaris, Valeriana dioica} and {\it Lychnis flos-cuculi}. There is also an abundant cover of {\it Sphagnum} spp. mosses. During the present survey this appeared to be mostly of {\it S. palustre} with some {\it S. recurvum}. Also noted during the present survey were {\it Carex rostrata, Viola palustris, Menyanthes trifoliata, Lotus pedunculatus, Equisetum fluviatile. E. sylvaticum, Angelica sylvestris, Luzula multiflora} and {\it Galium palustre}. The {\it Salix} scrub appeared to be predominantly {\it S. cinerea}, with occasional {\it Sambucus nigra}.

The small portion to the west of the road (3) is ungrazed. This has a mosaic of coarse neutral grassland, tall ruderal species and scattered trees. Noted here were {\it Arrhenatherum elatius, Poa trivialis, Dactylis glomerata, Urtica dioica, Galium aparine, Aegopodium podagraria, Anthriscus sylvestris, Geranium pratense, Galium cruciata, Achillea millefolium, Filipendula ulmaria, Veronica chamaedrys} and {\it Vicia sepium}. Trees include {\it Acer pseudoplatanus} and {\it Fraxinus excelsior}. The most herb-rich areas are mown strips of shorter grassland at the edge of the road.

MANAGE:
The main part of the common is grazed by sheep. The area of available grazing is limited by the dominance of bracken over much of the site. Grassland near the summit appears only lightly grazed, wheras lower down the grazing levels appear somewhat higher. The marshy grassland area appears to be avoided by sheep and retains its good botanical diversity. The narrow road across the main part of the common is protected by cattle grids. 

Reference to the original Phase 1 map suggests that bracken has been increasing on the site. There are rights of estover on the common. The bracken colonisation is consistent with the cessation of the exercising of this right (very few commons nationally now have gathering of bracken for bedding). Despite the spread of bracken, areas of scrub which have subsequently also developed are likely to be of high value for birds of scrub and woodland and the common could be an important nesting and feeding area for local wildlife in this regard. 

The paths on the common are heavily used by people walking dogs and there appears to be localised eutrophication of the grassland along some of these. Oak trees were noted to have been planted inside plastic tree guards. 

The small portion to the west of the A65 is unmanaged apart from mowing of grass at the edge of the road.


FAUNA:
Noted during the site visit were: wren, chaffinch, blue tit, chiff chaff.

VEG:
The common lies to the edge of a narrow wooded valley at Rottington. The site was target noted by the Cumbria Phase 1 survey in 1985. 

The common comprises part of a Cumbria Wildlife Trust "County Wildlife Site" (see habitat map for boundary). This is described as an area of wet woodland, with {\it Acer pseudoplatanus} dominant in the canopy to the east, with patches of {\it Quercus petraea} dominating in more scrubby woodland to the west. The understorey in the former section includes {\it Sorbus aucuparia} and {\it Corylus avellana}, some of which are present as old coppice stools, plus {\it Fraxinus excelsior, Crataegus monogyna} and {\it Ulmus glabra}. 

The field layer contains abundant ferns: {\it Dryopteris dilatata, D. filix-mas, Athyrium filix-femina} and {\it Blechnum spicant}. Other associates include {\it Silene dioica, Stachys sylvatica, Geranium robertianum, Hyacinthoides non-scripta, Oxalis acetosella}, with patches of {\it Rubus fruticosus} agg., and {\it Urtica dioica}. Woodland mosses noted during the present survey were {\it Thuidium tamariscinum, Eurynchium striatum, E. praelongum} and {\it Mnium hornum}. 

The scrubby area of woodland to the west has {\it Quercus petraea} with a shrub layer of {\it Salix cinerea} and {\it Ulex europaeus}. Also present are {\it R. fruticosus} agg., {\it Pteridium aquilinum, D. filix-mas, A. filix-femina, Deschampsia cespitosa, Holcus lanatus, H. mollis, Hyacinthoides non-scripta} and {\it Juncus acutiflorus}. Also noted during the present survey were some bushes of {\it Ilex aquifolium}. The wood has quite a lot of dead wood, with some trees having rotting branches (mainly the oaks), and dead branches on the woodland floor. Some fallen dead trees of {\it S. aucuparia} were also noted. A number of seedling {\it F. excelsior} are present.

MANAGE:
The common appears unmanaged at present. Some old coppice stools were noted. The woodland appears to offer local habitat potential, both for woodland birds, and for dead wood invertebrates. Ideally an invertebrate survey should be undertaken.


FAUNA:
The Cumbria Wildlife Trust records indicate that the area is a good breeding site for the nationally notable large heath butterfly, and adders are often seen. 

The Distington Moss site as a whole also has a Grade C entry in the Invertebrate Site Register. These are sites of potential importance where habitat structure or a small number of records of notable species indicate that the site is likely to be of importance. The register entry mentions unconfirmed reports of the nationally notable marsh fritillary. In addition to the large heath butterfly, the phytophagous beetles (Coleoptera) have been studied in detail and a small number of local species are recorded.

VEG:
The common lies on a low plateau inland of the coast, approximately mid-way between Whitehaven and Workington. The Moresby/Distington Moss area, of which the common forms a small part, was once a more extensive area of peat accumulation. That remaining today is a remnant, with much of the area having been drained for agriculture. The common could only be viewed from a distance, as there are no rights of way leading to it. 

The common forms part of a larger area of Distington Moss which constitutes a Cumbria Wildlife Trust "County Wildlife Site". Species recorded from the CWT site as a whole include {\it Molinia caerulea, Deschampsia flexuosa, Calluna vulgaris, Erica tetralix, Vaccinium myrtillus, V. oxycoccos, Polytrichum} spp., {\it Sphagnum} spp., {\it Andromeda polifolia} and a single clump of {\it Osmunda regalis}. Much of the site has encroaching trees of {\it Betula ?pubescens}, although the common itself (which has visible boundaries), only has a few scattered trees.

MANAGE:
The common appears unmanaged at present. The CWT Distington/Moresby Moss site as a whole is a remnant island of peat, now totally surrounded by agriculturally improved land. This situation may pose a threat to the continued survival of this site, which is locally important, both as a remnant of deep peat, and as a breeding site for the large heath butterfly and adder.


FAUNA:
Noted during the site survey were a flock of feeding swallows.

VEG:
The common was viewed from the adjoining lane. The Cumbria Phase 1 survey indicated the area to be a field of improved and reseeded grassland and there was insufficient time to undertake a more detailed evaluation. 

Upon inspection, the common appeared to have a sward of ?semi-improved grassland with marshy areas of {\it Juncus effusus, Juncus ?acutiflorus, Ranunculus flammula, Senecio aquaticus, Potentilla anserina, Myosotis} sp.,  and {\it Ranunculus repens}. A number of  {\it Dactylorhiza} sp. orchids could be seen in the distance, probably {\it D. fuchsii}. This would suggest that the field has not been ploughed and may have greater botanical interest than suggested by the Phase 1 survey. In addition, the area has quite an uneven surface, suggesting disturbance at some time, and part looks as though it may have once been a shallow quarry. Several large clumps of scrub are present, mainly of {\it Ulex europaeus}, plus some {\it Crataegus monogyna} and {\it Rosa canina}, and elsewhere there are stands of tall ruderals - {\it Cirsium arvense, Rumex} spp. and {\it Urtica dioica}. One stand of {\it Fallopia japonica} was also noted.

Full survey recommended (severe time constraints during present survey).

MANAGE:
The common is grazed by horses belonging to a nearby stable. The vegetation looks rather degraded from a distance, but could be more interesting, as suggested by the presence of orchids. A more detailed survey is recommended. There has been dumping of old straw and old plastic buckets etc. on the common.


FAUNA:
Noted during site survey were: blue tit, chaffinch, chiff chaff, robin, wren, plus meadow brown butterfly.

VEG:
The common has only limited information available from earlier surveys, and therefore a reasonable amount of time was spent surveying this site. 

The main part of the common comprises a steeply wooded bank, part of which lies alongside the River Derwent. This feature is shown as "Ancient Woodland" in the Cumbria Inventory of Ancient Woodland. These are areas considered to have been continously wooded, or in use for timber production since 1600 AD.  Viewed from along the footpath, the main canopy tree is {\it Acer pseudoplatanus}, plus some healthy individuals of {\it Ulmus glabra} and occasional {\it Fraxinus excelsior}. Dead trees, mostly apparently of {\it U. glabra} are present, some with suckering growth from the bases. Lower down the slope, trees of {\it Quercus} sp. are also present. There were few signs of any regenerating trees. A number of multi-stemmed individuals are present, suggesting pollarding and coppicing at some time. 

Understorey shrubs are sparse and include {\it Corylus avellana} and suckering {\it U. glabra}. The field layer is diverse and includes {\it Mercurialis perennis, Brachypodium sylvaticum, Carex pendula, C. sylvatica, Dryopteris filix-mas, Geum urbanum, Stachys sylvatica, Hyacinthoides non-scripta, Allium ursinum, Sanicula europea, Galium mollugo, Melica uniflora, Viola riviniana, Potentilla sterilis, Hedera helix, Anthriscus sylvestris, Silene dioica, Geranium robertianum, Circaea lutetiana, Luzula pilosa, Chrysosplenium oppositifolium} and {\it Polystichum aculeatum}. Several of these are "ancient woodland indicators". In addition there is also a well-developed bryophyte flora which includes {\it Cirriphyllum piliferum, Eurynchium praelongum, E. striatum, Thamnobryum alopecurum} and {\it Isothecium myosuriodes}. Moving further westwards there are dense thickets of {\it Rubus fruticosus} agg., and a dense undershrub layer rendering the wood impenetrable.

The bulk of the wooded portion of the common is identified as a "County Wildlife Site" of the Cumbria Wildlife Trust.

The second arm of the common lies outside the boundary of the wood. This is a hillside which appears to be neutral grassland with scattered trees of {\it F. excelsior, A. pseudoplatanus} and {\it Ulmus glabra} (some dead), plus scattered scrub bushes of {\it Crataegus monogyna, Ulex europaeus, Rubus fruticosus} agg., and {\it Rosa} spp. The tree species composition is remarkably consistent with that of the wood.

MANAGE:
The woodland appears largely unmanaged at present. Some maintenance work has been done on the path, including the construction of steps. A small block of trees have been cut, apparently to provide a good view of the river from the path. The felled trees have been left {\it in situ}. This has exposed areas of river gravel. 

Some of the gorse bushes on the grassland portion have been burnt. There are some signs of past tree cutting. Cows have got into the wood quite recently, with the result that there has been marked trampling of some of the paths. Much litter, in the form of cans and bottles etc., has been tossed into the wood from the path. 

A diverse area of woodland, with a number of ancient woodland indicators present. Appears to offer good potential for a number of woodland birds, and good sources of dead wood for invertebrate habitat.


FAUNA:
No records of fauna located for this common.

VEG:
The common lies close to the northern shore of Ennerdale Water. The site appears to lie witin a larger block of conifer plantation and was not visited during the course of the present survey.

MANAGE:
The common lies within the Lake District Environmentally Sensitive Area (ESA). This has been designated because of the outstanding environmental importance of the fells and valleys of the area. For reasons of confidentiality it has not been possible in this project to identify whether or not an individual common has been entered into the ESA scheme. However, for a general summary of the approximate area of Cumbrian common land covered by ESA agreements (as at 1995), please refer to the main report.


FAUNA:
There are no records of fauna available for this common.

VEG:
The Cumbria Phase 1 survey shows this area as  improved grassland, some of it ploughed and re-seeded. The target notes suggest that the grassland typically has abundant {\it Senecio jacobea, Juncus effusus} and {\it Holcus lanatus}. Drains which cross the field have {\it Hydrocotyle vulgaris} and {\it Filipendula ulmaria}. Small vestiges of acidic grassland with {\it Galium saxatile} and {\it Potentilla erecta} were also noted in the eastern corner.

MANAGE:
The area is probably grazed throughout the year (though no stock noted when the common was viewed from a nearby road). The Phase 1 survey target notes state that five of the fields had been sprayed with weedkiller prior to re-seeding. Numerous drains cross the site, many of which are evident from the O.S. Map.


FAUNA:
No information about the fauna of this common.

VEG:
The Cumbria Phase 1 survey shows this common to comprise improved grassland. The site was viewed briefly through binoculars from the nearby road. Land to the north looks poorly-drained and becoming infested with {\it Juncus effusus}.

MANAGE:
The common is probably too wet to be used for a silage crop, especially the southern, low-lying portion. The main use appears to be as permanent pasture for grazing (though no stock seen at the time). The O.S. Map shows numerous drains present.


VEG:
The Cumbria Phase 1 survey shows this area as a mixture of improved, and ploughed, re-seeded grassland. All mapped as the Phase 1 improved grassland category for the purposes of this survey. Small area of marshy grassland.

MANAGE:
Probably grazed throughout the year (though no stock seen at the time). Note numerous drains on O.S. Map.


VEG:
The component fields of the common are all shown in the Cumbria Phase 1 survey (1986) as improved grassland, some of it ploughed and re-seeded. They were viewed briefly through binoculars from the adjacent roads. {\it Juncus effusus} occurs in some of the less well-drained areas. Boundary section of one compartment shown to have a row of deciduous trees {\it Acer pseudoplatanus}.

MANAGE:
At the time of the brief site visit, the component parts of the common were either being used for silage cutting, or being grazed by cattle (and also possibly sheep). Much of this land has been drained, but some areas are still quite damp. Land of no or little apparent conservation value.


VEG:
Most of the site is shown by the Cumbria Phase 1 survey to be improved grassland. A small proportion is shown to be under arable use. The situation was still the same at the time of the site visit, with the common being viewed from the road to the north through binoculars. The grassland area was being used for silage.

MANAGE:
Brief discussion included above. Land of no apparent conservation value.


FAUNA:
Early records from pre-1953 note ditches to the edges of Cockley Moss as being a breeding site for marsh fritillary {\it Eurodryas aurinia}. The population crashed in 1953, but there were some records for the 1970s. The site was not noted in the Invertebrate Site Register, and it could be that the colony is no longer present on the site. A subsequent check of the ISR confirmed that this site is not listed for this species. 

There is also a 1983 record for marsh tit.

VEG:
The common has various target notes from the Cumbria Phase 1 survey. The site was viewed briefly from the B5301 which bisects it. 

Much of the site is now improved or semi-improved grassland. At the time of the visit, the fields to the east of the road appeared to have quite tall grassland, not recently grazed, and possibly awaiting cutting for hay. To the west of the road, the land appears less effectively drained than that to the east. 

The field at (1) was noted to be horse grazed at the time of the present survey, and appeared to have a short turf of {\it Molinia caerulea}. Numerous individuals of {\it Dactylorhiza maculata} could be seen, together with occasional very suppressed plants of {\it Calluna vulgaris}. This field is identified as a Cumbria Wildlife Trust Site: ref. A/NY14/3. The target notes from the Cumbria Phase 1 survey mention wet heath and marshy grassland with {\it M. caerulea} and {\it Calluna vulgaris} in 1979 (GR 125 458) and probably also refer to this field. The wet heath has probably all but disappeared, and the marshy grassland may also have declined in extent. 

The 1985 target note reads "Marshy grassland dominated by {\it Juncus effusus, J. articulatus} and {\it J. acutiflorus}. Tufts of {\it Molinia caerulea, Deschampsia cespitosa} with {\it Holcus lanatus}. Various sedges including {\it Carex panicea} and {\it C. nigra}. Some {\it Erica tetralix} and {\it Calluna vulgaris} with abundant {\it Dactylorhiza maculata} and {\it Platanthera bifolia}. {\it D. maculata} also found in surrounding semi-improved grassland and ditches". 

The field at (2) has a quite tussocky sward, recently lightly grazed, by either horses or cattle. Numerous clumps of {\it Juncus effusus} were also present. 

The field at (3) has a tall marshy grassland sward, apparently not recently grazed, dominated by {\it Juncus} spp. Target noted in 1985, this was dominated by {\it Juncus effusus, J. articulatus} and {\it J. acutiflorus}, with {\it M. caerulea, Deschampsia cespitosa, Holcus lanatus}, some {\it Cirsium palustre} and {\it Centaurea nigra}. Along the internal fence lines there were abundant {\it Ulex europaeus} bushes in places.

MANAGE:
The pattern of grazing and silage cutting on the common has been discussed under the vegetation section. A full survey of the fields to the west of the B5301 is recommended to determine their present botanical diversity and to look for marsh fritillary colonies.


VEG:
The common lies within an area which formerly would have been an extensive raised mire. Most of the area has now been reclaimed for agriculture through drainage. The greater part of the common comprises improved grassland and is sub-divided into fields. 

A small remnant of the raised mire at Cowper Bog was target noted to still be in existence at the time of the Cumbria Phase 1 survey in 1985. This part of the common is also listed by Cumbria Wildlife Trust as a "County Wildlife Site". It is described as being dominated by bracken {\it Pteridium aquilinum} which grades into wet heath with {\it Molinia caerulea} and {\it Calluna vulgaris} with {\it Myrica gale} plus {\it Salix} sp. and {\it Crataegus monogyna}. {\it Phragmites australis, Filipendula ulmaria} and {\it Valeriana officinalis} occur in ditches.

MANAGE:
The site was viewed from a distance through binoculars from the nearby B5301. The area is grazed by cattle. Part looked to have had a silage crop cut recently. It is not known if Cowper Bog still exists in its previously described form.


FAUNA:
Noted during site visit were: willow warbler, wren, chaffinch. Little else seen as it was pouring with rain much of the time.

VEG:
The common lies in two distinct parts. The larger portion lies at the edge of the village of Braithwaite, a few km. west of Keswick. The smaller portion lies adjacent to the A66 just to the NW of Keswick. The Cumbria Phase 1 survey has only scanty information for these areas and so a field survey has been undertaken.

The Braithwaite portion has a complex mixture of habitats. To the south is a steep bank which is dominated by dense scrub turning to woodland. This has trees of {\it Quercus} sp., {\it Fraxinus excelsior, Sorbus aucuparia, Corylus avellana, Sambucus nigra, Ulex europaeus, Crataegus monogyna} and {\it Rosa canina}. Underneath the trees/shrubs there are small patches of bracken, neutral grassland and tall ruderals. To the north of this bank (2) are bare earth tracks crossing a mosaic of neutral grassland and tall ruderals - {\it Arrhenatherum elatius, Holcus lanatus, Rubus fruticosus} agg., {\it Chamerion angustifolium} and {\it Urtica dioica}.

Moving further north (3) is an area of predominantly mown amenity grassland surrounding a number of dwellings (these latter lie within an area excluded from the common). Locally there are marginal stands of coarse neutral grassland/tall ruderal, while throughout are scattered planted deciduous trees - {\it Quercus} sp., {\it Prunus} sp., {\it Sorbus aucuparia, Acer} sp., {\it Betula} sp., plus various other non-native species. Note that the church (the small black rectangle marked as "Ch"), does not appear to be excluded, its habitat category being 'J36' - buildings.

This type of vegetation occupies most of the remaining area of this part of the common. To the north is a stream, with beyond this, a narrow wooded bank - {\it Fraxinus excelsior, Alnus glutinosa, Crataegus monogyna, Betula pendula, Quercus} sp. and {\it Sambucus nigra}.

The smaller portion of the common is predominantly a narrow wooded strip along a small stream. This is dominated either by {\it Alnus glutinosa} (especially near the stream) or elsewhere by a mix of {\it Fraxinus excelsior} and {\it Acer pseudoplatanus}, with some {\it A. glutinosa}. To the south are several dead trees of {\it Ulmus} sp., regenerating from the base and representing a good source of standing dead timber. The undershrub layer is not well-developed. This consists of occasional bushes of {\it Rosa canina, Rubus fruticosus} agg., {\it Crategus monogyna} and ?{\it Malus} sp. To the extreme south is a clump of {\it Viburnum opulus}. The field layer of the wood is quite variable. Locally there are carpets of {\it Mercurialis perennis} with {\it Alliaria petiolata, Stachys sylvatica} and {\it Hedera helix}. Elsewhere there is a tall grassland/herb understorey with {\it Arrhenatherum elatius, Holcus lanatus, Poa trivialis, Aegopodium podagraria, Chamerion angustifolium, Ranunculus repens, Geum urbanum, Geranium robertianum, Galium aparine, Stachys sylvatica} and {\it Silene dioica}. Damp areas near to the stream also have {\it Oenanthe crocata}.

The northern portion of this area is fenced from the remainder and appeared to have a mix of tall ruderal species and scattered broadleaved trees. Along the SE edge of the site runs a narrow metalled road with a verge of rank neutral grassland/tall ruderals. This is dominated by {\it Arrhenatherum elatius} with frequent {\it Dactylis glomerata, Poa trivialis} and {\it Alopecurus pratensis}. Herbs include {\it Filipendula ulmaria, Chamerion angustifolium, Urtica dioica, Ranunculus repens, Vicia sepium, Veronica chamaedrys, Heracleum sphondylium, Mercurialis perennis, Silene dioica, Rumex obtusifolius, Dryopteris filix-mas, Athyrium filix-femina} and {\it Epilobium montanum}. A few individuals of {\it Iris pseudacorus} were also noted to the extreme south. This verge is backed by a well-clipped hedge of {\it Corylus avellana} and {\it Crategus monogyna}. Growing from within this is a well-grown specimen tree (at least 15m tall) of {\it Ilex aquifolium}, festooned with {\it Hedera helix}.

MANAGE:
The smaller portion of the common is largely unmanaged. The hedge here appears to be botanically quite diverse. Note the well-developed specimen holly tree. The hedgerow may be at risk from over enthusiastic trimming, which is presumably done mechanically. 

The Braithwaite portion has an unmaneged section to the south. This appears to be developing from dense scrub to woodland, a process which is probably increasing the ecological value of the site. Most of the remainder is land adjacent to properties and is mown as amenity grassland. Trees have been planted over much of this area, mainly for amenity purposes, and there are several seats provided. 

The common lies within the Lake District Environmentally Sensitive Area (ESA). This has been designated because of the outstanding environmental importance of the fells and valleys of the area. For reasons of confidentiality it has not been possible in this project to identify whether or not an individual common has been entered into the ESA scheme. However, for a general summary of the approximate area of Cumbrian Common Land covered by ESA agreements (as at 1995), please refer to the main report.


FAUNA:
No records of fauna found for this common. However, the site appears to have excellent potential for woodland birds and invertebrates, with a well-developed woodland structure and abundant quantities of dead timber.

VEG:
The common lies partly within a Cumbria Wildlife Trust "County Wildlife Site", and said to be ancient semi-natural woodland. This site does not appear in the Cumbria Inventory of Ancient Woodland as it is possibly below the threshold size of 2.0ha, although other adjacent blocks of woodland within Pow Gill are shown in the register. 

The woodland on the common was target noted in 1986 during the Cumbria Phase 1 survey, as follows (NY 252 429): "Wood next to bridge at Loughing Edge. This semi-natural broadleaved wood is dominated by elm with alder, oak and ash and has a shrub layer of hazel. The ground flora is rich, containing {\it Dryopteris filix-mas, D. affinis, D. dilatata, Polystichum aculeatum, Athyrium filix-femina, Blechnum spicant, Phyllitis scolopendrium, Carex sylvatica, Rumex sanguineus, Montia sibirica, Mercurialis perennis, Stachys} sp., {\it Cardamine armara, Geum urbanum, Ranunculus auricomus, Filipendula ulmaria, Geranium robertianum} and {\it Silene dioica}".  

The common was viewed briefly from the roadside edge. A large dead {\it Ulmus} sp. tree was noted, plus a moribund {\it Quercus} sp. tree. The woodland appears to have retained the high botanical diversity indicated by the target note. Fern species are particularly abundant. In addition to the above species, a mature tree of {\it Acer pseudoplatanus}, plus seedlings of this species and {\it Ulmus} sp. were noted near the bridge. {\it Melica nutans} is locally frequent in the understorey. 

Additional diversity is provided by Pow Beck itself, which is heavily shaded and has abundant wet rocks providing habitat for mosses and liverworts, plus {\it Chrysosplenium oppositifolium}. The understorey of the wood is particularly well-developed and appears quite impenetrable in places. The wood has abundant quantities of dead wood in the form of the dead and dying trees and fallen timber of various sizes.

MANAGE:
The wood appears unmanaged at present. The common appears to have an especially good botanical and habitat diversity, and appears to be of high nature conservation value. There are significant quantities of dead timber present, both as standing trees and also on the woodland floor. 

The site forms part of a pattern in this part of the county, of semi-natural woodlands which tend to follow the numerous gills cut by streams. In addition to Pow Beck, further examples are Kings Close Wood (NY 289 428) and Thornthwaite Wood (NY 272 423), although neither have any common land.  

A detailed survey of the bryophyte communities along the Pow Beck would be beneficial.


FAUNA:
Noted during site visit were: meadow pipit, plus the call of a curlew in the general vicinity.

VEG:
The common was target noted by the Cumbria Phase 1 survey in 1986. This highlighted the presence of species-rich grassland in a disused quarry and recommended further investigation. The site was visited during the present survey and was found to be still botanically diverse as previously noted. 

The grassland is all calcicolous in character, being dominated by {\it Festuca rubra}, with abundant/frequent {\it Helictotrichon pubescens}. Quadrat data were collected from three localities on the site (see attached). 

Within the quarry itself, there is a variation in sward height, with short turf present on the tops of spoil mounds and other outcrops (quadrat 1), and taller, possibly damp grassland in hollows and the base of slopes (quadrat 2). The grassland outside the quarry tends to be of a shorter variety (quadrat 3, taken from the NE edge of the common). On the basis of the quadrat information, the grassland appears to be mostly of NVC type CG6a. Of particular note is the occurrence of {\it Listera ovata}, particularly in the longer grass areas, where it is locally abundant, together with {\it Coeloglossum viride} (a species noted in 1986, but not spotted during the present survey), plus {\it Gymnadenia conopsea, Orchis mascula} and {\it Dactylorhiza fuchsii}.  

In addition to the species recorded in the quadrats, a second visit was made to the common on 05.08.95. Species noted flowering in abundance within short turf near to the road include {\it Campanula rotundifolia, Plantago media, Centaurea nigra, Knautia arvensis, Pimpinella saxifraga, Leontodon hispidus, Trifolium pratense, Rhinanthus minor} plus {\it Succisa pratensis}. A further feature is the top of the bare rocks of the quarry face, which support {\it Anthyllis vulneraria, Plantago media, Thymus polytrichus, Pilosella officinarum, Scabiosa columbaria, Linum catharticum, Pseudoscleropodium purum} and {\it Saxifraga tridactylites}. 

The common is also a Cumbria Wildlife Trust "County Wildlife Site". The records include {\it Alchemilla} sp., {\it Sanguisorba officinalis, Filipendula ulmaria, Stachys officinalis, Geranium} sp. and {\it Primula x polyantha}. 

One undesirable feature noted were large clumps of {\it Urtica dioica} in the base of the quarry, associated with tipping of rubbish.

MANAGE:
The common appears unmanaged. Grazing by rabbits may be be important in maintaining the grassland sward. There were also a few old sheep droppings, probably from an occasional straying animal. 

This vegetation is of outstanding botanical diversity, possibly the best found on any of the disused quarries on common land in this part of the county. 

There appear to be a number of threats to the site. The first of these is the occurrence of tipping, both within the quarry (tarmac and metal) and at the side of the road (garden rubbish). In addition, at the time of the second visit, a chipboard drawer had appeared here since the previous occasion. Also noted at this time was severe flattening of the turf in this area through vehicles being driven around the common (possibly four-wheel drives). The use of the quarry for climbing could also be having an impact of the vegetation on the rock faces. 

In view of the outstanding quality of the grassland of the common, perhaps the local authority could intervene and fence the site from the road. This would help to discourage tipping within the quarry area itself and prevent damage by vehicles being driven onto the common. Continued monitoring of this common is strongly recommended.


FAUNA:
No records available specifically for this common, but see under CL 307C for a full account of Drumburgh Moss as a whole.

VEG:
The common lies partly within the Drumburgh Moss SSSI. This portion of the site comprises a marginal section of an area of raised mire upon which the SSSI is centred. The site is also listed in "A Nature Conservation Review" (ed. D.A. Ratcliffe, 1977). More recently, the mosses of the South Solway Coast have been proposed as a Special Area of Conservation (pSAC) under the EC Habitats Directive. 

In addition to the SSSI citation, there is also some target noted information available from the Cumbria Phase 1 survey. This part of Drumburgh Moss was not visited during the course of the present survey. 

The margins of the raised mire have been slightly modified by past small scale peat removal. The vegetation here is characterised by {\it Eriophorum vaginatum, E. angustifolium, Calluna vulgaris} and {\it Erica tetralix. Sphagnum} mosses are confined to the wetter hollows. Scattered trees of {\it Betula} sp. are also present locally. 

The best mire vegetation occurs in the central area of the moss, where active raised mire, with a high water table, still exists (vegetation of this quality actually lies beyond the boundary of the common). This has a well-developed hummock-hollow structure with numerous small pools. Here there is good {\it Sphagnum} cover, with abundant {\it S. magellanicum} and {\it S. papillosum}, with {\it S. pulchrum, S. tenellum, S. capillifolium} and {\it S. molle} of more restricted occurrence. A total of 13 species of {\it Sphagnum} have been recorded. {\it Drosera anglica} and {\it Rhyncospora alba} are locally abundant in wet hollows, which also have {\it Sphagnum cuspidatum}. Hummocks of {\it Dicranum undulatum}, a moss of undisturbed bogs, which is rare in Britain are also present along with other species characteristic of intact mires, such as {\it Andromeda polifolia} and {\it Vaccinium oxycoccos}. 

Fringing the mire at this point are small blocks of young {\it Betula} sp. woodland, with an understorey of {\it Juncus effusus} and {\it Molinia caerulea} with {\it Potentilla erecta, Calluna vulgaris, Polytrichum} spp. and {\it Sphagnum} spp. There is a also a thin strip of dry heathy vegetation which has {\it Calluna vulgaris, Potentilla erecta, Succisa pratensis, Achillea ptarmica, Deschampsia cespitosa, Holcus lanatus, Agrostis capillaris, Anthoxanthum odoratum, Eriophorum vaginatum, Juncus effusus, Juncus squarrosus} and {\it Betula} sp. seedlings. 

The remainder of the common lies outside the SSSI and appears to be a mixture of small improved fields of improved and poor semi-improved grassland.

MANAGE:
The south-western portion of the common has been drained and improved and is managed as permanent grassland. The site is contiguous with CL 307C, but appears to be fenced from it. See under the latter unit for management of the SSSI as a whole.


FAUNA:
Noted during the site survey were: rabbits, wren, common frog, willow warbler, robin, a pair of coots (on the pond) plus two damselflies - {\it Coenagrion puella} and {\it Pyrrhosoma nymphula}. A curlew could be heard calling nearby.

VEG:
There was little habitat information available from the Cumbria Phase 1 survey. The site in fact has an area of less than the threshold value of 1.0ha and was surveyed by mistake. However, it has been included in the survey as it was found to be botanically quite interesting. 

The common has a complex mosaic of marshy grassland, scrub and scrubby woodland. The grassland is mainly dominated by {\it Juncus acutiflorus}, with locally frequent {\it Juncus effusus}, plus {\it Holcus lanatus, Ranunculus repens, Filipendula ulmaria, Mentha aquatica, Potentilla palustris} and {\it Viola palustris}, with occasional {\it Cirsium palustre, Epilobium hirsutum, Lychnis flos-cuculi, Cardamine pratensis, Lotus pedunculatus, Galium palustre, Angelica sylvestris, Deschampsia cespitosa, Luzula multiflora, Valeriana dioica} and {\it Caltha palustris}. There was also a scattered population of orchids (probably {\it Dactyloriza pupurella}). This vegetation appears to belong to NVC type M23. 

A pond in the SE corner is fringed with {\it Glyceria fluitans}, with locally frequent {\it Potamogeton} sp. on the water surface and clumps of emergent {\it Juncus effusus}. 

The scrub/woodland has a similar understorey to the marshy grassland and comprises {\it Salix cinerea} and {\it Alnus glutinosa}. Drier areas also have {\it Populus tremula, Betula pendula, Rubus fruticosus} agg., {\it Ulex europaeus} and {\it Crataegus monogyna}, plus one well-established clump of {\it Quercus petraea}. The understorey in these areas tends to be dominated by {\it Holcus lanatus} and {\it Anthoxanthum odoratum}.

MANAGE:
The common appears unmanaged at present. The diverse mix of habitats and species suggest that although it is a small site, it is of nature conservation value at a local level, especially as much of the surrounding land has been agriculturally improved. Further detailed survey and monitoring of the site is recommended. 

The borders of the common are somewhat unclear in the SE corner.


FAUNA:
No records of fauna available for this commom.

VEG:
There was insufficient time to visit this common during the course of the present survey. The Phase 1 survey shows the common to comprise an upland acidic grassland sward dominated by {\it Nardus stricta} and {\it Juncus squarrosus}. A small acidic flush lies to the SE of the common; no species information is available for this feature.

MANAGE:
The common is presumably sheep-grazed. There is probably no boundary to the site.

The common lies within the Lake District Environmentally Sensitive Area (ESA). This has been designated because of the outstanding environmental importance of the fells and valleys of the area. For reasons of confidentiality it has not been possible in this project to identify whether or not an individual common has been entered into the ESA scheme. However, for a general summary of the approximate area of Cumbrian common land covered by ESA agreements (as at 1995), please refer to the main report.


VEG:
The common encompasses that portion of Ullswater which lies in the former county of Westmorland. The boundary of this county and Cumberland runs along the entire mid-point of the lake. 

There are a variety of references to the lake in the English Nature library and other sources. These include a 1978 lake shore survey. Parts of the lake shore were visited during the present survey: to the south-east of Pooley Bridge and also the shoreline northwards from Patterdale.

Most of the lake shoreline is shingle or stones, with vegetation only in areas protected from trampling or wave action.

The southern part of the lake has a fringing swamp dominated by {\it Phragmites australis}. This feature appears to partially coincide, or at the very leas is fully contiguous with, the Goldrill Nature Reserve of the Cumbria Wildlife Trust (GR NY 395 166). This is described as an area of carr vegetation which exhibits an ecological gradient ranging from open water with emergent vegetation through to alder {\it A. glutinosa} carr.

MANAGE:
The use of the lake is controlled by the Lake District National Park Authority. The main management issues affecting the lake appear to centre around recreational issues (see recreation section). 

During late 1995 a particular issue was the proposal to abstract water from this lake and also Windermere (125 million gallons daily), under a Drought Order application by North West Water. This would have lowered the level by between two feet six inches and three feet. This application raised a number of water/nature conservation issues. Despite the fact that subsequent rain meant that abstraction in this case became unnecessary, there remains the possibility that the issue may occur in future years.

The SWT Goldrill Nature Reserve is important as a little-disturbed area of semi-natural wetland vegetation on the shore of Ullswater.

Although the common lies within the Lake District Environmentally Sensitive Area, this designation is not in this case relevant. The scheme is focussed on agricultural management and there is nothing in the scheme targeted specifically at freshwater lakes.


FAUNA:
Noted during site visit were: willow warbler and blue tit.

VEG:
The common did not have any information available from the Cumbria Phase 1 survey and a field survey has therefore been undertaken. 

An unfenced minor road bisects the site. To the north is rank neutral grassland/tall ruderal vegetation of {\it Arrhenatherum elatius, Dactylis glomerata, Poa trivialis, Alopecurus pratensis} and some {\it Trisetum flavescens}. Herbs present include {\it Anthriscus sylvestris, Heracleum sphondylium, Filipendula ulmaria, Galium cruciata, G. boreale, Vicia sepium, Centaurea nigra, Plantago lanceolata, Geum rivale, Lathyrus pratensis, Trifolium repens, Ranunculus acris, R. repens} and {\it Geranium pratense}. This grassland appears to be of NVC type MG1. Also present are small areas of dense scrub and trees of {\it Crataegus monogyna, Sorbus} sp. (planted?) and {\it Fraxinus excelsior}. 

To the south next to the road is a similar area, but a section adjacent to the boundary appears to be fenced from the remainder and grazed by sheep from the adjoining land.

MANAGE:
The major part of the site appears unmanaged. As mentioned above, a small area to the south is fenced and grazed by sheep. On the portion to the north of the road, silage bails are stored on the common, and there has also been some dumping of farm waste. Although a small site, this small overgrown common may be a local wildlife refuge, in an area which is extensively agriculturally improved.


VEG:
This common comprises a section of Ullswater lying in the former county of Cumberland. For a fuller account of the lake as a whole, please refer to the larger contiguous CL 157W.

MANAGE:
For a fuller account of management issues affecting the lake as a whole, please refer to the larger contiguous CL 157W.

The common lies within the Lake District Environmentally Sensitive Area (ESA). This has been designated because of the outstanding environmental importance of the fells and valleys of the area. However, this designation is not in this case relevant. The scheme is focussed on agricultural management and there is nothing in the scheme targeted specifically at freshwater lakes.


FAUNA:
Noted during site visit were: rabbits, robin, carrion crow, chaffinch, magpie.

VEG:
The following description is based on the results of the present survey: 

For the most part the common supports a sward of heavily sheep-grazed poor semi-improved grassland. This has abundant {\it Lolium perenne, Holcus lanatus, Cynosurus cristatus, Cirsium arvense, Trifolium pratense} and {\it Poa trivialis}. Also present are locally frequent {\it Dactylis glomerata}, clumps of {\it Urtica dioica} and occasional {\it Bellis perennis, Achillea millefolium, Rumex obtusifolius} and {\it Ranunculus acris}. Locally there is scattered scrub of {\it Crataegus monogyna}, plus occasional bushes of {\it Rosa} spp. (incl. {\it R. canina}) and {\it Ulex europaeus}. A small patch of dense scrub lies to the north and is dominated by {\it C. monogyna}, with an understorey of {\it Urtica dioica} (note dumping here - see below). 

To the SW is the disused quarry. This has an exposed limestone face to the east, about 10.0m tall at its highest point. Elsewhere there are vegetated spoil mounds. Much of the grassland in the base of the quarry is similar to that above. Locally it is somewhat more diverse, and mildly calcicolous in character, having abundant {\it Festuca rubra} and {\it Cynosurus cristatus}, locally frequent {\it Trisetum flavescens, Lolium perenne} and {\it Dactylis glomerata}, occasional/frequent {\it Bellis perennis, Lotus corniculatus, Centaurea nigra, Hieracium pilosella, Cerastium fontanum, Veronica chamaedrys, Achillea millefolium, Prunella vulgaris, Lathyrus pratensis} and {\it Rhytidiadelphus squarrosus}. 

The most calcicolous turf is of limited extent and lies on the tops of the old spoil heaps. This has abundant {\it F. rubra, C. cristatus} and {\it Lotus corniculatus}, plus occasional/frequent {\it Briza media, Centaurea nigra, Plantago media, Leontodon hispidus, B. perennis, Achillea millefolium, Thymus polytrichus, Linum catharticum, Pilosella officinarum, Carex flacca, Rhytidiadelphus squarrosus} and {\it Ctenidium molluscum}.

MANAGE:
The common is grazed by sheep (though none were present at the time of the site visit). The grazing level appears high, with abundant sheep droppings evident, plus signs of eutrophication/heavy grazing in the form of {\it Urtica dioica} and {\it Cirsium arvense}. 

The common appears to have intact boundaries, with a dry stone wall to the south and west, and barbed wire fences to the north and east. Under the patch of dense scrub to the north is a pit, possibly a small disused quarry, which has been used extensively for tipping. This contains stone rubble, metal, silage bail plastic, breezeblocks, corrugated iron etc. The site appears to be of limited nature conservation potential.


FAUNA:
No records of fauna available for this common which was not visited during the course of the present survey.

VEG:
The Cumbria Phase 1 survey shows this common to possess an improved grassland sward, plus scattered scrub of {\it Rubus fruticosus} agg. and {\it Crataegus monogyna}. There is no target noted information suggesting the site is of nature conservation importance and therefore, in view of its small size and relative inaccessibility, it was not visited.

MANAGE:
No management information available for this common from the Cumbria Phase 1 survey. Appears to be the site of an old quarry.


VEG:
The Cumbria Phase 1 survey provides basic habitat information and dominant species codes. There are no target notes to suggest that the site is botanically important. In view of this, and constraints on time, the common was not visited during the course of the present survey. 

The common supports unimproved neutral grassland which appears to have infestations of {\it Urtica dioica} and {\it Rumex} spp. Hedges surrounding the common appear to include {\it Prunus spinosa}, and {\it Fraxinus excelsior}, while there is scattered scrub with {\it P. spinosa} and {\it Crataegus monogyna}.

MANAGE:
There is no information available about the management of this site.


FAUNA:
Noted during site visit were: willow warbler, swallow, sedge warbler and rabbits. A pond on the common is a known site for crested newt {\it Triturus cristatus}.

VEG:
The common is a botanically diverse area of marshy grassland plus scrub and scattered trees. The following description is based on the results of the present survey:

To the east is a mosaic of marshy grassland and unimproved neutral grassland, plus scattered scrub of {\it Ulex europaeus}. The marshy grassland is dominated by {\it Juncus acutiflorus} and has locally frequent {\it Deschampsia cespitosa, Juncus conglomeratus, Angelica sylvestris, Rumex acetosa} and locally occasional {\it Holcus lanatus, Anthoxanthum odoratum, Cirsium palustre, Lotus pedunculatus} and {\it Mentha aquatica} (NVC type M23). The neutral grassland component is mostly damp in character and here dominated by {\it Deschampsia cespitosa}, with frequent {\it A. odoratum, H. lanatus, Potentilla erecta, R. acetosa} and {\it Juncus articulatus}, plus locally occasional {\it A. sylvestris, P. erecta} and {\it Cardamine pratensis} (NVC MG9). 

Elsewhere, to the northern margin of the common, there is drier neutral grassland. Two types were noted: the first dominated by {\it Festuca rubra}, with {\it Holcus lanatus, A. odoratum, Conopodium majus, Cirsium arvense} and {\it Veronica chamaedrys}. The second is dominated by {\it Arrhenatherum elatius}, with abundant {\it Dactylis glomerata} and locally frequent {\it Heracleum sphondylium, Galium cruciata, G. verum, Urtica dioica, Angelica sylvestris, Dryopteris filix-mas, D. dilatata, Geum rivale} and {\it Centaurea nigra}. 

A small vegetated pond is present near to here. This has emergent plants which include {\it Eleocharis palustris, Glyceria} sp., {\it Myosotis} sp., {\it Cardamine pratensis, Caltha palustris}, plus a vegetative {\it Carex} sp. 

The remainder of the common comprises a slope up to the road with very tall herb-rich marshy grassland, similar in composition to that above, dominated by {\it Juncus acutiflorus}. However, the grassland here is considerably more diverse and locally has {\it Carex panicea, Dactylorhiza fuchsii, Prunella vulgaris, Valeriana officinalis} and {\it Equisetum arvense}. Also present are localised small areas of base-rich flushing with {\it Carex panicea, Succisa pratensis} and {\it Briza media}, plus occasional individuals of {\it Primula farinosa} and {\it Pinguicula vulgaris. P. farinosa is a nationally scarce species (ie. occurring in between 16 - 100 ten km squares of the Ordnance Survey Grid - source, JNCC, 1994). 

In addition, one large clump of {\it Trollius europaeus} was also noted on this part of the common. This species is described as "uncommon" in Cumbria and has undergone a marked decline over the last 50 years, partly due to its popularity as a garden plant, but chiefly due to increased sheep-grazing combined with agricultural improvement of upland hay meadows by drainage, artificial fertilisers and earlier cutting for silage (source: Halliday, 1997). Throughout this area are small patches of dense scrub of {\it Crataegus monogyna} and {\it Ulex europaeus}, and scattered trees of {\it Betula pendula, Fraxinus excelsior, Acer pseudoplatanus} and {\it Sorbus aucuparia}. 

Toward the top of the slope the trees are becoming more dense and almost qualify as woodland. Along the edge of the road, the boundary is marked by an overgrown and neglected hedge with trees. This has {\it Fraxinus excelsior, Viburnum opulus, Acer pseudoplatanus, Crataegus monogyna, Ilex aquifolium, Prunus} sp., plus one individual of {\it Taxus baccata}. Beneath the hedge, occasional plants of {\it Primula vulgaris} were also noted.

MANAGE:
The common appears to be of considerable nature conservation importance, even though it is a fairly small site. It used to be grazed, but this has not happened in recent years. Apparently, the gorse scrub on the site also used to be controlled by burning. 

The pond is a known site for crested newt {\it Triturus cristatus}. The area surrounding the pond appears to be excellent terrestrial habitat for the newts, with the tall vegetation providing shade and cover. 

The vegetation of the common is botanically diverse. This includes the areas of base-rich flushing with {\it Primula farinosa}, plus the small clumps of {\it Trollius europaeus} (the only time this was seen during the present survey). The lack of grazing is a potential threat to the site, as this could lead to a loss of botanical diversity and scrub and woodland encroachment. However, the presence of scattered scrub and trees is seen as beneficial to birds of woodland edge, such as blackbirds, thrushes, tits, finches, robins etc.  

Clearly this is an important site and it is impossible to make management suggestions on the basis of a single brief visit. Further survey and monitoring of this site are recommended to decide upon the most appropriate management.


FAUNA:
Noted during site visit were: chaffinch, willow warbler, yellowhammer, wren.

VEG:
The common is a small, isolated block of broadleaved woodland. The canopy is fairly closed and mostly comprises mature, tall trees of {\it Quercus} sp. and {\it Betula pendula}. There are also occasional individuals of {\it Fraxinus excelsior}, and along one of the boundaries, one tree of {\it Fagus sylvatica} was noted. Some of the trees are festooned with {\it Hedera helix}, and there appear to be a number of dead branches on some of the trees. Two dead trees of {\it U. glabra} were noted near to the track entrance, one of which was suckering from the base. Undershrubs include {\it Ulmus glabra}, {\it Salix cinerea}, {\it Crataegus monogyna, Sambucus nigra, Sorbus aucuparia} and {\it Ilex aquifolium}. The field layer contains species such as {\it Dryopteris} spp., {\it Urtica dioica, Galium aparine} and {\it Anthriscus sylvestris}.

MANAGE:
The woodland appears unmanaged. There is good potential invertebrate habitat in the various sources of dead wood. The common is a conspicuous feature in an area mainly of improved fields and could be important at a local level as a refuge for woodland birds.


FAUNA:
Noted during the site visit were: blackbird, jackdaw, skylark. The distant call of a curlew could also be heard from the direction of the nearby Carlisle Racecourse.

VEG:
The common comprises a sward of mown amenity grassland. This is species-poor and dominated mainly by {\it Lolium perenne}. Other species are rather limited, but there are locally frequent {\it Taraxacum} sp., {\it Bellis perennis, Ranunculus repens, Plantago lanceolata, Hypochearis radicata} and {\it Trifolium repens}. There are a few planted trees to the north of {\it Sorbus aucuparia, Sorbus} sp. {\it Aesculus hippocastanum} and one of {\it Fraxinus excelsior}. The eastern boundary of the common is marked by a well-clipped hawthorn hedge.

MANAGE:
The common is mown regularly by the local authority. The clippings appear to be left {\it in situ} but, as the grassland sward is of no conservation ineterest, this is not a problem. The main potential of the site is in the future growth to maturity of the trees, as they will have both landscape and conservation potential. 

The single ash tree was noted to have been almost completely ring-barked, although it was still alive at the time. It was not noted whether this was deliberate vandalism, or over-enthusiastic strimming. It would be unfortunate if any of the other trees were to become damaged in a similar way.


FAUNA:
Noted during the site visit were: chaffinch, flock of swift, willow warbler, greenfinch, goldfinch.

VEG:
The western portion of the common is fenced from the remainder and comprises semi-improved neutral grassland grazed by cattle. This area was viewed from the field entrance. The sward looked fairly species-poor and dominated by {\it Alopecurus pratensis, Dactylis glomerata, Bromus} spp., and {\it Holcus lanatus}. At the edges of the field are large clumps of {\it Urtica dioica}, and some small clumps of {\it Dipsacus fullonum} were also noted. 

The remaining part of the common has quite a complex mosaic of vegetation types, all of it rather overgrown. To the south lies a stand of rank {\it Deschampsia cespitosa}, plus {\it Rumex obtusifolius, Urtica dioica} and {\it Epilobium hirsutum}. To the north of here is a damp area with {\it Holcus lanatus, Alopecurus pratensis} and {\it Poa trivialis}, with abundant {\it Potentilla anserina, Cirsium arvense, Ranunculus repens, Lathyrus pratensis}, locally frequent {\it Juncus inflexus} and occasional {\it Anthriscus sylvestris, Alliaria petiolata, Centaurea nigra, Galium mollugo, Cardamine pratensis, Mentha} ?x {\it rotundifolia, Hypericum tetrapterum} and {\it Vicia sativa}. There are also several planted trees of {\it Sorbus} sp. and {\it Betula pendula} in this area and occasional bushes of {\it Cytisus scoparius}. 

The north-western edge of this area is in a hollow and has two open drainage channels running across it. This is shaded by several large trees of {\it Salix} sp., {\it Acer pseudoplatanus} and {\it Fraxinus excelsior}. Beneath is tall herbaceous vegetation which is probably periodically inundated. This has abundant {\it Juncus effusus}, with a range of other species which include {\it Galium aparine, Lotus pedunculatus, Filipendula ulmaria, Angelica sylvestris, Carex ?diandra, Stachys sylvatica} and {\it Aegopodium podagraria}. Also present were a number of immature flowers of an orchid, probably a species of {\it Dactylorhiza}. 

Much of the common is surrounded by hedgerows plus mature trees (including {\it Fraxinus excelsior}).

MANAGE:
The western portion is cattle-grazed. The eastern portion is unmanaged. This area has a diverse habitat mosaic with a good structural diversity and has potential as invertebrate habitat and also for those types of birds noted during the site visit. 

Within the area shaded by trees there has been dumping of rubbish. This includes timber and garden rubbish (grass cuttings etc.).


FAUNA:
Noted during the site visit were: flock of house sparrows, willow warbler, robin, blackbird, starling.

VEG:
The common was viewed from the public right of way which crosses it. Most of the area comprises a heavily-grazed improved grassland sward. To the western edge is a small wet area dominated by {\it Glyceria fluitans}, with abundant {\it Alopecurus geniculatus, Callitriche} sp., frequent {\it Ranunculus omiophyllus, Ranunuculus repens}, locally frequent {\it Anagallis tenella} and occasional {\it Ranunculus flammula} and clumps of {\it Juncus effusus}. The boundary of the common takes the form of overgrown hedges of {\it Crataegus monogyna}. to the edges of the field are clumps of {\it Urtica dioica} and {\it Cirsium arvense}.

MANAGE:
The common is heavily sheep-grazed, with abundant sheep droppings all over the site. It appears to be of limited nature conservation interest, but the overgrown hedgerows could provide useful cover for birds. The surrounding land appears to be under a potential threat from further housing development.


FAUNA:
Noted during the site visit were wren, blue tit, robin. Along the river were noted a flock of greylag geese, plus several mallard, mute swans and a grey heron. 

The site appears to have good potential for invertebrates, with good quantities of standing and fallen dead wood and leaf litter.

VEG:
There was no information available for this site from the Cumbria Phase 1 survey, and a full field survey was therefore undertaken. The common was reached by and viewed from a public footpath which runs through the site. 

The common comprises a small block of semi-natural broadleaved woodland which occupies a fairly steep slope leading down to the bank of the R. Eden. The site appears to be centred around a small disused quarry in the hillside. The canopy trees are mainly of {\it Quercus} sp. and {\it Fraxinus excelsior}, with a number of particularly tall and well-developed specimens being present. There are also occasional individuals of {\it Acer pseudoplatanus} and {\it Fagus sylvatica}, and near to the river, trees of {\it Alnus glutinosa}. Understorey shrubs are of {\it Ulmus glabra, Crataegus monogyna, Ilex aquifolium, Prunus spinosa} and {\it Lonicera periclymenum}. 

The field layer is quite well-developed and variable. Towards the river, there are locally abundant {\it Brachypodium sylvaticum, Deschampsia cespitosa, Stachys sylvatica, Rubus fruticosus} agg., {\it Dactylis glomerata, Mercurialis perennis} and {\it Poa nemorails}, locally frequent {\it Dryopteris filix-mas, Silene dioica, Geum urbanum, Epilobium montanum, Bromopsis ramosa, Galium aparine, Geranium robertianum, Filipendula ulmaria} and {\it Circaea lutetiana}, plus locally occasional {\it Lapsana communis, Heracleum sphondylium, Arum maculatum} and {\it Campanula latifolia}. There is also a small clump of {\it Impatiens glandulifera}. 

Under the main canopy, the field layer tends to be somewhat more sparse, and mainly comprising {\it R. fruticosus} agg., {\it Viola riviniana, Geum urbanum, G. robertianum, S. sylvatica, Hedera helix, D. filix-mas} and {\it Lysimachia nemorum}. This woodland appears to have affinities with NVC type W9a. 

An exposed earth bank near to the river has a well-developed bryophyte flora with species which include {\it Atrichum undulatum, Eurynchium striatum, E. praelongum, Mnium hornum} and {\it Isothecium myurum}. Occasional plants of {\it Primula vulgaris} were also noted here. 

To the extreme north of the site is a thin strip to the edge of the river, which has locally abundant {\it Petasites hybridus} and locally occasional {\it Arctium minus}. Within the wood proper are occasional seedling {\it A. pseudoplatanus} and locally abundant tiny seedlings of {\it F. excelsior}.

MANAGE:
The woodland appears largely unmanaged. A few of the large ash trees have died and are still standing, providing good amounts of dead timber. Several have also fallen and have mostly been left in situ. However, where they have fallen across the path they have been sawn into sections. In addition there is abundant leaf litter over much of the woodland floor. There was little evidence of regeneration, apart from a number of seedling sycamore trees and numerous tiny ash seedlings. 

Although an isolated block of woodland, much of the banks of the R. Eden in this locality have deciduous woodland, and the common can be seen as a small component of this habitat resource.


FAUNA:
Noted during site visit were: wren, robin, large white butterfly, rabbit.

VEG:
The western portion of the common has mown amenity grassland, with scattered trees of {\it Sorbus aucuparia, Fagus sylvatica} and {\it Tilia} sp. To the east of the road which crosses the common is a small stream with several trees of {\it Alnus glutinosa} along it. To the south of the playground is a steep cliff, reinforced in places by a stone wall. At the base of this are trees of {\it A. glutinosa, Fraxinus excelsior, Sambucus nigra} and {\it Ulmus glabra}. The wall itself appears to support a good growth of thalloid liverwort species.  On the opposite side are two tall trees of {\it Fagus sylvatica}. To the N and E edge of the play area is a fringe of coarse neutral grassland with tall ruderal plants. Noted here were {\it Dactylis glomerata, Holcus mollis, Chamerion angustifolium, Heracleum sphondylium, Rumex obtusifolius, Symphitum} sp., {\it Mentha} sp., {\it Centaurea nigra} and {\it Urtica dioica}. 

To the east of here is a wooded valley, at first having a somewhat open and patchy canopy. This area appears to have been a quarry in the past, with steep, almost vertical side walls in the New Red Sandstone. The main canopy trees are of {\it A. glutinosa, Fraxinus excelsior} and {\it Acer pseudoplatanus}. Several dead trees of {\it Ulmus glabra} were also noted, some of them with new growth from the base. However, very little other dead wood was noted in this portion. The ground layer is varied, and in places is similar to the above grassland. Other species noted elswehere include {\it Filipendula ulmaria, Tanacetum vulgare, Holcus lanatus, Ranunculus repens, Rumex sanguineus, Scrophularia nodosa, Calystegia sepium, Epilobium hirsutum, Geum urbanum, Geranium robertianum, Silene dioica, Stachys sylvatica, Hedera helix, Rubus fruticosus} agg., {\it Galium aparine} and {\it Eurynchium striatum}. Some large stands of {\it Urtica dioica} are present, and the more open areas have seedlings of {\it F. excelsior, Ulmus glabra} and {\it A. pseudoplatanus}. Undershrubs noted were {\it Crataegus monogyna, Salix cinerea} and {\it Sambucus nigra}. 

Further along, the path crosses the stream, where additional ground flora species include {\it Circaea lutetiana, Lysimachia nemorum, Chrysosplenium oppositifolium, Senecio aquaticus, Veronica beccabunga, Persicaria maculosa, P. hydropiper, Myosotis scorpioides, Glyceria fluitans, Mentha} ? {\it suaveolens} and {\it Caltha palustris}. The banks of the stream have well-developed plants of {\it Dryopteris dilatata, D. filix-mas} and {\it Athyrium filix-femina}. Several more tall dead {\it U. glabra} are present in this area, once again often with regrowth from the base. In some cases, this regrowth was wilting, affected either by elm disease, or possibly water stress (very dry summer in 1995). 

The woodland continues along the NE facing arm of the common. This area is fairly impenetrable and was not visited, but appears to comprise mainly {\it F. excelsior} and {\it A. pseudoplatanus}, with regenerating {\it U. glabra}. There appears to be a dense understorey of {\it U. dioica} and {\it R. fruticosus} agg. Further survey of this woodland to establish its status would be desirable.

MANAGE:
The western portion of the common is managed for amenity use (mowing grassland etc.). The wooded section appears largely unmanaged. That within the disused quarry to the west is most likely to be secondary in origin. There are good sources of dead wood in the form of elm trees. The woodland is probably of local importance to birds. This area is probably best left in an unmanaged condition.


VEG:
The common lies to the west of a hill known as Whinfell Common. The Cumbria Phase 1 survey shows the site to comprise poor semi-improved acidic grassland with scattered scrub. As such, it was not considered worth making a visit to this common, which does not have evidence of any nature conservation interest.

MANAGE:
There is no information available about the management of this common, but it is likely to be grazed, at least by sheep.


VEG:
The common lies to the extreme NW of the Crosby Ravensworth Fells complex. There was insufficient time to visit this common during the present survey. It is shown by the Cumbria Phase 1 survey to comprise a sward of unimproved acidic grassland.

MANAGE:
The common is probably grazed by sheep, although there is no information as to the grazing intensity. An ancient stone circle appears to lie partly within the boundary of this common, at the intersection with CLs 12W and 13W.


FAUNA:
Only a blue tit was noted during the site visit.

VEG:
The common lies to the west of the village of Newby in an area which appears to have two small abandoned quarries. A number of different habitat types are present. 

To the north is a fenced portion of the common. This forms the edge of a larger field. Adjacent to here is the first, and smaller of the two disused quarries. Part of this is now filled-in and supports improved grassland, which merges with similar grassland on adjacent parts of the common. The rest of the quarry comprises a mix of coarse neutral grassland - {\it Arrhenatherum elatius, Dactylis glomerata, Centaurea nigra}; dense scrub - {\it Crataegus monogyna, Rosa} spp. and {\it Sambucus nigra}; plus scattered trees - {\it Fraxinus excelsior} and {\it Acer pseudoplatanus}. 

To the south of here is a further area of improved grassland, again fenced from the rest of the common and forming part of a larger adjacent field. The boundary of the common is marked by two tall trees, probably along the line of a former hedgerow. 

To the south is the second of the two former quarries. This is quite deep and is being used extensively for tipping - to the extent that it resembles a mini-landfill site. Surrounding this is a further mosaic of grassland/tall ruderal/ephemerals, scrub and trees (including {\it Cirsium} spp., {\it Senecio jacobaea, Arctium minus, Centaurea nigra, Rumex obtusifolius, Potentilla reptans, Plantago major, Torilis japonica, Polygonum aviculare} and {\it Matricaria matricarioides}.

MANAGE:
The common is quite obviously being used as a tip. The larger of the two quarries has a track leading down into it. Tipped material includes brick rubble, household rubbish, garden rubbish, soil, old silage etc. A number of smouldering bonfires were also noted. 

Two areas are fenced from the remainder of the common. One appears to be now part of an adjacent field, while the other is adjacent to a farmyard and has a large silage heap on the common. There are farm implements stored elswehere on the common. Although the common has been very degraded, there may be some potential in the form of bare ground for invertebrates habitat, although much is very compacted, and the remainder is likely to be rather ephemeral. There is a large area of very disturbed ground to the south of the common.


FAUNA:
Noted during site visit were: several flocks of feeding swallows, blue tit, large white butterfly, willow warbler, robin, carrion crow, chaffinch, goldfinch: (mostly recorded from area (5), where there were also rabbit burrows).

VEG:
The common did not appear to have any relevant information from the Cumbria Phase 1 survey and a field survey has therefore been undertaken. The common comprises five contrasting parcels of land around the village of Lazonby. 

Parcel (1) is an enclosed field of improved grassland which had been recently cut for hay or silage at the time of the site visit. 

Parcel (2) is the smallest piece, and includes a small area of mown grassland with a mature tree of {\it Fagus sylvatica}. 

Parcel (3) is an area of mown amenity grassland. A number of introduced shrubs/trees have been planted; these include {\it Sorbus} sp., {\it Symphoricarpos albus, Berberis} sp. and {\it Ribes sanguineum}. 

Parcel (4) appears to follow a drainage ditch and has a mosaic of tall neutral grassland and tall ruderal plants; these include {\it Petasites hybridus, Heracleum sphondylium, Rumex obtusifolius, Urtica dioica, Cirsium arvense, Arrhenatherum elatius} and {\it Lolium perenne}. A track of sorts runs along this area and has abundant {\it Lolium perenne} and a species of ? {\it Triticum}. 

Parcel (5) is mostly improved grassland. Along the NW edge runs a drainage ditch, which also appears to flush part of the field and has given rise to an area of waterlogged grassland dominated by {\it Juncus effusus} and {\it Agrostis stolonifera}. Much of this area is heavily trampled by cattle which have been drinking here. There was plenty of open, flowing water, even in this exceptionally dry summer. Present within the water: {\it Lemna minor, Glyceria fluitans, Veronica beccabunga, Apium nodiflorum, Rorippa nasturtium-aquaticum} and also possibly {\it Berula erecta}. 

Two arms run south-eastwards from the main area; the northernmost is improved grassland which is unfenced the larger field which it adjoins. A large bare patch of ground has been created by numerous sheep sheltering in the shade of trees. The southern strip is fenced from the rest of the area and comprises a stand of tall-ungrazed vegetation along a drainage ditch. Noted here were {\it Arrhenatherum elatius, Dactylis glomerata, Urtica dioica, Cirsium arvense, Mentha} sp. and {\it Apium nodiflorum}. Surrounding this section of the common are remnant hedgerows represented by lines of mature trees which include {\it Crataegus monogyna, Quercus} sp., {\it Corylus avellana, Fraxinus excelsior, Prunus} spp., (incl. {\it P. spinosa}) and {\it Betula pendula}.

MANAGE:
The management of the various parts of the common is quite varied and has mostly already been discussed under the access/recreation and vegetation sections. A number of different likely managers are involved. The area with the greatest nature conservation potential is that at (5). The hedgerows are now defunct, and replaced by a barbed-wire fence, but the tall trees which still remain appear important for some local birds.


VEG:
The common appears to have been re-seeded with a grass crop, comprising {\it Lolium perenne}, with some {\it Cynosurus cristatus}. There are occasional plants of {\it Cirsium arvense} and {\it C. vulgare} at the margins. The boundary to the SE of the common has several old trees of {\it Quercus} sp. along it, possibly a former hedge line.

MANAGE:
The common is grazed intensively by sheep and the soil is locally heavily poached.


VEG:
There was no relevant information available from the Cumbria Phase 1 survey. The common is a small triangular plot on a NW facing hillside. It was viewed from the public footpath which crosses it, and the adjacent road. 

For the most part, it supports a sward of semi-improved acidic grassland which is grazed by horses/ponies. The grassland appears to be mainly dominated by {\it Agrostis capillaris}, with frequent {\it Hypochaeris radicata, Galium saxatile, Potentilla erecta} and {\it Trifolium repens}. Where the slope steepens, a relatively ungrazed heathy area has {\it  Calluna vulgaris} with some {\it Vaccinium myrtillus}, with bushes of {\it Ulex gallii} and {\it Cytisus scoparius}, plus scattered trees of {\it Sorbus aucuparia}. At the edge of the road there is a steep bank with coarse neutral grassland of {\it Dactylis glomerata, Arrhenatherum elatius, Agrostis capillaris} and {\it Holcus lanatus}, plus {\it Rubus fruticosus} agg., {\it Rosa} sp., {\it Heracleyum sphondylium, Chamerion angustifolium, Dryopteris filix-mas, Cruciata laevipes} and {\it Rubus idaeus}.

MANAGE:
The common is grazed by at least one pony and its foal. The common appears to be open to some of the land to the NE, which is under the same management. A wooden-fenced schooling area has been constructed on the common. There appears to be no other form of management.


FAUNA:
During the site visit, a great spotted woodpecker was noted on the dead branch of an oak tree.

VEG:
The common was surveyed from the road which runs along its upslope (western) edge. Immediately adjacent to the road is a narrow strip of {\it Quercus} sp. woodland, with occasional {\it Acer pseudoplatanus}. The canopy trees are all mature, with a well-developed structure, plus quite an abundance of dead branches on some of them. One dead standing tree was also noted. Beneath, the woodland is open to grazing by cattle (and sheep?) and has the appearance almost of wood-pasture.  The woodland floor has a short ground flora of {\it Agrostis capillaris} and {\it Holcus mollis}, with locally abundant {\it Urtica dioica, Viola riviniana} and {\it Oxalis acetosella}. There are no signs of any woodland regeneration. 

Further southwards the wood gives way to a steep bank of coarse neutral grassland with scattered trees of {\it Fraxinus excelsior, Fagus sylvatica, Crataegus monogyna, Sambucus nigra, Sorbus aucuparia, Betula pendula} and {\it A. pseudoplatanus}. There are also individuals of {\it Alnus glutinosa} toward the stream. The grassland in the open areas is dominated by {\it Dactylis glomerata} and {\it Agrostis capillaris}, with locally abundant {\it Urtica dioica} (especially down toward the stream) plus locally frequent {\it Anthoxanthum odoratum, Cirsium arvense, C. vulgare} and occasional {\it Rumex obtusifolius}. Under the trees are locally frequent {\it Holcus mollis, Veronica montana, Cruciata laevipes, Vicia sepium} and occasional {\it Lapsana communis, Galium mollugo, Heracleum sphondylium} and {\it Digitalis purpurea}. 

At the base of the slope, an area of improved grassland lies next to a stream. This appears quite damp and has locally abundant {\it Juncus effusus}.

MANAGE:
A dry stone wall runs along the edge of the road. To the opposite, eastern side of the common, the site is open to the land beyond, with cattle gaining access to the common and crossing the stream to get into the wooded area. A grazed woodland appears to be quite an unusual situation on Cumbrian common land, for a site of this size at least. The common is likely to be of local importance for birds of woodland/woodland edge, and may have invertebrate interest in the dead wood.


VEG:
The area was covered by the Cumbria Phase 1 survey in 1986. This has a target note for the wooded portion, Whitefaugh Moss, which reads thus: "This small valley bog/basin mire is dominated by {\it Pinus sylvestris/Betula} woodland. The ground is very wet and is dominated by fern species (dried off)". The second portion, which was viewed from the gate at the end of the track is all improved grassland. To the eastern edge is a defunct hedge with trees of {\it Crataegus monogyna, Quercus} sp. and {\it Betula pendula}. Occasional bushes of {\it Ulex europaeus} are present at the base.

MANAGE:
The wooded portion has no information about its management. The grassland portion is cattle-grazed. This area is surrounded by a barbed-wire fence and also possibly has internal fencing as well.


FAUNA:
No fauna were noted during the site visit.

VEG:
The common was covered by the Cumbria Phase 1 survey in 1978 (one target note). There appears to have been little change since this time. 

To the north of the road which crosses the site, is an area of sheep-grazed improved grassland. 

The major part of the area to the south supports marshy grassland dominated by {\it Juncus effusus}, which was being grazed by two horses at the time of the site visit. The grassland also has locally abundant {\it Holcus lanatus, Deschampsia cespitosa, Agrostis capillaris, Anthoxanthum odoratum} and locally frequent {\it Senecio aquaticus, Succisa pratensis, Achillea ptarmica} and {\it Juncus acutiflorus}. This appears to have affinities with NVC types MG10/M23. At the edges and elsewhere are occasional bushes of {\it Salix cinerea} and {\it Ulex europaeus}.  

Locally this grassland appears somewhat drier and is probably more neutral, rather than marshy, in character. This is partcularly so along the along the ungrazed roadside verges, about 2.0m wide. This tends to be dominated by {\it Arrhenatherum elatius} and {\it Phleum pratense}. Here was also noted locally abundant {\it Odontites vernus}. 

To the south-east, there is an unmanaged portion of the common, separated from the horses by a fence. This has quite a complex mosaic of habitats. A large proportion is rank marshy grassland with abundant {\it Deschampsia cespitosa} and locally frequent {\it Agrostis capillaris, Molinia caerulea, Juncus effusus, J. acutiflorus, Urtica dioica, Chamerion angustifolium, Cirsium arvense, C. palustre, Rubus fruticosus} agg., {\it Centaurea nigra, Succisa pratensis, Lotus pedunculatus, Galeopsis tetrahit, Achillea ptarmica, Senecio aquaticus}, and {\it Filipendula ulmaria}. This appears to belong to NVC type MG9. To the centre is a stand dominated by {\it Molinia caerulea}, while throughout are scattered scrub of {\it Ulex europaeus} and scattered trees of {\it Sorbus aucuparia, Fraxinus excelsior} (possibly planted), {\it Betula pendula, Salix cinerea} and {\it Sambucus nigra}. Occasional bushes of {\it Calluna vulgaris} are also present. 

In the extreme south-eastern corner is an area of low-lying ground which has a stand of tall, {\it J. effusus}-dominated marshy grassland. This has locally abundant {\it Deschampsia cespitosa} and locally frequent {\it Potentilla palustris, Equisetum fluviatile, Galium palustre, Filipendula ulmaria, Lotus pedunculatus, Valeriana officinalis, Succisa pratensis, Angelica sylvestris, Achillea ptarmica, Juncus conglomeratus} and {\it J. Acutiflorus} (NVC M23). A small stand of {\it Phalaris arundinacea} was also noted. 

Rows of trees along the margins of the common include {\it Crataegus monogyna, Betula pendula, Sorbus aucuparia} and {\it Sambucus nigra}.

MANAGE:
The northern portion of the common is grazed by sheep and has the appearance of enclosed pasture. Grazing intensity here appears quite high. The major part of the southern portion was being grazed by two horses, with grazing levels appearing relatively light on this area. The remaining small, south-eastern portion is ungrazed and appears to be developing scrub and trees. The marshy grassland in this area is tall and fairly diverse in character.


VEG:
This common lies along the eastern side of the valley of Cam Beck. There was insufficient time to investigate this area in detail. Basic habitat information is provided by the Cumbria Phase 1 survey. The comon was only viewed from a distance while visiting the contiguous CL 28C.

A strip of broadleaved woodland lies in a triburary valley of Cam Beck. This appears to have a tree canopy with {\it Fraxinus excelsior, Alnus glutinosa, Salix} spp. and {\it Quercus} sp. A small block of planted conifers was noted.

The Phase 1 map shows a small pond, but this has not been target noted. The lower slopes seem to have an imroved grassland sward.

MANAGE:
The lower slopes are probably grazed, but there is no information on stock type or grazing levels. Note small block of planted conifers.


FAUNA:
During the site visit, a carrion crow was noted on the common.

VEG:
The common lies in two strips at the edge of the River Lune at Tebay. The two halves are separated by the M6 Motorway. 

The southern portion comprises a sward of improved grassland. This is dominated by {\it Lolium perenne} and has abundant {\it Trifolium repens}, locally frequent {\it Cirsium arvense, Cerastium fontanum, Cynosurus cristatus} and {\it Plantago lanceolata} plus locally occasional {\it Hypochaeris radicata, Achillea millefolium, Ranunculus repens} and {\it Cirsium vulgare} (NVC type MG6). This grassland extends beyond the boundary and runs right up to the edge of the railway embankment. However, the presence of the former boundary is indicated by an indistinct row of small trees of {\it Crataegus monogyna}. A line of {\it Juncus effusus} appears to be the site of an old land drain. 

The northern portion of the common is botanically more diverse. Again it appears to be unfenced from the surrounding land. To the south is a further area of improved grassland, with some stands of {\it Juncus acutiflorus} in wet areas. Locally there are small pockets of what appear to be semi-improved acidic grassland. This has {\it Agrostis capillaris} and {\it Festuca ovina} with abundant {\it Potentilla erecta, Trifolium repens} and locally occasional {\it Campanula rotundifolia}. At the riverside are occasional trees of {\it Crataegus monogyna} and {\it Alnus glutinosa}. 

About half way along this section, a fence with a gate through it crosses the common. The grassland beyond this has been mapped as the poor semi-improved category. This again has abundant {\it L. perenne}, plus {\it Holcus lanatus, Cynosurus cristatus, Cirsium arvense, Trifolium pratense, T. repens} and {\it Cerastium fontanum}. Several wet ditches run across this area down to the riverbank. These contain {\it Juncus acutiflorus} with locally abundant {\it Mentha ?arvensis, Mimulus guttatus, Galium cruciata, Ranunculus flammula, Juncus effusus, Myosotis} sp., {\it Carex ovalis} and {\it Filipendula ulmaria}. One clump of a vegetative sedge was also noted, possibly {\it Carex acutiformis}. To the north of the common, along the old boundary, are a row of mature trees of {\it Pinus sylvestris}.

MANAGE:
The common is grazed by sheep, mostly at a fairly high level. There appears to be no other management of the common.


VEG:
The common lies on the steep hillside to the north of Bretherdale Beck. The Phase 1 survey shows it to comprise a mosaic of acidic grassland and dense bracken. There was insufficient time to visit this site. The boundary/habitat map can be found under the contiguous CL 14W.

N.B. Measured area less than one hectare and less than registered area therefore DO NOT REPORT THIS SITE.

MANAGE:
The common is probably grazed by sheep, but no management information is available.


FAUNA:
During the site visit a number of rabbits were seen. A snipe was also flushed from an area of {\it Calluna} heath.

VEG:
The common lies alongside the A683 a few km south of Kirkby Stephen. The surrounding area has been enclosed with a regular pattern of dry stone walls as a result of enclosure awards. The common, by contrast, appears to have been left unenclosed for use as a small quarry. The Cumbria Phase 1 survey provides no information for the common, and so a field survey has been undertaken. 

A particular feature of the site are the two small quarries clearly evident on the O.S. map. These were found to have been quite recently infilled and spread with topsoil. The quarry to the north is now almost completely re-vegetated. This mostly is a complex mosaic grassland types, with characters of both neutral and calcicolous swards. The calcicolous element is dominated by {\it Festuca rubra}, with locally frequent {\it Achillea millefolium, Carex flacca, Briza media, Lotus corniculatus, Galium verum, Alchemilla} sp., {\it Potentilla reptans, Euphrasia} sp., {\it Plantago lanceolata, Pilosella officinarum, Dactylis glomerata, Agrostis capillaris, Galium verum, Cynosurus cristatus} and {\it Deschampsia cespitosa. Danthonia decumbens} and {\it Campanula rotundifolia} were locally occasional. 

There is also some thinly vegetated limestone rubble which has abundant {\it Tussilago farfara, Festuca rubra, Linum catharticum, Carex flacca, Euphrasia officinalis} agg., {\it Thymus polytrichus} and {\it Ctenidium molluscum}. This grades into neutral grassland plus tall ruderal species, dominated by {\it Dactylis glomerata} and {\it Holcus lanatus}, with frequent {\it Cirsium arvense, Chamerion angustifolium, Leucanthemum vulgare} and {\it Senecio jacobaea}. 

The quarry to the south is larger and looks to have been infilled more recently. Around 25 per cent of bare ground remains. The grassland here is less diverse, but has {\it F. rubra, Carex flacca, Centaurea nigra, Leucanthemum vulgare} and {\it Tussilago farfara}. A pile of dumped silage also has abundant {\it Rumex obtusifolius, Urtica dioica} and {\it Senecio jacobaea}. 

Between the two quarries, to the western side of the common, is an area of mature {\it Calluna vulgaris} dry heath. This has 90 per cent cover of mature {\it Calluna} - fairly even-aged and around 40cm tall. There is a mossy understorey in places with abundant {\it Hypnum cupressiforme}. Within the sward are locally frequent {\it Nardus stricta} and {\it Agrostis capillaris} and locally occasional {\it Erica cinerea, Potentilla erecta} and {\it Danthonia decumbens}. There are even suggestions of transitions to wet heath in the form of locally frequent {\it Molinia caerulea} and locally occasional {\it Erica tetralix}. 

At the roadside edge of the common, all of the habitats appear to become intimately intermixed in an area which has a complex of mounds and hollows, probably derived from quarry spoil. Thus, acidic dry {\it Calluna} heath occurs in some areas, while calcicolous grassland is present elsewhere. {\it Carex pulicaris} was also noted from this area. Immediately next to the road is a narrow neutral grassland verge. Occasional individuals of {\it Sanguisorba officinalis, Centaurea nigra, Geranium sylvaticum} and {\it Plantago media} were noted here.

MANAGE:
The common is not grazed. As mentioned above, the disused quarries appear to have been infilled quite recently. The botanical characteristics of these former features is unknown. The development of calcicolous vegetation on the levelled spoil may have involved seeding of these areas. The site is next to the road and is not fenced from it. One pile of waste silage was noted, and there is the possibility that this may attract further dumping of this type. Rabbit grazing may be important in mainitaining the grassland on the common. Despite the loss of the two quarries, the site is notable for the complex mosaic of vegetation types on the spoil area, where acid dry {\it Calluna} heath occurs in an intimate mosaic with calcicolous grassland species. This is a somewhat unusual feature.


VEG:
The common lies adjacent to the A683 and is contiguous with, but fenced from, CL 37W. The Cumbria Phase 1 map indicates the major part of the common to be semi-improved acidic grassland. The site was viewed with binoculars from the adjacent road. The northern tip appears to have a closely-grazed sward with abundant {\it Festuca ?ovina} and {\it Anthoxanthum odoratum}, locally frequent {\it Nardus stricta, Trifolium repens, T. pratense, Lotus corniculatus, Cynosurus cristatus, Bellis perennis} and {\it Euphrasia officinalis} agg., plus locally occasional {\it Galium verum, Campanula rotundifolia, Potentilla erecta, Cirsium arvense, C. vulgare} and {\it Luzula} sp. 

A small, shallow abandoned quarry lies next to the road. Here the grassland appears to have transitions to a calcicolous type, with {\it Festuca} sp. {\it Briza media, Pilosella officinarum, Anthoxanthum odoratum, Euphrasia officinalis} agg., {\it Carex flacca, Linum catharticum} and {\it Lotus corniculatus} being noted.

MANAGE:
The common is surrounded by a dry stone wall and has the same general appearance of the surrounding enclosure fields. The turf is closely-grazed. No stock present at time of site visit, but sheep-grazed. Appears to be of limited botanical diversity, apart from the disused quarry area.


FAUNA:
Noted during the site visit were a flock of feeding swallows.

VEG:
The common lies within the hamlet of Kaber, a few km south of Brough. The Cumbria Phase 1 provides little information and so a field survey was undertaken. 

Most of the common comprises neatly mown grassland, mapped as the amenity category because of its appearance as a "village green". This has {\it Festuca rubra, Agrostis capillaris, Lolium perenne, Dactylis glomerata, Cynosurus cristatus, Senecio jacobaea, Plantago lanceolata, Ranunculus acris, Rhytidiadelphus squarrosus, Hypochaeris radicata, Centaurea nigra, Trifolium pratense} and {\it Potentilla anserina}. Locally were noted occasional {\it Alchemilla} sp., {\it Briza media} and {\it Achillea millefolium}. This vegetation was looking very parched at the time of the site visit (prolonged hot summer). 

At the roadside edges are planted ornamental trees of {\it Fagus sylvatica} and {\it Aesculus hippocastanum}. To the east of the common is an area of grassland which as not managed for amenity purposes and has a much more diverse flora. This is again mainly dominated by {\it Festuca rubra}, but appears to be somewhat damp in character with frequent {\it Agrostis capillaris, Sanguisorba officinalis, Achillea ptarmica, Carex flacca, Trifolium pratense, Centaurea nigra, Plantago lanceolata, Lotus corniculatus, Potentilla erecta, Deschampsia cespitosa, Holcus lanatus, Danthonia decumbens} and {\it Ranunculus acris}. Locally occasional are {\it Juncus conglomeratus, Briza media, Succisa pratensis} and {\it Rhinanthus minor}. The area is reported to also have {\it Dactylorhiza purpurella} (G. Dalglish, pers. comm.). This appears to have affinities with NVC type MG4, although a more detailed recording of quadrats is needed. 

The western portion of the common is mainly an enclosed field of sheep-grazed improved grassland. A small portion next to the road has a variety of habitats/uses. Two mature trees of {\it Fraxinus excelsior} are present, one of which now lies within a small ornamental garden. There is also an ornamental {\it Prunus} sp. tree and one of {\it Sorbus aucuparia} both enclosed by railings. Next to the stream is a small stand of {\it Petasites hybridus}.

MANAGE:
The common is mainly managed as an amenity area through regular mowing. Ornamental trees have been planted, and part is in use as car parks. The eastern portion has botanically diverse grassland which is cut occasionally by an adjacent farmer. A more detailed vegetation survey of this area would be valuable. Part of the common is enclosed and grazed by sheep. A small ornamental garden has been built on part.


FAUNA:
During the site visit a number of rabbits were seen in the grassland area to the east of the common.

VEG:
The Cumbria Phase 1 survey has very limited information for this common, which lies to the south of the village of Morland. The following information was collected during the site visit, the common being viewed from the road which crosses it. 

To the east of the common is a fenced area of grassland which is grazed by cattle and sheep. This appears to be mainly dominated by {\it Lolium perenne}. It is very "weedy" in places, with clumps of {\it Cirsium arvense, Rumex obtusifolius, Polygonum aviculare, Taraxacum officinale} agg., and {\it Matricaria matricarioides}. To the other side of the road is a mown verge about 2.0m wide - mapped as semi-improved neutral grassland. At this point there is another fence. Behind this is a narrow overgrown strip of dense scrub and trees - {\it Fraxinus excelsior, Salix cinerea, Quercus} sp., {\it Rosa canina, Sambucus nigra, Sorbus aucuparia, Rubus idaeus} and {\it Populus alba} (the latter ?planted). Beneath is an understorey of {\it Dactylis glomerata, Arrhenatherum elatius, Agropyron repens, Calystegia sepium, Urtica dioica, Chamerion angustifolium, Lathyrus pratensis, Valeriana officinalis, Filipendula ulmaria, Cirsium arvense, Geranium pratense, Centaurea nigra} and {\it Galium mollugo}. To the south this area is probably progressing to woodland.

MANAGE:
The fenced portion to the east of the road is grazed by sheep and cattle. A cattle feeder is sited here. The wall of the old quarry is visible at the edge. The verge to the west is mown next to the road, presumably by the highway authority. The narrow scrubby strip appears unmanaged, although the trees of {\it Populus alba} may have been planted. This area, although small, may contribute to local breeding bird habitat and also perhaps supporting small mammals as food for hunting kestrels and owls etc.


FAUNA:
Noted during site visit were: wren, plus two types of butterfly - painted lady and gatekeeper.

VEG:
This common lies on an outcrop overlooking the mouth of the River Esk. There is target noted information available from the Cumbria Phase 1 survey (1977, 1986). A brief visit was also made to the common, viewing it from the track. 

The site is part of a small rocky hill; Newton Knott. Most of the area is dominated by dense bracken {\it Pteridium aquilinum}. There are prominent rock outcrops, and among the bracken are scattered scrub and trees. 

The Phase 1 target notes read as follows: GR SD 094 954 (1977) - "Newton Knott. Weeds of disturbed/arable ground found amongst the bracken, e.g. {\it Stellaria media?, Spergularia arvensis}. The summit has rock outcrops and thin soils with {\it Sedum anglicum, Rumex acetosella} and {\it Deschampsia cespitosa}". 

(1986) - "Newton Knott. Acid grassland dominated by {\it Agrostis stolonifera, A. capillaris, Anthoxanthum odoratum} and {\it Cynosurus cristatus} with extensive areas of {\it Ulex europaeus} scrub and bracken. Other species include {\it Digitalis purpurea, Teucrium scorodonia, Hypochaeris radicata, Galium saxatile} and {\it Potentilla erecta}. Some areas very much disturbed". 

Other scrub/tree species noted during the site visit were {\it Rubus fruticosus} agg. {\it Crataegus monogyna} and small individuals of {\it Quercus} sp. Growing on the rocks could be seen plants of {\it Blechnum spicant} and {\it Hedera helix}. 

The track at the base of the hill has a variety of species. This is gravel with grassy areas at the edges - {\it Lolium perenne, Trifolium pratense, Plantago lanceolata, Cirsium arvense, Urtica dioica, Potentilla anserina} and {\it Matricaria matricarioides}. Wet areas also have {\it Persicaria maculosa}.

MANAGE:
The common appears unmanaged. A dry stone wall runs along the edge of the track, marking the southern boundary. The upper edges of the common on the outrcrop appear to be unfenced. The site is a small but distinctive landscape feature. The rocks may have additional species diversity.

The common lies within the Lake District Environmentally Sensitive Area (ESA). This has been designated because of the outstanding environmental importance of the fells and valleys of the area. For reasons of confidentiality it has not been possible in this project to identify whether or not an individual common has entered the ESA scheme. However, for a general summary of the approximate area of Cumbrian Common Land now covered by ESA agreements (as at 1995), please refer to the main report.


FAUNA:
No records of fauna relating specifically to this particular common.

VEG:
The common comprises eight small parcels of of land along the eastern edge of Blawith Fell (i.e. CL 155L). Basic habitat information has come from the LDSPB Blawith Common Habitat Survey (1980) and the Cumbria Phase 1 survey (1984). None of the common was visited during the course of the present survey. 

Most parts of the common appear to comprise improved grassland at the margin of the open fell. Two sections are small blocks of broadleaved woodland. The most northerly of these was target noted during the LDSPB survey: GR SD 287 905, 1980. "Ethels Wood. Broadleaved woodland dominated by {\it Quercus} sp., with {\it Ilex aquifolium, Fraxinus excelsior, Corylus avellana} and some {\it Taxus baccata}. Little ground flora except in open areas. Little regeneration".

MANAGE:
The common lies within the Lake District Environmentally Sensitive Area (ESA). This has been designated because of the outstanding environmental importance of the fells and valleys of the area. For reasons of confidentiality it has not been possible in this project to identify whether or not an individual common has been entered into the ESA scheme. However, for a general summary of the approximate area of Cumbrian common land covered by ESA agreements (as at 1995), please refer to the main report.  Improved grassland sections probably heavily sheep-grazed.


FAUNA:
The common is home to upward of 100 ducks (?wild mallard and hybrid) and domesticated geese. These are causing severe eutrophication. Also noted were flocks of feeding swallow and housemartins.

VEG:
The common lies in the centre of the village, forming a triangle, with minor roads on each side. In the centre is Leece Tarn. This was covered by a Freshwater Habitat Survey in 1969. Due to the age of this survey, and because of time constrains, this source has not been followed-up. 

The common is rather disappointing due to the very abundant duck/geese (and dog) droppings all around the edges of the tarn. The surrounding grassland is all improved in character and dominated by {\it Lolium perenne}. Locally, {\it Matricaria matricarioides, Plantago major, Trifolium repens, Odontites verna} and {\it Gnaphalium uliginosum} were noted. 

On grassland to the north are two planted trees of {\it Prunus} sp. (ornamental variety) and one of {\it Acer pseudoplatanus}. To the NW is a clump of trees - {\it Alnus glutinosa} and {\it Salix fragilis}. At the northern tip is a hardcore area used for car parking. A clump of {\it Reynoutria japonica} was noted here. 

The tarn itself appears to have little in the way of emergent vegetation. Several large clumps of {\it Iris pseudacorus} are present at the edge, with some stands of {\it Epilobium hirsutum. Juncus bufonius} was noted in mud, while there are occasional trees of {\it Salix cinerea} to the north.

MANAGE:
The true area of the common is less than the threshold survey value of 1.0ha. However, it is registered at greater than this - hence the site visit. 

The common appears to have little ecological value due to the chronic eutrophication from the huge resident flock of geese and ducks, in addition to local dogs. An agricultural contractor has a depot next to the site and it looks as though vehicles from this are parked on the common at times. The northern tip has also been turned into a hardcore car park. It may have been an interesting site in the past. Several trees have been planted for ornamental purposes and seats have been provided.


FAUNA:
This is an important wetland site. Recorded as a regular breeding site for great crested grebe. There are good mollusc records. See "Survey of Invertebrates" by T. Macon, 1983. This report should be available from the files of English Nature.

VEG:
The general features of Urswick Tarn are discussed in the Phase 1 target notes of 1977 and 1983. There is a large amount of other information available in relation to this site, but it has not been possible to consult any of these sources, which includes a survey by R. Stokoe (1983) "Aquatic Macrophytes". Most of the available sources seem to be listed by the target notes and appear to be available in the English Nature Library at Blackwell.

The tarn is described as a large marl lake with good marl deposits. There has been eutrophication in the past and there is little adjacent wetland. Most of the lake shore has a fringe of reedswamp. The current extent of this appears to be much reduced in comparison to that indicated on the Phase 1 map. The reedswamp is characterised by {\it Typha latifolia} with {\it Sparganium} sp. and  {\it Schoenoplectus lacustris}. Additional species noted to the SW during the present and previous surveys (1) include {\it Lythrum salicaria, Mentha aquatica, Mentha ?palustris, Myosotis} sp., {\it Iris pseudacorus, Carex rostrata, Carex ?acutiformis} (vegetative), {\it Lychnis flos-cuculi, Juncus effusus, J. inflexus, Caltha palustris, Persicaria maculosa, P. amphibia, Rorippa} spp., {\it Stellaria alsine, Rumex hydrolapathum, Veronica beccabunga, Epilobium tetragonum, Filipendula ulmaria, Lycopus europaeus, Lysimachia vulgaris, Ranunculus sceleratus, R. flammula} and {\it Alisma plantago-aquatica}.

Adjacent to this part of the tarn is an area of somewhat overgrown vegetation (2). This comprises a mosaic of tall neutral grassland/tall herbs, with scattered scrub and trees. The grassland is dominated by {\it Arrhenatherum elatius, Dactylis glomerata} and {\it Holcus lanatus}, while the accompanying herbs include {\it Artemisia vulgaris, Heracleum sphondylium, Senecio jacobaea, Solidago virgaurea, Centaurea nigra, Arctium minus, Stachys sylvatica, Sisymbrium officinale, Epilobium hirsutum, Geranium pratense, Vicia cracca} and {\it Calystegia sepium}. Areas of somewhat shorter grassland also have {\it Reseda luteola, Odontites verna, Tussilago farfara, Plantago major} and {\it Achillea millefolium}. Trees and scrub (some planted) include {\it Betula} sp., {\it Larix} sp., {\it Alnus glutinosa, Sorbus} sp., {\it S. aucuparia, Prunus} sp. and near to the water, {\it Salix cinerea} and {\it Salix fragilis}.

Other habitats present around the tarn are at: (3) - improved grassland, part of surrounding field; (4) - private garden:- mown lawn; to the north, a chapel and gardens and near to this (5) a small patch of dense scrub ({\it Salix fragilis}) with an understorey of {\it Phalaris arundinacea, Epilobium hirsutum, Urtica dioica} and {\it Heracleum sphondylium}.

MANAGE:
The tarn itself is fished. Parts of the shore to the N and NW fall within private gardens and have mown lawns. At (4) it also appears that a new stone house has been built on the common. To the north there is a tin chapel and gardens. 

There are two car parking spaces next to the road to the SE, one appears for private use, while the other is for visitors to the lake shore. Trees have been planted in the adjoining area of ground. A path round this part of the shore follows a duckboard. 

The shore to the SW of the tarn appears to form part of the surrounding field. This area is grazed by domesticated geese and horses. 

Continued monitoring of the extent of the reedbed is recommended.


FAUNA:
Noted during the site visit were: oystercatcher, black-headed gull, pied wagtail, curlew, plus large white and common blue butterflies.

VEG:
The common comprises a long, narrow coastal strip along the eastern edge of the Furness Peninsula, which runs from near to Bardsea in the north and Rampside in the south. The site has only two target notes made during the Cumbria Phase 1 survey, which relate to shingle at Newbiggin (1982 and 1986). There was no other habitat information for the common available from this source and a site visit has therefore been made. A small section of the common, opposite Sea Wood, lies within the SSSI of the same name. 

In view of the length of the site, it was possible only to visit certain sections. However, it is hoped that this will cover the features of most of the common. A further difficulty arising from the linear character of the site is how to present the habitat map. The length of the site suggested that 1:25,000 would be the most sensible scale. In practice it was found, as with most linear sites, that it was very difficult to plot every single habitat boundary. Therefore, it has been decided not to attempt to do this. Instead a numbered sequence of target notes are provided, running from north-south along the length of the common. 

The main habitat present is intertidal shingle, which probably makes-up over 75 per cent of the actual area of the site.

(1). Northern tip, near Bardsea. Here there is a wide shingle beach occupying the lower three quarters of the width of the common. The upper portion of the shingle is sparsely vegetated with species such as {\it Elytrigia atherica, Atriplex} ? {\it hastata, Ononis repens, Honkenya peploides, Rumex crispus, Potentilla reptans, P. anserina, Rumex maritimus, Arctium minus, Tripleurospermum maritimum, Senecio viscosus, Tussilago farfara, Crambe maritima} and {\it Sonchus arvensis}. Locally there is a strand-line of washed-up vegetative matter and small twigs etc. 

At the upper edge of the common there is a coastal grassland sward, locally with scattered scrub and trees ({\it Acer pseudoplatanus}). This grassland is co-dominated by {\it E. atherica} and {\it Festuca rubra}. Many of the above associates are present, along with {\it Achillea millefolium, Centaurea nigra, Raphanus raphanistrum} subsp. {\it maritimus, Senecio jacobaea, Pimpinella saxifraga, Galium verum, Plantago lanceolata, Lotus corniculatus} and {\it Campanula rotundifolia. Arrhenatherum elatius} becomes the dominant grass adjacent to the road. The scrub species are {\it Rubus fruticosus} agg., {\it Crataegus monogyna, Rosa canina} and {\it Prunus spinosa. Arum maculatum} noted beneath {\it C. monogyna} bush.

(2). Opposite Sea Wood. This portion of the coastline lies within the Sea Wood SSSI (see map). Here, most of the width of the common consists of exposed rock outcrops, with a low limestone cliff at the very edge of the wood itself. Along the coastal edge at this point (and possibly on the common in part) is a narrow strip of saltmarsh dominated either by {\it Puccinellia maritima} or {\it Spartina anglica}, with locally occasional {\it Armeria maritima, Limonium vulgare, Honkenya peploides, Salicornia europaea} and {\it Aster tripolium}. The herbaceous flora along the woodland edge is particularly diverse and includes {\it Calamagrostis epigejos, Inula conyza, Hypericum androsaemum} and {\it H. montanum} (notes from SSSI citation).  

(3). South of Sea Wood. Here there is a mainly unvegetated shingle beach occupying most of the width of the common. Most of the beach toward Maskel Point appears similar.

(4). Aldingham. The upper edge of the common at this point has numerous parking spaces. Surrounding these are occasional trees of {\it Pinus sylvestris} and {\it Corylus avellana}. Also noted was a large stand of {\it Reynoutria} sp., with {\it Rubus fruticosus} agg., {\it Torilis japonica, Cirsium arvense} and {\it Arctium minus}.

(5). Further parking areas set within areas of dense scrub and trees plus rank unimproved neutral grassland/tall ruderals. Recorded here were {\it Acer pseudoplatanus, Fraxinus excelsior, Crataegus monogyna, Rosa canina, Rubus fruticosus} agg., {\it Allium} sp. and {\it Elytrigia atherica}. The main part of the common comprises a beach of shingle, sand and pebbles, plus some large boulders, which appears to run all the way northward towards Maskel Point. There is a small amount of strand line material - twigs and other vegetative matter.  

(6). Newbiggin. To the north there is more shingle. To the upper edge this runs out onto sand with {\it E. atherica}. The shingle has locally abundant {\it Honkenya peploides} and locally occasional {\it Tripleurospermum maritimum, Rumex crispus, Glaucium flavum, Senecio jacobaea} and {\it Eryngium maritimum}. There is quite a lot of material along the strand line, including old fishing nets.

(7). A track runs through a strip of coastal grassland at the upper edge of the common. This is dominated by {\it E. atherica} and {\it Festuca rubra} with locally frequent {\it Achillea millefolium, Senecio jacobaea, Raphanus raphanistrum} subsp. {\it maritimus, Mentha suaveolens, Tripleurospermum maritimum, Centaurea nigra, Daucus carota} and {\it Melilotus officinalis}. 

(8). Phase 1 survey target notes for GR SD 270 693: 1982 - "Newbiggin shingle. Scattered small clumps of {\it Spartina} on the mud - 1m. across. The shingle rises quickly to the road (with a small amount of sand/shell sand at the E. end) to the grassland. BRC card filed for the shingle, the most notable plants:- {\it Polygonum oxyspermum, Cakile maritima, Crambe maritima, Glaucium flavum, Eryngium maritimum, Honkenya peploides} and {\it Leymus arenarius}". 1986 - "At the edge of the shingle, {\it E. atherica} and {\it Leymus arenarius} occur along with some {\it Cakile maritima} and {\it Eryngium maritimum}".

(9). There is a low concrete sea defence wall at this point. Once again there is a beach of shingle/sand. This is sparsely vegetated at the upper edge with {\it Senecio jacobaea, Reseda luteola, Achillea millefolium, Matricaria matricarioides, Plantago major, Dipsacus fullonum} and {\it Polygonum aviculare}. In the mud at the lower edge of the beach are scattered clumps of {\it Spartina anglica}.

(10). Southern section. This portion is heavily defended against the sea. The A5087 runs along the top of a concrete wall which is angled toward the sea. This part of the common appears heavily scoured by the sea and has little in the way of vegetation.

MANAGE:
The greater part of the common is unmanaged. There are two areas used for car parking on the common, one at the northern end of Sea Wood and the other at Aldingham. Both have caused extensive flattening of the vegetation and there has been much litter scattered in places. At The Sea Wood location, wooden posts have been placed to stop people driving vehicles onto the common. 

At Aldingham there is a house and gardens on the common - Ladycroft cottage. At Newbiggin, where a track leads onto the common, the authorities have erected a sign which forbids cars, caravans and motorcycles on the common and also camping. Groynes have been erected across the common in various locations - Aldingham and Roosebeck. 

The southern section has been heavily defended against the sea, with a recently constructed concrete wall, angled against the sea. 

Several bonfire sites noted on the common - opposite the static caravan park at Aldingham and at Sea Wood.


FAUNA:
No information available relating specifically to the fauna of this common.

VEG:
This small common, which is contiguous with the extensive CL 29L, lies within Dunnerdale, to the edge of the Dunnerdale Fells. For a more detailed account of the Dunnerdale Fells as a whole, plus the habitat map for this common, see under CL 29L. 

Most of this common appears to have a sward of dense bracken {\it Pteridium aquilinum}, plus rock outcrops. Also present are scattered trees and shrubs which include {\it Betula pendula, Quercus} sp., {\it Sorbus aucuparia} and {\it Crataegus monogyna}. Some roadside acidic grassland.


FAUNA:
No information available about the fauna of this common, which was not visited during the course of the present survey.

VEG:
This small common lies along the periphery of CL 57L, Torver Low Common. There was insufficient time to visit the site during the course of the present survey: reliance has had to be placed on the existing Cumbria Phase 1 survey.

The above source shows a significant portion of the common to comprise a semi-improved grassland sward. Toward the edge of CL 57L, this grades into an acidic grassland type. There is a small block of broadleaved woodland. No other information available from Phase 1 survey.

MANAGE:
There is no information as to the management of this particular common. However, as there is an area shown as semi-improved grassland, it is likely that it grazed. The O.S. map appears to suggest that it is fenced from its contiguous neighbour.

The common lies within the Lake District Environmentally Sensitive Area (ESA). This has been designated because of the outstanding environmental importance of the fells and valleys of the area. For reasons of confidentiality it has not been possible in this project to identify whether or not an individual common has been entered into the ESA scheme. However, for a general summary of the approximate area of Cumbrian common land covered by ESA agreements (as at 1995), please refer to the main report.


FAUNA:
No records available relating specifically to this common.

VEG:
The common lies to the western periphery of the Coniston Fells group and is contiguous with the much larger CL 29L and also CL 143L. For a fuller account of the habitats present and the habitat map, see under these two commons. 

CL 240L is shown on the map of the Cumbria Phase 1 habitat survey to comprise a sward of acidic grassland. This grassland appears mainly to be dominated by {\it Nardus stricta}, locally with {\it Agrostis capillaris, Festuca ovina, Juncus squarrosus, Molinia caerulea} and {\it Anthoxanthum odoratum}.

MANAGE:
No information available relating to the management of this common. Probably grazed by sheep; the common lies within the Lake District Environmentally Sensitive Area (ESA). This has been designated because of the outstanding environmental importance of the fells and valleys of the area. For reasons of confidentiality it has not been possible in this project to identify whether or not an individual common has been entered into the ESA scheme. However, for a general summary of the approximate area of Cumbrian common land covered by ESA agreements (as at 1995), please refer to the main report.


VEG:
The common comprises a peripheral portion of the Dunnerdale Fells. The habitat map has come from the Cumbria Phase 1 survey, which also provides one target note. For the habitat map of the common please refer to the contiguous CL 29L (map 4). 

Available information shows the common to comprise an acidic flush which was target noted in 1984: GR SD 205 906 - "Out Moss. {\it Sphagnum/Juncus, Polytrichum} sp., {\it Hydrocotyle vulgaris, Potentilla erecta, Eriophorum} sp., {\it Cirsium palustre, Myosotis} sp., {\it Mentha aquatica, Drosera rotundifolia} (locally abundant)".


FAUNA:
Noted during site visit were: skylark, yellowhammer, rabbits, plus small tortioseshell and meadow brown butterflies. A local resident intimated that netting of birds has been undertaken in some of the scrub areas in the past.

VEG:
The common lies approximately mid-way between Maryport and Workington. It was viewed from the rights of way which cross the site. The Phase 1 target notes suggest that the site was once botanically very important, but that this interest may now have been lost through the management regime of recent decades (see under management). 

Information from 1979 suggests a rough pasture in this area which contains {\it Rosa arvensis, Sambucus ebulus, Platanthera bifolia, Parnassia palustris, Neottia nidus-avis} and {\it Teesdalia nudicaulis}. When the area was covered by the Phase 1 survey (1985), it was found to be largely improved pasture, with a few marshy areas and some {\it Ulex} sp. scrub. A local resident reported the {\it P. bifolia, P. palustris} and {\it S. ebulus} to have been ploughed-up by this time. {\it Genista anglica, G. tinctoria} and {\it Rosa arvensis} were still present. 

A flushed area to the east of the common was reported which contained {\it Ranunculus flammula, Viola palustris, Carex} spp., {\it Hydrocotyle vulgaris, Briza media, Eupatorium cannabinum} and {\it Teesdalia nudicaulis} (although it was thought that the latter species had since been "washed away"). 

At the time of the present visit, it was apparent that the majority of the western portion of the common was now improved grassland dominated by {\it Lolium perenne}. Clumps of {\it Urtica dioica} and {\it Cirsium arvense} are frequent. Occasional small patches of scrub remain, the majority having now being cleared by burning. The main scrub species is {\it Ulex europaeus}, with {\it Rosa canina, Rubus fruticosus} agg. and {\it Crataegus monogyna}, within which there are further clumps of {\it Urtica dioica} and {\it Cirsium vulgare}. One tree of {\it Malus} sp. was also seen, plus some plants of {\it Dipsacus fullonum}. 

To the north are remnants of marshy grassland (2), supporting {\it Juncus effusus, Holcus lanatus} and {\it Deschampsia cespitosa} and {\it Alopecurus} sp., plus occasional {\it Lotus pedunculatus, Senecio aquaticus}, and {\it Cirsium palustre}. This grassland is best-developed along a wet ditch, where {\it Glyceria fluitans, Ranunculus flammula, Achillea ptarmica, Mentha} sp. and {\it Galium palustre} were also noted. 

The eastern portion of the common is effectively divided from the remainder by a barbed wire fence. This area appears less well-drained than the remainder of the site, and consequently appears to be less agriculturally improved. This is probably where the flushed areas discussed in the Phase 1 target notes are located. 

Two main grassland types appear to be present; the first being a wet semi-improved neutral grassland dominated by {\it Alopecurus ?geniculatus}, with abundant {\it Agrostis stolonifera, Ranunculus flammula, R. bulbosus} and {\it Trifolium repens. Lolium perenne} is coming in locally. The second type is a marshy grassland with {\it J. effusus} and {\it D. cespitosa}, with {\it Juncus bufonius, J. articulatus, R. flammula} and {\it Alopecurus ?geniculatus}. In addition, large areas, particularly to the south have been reduced to bare ground bay excessive trampling by cattle. These are being colonised by {\it Alopecurus geniculatus, Gnaphalium uliginosum, Persicaria maculosa} and {\it Polygonum aviculare}. There is one large stand of {\it Matricaria matricarioides} near to the entrance gate along the southern boundary. Areas of scrub still remain of {\it Ulex europaeus, Salix cinerea, Crataegus monogyna} and {\it Corylus avellana}.

None of the uncommon species noted above were seen in this area, although only the area along the footpath was investigated.

The wooded portion of the common, to the north, forms part of a larger block of valley woodland occupying Eagle Gill. This general area was also target noted in 1985 during the Phase 1 survey - "Woodland dominated by {\it Quercus} sp., {\it Fraxinus excelsior} and {\it Ulmus glabra}, closed canopy. Understorey {\it Corylus avellana, Crataegus monogyna, Ilex aquifolium}. Ground flora: several plants of {\it Epipactis helleborine}, plus {\it Allium ursinum, Hyacinthoides non-scripta, Oxalis acetosella, Circaea lutetiana, Galium odoratum, Glechoma hederacea, Vicia sylvatica}. Still problems of trampling by cattle". 

Only the upper portion of the wood could be viewed during the present survey, as there was no sign of the footpath. Looking down into the main canopy, there appeared to be a number of dead trees and branches. The ground at this point is still badly trampled by cattle. A small glade within a dense thicket of {\it C. avellana} was noted at the top of the hill which contained at least 25 individuals of {\it Dactylorhiza fuchsii. Carex remota} was also noted here. The Eagle Gill Wood is identified as "Ancient Woodland" in the Cumbria Inventory of Ancient Woodland. These are defined as areas with continuous woodland cover or continuous use as woodland since 1600 AD. It is also recognised as a Cumbria Wildlife Trust "County Wildlife Site" (see habitat map for boundary).

MANAGE:
The common is grazed by cattle. The existing records suggest that this was once a botanically important site, but that much of this interest has been lost due to excessive grazing and resulting eutrophication. Extensive areas of gorse scrub have been cleared by burning and there is also a suggestion that some areas have been ploughed. 

In addition, the trampling by cattle has produced extensive areas bare ground - this provides sites for germination and microhabitat conditions for certain invertebrates, but on this site, it has reached excessive levels. In addition, a barbed wire fence has been erected across the common, effectively dividing it into two portions, and the wooded portion is also fenced from the rest. 

Silage and rubble have also been dumped on the common. There was not the opportunity to look exhaustively for any of the more unusual species previously recorded. A full evaluation of the site is recommended to determine its remaining botanical diversity.


FAUNA:
Noted during the site visit were: black-headed gull, curlew, meadow pipit, meadow brown butterfly, small tortiseshell, painted lady,  6-spot ladybird.

The mudflats and saltmarshes of the South Walney and Piel Channel Flats are important for a number of wintering wildfowl and waders, plus a number of colonial breeding birds. However, note that the common comprises only a minor part of the whole extent of the SSSI.

The SSSI as a whole has a Grade B entry in the Invertebrate Site Register. These are sites of regional importance for invertebrate conservation, equivalent to SSSI status on grounds of invertebrate interest. Only the moths and butterflies (Lepidoptera) have been surveyed to any extent on this site. A good assemblage of coastal species have been reported including the sand dart {\it Agrotis ripae}, the coast dart {\it Euoxa cursoria} and the Portland Moth {\it Ochropleura praecox}. All of these are nationally notable species. The nationally notable dumbledor beetle {\it Geotrupes vernalis} has also been found.

VEG:
The common forms the greater element in a number of commons situated around the periphery of the southern section of Walney Island. The site is divided into two sections: the larger northern portion, comprising the Tummer Hill Marsh, while the southern portion is a narrow strip runnung along the coast southwards from near the hamlet of Biggar. Most of the common lies within the boundary of the South Walney and Piel Channel Flats SSSI (also listed in "A Nature Conservation Review" Ed. D.A. Ratcliffe, 1977) and now a proposed Special Area of Conservation (pSAC) under the EC Habitats Directive.

The area has been covered by the Cumbria Phase 1 survey, with target notes dating between the years 1978-86. There is also information from the "Saltmarsh Review", following the usual format of sketch maps approximately to scale, annotated with detailed target notes. A visit was also made to the site during the present survey to make some more up to date target notes.

The SSSI is important botanically for an extensive area of ungrazed saltmarsh, being described as a "scarce" habitat in NW England. The Tummer Hill Marsh (1) represents the best example of this habitat within the SSSI, also being noted as the largest ungrazed saltmarsh in South Cumbria. There is a characteristic zonation with numerous pools and creeks dissecting the surface of the marsh. 

The lower marsh is dominated by {\it Spartina anglica} which has colonised large areas of the mudflats. The mid-marsh is dominated by {\it Halimione portulacoides}, along with {\it Carex extensa, Armeria maritima, Juncus gerardii, Cochlearia maritima, Puccinellia maritima, Sueda maritima} and {\it Aster tripolium}. {\it C. extensa} is a plant of maritime situations and is frequent only around Morecambe Bay and Walney Island in Cumbria (source: Halliday, 1997). Both {\it Limonium humile} and {\it L. vulgare} are abundant. The former species is "nationally scarce", occurring in between 16 - 100 ten km squares of the Ordnance Survey Grid (JNCC, 1994).  Drier areas are dominated by {\it Festuca rubra}. There are vegetated salt pans with {\it Limonium humile, Salicornia europaea} and {\it Sueda maritima}. The creeks are steep sided and eroding, except where held in place by {\it S. anglica} and {\it H. portulacoides}. 

Recorded by Geoffrey Halliday at GR SD 1840 6775: {\it Trifolium fragiferum} and {\it Seriphidium maritima}. The former species is, with a single exception, confined to only a few coastal sites on Walney Island, while the latter is described as "very rare and apparently declining" (in the county) and confined only to muddy tidal creeks on the landward side of Walney Island and at Eskmeals (source: Halliday, 1997). {\it Oenanthe lachenalii}, a plant of salt and brackish marshes etc., recorded at at SD 188 677.

The upper marsh is characterised by {\it Elytrigia atherica, Juncus maritimus} and some {\it Phragmites australis}. Other associates of the upper marsh include {\it Sonchus asper, S. arvensis} and {\it Rumex obtusifolius}.

The southern section of the common is also mainly saltmarsh, in the main, a narrower strip than that at Tummer Hill, but with the better-developed areas of Creephaw and Wylock Marshes. The latter (2) appears to be cattle-grazed. Although no stock were present at the time of the site visit, there was evidence of grazing, in the form of poaching marks from hooves. There is an upper terrace to the marsh dominated by a sparse sward of  {\it Puccinellia maritima} with locally frequent {\it Plantago maritima, Triglochin maritima, Armeria maritima} and locally occasional {\it Limonium} sp., {\it Spergularia media} and {\it Salicornia europaea}. This gives way to a lower marsh occupying most of the common, with abundant/frequent {\it Spartina anglica, Puccinellia maritima, Festuca rubra, Salicornia europaea, Cochlearia maritima, Triglochin maritima} and locally occasional {\it Halimione portulacoides} and {\it Limonium} sp.

Creephaw Marsh (3) also appears to be a mixed marsh of {\it Halimione portulacoides} and {\it Puccinellia maritima} with progressive colonisation by {\it Spartina anglica}. At the edge of the road (4) is a band of {\it Phragimtes australis} brackish swamp. Within this are also abundant {\it Juncus gerardii} and {\it Festuca rubra}, frequent {\it Oenanthe lachenalii} and occasional {\it Elytrigia atherica} and {\it Juncus maritimus}. Further north (5) this develops into a broader area of transitional swamp/marsh. 

At the other side of the road (6) is a complex area where the swamp/marsh are intermixed with transitions to a neutral grassland sward. Discrete habitats identified include: pure {\it Phragmites} swamp with locally occasional {\it Lythrum salicaria}; damp neutral grassland with abundant {\it Holcus lanatus}, frequent {\it Arrhenatherum elatius} and {\it Phragmites australis}, locally frequent {\it Genista anglica, Lotus corniculatus, Vicia cracca, Cirsium arvense, Achillea ptarmica, Potentilla anserina, Torilis japonica} and locally occasional {\it Oenanthe lachenalii}; a number of drainage ditches with {\it P. australis, Limonium} sp., {\it Phalaris arundinacea} and {\it Juncus maritimus}. There is also one area of true salt marsh with abundant {\it Juncus gerardii, Spergularia media} and {\it Triglochin maritima}. Surrounding this is tall, tussocky maritime grassland with {\it Festuca rubra, Elytrigia atherica} and {\it Juncus maritimus}. At the edges, the sward is also tending toward a neutral grassland, often with abundant {\it Cirsium arvense} present. Also present is one stand of {\it Bolboschoenus maritimus} with {\it Oenanthe lachenalii}, edged with {\it Juncus acutiflorus, Epilobium hirsutum, Mentha} sp. and {\it Calystegia sepium}. Finally, there is also a large clump of {\it Ulex europaeus} scrub with abundant {\it Rubus fruticosus} agg. within it. There are distinct signs of cattle having grazed this area.

Between the edge of Wylock Marsh and along past Snab Point (7) there is a discontinuous {\it Spartina} salt marsh, interspersed with bare shingle (see below). In the vicinity of the road are areas of scrub and cattle-grazed grassland which include {\it Crataegus monogyna, Ulex europaeus, Rubus fruticosus} agg., {\it Rosa canina, Lonicera periclymenum}, plus locally occasional fronds of {\it Pteridium aquilinum} and locally frequent {\it Senecio jacobaea}. 

Areas of shingle are less well-represented on the common, although there are extensive deposits elsewhere within the SSSI, and have resulted from marine erosion of the underlying boulder clay. The main areas of shingle on the common appear to lie toward its southern portion. Species occurring in these areas (within the SSSI as a whole) include {\it Glaucium flavum, Rumex crispus, Silene maritima, Crambe maritima, Honkenya peploides, Atriplex} spp., {\it Euphorbia portlandica} and {\it Mertensia maritima}. The former species is of scattered coastal occurrence in Cumbria, while the latter is a species characteristic of northern shingle beaches, with the largest Cumbrian populations occurring on Walney Island (source, Halliday, 1997).

MANAGE:
As already discussed, the Tummer Hill Marsh comprises the largest area of ungrazed saltmarsh in South Cumbria. The smaller strips and areas of saltmarsh elsewhere on the common appear to be grazed periodically by cattle.

There have been some preliminary steps taken towards the possible future construction of a wind farm on south Walney, near the former refuse tip which encroaches onto CL 3BF. This has involved an application to erect a 30m tall wind gauge to examine meteorological conditions on the island (Dec. 1995).


VEG:
The common lies at the base of tle slope along the NW edge of the Harlock Reservoir. It is shown by the Cumbria Phase 1 survey to comprise a sward of dense bracken {\it Pteridium aquilinum}. The common was viewed through binoculars from the road close to the opposite shore of the reservoir. From here, most of the site appeared to be grassland, with only localised areas of dense and scattered bracken, plus occasional {\it Ulex scrub} (probably {\it U. europaeus}).

MANAGE:
The common appears to be grazed by sheep. These gain access onto the common via the boundary wall from the surrounding fields, which has collapsed in places. Unlikely to have any significant nature conservation value.

The whole common lies within the Lake District ESA. This has been designated because of the outstanding environmental importance of the fells and valleys of the area. Of particular relevance to Lake District commons is the impact of grazing levels upon the ecology of habitats such as upland heathland, blanket bog and certain types of fen. These are included within the 38 "Key Habitats" for which the UK has international obligations and which have been identified by the UK Steering Group on Biodiversity for the preparation of costed action plans.  

Farms entering the scheme do so under a 10 year management argeement and recieve a variety of payments in return for farming in a manner which is compatible with the special character of the Lake District. There are two tiers of entry and the first applies to the whole area of the farm. Of particular relevance to common land are specified maximum stocking densities on the open fell. For example, prescribed stocking levels on "Fell with heather" are slightly below those for "Fell without heather" at: 0.225 livestock units per hectare, plus a requirement that between the dates of 1st October to the following 28th February, all cattle, replacement hoggs and 25 per cent of over wintering ewes should be removed from the heather fell. 

The second tier is optional and provides for even lower stocking densities on heather fell. There is also an optional tier aimed at making better provision for public access, plus certain payments aimed at maintaining/enhancing juniper scrub/ghylls/water margins etc.

For an individual common to be entered into the ESA scheme, it requires all of the relevant commoners to join on a whole farm basis and this is often unrealistic to achieve. However, here are many circumstances where farmers have individually joined the ESA who also have grazing rights on common land. In such cases, these commons have been designated "Common land with controlled grazing rights". These farms are not allowed to put additional stock onto the common above pre-scheme levels, even if these were above those allowed by the grazing rights. 

For reasons of confidentiality it has not been possible in this project to identify whether or not an individual common has entered the ESA scheme. However, for a general summary of the approximate area of Cumbrian Common Land now covered by ESA agreements, please refer to the main report.


VEG:
The common was covered by the Cumbria Phase 1 survey in 1985. The site was viewed briefly through binoculars from the adjacent road. 

The 1985 target note reads "Valley bog of {\it Eriophorum angustifolium, Sphagnum} spp., with {\it Calluna vulgaris, Vaccinium myrtillus, V. oxycoccos, Erica tetralix, Cladonia portentosa, Carex nigra, Narthecium ossifragum, Drosera rotundifolia, Viola palustris}. Much of the bog is degraded by grazing and trampling by cattle so that there are several grassland species present, including {\it Holcus lanatus, Festuca ovina, Alopecurus geniculatus, Potentilla erecta} and in a drainage ditch, {\it Juncus effusus} and {\it Ranunculus flammula}". At the time of the present visit, the site appeared to still have a high grazing intensity and has probably declined in botanical interest since 1985. No obvious signs of any {\it Calluna vulgaris} could be seen. 

The surrounding grassland is all improved in character and infested with {\it Juncus} spp. in places. There is a row of several mature trees of {\it Pinus sylvestris} along the boundary to the SE.

MANAGE:
The common is grazed by sheep and cattle. A fence divides the site in two. However, the northern edge of the common and the entire western portion is unfenced from the surrounding pasture and appears to form part of a larger grazing unit. A more detailed survey would be desirable to determine any changes in the botanical value of the site since the 1985 Phase 1 survey.


VEG:
The common was covered by the Cumbria Phase 1 survey in 1984 with a single target note being made. This formed the basis of classifying part of the common as a Cumbria Wildlife Trust "County Wildlife Site" (see map). 

The target noted area lies to the south of the common and reads thus: GR NY 702 051 "Unimproved meadowland with {\it Filipendula ulmaria, Geum rivale, Cirsium arvense, Alchemilla} sp., {\it Equisetum sylvaticum, Veronica chamaedrys, V. officinalis, Ulex europaeus, Erica tetralix, Campanula rotundifolia, Potentilla erecta, P. anserina, Galium saxatile}, abundant {\it Sanguisorba officinalis, Phleum pratense, Holcus lanatus, H. mollis, Briza media, Anthoxanthum odoratum, Agrostis capillaris, Lotus corniculatus} and {\it Achillea ptarmica}". 

At the time of the present survey this area appeared to have largely the same species composition to above target note. However, there appears to be a complex pattern of different habitats. The area is somewhat overgrown, and is mostly neutral grassland. Locally there appear to be transitions to a marshy grassland sward as marked by locally abundant {\it Molinia caerulea, Juncus acutiflorus} and {\it Carex} spp. Locally frequent in these areas are {\it J. conglomeratus, Carex panciea, C. flacca, C. ovalis, C. hostiana, C. pulicaris, Achillea ptarmica}, plus {\it Briza media} present in what appear to be localised pockets of base-rich substrate. Locally there is also {\it Erica tetralix}, suggesting a transition to a wet heath vegetation, and there are scattered scrub bushes of {\it Ulex europaeus} throughout the area. There are also suggestions of transitions to an acidic grassland sward as indicated by the presence of {\it Nardus stricta} and {\it Potentilla erecta}. Additional species noted during the present survey include {\it Deschampsia cespitosa, Equisetum arvense, Luzula multiflora, Danthonia decumbens, Calluna vulgaris} and {\it Succisa pratensis}. 

At the edge of the road are occasional plants of {\it Geranium pratense}, and to the north, several planted trees of {\it Sorbus aucuparia}. A ditch running across the common here has a stand of {\it Pimpinella major}. 

The northern portion of the common is crossed by the re-aligned A685. At the edges of the road are neutral grassland verges of {\it Arrhenatherum elatius, Dactylis glomerata, Centaurea nigra} and {\it Leucanthemum vulgare}, plus occasional plants of {\it Sanguisorba officinalis}. At the junction with the minor road this also has tall ruderal species such as {\it Filipendula ulmaria, Epilobium hirsutum, Urtica dioica, Phalaris arundinacea} and {\it Cirsium arvense}. To the SE is an area which is now the gardens of a recently built house. To the north of the main road is a further grass verge which has been planted with trees of {\it Pinus} sp.

MANAGE:
The area which lies within the CWT site boundary appears unmanaged. This area is botanically quite diverse and worthy of further survey and monitoring. Along the A685 are mown verges about 1-2m wide. As mentioned above, part of the common appears to comprise private gardens and is fenced from the remainder.


VEG:
The common was viewed from the adjacent road and has the appearance of an enclosed field, supporting a grazed sward of improved grassland. There are occasional small clumps of {\it Cirsium arvense}, plus some of {\it Urtica dioica} at the field margins.

MANAGE:
The common appeared to have been recently grazed by cattle, though none were present at the time of the site visit. It is indistinguishable in appearance from the surrounding permanent pasture fields. No nature conservation interest.


VEG:
The common is a block of mixed woodland on the site of a small disused sandstone quarry. There was no target noted information available from the Cumbria Phase 1 survey. The following notes were made during the present survey, the common being viewed from the adjoining public footpath. 

The woodland appears to be primarily of planted origin, as there are discrete blocks of coniferous trees evident - {\it Picea sitchensis, Pinus sylvestris} and {\it Larix decidua}. Deciduous trees, which may represent the remnamts of a pre-existing secondary woodland, include {\it Sorbus aucuparia} (especially prominent at the edges of the site), plus {\it Acer pseudoplatanus}. There are occasional undershrub trees of {\it Sambucus nigra} and seedling {\it A. pseudoplatanus}. The field layer is acidic in character, with {\it Holcus lanatus, Dryopteris dilatata, D. filix-mas, Deschampsia flexuosa} and {\it Galium saxatile}. Several mounds are evident on the woodland floor, presumably old spoil heaps, and these have abundant {\it D. flexuosa}. The woodland has little in the way of dead wood. There are occasional fallen conifers plus, beneath the {\it L. decidua}, abundant fallen branches.

MANAGE:
The common appears unmanaged. It is quite a prominent feature on the landscape, set in a sea of arable fields and cultivated grasslands. Several other small blocks of woodland with a similar appearance are also visible in the surrounding area (though none of the others are common land). As a whole, they form a complex of "islands" which may be important local wildlife refuges.


VEG:
The common lies next to the main Tebay to Kendal road. It appears to have vegetation similar in character to the surrounding hills. To the north of the common is a sloping hillside with acidic grassland which runs into a flushed area to the south. This grassland is of {\it Agrostis capillaris, Cynosurus cristatus, Nardus stricta} and {\it Potentilla erecta}, with locally frequent {\it Cirsium palustre} plus locally occasional {\it C. vulgare, Achillea millefolium} and {\it Leontodon autumnalis}. Also on the hillslope are scattered bushes of {\it Ulex gallii} (which have been mapped according to the Phase 1 convention, as dry heath). The flushed areas are around a small stream and are dominated by {\it Juncus effusus}, with locally abundant {\it Carex panicea} and {\it C. viridula} subsp. {\it oedocarpa} plus locally frequent {\it Ranunculus flammula, Achillea ptarmica, Prunella vulgaris} and {\it Juncus acutiflorus}.

MANAGE:
The common is grazed by sheep. These gain access to the common from the surrounding fellside, as the boundary walls round the common have collapsed in places. The common lies within the Lake District Environmentally Sensitive Area (ESA). This has been designated because of the outstanding environmental importance of the fells and valleys of the area. For reasons of confidentiality it has not been possible in this project to identify whether or not an individual common has been entered into the ESA scheme. However, for a general summary of the approximate area of Cumbrian common land covered by ESA agreements (as at 1995), please refer to the main report.


FAUNA:
Noted during site visit were: curlew (alarm calling), meadow pipit, large white butterfly, common frog.

VEG:
The common lies on the northern side of Garsdale, near to Garsdale Head. The area was covered by the Cumbria Phase 1 survey in 1978/1986, with several target notes being made. A brief visit was made to the common, walking along the roads across it. Some re-mapping of habitats was done with the aid of binoculars. 

To the north of the common (1) is a level plateau area which appears to have a depression with deep peat. This was target noted in 1986: GR SD 776 920 - "This small area of ombrogenous bog is worth distinguishing from the surrounding {\it Molinia/Juncus} marshy grassland. {\it Sphagnum} cover is extensive, mainly {\it S. papillosum} with {\it S. recurvum} and {\it S. capillifolium. Molinia caerulea} and {\it Eriophorum vaginatum} are dominant in the herb layer with much {\it Narthecium ossifragum} and {\it Eriophorum angustifolium. Drosera rotundifolia, Calluna vulgaris, Vaccinium oxycoccos} and {\it Erica tetralix} are all scattered throughout". 

This vegetation is probably of NVC type M19, possibly also with representatives of M18. {\it Calluna} is abundant over much of the area, with {\it Erica tetralix} co-dominant locally. A majority of the plants are mature and up to 50cm tall, although nearer to the road they adopt a "topiary" appearance of around 30cm, due to the effects of sheep grazing. Part of this vegetation appears to have been burnt in the last 1-2 yrs, with little evidence of {\it Calluna} regeneration as yet. Other species noted during the site visit include {\it Sphagnum palustre, S. magellanicum, Aulacomnium palustre, Carex nigra} and {\it C. curta}. 

Moving south and eastwards the peat thins, giving rise to wet heath of {\it Calluna vulgaris} and {\it Erica tetralix}. This vegetation is accompanied by locally abundant {\it Molinia caerulea, Eriophorum vaginatum} or {\it Trichophorum cespitosum}, with other associates which include {\it Potentilla erecta, Galium saxatile, Deschampsia flexuosa, Festuca ovina, Nardus stricta} and {\it Juncus squarrosus}. Locally this gives way to pure marshy grassland swards. The habitat map provided here is only a crude attempt at showing the boundaries between the different habitats. A number of different NVC communities seem to be represented and more detailed survey would be needed to investigate these. 

To the west of the common is a flushed area next to the road. This is dominated by {\it Juncus effusus, Sphagnum recurvum, S. papillosum} and {\it Polytrichum commune} (NVC M6c). One area is dominated by {\it Carex rostrata} (NVC M4). To the SW of the common (3) there is marshy grassland of {\it Juncus effusus/M. caerulea}, with remnants of {\it Calluna} heath, while to the south of the road is an improved grassland sward.

MANAGE:
The common is grazed by sheep. The western side of the site has no boundary wall, so that it forms part of a larger grazing unit. The road is cattle-gridded to the north and also to the east. The grazing levels appear moderate overall. {\it Calluna} bushes have been grazed into a topiary form near to the road and also where they occur as a mosaic with grassland. Some of the dwarf shrub vegetation has been burnt in recent years (on the deep peat, if memory serves correctly!). Recovery of dwarf shrub species has been slow.

Portion to the south of the minor road which runs along the southern edge of the common lies within the Pennine Dales ESA (i.e. the area mapped as Improved grassland - B4).


FAUNA:
No records of fauna specifically for this common, which was not visited during the course of the present survey.

VEG:
The common forms a north-easterly section of the Helvellyn Massif. It lies to the west of Ullswater and is sandwiched between the valley of Aira Beck and Glencoyne. The following description and the habitat map have been based upon the Cumbria Phase 1 survey (1985).

The greater part of the common supports an acidic grassland sward dominated in the main by {\it Nardus stricta, Festuca ovina} and {\it Juncus squarrosus}. Elsewhere are small areas of marshy grassland dominated by {\it Juncus effusus}.

To the south in the area known as Brown Hills, is an area of dry modified bog (target note GR NY 374 193, 1985). Localised hagging reveals a peat depth of up to 0.6m (i.e. two feet). This supports a vegetation dominated by {\it Juncus squarrosus} and {\it Eriophorum vaginatum}, with some {\it E. angustifolium. Calluna vulgaris} occurs sparsely and there are wetter areas with {\it Sphagnum} spp., plus other bryophytes and {\it Carex} spp.

Some stands of dense bracken {\it Pteridium aquilinum} on lower slopes to the east of the common.

MANAGE:
The common is grazed by sheep and lies within the Lake District Environmentally Sensitive Area (ESA). This has been designated because of the outstanding environmental importance of the fells and valleys of the area. Of particular relevance to Lake District commons is the impact of grazing levels upon the ecology of certain upland habitats such as  heathland and a range of mire types, many of which feature amongst the "Priority Habitats" of the UK Biodiversity Action Plan.  

Farms entering the scheme do so under a 10 year management argeement and receive a variety of payments in return for farming in a manner which is compatible with the special character of the Lake District. There are two tiers of entry and the first applies to the whole area of the farm. Of particular relevance to common land amongst the provisions of the first tier are specified maximum stocking densities on the open fell which take into account the presence of heather.

The second tier is optional and provides for even lower stocking densities on "heather fell". There is also an optional tier aimed at making better provision for public access, plus certain payments aimed at maintaining/enhancing juniper scrub/ghylls/water margins etc.

For an individual common to be entered into the ESA scheme, it requires all of the relevant commoners to join on a whole farm basis and this is often unrealistic to achieve. However, here are many circumstances where farmers have individually joined the ESA, who also have grazing rights on common land. In such cases, these commons have been designated "Common land with controlled grazing rights". These farmers are not allowed to put additional stock onto the common above pre-scheme levels, even if these were above those allowed by the grazing rights. 

For reasons of confidentiality it has not been possible in this project to identify whether or not an individual common has been entered into the ESA scheme. However, for a general summary of the approximate area of Cumbrian Common Land now covered by ESA agreements, please refer to the main report (but note that this information is likely to be somewhat out of date).


FAUNA:
Noted during the site visit were: blue tit, wren, swallow, coal tit.

VEG:
The common lies on land to the east of Cam Beck, several km to the north of Brampton. It comprises three parcels of land connected by what appears to be a green lane. There is a habitat map available from the Cumbria Phase 1 survey. Additional information was gathered during the present survey, while walking along the public footpath which crosses the common.

To the north lies a small block of broadleaved woodland. This is situated on a fairly steep slope, leading down to Knorren Beck, which runs along the northern edge.  This has a canopy mainly of {\it Fraxinus excelsior}. Along the streamside are also trees of {\it Alnus glutinosa}. Undershrubs include {\it Crataegus monogyna, Corylus avellana, Ilex aquifolium} and {\it Lonicera periclymenum}. Occasional dead mature trees of ? {\it Ulmus} sp. were noted. The field layer is grassy in character and includes {\it Deschampsia cespitosa, Agrostis capillaris, Rumex sanguineus, Geum urbanum, Filipendula ulmaria, Ranunculus repens, Geranium robertianum, Mercurialis perennis, Stachys sylvatica} and {\it Urtica dioica}.

To the south of here (2) the common lies to the west of a larger contiguous field of improved grassland, with tussocks of {\it Juncus effusus}. This appears to be a remnant of a green lane which is marked by mature trees which include {\it Alnus glutinosa, Betula pendula, Quercus} sp., {\it Sorbus aucuparia} and {\it C. monogyna}.

At (3) is a further field open to the common. This has a marshy grassland sward dominated by {\it Juncus effusus} and is heavily trampled by cattle. Other associates include abundant {\it J. acutiflorus} plus frequent {\it Deschampsia cespitosa, Cirsium palustre, Agrostis capillaris} and {\it Anthoxanthum odoratum}. Towards the edges this is turning into more of a semi-improved sward. This piece of land is bordered by defunct hedges with trees which include {\it S. aucuparia, C. monogyna, A. excelsior, A. glutinosa, Ulex europaeus, C. avellana} and {\it Salix cinerea}.

To the south, beyond a gate, the green lane continues (4), again lined by defunct rows of trees (similar to the above and also including {\it Ilex aquifolium}). The lane here has a damp neutral grassland sward which has {\it Arrhenatherm elatius, Holcus lanatus, D. cespitosa, J. effusus, Ranunculus repens, Rumex obtusifolius, C. arvense, Senecio aquaticus} and {\it Lotus pedunculatus}. This area appears ungrazed.

The southernmost portion (5) comprises a rather overgrown mixture of coarse neutral grassland of {\it A. elatius, H. lanatus, D. cespitosa, A. odoratum}, plus {\it Senecio aquaticus} and local Rumex obtusifolius, grading into marshy grassland, where {\it J. effusus} dominates. Scattered scrub is also present in the form of {\it Ulex europaeus} and {\it Crataegus monogyna}. 

Adjacent to the cottage at Thornymoor lies the tip of a block of broadleaved woodland which stretches across the contiguous CL 482C. In this locality, the wood comprises mainly trees of {\it Populus tremula} and therefore is likely to be planted in origin.

MANAGE:
The compartment at Knorren Fell (3) and the green lane to the north is grazed by cattle. Grazing levels appear to be quite high, with localised trampling by hooves and the sward looks locally semi-improved, especially at the margins of the field and along the green lane itself.

The wooded block (1) is fenced and appears ungrazed. There is a diversity of dead wood present, including several mature dead standing trees, possibly elms. Several fallen dead trees also straddle the Knorren Beck.

The portion adjacent to Thornymoor (5) appears not to have been grazed for some considerable time and the vegetation is rather overgrown as a result.

Although small, the common has a diverse mixture of habitats present which may be important to wildlife on a local scale and may form part of a "wildlife corridor" occupying Cam Beck and Knorran Beck. The route of the tree-lined "green lane" across the common has some historic interest and the trees provide good bird habitat.


VEG:
The common comprises a fairly extensive upland block lying in the northern portion of the Helvellyn Massif. The highest ground lies to the south-west, where the common reaches the tops of Stybarrow Dodd, Watson's Dodd, Great Dodd and Calfhow Pike.

The following description and habitat map are based upon an interpretation of the Cumbria Phase 1 survey.

The hillslopes of the common support extensive areas of unimproved acidic grassland dominated by a mixture of {\it Nardus stricta, Juncus squarrosus} and {\it Festuca ovina}. 

On the gentle slopes to the north, and to a lesser extent elsewhere, there are stands of marshy grassland (and acidic flush) dominated by {\it Juncus effusus}. Other associates of these areas include other {\it Juncus} spp., plus {\it Eriophorum vaginatum, E. angustifolium, Carex} spp., {\it Sphagnum} spp. and {\it Viola palustris}. There may be some areas of deeper peat, representing remnants of dry and/or wet modified bog.

There are several areas mapped as blanket mire (i.e. peat deeper than 0.5m), including the large feature of Whams Moss/Bruts Moss and the smaller features of Whitesike Moss, Sandbeds Moss and Barbaryrigg Moss. These are dominated by {\it Eriophorum vaginatum, E. angustifolium, Calluna vulgaris, Sphagnum} spp. and {\it Carex} spp., plus locally, {\it Juncus} spp., {\it  Vaccinium myrtillus, V. oxycoccos, Narthecium ossifragum, Erica cinerea} and {\it Andromeda polifolia}. Locally there appear to be areas of flushing: e.g. GR NY 365 219 - {\it Caltha palustris, Carex curta, C. viridula} subsp. {\it oedocarpa, C. nigra, C. panicea, C. pulicaris, C. rostrata, Viola palustris, Lysimachia nemorum, Ranunculus acris, R. flammula} and {\it R. omiophyllus}. Bryophytes recorded here include {\it Acrocladium cuspidatum, A. giganteum, Climacium dendroides, Campylium stellatum, Aulacomnium androgynum, Cratoneuron commutatum, C. filicinum, Drepanocladus revolvens, Mnium pseudopunctatum, Philonotis fontana, Sphagnum} spp. and {\it Camptothecium nitens}.

Wolf Crags. North-facing rock outcrop with acidic grassland and scattered trees of {\it Betula} and {\it Salix} spp. National Trust record for {\it Sedum villosum} and other Arctic-Alpine species from here. {\it S. villosum} is described as "very rare in the Lake District" (Halliday, 1997), the most usual habitat being rather open, stony flushes. It is in fact currently defined as Nationally Scarce (NS) (i.e. recorded from between 16 - 100 ten km squares of the National Grid - JNCC, 1994). Also recorded: many bryophytes plus {\it Alchemilla alpina, A. glabra, Angelica sylvestris, Hieracium pilosella, Melica nutans, Mercurialis perennis} and {\it Vaccinium vitis-idaea}.


FAUNA:
Noted during the site visit were: rock pipit, wren, chaffinch, swift, yellowhammer, kestrel, buzzard, meadow pipit, curlew, skylark, willow warbler.

VEG:
The common comprises a series of steep fellsides rising from the south-eastern shore of Ullswater and extending southwards along the valley of Goldrill Beck. The underlying geology is of the Borrowdale Volcanic series.

The area was covered by the Cumbria Phase 1 survey during 1985. The common was visited during the course of the present survey, walking up from the hamlet of Rooking to the col of Boredale Hause, heading north across Place Fell and then heading north-eastwards across CL 2W. The return was made via the bridleway which runs all along the length of the lake shore.

The northern portion of the common includes a major section of the Birk Fell SSSI (see map). This site is also listed in "A Nature Conservation Review" ed. D. A. Ratcliffe, 1977. The citation has been used as a major information source for the following description:

The SSSI comprises a series of steep, craggy slopes which rise from the shore of Ullswater and supports the most extensive stand of juniper {\it Juniperus communis} in the Lake District. Above the shore of Ullswater the juniper is associated with open woodland of {\it Betula pendula} plus scattered trees of {\it Sorbus aucuparia, Fraxinus excelsior, Prunus padus, Ilex aquifolium, Crataegus monogyna} and {\it Rosa canina}. In wetter, flushes adeas, {\it Betula pubescens} is common, and there are a few remnant trees of {\it Quercus} sp. scattered among the higher crags.

The woodland floor comprises either bracken {\it Pteridium aquilinum} or {\it Agrostis/Festuca} grassland with {\it Oxalis acetosella} and mosses (see below). Other common associates include {\it Holcus lanatus, Deschampsia flexuosa} and {\it Anthoxanthum odoratum}. Locally there are species-rich areas with {\it Lysimachia nemorum, Campanula rotundifolia, Euphrasia officinalis} agg., {\it Alchemilla alpina, Viola} sp., {\it Potentilla sterilis, Filipendula ulmaria, Gymnocarpium dryopteris} and ? {\it Dryopteris oreades}. There are also numerous damp, sheltered rocky outcrops and crevices which support a community which contains {\it Geranium robertianum, Teucrium scorodonia, Asplenium trichomanes, Polypodium} sp. and {\it Luzula ? sylvatica}, together with the "local" filmy fern {\it Hymenophyllum wilsonii}. 

Bryophytes noted here during the present survey (from lake shore path): {\it Hypnum mamillatum, Rhytidiadelphus squarrosus, Isothecium myosuroides, Dicranum scoparium, Pleurozium schreberi} and {\it Hylocomium splendens}. Noted during present survey: frequent trees of {\it Alnus glutinosa} along the edge of Ullswater itself.

The higher crags, especially those inaccessible to grazing animals, support a heathland flora of {\it Calluna vulgaris, Vaccinium myrtillus, Erica cinerea} and {\it Festuca vivipara}. The lower slopes have extensive areas of scree, with consolidated areas supporting {\it Cryptogramma crispa}, often in association with {\it Alchemilla alpina}.

This pattern of habitats continues southwards along the common beyond the boundary of the SSSI. However, the juniper is much more scattered than that within the SSSI and the area is presumably less species-rich. Locally there are areas of acidic grassland and elsewhere, extensive stands of dense bracken {\it Pteridium aquilinum}.

Open ground at the top of the fell has a complex mosaic of heath, acidic grassland (of three types: {\it Nardus stricta, Agrostis/Festuca} or {\it Juncus squarrosus}), rock outcrops, seepage zones, plus blanket mire. {\it Calluna vulgaris} and {\it V. myrtillus} are common with {\it Erica cinerea} and {\it Empetrum nigrum} occasional. 

Noted during the present survey on slopes to the west of Place Fell summit (GR NY 405 167): dry heath dominated by a short carpet of {\it V. myrtillus} (probably NVC type U5), cover around 80 per cent. 

Boredale Hause (GR NY 408 157): a variety of acidic grassland communities:- Around 20 per cent has a very short sward of {\it Festuca ovina} with occasional/frequent {\it Galium saxatile} (NVC U4). The remaining 80 per cent is a more tussocky sward dominated by {\it Nardus stricta} with frequent {\it Juncus squarrosus} and {\it Galium saxatile}, locally frequent {\it Deschampsia flexuosa} and {\it Luzula campestris} and locally occasional {\it Potentilla erecta} (NVC U5). There are also localised areas with {\it Juncus squarrosus} dominant on a thin peat substrate (NVC U6).

The small blanket mires have {\it Eriophorum} spp., {\it Trichophorum cespitosum, Erica tetralix, Carex echinata, Narthecium ossifragum, Drosera rotundifolia} and {\it Sphagnum} spp. The types of blanket mire community are discussed in more detail on the contiguous CL 2W. 

There has been considerable difficulty in the translation of these features for the purposes of the present survey. In the context of the methodology of Phase 1 habitat survey, the definition of blanket mire types has changed since the date of the original survey. The present methodology (i.e. NCC, 1990), extends the category of blanket mire to include two further sub-divisions: dry modified bog and wet modified bog. As the terms suggest, they were introduced to enable degraded and un-degraded blanket bogs to be distinguished. During the course of the present survey, there was insufficient time to visit the multitude of individual areas which were originally defined as blanket mire in order to re-classify them. Instead, reliance has had to be placed on target notes and dominant species codes. The most obvious difference between the degraded and non-degraded types is in the amount of {\it Sphagnum}, with a threshold value of 25 per cent cover of {\it Sphagnum} generally being adopted. 

With the complex pattern and distribution of blanket mire habitats on this and the contiguous common, re-survey would be quite a major undertaking and quite beyond the amount of time allowed by the present survey. Therefore for the purposes of the present survey, a "best guess" has had to be taken, using indications of the presence of {\it Sphagnum} amongst the dominant species codes of the habitat map, together with assessments made while walking the site during the present survey. Note that there are no actual target notes describing any of these areas within the Phase 1 survey itself. 

Some of the wettest areas associated with bog pools have been colonised by {\it Juncus effusus, J. bulbosus, Carex rostrata} and {\it Potamogeton polygolifolius}. These species also occur in flushed areas, where ground water rises to the surface by Scalehow Beck (CL 2W). Additional species are usually present and include {\it Carex panicea, C. viridula} subsp. {\it oedocarpa, Viola palustris, Pinguicula vulgaris, Chrysosplenium oppositifolium} and {\it Saxifraga stellaris}. In some flushes, {\it Valeriana dioica, Saxifraga aizoides} and {\it Selaginella selaginoides} indicate locally base-rich conditions.

The path up from Patterdale has a range of different vegetation communities. Local patches were noted of acidic grassland dominated by {\it Festuca ovina} with abundant {\it Thymus polytrichus}, frequent {\it Campanula rotundifolia, Potentilla erecta, Anthoxanthum odoratum, Carex caryophyllea, Trifolium repens, Taraxacum officinale, Plantago lanceolata} and locally occasional {\it Polygala serpyllifolia} (NVC U4). Also noted were areas of flushing with {\it Sphagnum} spp. and {\it Chryosplenium oppositifolium}. Neutral/base-rich flushing at GR NY 407 144: {\it Sphagnum auriculatum, S. palustre, Juncus articulatus, Carex panicea, C. caryophyllea, C. pulicaris, C. viridula} subsp. {\it oedocarpa, Potentilla erecta, Prunella vulgaris, Anthoxanthum odoratum, Dresera rotundifolia, Pinguicula vulgaris, Pedicularis palustris, Bellis perennis} and {\it Narthecium ossifragum}.

MANAGE:
The common is grazed by sheep and lies within the Lake District Environmentally Sensitive Area (ESA). This has been designated because of the outstanding environmental importance of the fells and valleys of the area. Of particular relevance to Lake District commons is the impact of grazing levels upon the ecology of certain upland habitats such as  heathland and a range of mire types, many of which feature amongst the "Priority Habitats" of the UK Biodiversity Action Plan.  

Farms entering the scheme do so under a 10 year management argeement and receive a variety of payments in return for farming in a manner which is compatible with the special character of the Lake District. There are two tiers of entry and the first applies to the whole area of the farm. Of particular relevance to common land amongst the provisions of the first tier are specified maximum stocking densities on the open fell which take into account the presence of heather.

The second tier is optional and provides for even lower stocking densities on "heather fell". There is also an optional tier aimed at making better provision for public access, plus certain payments aimed at maintaining/enhancing juniper scrub/ghylls/water margins etc.

For an individual common to be entered into the ESA scheme, it requires all of the relevant commoners to join on a whole farm basis and this is often unrealistic to achieve. However, here are many circumstances where farmers have individually joined the ESA, who also have grazing rights on common land. In such cases, these commons have been designated "Common land with controlled grazing rights". These farmers are not allowed to put additional stock onto the common above pre-scheme levels, even if these were above those allowed by the grazing rights. 

For reasons of confidentiality it has not been possible in this project to identify whether or not an individual common has been entered into the ESA scheme. However, for a general summary of the approximate area of Cumbrian Common Land now covered by ESA agreements, please refer to the main report (but note that this information is likely to be somewhat out of date). 

There are no physical boundaries between the various commons which make-up this block.


FAUNA:
Noted during site visit were: sedge warbler, reed bunting, swallow, lapwing, yellowhammer and rabbit.

VEG:
The common is a narrow coastal strip, straddling the B5300, a short distance north of Maryport. There are a few target notes available from the Cumbria Phase 1 survey. In adddition, a field survey has also been undertaken to gather further information. 

The common appears to only go as far seaward as the high tide mark, with land in the intertidal zone comprising CL 475C. To the south of this common is an area which is part of Maryport Golf Course. This was not visited and comprises a mix of semi-improved and amenity grassland, with some areas of scattered scrub ({\it Ulex europaeus}?). 

To the north of this area, there is a pattern of dune/dune grassland to the seaward side of the B5300, and neutral grassland/scrub/bracken to the landward side. The dune grassland to the north is typically dominated by {\it Festuca rubra} with frequent {\it Ononis repens}, occasional {\it Plantago lanceolata}, locally frequent {\it Lotus corniculatus, Carex arenaria, Rhinanthus minor} and {\it Armeria maritima}, plus locally occasional {\it Erodium circutaurium} in sandy areas. At the seaward edge is a discontinuous band of fixed dune dominated by {\it Ammophila arenaria}, with some {\it Leymus arenarius} and {\it Elytrigia atherica}. In the open sand to the edge of this, {\it L. arenarius} has been planted in 'baskets' woven from twigs to try and prevent erosion of the dunes. 

Several portions of the dune grassland have been used as car parks, with resultant flattening of the turf, and this process is continued along the paths which run along the dunes. {\it Lolium perenne} is becoming locally dominant in these areas, with {\it Carex arenaria} on bare sand, plus locally occasional {\it Reseda luteola} and {\it R. lutea}. 

The dune grassland to the south of the common is of a very similar composition, often with co-dominant {\it F. rubra} and {\it Helictotrichon pubescens}, often with frequent {\it Rosa pimpinellifolia, Ononis repens} and occasional {\it Geranium sanguineum, Cirsium arvense} and {\it Centaurea nigra}. Localised areas dominated by {\it Ammophila arenaria} are also present, mostly as a discontinuous strip along the seaward edge. Scattered bushes of {\it Crataegus monogyna} and {\it Ulex europaeus} are also present on the dunes of this southern portion of the common.

On the landward side of the road is a strip mostly of neutral grassland, this was not all examined in detail. In the area surrounding the road junction at (1), the grassland verge is locally quite broad and diverse, dominated by {\it Festuca rubra}, with frequent {\it Anthoxanthum odoratum, Trifolium pratense, Plantago lanceolata, Rhinanthus minor, Conopodium majus, Lotus corniculatus, Veronica chamaedrys} and {\it Galium verum}, with occasional {\it Centaurea nigra, Ranunculus bulbosus} and {\it Carex arenaria}. Elsewhere the grassland is becoming quite rank in character, with {\it F. rubra, Dactylis glomerata, Holcus lanatus} and frequent {\it Leucanthemum vulgare, Centaurea nigra} and {\it Anthriscus sylvestris}. Other species noted in the Phase 1 survey (1987) are {\it Cynosurus cristatus, Ulex gallii, Geranium sanguineum, Dactylorhiza fuchsii, Rubus fruticosus} agg. and {\it Rosa pimpinellifolia}.  Also in this area are dense patches of developing scrub dominated by {\it Ulex europaeus}, and areas of dense bracken {\it Pteridium aquilinum} on the sloping margins. To the extreme north of the common there is a further patch of dense bracken (2), with scrub of {\it U. europaeus, C. monogyna} and {\it Rubus fruticosus} agg.

A further feature of botanical interest are some disused salt pans at (3). These have a range of plants which include {\it Aegopodium podagraria, Ulex europaeus, Rubus fruticosus} agg., {\it Sambucus nigra, Solanum dulcamara, Rosa} sp., {\it Stellaria} sp. (garden variety), {\it Cytisus} sp., {\it Solidago virgaurea, Centaurea montana, Hypericum calycinum} and {\it Syringa vulgaris}. Many of these appear to have been introduced in dumped garden rubbish.

A final area with botanical information is Swarthy Hill (4). The 1985 target note reads "Seaward side of hill composed of mosaic of {\it Ulex europaeus}, with {\it Rubus fruticosus} agg., {\it Urtica dioica} and {\it Pteridium aquilinum}. Some {\it Prunus spinosa} at bottom of hill. Ground flora consists of {\it Hyacinthoides non-scripta, Campanula latifolia, Crepis} sp., {\it Potentilla erecta, Trifolium repens, Digitalis purpurea, Teucrium scorodonia, Trifolium dubium, Conopodium majus, Cirsium vulgare, C. arvense, Senecio jacobea, Juncus effusus, Molinia caerulea} in wetter areas on slope".

MANAGE:
The main form of management on the common is the use of the southern portion as part of the Maryport Golf Course. The northern portion is largely unmanaged. The several car parks and broad paths on this part have resulted in severe degradation of the dune grassland vegetation. To the seaward side, dune conservation work has been undertaken in the form of planting {\it E. arenarius} in woven twig "baskets".  There is no grazing of the site, apart from rabbits. 

The common as a whole has a good structural diversity of habitats. However, the dune section is not particularly well-developed and is becoming rather degraded due to excessive visitor pressure.


VEG:
The common lies adjacent to the south-eastern shore of Ullswater and has a complex topography. Immediately south of the lake, the common occupies the eastern half of Place Fell. Steep hillsides lie to either side of Boredale, which effectively bisects the common in a north-east to south-west direction. To the east of Boredale lies Martindale Common, an upland ridge lying between Boredale and Rampsgill Beck/Bannerdale. At the head of Boredale lies the col known as Boredale Hause. South of here the high fells run onto the area around Angle Tarn (itself excluded from registration). The underlying geology is of the Borrowdale Volcanic series.

The area was covered by the Cumbria Phase 1 survey during 1985. The common was visited during the course of the present survey, heading north from Boredale Hause across Place Fell and then heading north-eastwards to the shore of Ullswater via the valley of Scalehow Beck. The return was made via the bridleway which runs all along the length of the lake shore. There was insufficient time to explore the eastern portion of Martindale Common.

The northern portion of the common includes a section of the Birk Fell SSSI (see map). This site is also listed in "A Nature Conservation Review" ed. D. A. Ratcliffe, 1977. The SSSI comprises a series of steep, craggy slopes which rise from the shore of Ullswater and supports the most extensive stand of juniper {\it Juniperus communis} in the Lake District. Above the shore of Ullswater the juniper is associated with open woodland of {\it Betula pendula}. In fact, this area lies not on this common, but the contiguous CL 1W. However, there are good stands of dense juniper scrub to the extreme north-west CL 2W, contiguous with the above area. 

The higher crags, especially those inaccessible to grazing animals, support a heathland flora of {\it Calluna vulgaris, Vaccinium myrtillus, Erica cinerea} and {\it Festuca vivipara}. The lower slopes have extensive areas of scree, with consolidated areas supporting {\it Cryptogramma crispa}, often in association with {\it Alchemilla alpina}.

Open ground at the top of the fell has a complex mosaic of heath, acidic grassland (of three types: {\it Nardus stricta, Agrostis/Festuca} or {\it Juncus squarrosus}), rock outcrops, seepage zones, plus blanket mire. {\it Calluna vulgaris} and {\it V. myrtillus} are common with {\it Erica cinerea} and {\it Empetrum nigrum} occasional. 

Boredale Hause (GR NY 408 157): a variety of acidic grassland communities, noted during the present survey and probably typical of those found elsewhere on the common. These include a very short sward of {\it Festuca ovina} with occasional/frequent {\it Galium saxatile} (NVC U4). There is also a more tussocky sward dominated by {\it Nardus stricta} with frequent {\it Juncus squarrosus} and {\it Galium saxatile}, locally frequent {\it Deschampsia flexuosa} and {\it Luzula campestris} and locally occasional {\it Potentilla erecta} (NVC U5). There are also areas with {\it Juncus squarrosus} dominant on a thin peat substrate (NVC U6). Rock outcrops outside the SSSI boundary may also support dwarf shrub vegetation: {\it V. myrtillus} shown as co-dominant with {\it N. stricta} on Low and High Dodd (NY 4118).

The small blanket mires (within the SSSI) have {\it Eriophorum} spp., {\it Trichophorum cespitosum, Erica tetralix, Carex echinata, Narthecium ossifragum, Drosera rotundifolia} and {\it Sphagnum} spp. 

Some of the wettest areas associated with bog pools have been colonised by {\it Juncus effusus, J. bulbosus, Carex rostrata} and {\it Potamogeton polygonifolius}. These species also occur in flushed areas, where ground water rises to the surface by Scalehow Beck. Additional species are usually present and include {\it Carex panicea, C. viridula} subsp. {\it oedocarpa, Viola palustris, Pinguicula vulgaris, Chrysosplenium oppositifolium} and {\it Saxifraga stellaris}. In some flushes, {\it Valeriana dioica, Saxifraga aizoides} and {\it Selaginella selaginoides} indicate locally base-rich conditions.

Scalehow Beck flows northwards over two waterfalls indicating fault lines in the underlying rocks of the Borrowdale Volcanic group. Found locally along the sides of this are {\it Thymus polytrichus, Succisa pratensis, Primula vulgaris} and {\it Alchemilla alpina}. The gill below Scalehow Force is wooded with {\it Alnus glutinosa, Betula} sp., {\it Fraxinus excelsior, Sorbus aucuparia, Corylus avellana} and {\it Ulmus glabra}. The shaded rocks beneath support {\it Solidago virgaurea, Mycelis muralis} and {\it Crepis paludosa}. 

Larger areas of blanket mire extend south eastards across the flanks of Place Fell. There has been considerable difficulty in the translation of these features for the purposes of the present survey. In the context of the methodology of Phase 1 habitat survey, the definition of blanket mire types has changed since the date of the original survey. The present methodology (i.e. NCC, 1990), extends the category of blanket mire to include two further sub-divisions: dry modified bog and wet modified bog. As the terms suggest, they were introduced to enable degraded and un-degraded blanket bogs to be distinguished. During the course of the present survey, there was insufficient time to visit the multitude of individual areas which were originally defined as blanket mire in order to re-classify them. Instead, reliance has had to be placed on target notes and dominant species codes. The most obvious difference between the degraded and non-degraded types is in the amount of {\it Sphagnum}, with a threshold value of 25 per cent cover of {\it Sphagnum} generally being adopted. 

With the complex pattern and distribution of blanket mire habitats on this and the contiguous common, re-survey would be quite a major undertaking and quite beyond the amount of time allowed by the present survey. Therefore, for the purposes of the present survey, a "best guess" has had to be taken, using indications of the presence of {\it Sphagnum} amongst the dominant species codes of the habitat map, together with assessments made while walking the site during the present survey. Note that there are no actual target notes describing any of these areas within the Phase 1 survey itself.

During the present survey, the most detailed attention was focussed on the area of blanket mire east of the summit of Place Fell (GR NY 407 167). This area typically has dry modified bog dominated by {\it Eriophorum vaginatum} with very little {\it Sphagnum}. Other associates within a typical quadrat are: {\it Eriophorum angustifolium} (occasional/frequent), {\it Polytrichum commune} (frequent/abundant), {\it Vaccinium myrtillus} (locally occasional), {\it Trichophorum cespitosum} (locally frequent/abundant), {\it Hypnum cupressiforme} (locally frequent), {\it Juncus squarrosus} (locally occasional) and {\it Calluna vulgaris} (rare). This vegetation belongs to NVC type M20. The majority of this blanket mire has quite a disupted appearance, with quite frequent small bare peat patches/hagging. Very little {\it Sphagnum} present for the most part. Peat depth probably 1.0-1.5m. Around the edges the vegetation grades into acidic grassland  dominated either by {\it Nardus stricta} or {\it Juncus squarrosus}, with transitional communities present. 

There is a small pool/tarn at GR NY 407 172. In the vicinity of this, {\it Sphagnum} is more abundant. i.e. locally abundant {\it S. papillosum} and less commonly, {\it S. capillifolium}. Also noted: some suppressed plants of {\it Calluna vulgaris} and {\it Empetrum nigrum}.  

Several other areas of blanket mire have {\it Sphagnum} shown as a dominant species and have therefore been translated as un-degraded blanket mire (i.e. Phase 1 code 'E161').

At the head of Low Moss Gill, leading from a col, lies an acidic flush feature (GR NY 414 479). The margins are dominated by {\it Juncus effusus} and {\it Sphagnum recurvum} (NVC M6). In the centre is a sward of {\it Carex rostrata} with abundant {\it Carex panicea} and {\it Sphagnum recurvum}, locally abundant {\it Aulacomnium palustre, Sphagnum palustre} and {\it Viola palustris}, locally occasional {\it Juncus effusus} and rare {\it Erica cinerea} (NVC M4). 

Note slate waste at disused quarry at GR NY 413 183 with abundant {\it Cryptogramma crispa}.

Frequent trees of {\it Alnus glutinosa} along the edge of Ullswater itself.

A further feature noted during the present survey was an area neutral (and base-rich) flushes within a stream valley around GR NY 416 189, essentially comprising lawns of sedges and {\it Sphagnum} spp. Recorded here were {\it Sphagnum auriculatum, S. palustre, S. subnitens, Carex panicea, C. pulicaris, C. echinata, C. viridula} subsp. {\it oedocarpa, Aulacomnium palustre, Drosera rotundifolia} and {\it Narthecium ossifragum}. Localised areas of base-rich flush are typified by pleurocarpous brown mosses with occasional {\it Pinguicula vulgaris}.

The south-eastern "arm" of the common comprises steep fellsides which lie to either side of a ridge, Beda Fell, which runs in a NE-SW direction. Along the northern slope lies an acidic grassland sward dominated by a mixture of acidic grassland types. The upper slopes have either {\it Nardus stricta} or {\it Juncus squarrosus} types, while the lower slopes tend to have {\it Agrostis/Festuca}. This slope also has areas of rock outcrops and scree. Several large acidic flushes at the base of the slope along Boredale, dominated by {\it Juncus effusus}. The acidic grassland also dominates the ridge top. At GR NY 429 172, the Phase 1 map shows two small pockets of mire vegetation, one classified as blanket bog, while the other is shown as raised bog. The south-east facing slope appears more sheltered, as it has extensive stands of dense bracken.

MANAGE:
The common is grazed by sheep. In the area observed during the present survey, grazing levels appeared relatively high on the acidic grassland. The presence of large areas of acidic grassland dominated by species of low palatability to sheep, coupled with a general lack of dwarf shrubs, suggests a sustained high grazing pressure. 

The whole common lies within the Lake District Environmentally Sensitive Area (ESA). This has been designated because of the outstanding environmental importance of the fells and valleys of the area. Of particular relevance to Lake District commons is the impact of grazing levels upon the ecology of certain upland habitats such as  heathland and a range of mire types, many of which feature amongst the "Priority Habitats" of the UK Biodiversity Action Plan.  

Farms entering the scheme do so under a 10 year management argeement and receive a variety of payments in return for farming in a manner which is compatible with the special character of the Lake District. There are two tiers of entry and the first applies to the whole area of the farm. Of particular relevance to common land amongst the provisions of the first tier are specified maximum stocking densities on the open fell which take into account the presence of heather.

The second tier is optional and provides for even lower stocking densities on "heather fell". There is also an optional tier aimed at making better provision for public access, plus certain payments aimed at maintaining/enhancing juniper scrub/ghylls/water margins etc.

For an individual common to be entered into the ESA scheme, it requires all of the relevant commoners to join on a whole farm basis and this is often unrealistic to achieve. However, here are many circumstances where farmers have individually joined the ESA, who also have grazing rights on common land. In such cases, these commons have been designated "Common land with controlled grazing rights". These farmers are not allowed to put additional stock onto the common above pre-scheme levels, even if these were above those allowed by the grazing rights. 

For reasons of confidentiality it has not been possible in this project to identify whether or not an individual common has been entered into the ESA scheme. However, for a general summary of the approximate area of Cumbrian Common Land now covered by ESA agreements, please refer to the main report (but note that this information is likely to be somewhat out of date).


VEG:
This common runs from the eastern edge of the High Street ridge, north-westwards toward the shore of Ullswater. It is sub-divided by the valley of Fusegill Beck, a stream draining from the plateau itself into Ullswater. Hallin Fell is an outlying hill rising immediately from the southern shore of Ullswater. The underlying geology is of the Borrowdale Volcanic series.

The area was covered by the Cumbria Phase 1 survey during 1985. This provides a habitat map and dominant species codes, but very little in the way of target-noted information. Ideally this common should have been re-surveyed but, due to severe time constraints, it was not possible to visit this common as part of the present survey.

The south-eastern edge of the common lies on the plateau of Wether Hill. Here there are remnants of blanket mire, part of a larger expanse spreading across the plateau on contiguous commons. Hagged edges of deep peat (i.e. greater than 0.5m) were clearly visible when looking from the other side of the fell across the contiguous CL 85W. This blanket mire appears to lie in the category of dry modified bog and is dominated by {\it Eriophorum vaginatum}. Other associates include {\it Eriophorum angustifolium, Deschampsia flexuosa, Nardus stricta, Juncus squarrosus, Trichophorum cespitosum, Empetrum nigrum, Festuca ovina} and occasionally, {\it Calluna vulgaris} and {\it Vaccinium myrtillus. Sphagnum} mosses are scarce, and appear below a threshold value of 25 per cent. All of this blanket mire vegetation is described as degraded, with eroded strips up to 10.0m wide noted, and hagged edges revealing a peat depth of up to 1.5m. 

The steep slopes falling away from the plateau support an acidic grassland sward. This is dominated by a mixture of {\it Nardus stricta, Juncus squarrosus, Festuca ovina} and {\it Agrostis capillaris}. Other associates include {\it Galium saxatile, Aira praecox, Deschampsia flexuosa} and various bryophytes. The lower slopes tend to be dominated by dense bracken {\it Pteridium aquilinum}, with scattered fronds occurring amongst acidic grassland elsewhere.

Some of the tributary streams of Fusedale Beck have associated areas of acidic/neutral flushing ({\it Sphagnum} spp.). There are also flushes in the area known as The Coombs, which separate Hallin Fell from the rest of the common.

There is a fairly large area of marshy grassland dominated by {\it Juncus effusus} in squares NY 4416/4516.

There is a narrow strip shown as semi-natural broadleaved woodland running along a narrow gill in the upper valley of Fusedale Beck (NY 446 173). No target noted information available.

Various rock outcrops and screes; again no target notes.

The eastern side of Hallin Fell was viewed while visiting the adjacent CL 2W. Extensive areas of acidic grassland noted amongst rock outcrops (probably both {\it Agrostis/Festuca} and {\it Nardus stricta} types). Large screes on lower slopes.

MANAGE:
The common is grazed by sheep (and ponies?). The presence of large areas of acidic grassland dominated by species of low palatability to sheep, coupled with a general lack of dwarf shrubs, suggests a sustained high grazing pressure. 

The whole common lies within the Lake District Environmentally Sensitive Area (ESA). This has been designated because of the outstanding environmental importance of the fells and valleys of the area. Of particular relevance to Lake District commons is the impact of grazing levels upon the ecology of certain upland habitats such as  heathland and a range of mire types, many of which feature amongst the "Priority Habitats" of the UK Biodiversity Action Plan.  

Farms entering the scheme do so under a 10 year management argeement and receive a variety of payments in return for farming in a manner which is compatible with the special character of the Lake District. There are two tiers of entry and the first applies to the whole area of the farm. Of particular relevance to common land amongst the provisions of the first tier are specified maximum stocking densities on the open fell which take into account the presence of heather.

The second tier is optional and provides for even lower stocking densities on "heather fell". There is also an optional tier aimed at making better provision for public access, plus certain payments aimed at maintaining/enhancing juniper scrub/ghylls/water margins etc.

For an individual common to be entered into the ESA scheme, it requires all of the relevant commoners to join on a whole farm basis and this is often unrealistic to achieve. However, here are many circumstances where farmers have individually joined the ESA, who also have grazing rights on common land. In such cases, these commons have been designated "Common land with controlled grazing rights". These farmers are not allowed to put additional stock onto the common above pre-scheme levels, even if these were above those allowed by the grazing rights. 

For reasons of confidentiality it has not been possible in this project to identify whether or not an individual common has been entered into the ESA scheme. However, for a general summary of the approximate area of Cumbrian Common Land now covered by ESA agreements, please refer to the main report (but note that this information is likely to be somewhat out of date). 

There are no physical boundaries between the various commons which make-up this block.


FAUNA:
An area centred upon Sunbiggin Tarn is identified in the Invertebrate Site Register as a Grade B site. These are of regional importance, equivalent to SSSI status on invertebrate grounds. 

This is an important area for relict late-glacial molluscs. This is the only known British locality for {\it Vertigo geyeri} and one of only two sites for {\it Catinella arenaria}. Other molluscs recorded include {\it Pyramidula rupestris, Lauria cylindracea} and {\it Vallonia exentrica}. 

Several rare and local beetles (Coleoptera) and files (Diptera) have been reported. These include the nationally notable ground beetle {\it Miscodera arctica}. This is associated with moorland and heathland. Also recorded is the nationally rare cranefly {\it Tipula limbata}, which is usually associated with boggy flushes in woodlands, so this record may represent a vagrant. 

The SSSI as a whole is very important for birds, with extensive areas of calcareous open water and fen, as well as the heathland, providing suitable cover and food for many breeding, passage and wintering birds. Most obvious is the nationally important colony of over 12,000 pairs of black-headed gulls around Sunbiggin Tarn (exceeding 1 per cent of the British breeding population). However, several species of waterfowl also breed around the tarns or on the moor. These are wigeon, teal, tufted duck, gadwall, and mallard. Other breeding species of note include little grebe, sedge warbler and water rail, with the wetlands also being used by lapwing, curlew, redshank and snipe. The area is important for wintering wildfowl and other birds and also seems to be a well-used resting place for many species on passage. Regularly recorded are species such as goldeneye, pochard, whooper swan, goosander, whimbrel, merlin, peregrine, raven and short-eared owl. 

A significant area of {\it Calluna vulgaris} dry heath on the common is managed for grouse through a programme of controlled rotational burning. 

Sunbiggin Tarn is also a recorded site for great crested newt (1986).

VEG:
The common forms part of a block of common land within an area of low limestone hills, which link the Pennines with the Lake District. Part of the common lies within an SSSI: Sunbiggin Tarn and Moors and Little Asby Scar. This incoroprates Sunbiggin Tarn, Sunbiggin Tarn Fen and Orton Fells, listed in "A Nature Conservation Review" (Ed. D.A. Ratcliffe, 1977). This SSSI in turn forms a part of the "Asby Complex" proposed Special Area of Conservation (pSAC), to be designated under the EC Habitats Directive.

Sunbiggin Tarn itself is also managed as a nature reserve by the Cumbria Wildlife Trust, while areas of dwarf shrub heath have been the subject of a heather condition survey conducted in (1989?) by English Nature. 

In addition, part of the common falls within an area covered by a Limestone Pavement Order, notified under Section 28 of the Wildlife and Countryside Act, 1981. There are references to these features in the site files of the Cumbria Wildlife Trust. The area as a whole, was mapped by the Cumbria Phase 1 survey in 1984, and the accompanying habitat map has been based upon this. Boundaries of the above designated areas are also attached, where known. A very brief visit was made to this block of common land, driving northwards across CL 33W from Brownber, crossing onto CL 4W and then CL 105W to the road junction at GR NY 685 091, then turning SW and proceeding to a lay-by at Sunbiggin Tarn and finally passing onto CL 96W.

Sunbiggin Tarn lies at the point there the boundaries of three CLs meet - i.e. this common, plus CLs 96W and 105W. It lies within an area of Carboniferous Limestone, with scars and pavements of geological interest surrounded by heath, acidic grassland and areas of acid and calcareous mire. The whole area is of outstanding importance for its range of habitats and for the important flora and fauna they support. 

The tarn, together with the smaller Cow Dub Tarn (which lies to the south on the Contiguous CL 96W) form an area of about 6ha of open water. The water is generally shallow and base-rich, being derived from calcareous springs to the north of Sunbiggin Tarn. The outflow is westwards across CL 96W, along Tarn Sike. The open water of the two tarns supports few submerged higher plants, probably due to increased planktonic algal growth fed by nutrients from the droppings of a large colony of black-headed gulls. However, aquatic species are found in Tarn Sike and the base-rich flushes. These tend to be dominated by {\it Potamogeton crispus} and {\it P. natans}, with other species present including {\it P. berchtoldii, Groenlandia densa, Myriophyllum spicatum, Chara} sp., {\it Ranunculus aquatilis} and {\it Utricularia vulgaris}.

Adjacent to the tarns are extensive areas of swamp and fen communities. {\it Phragmites australis} dominates a large zone extending into standing water up to 1.0m deep. {\it Carex rostrata} dominates a more mixed fen with species such as {\it Carex lasiocarpa, C. paniculata, Eleocharis palustris, Juncus effusus, Equisetum fluviatile, Menyanthes trifoliata} and {\it Hippuris vulgaris}. More restricted fen communities include a type dominated by {\it Carex elata} (a very local and eastern species in Britain), stands of {\it Cladium mariscus} (which is uncommon in the north-west and is here at its highest recorded altitude), and other types dominated either by {\it Filipendula ulmaria} or {\it Potentilla palustris}, which occurs with the nationally scarce (NS) {\it Carex diandra}.

N.B. Nationally Scarce - species recorded from between 16 - 100 ten km squares of the ordnance survey grid (JNCC, 1994).

Sunbiggin Tarn also has the following surveys: Aquatic Macrophytes, R. Stokoe, 1983 and Cumbria Small Tarn Survey, E. Charter, 1983 - both should be available at English Nature at the Kendal office.

Associated with the marginal areas of the tarn on this common are small areas of base-rich flushing, with further and more extensive simliar areas lying to the south of Rayseat Pike, along the boundary with CL 33W. In addition, there are also base-rich flushes associated with Potts Valley, to the north of Crosby Garrett Fell, along the boundary with the contiguous CL 105W. These appear to be similar to the more extensive flushes occurring along Tarn Sike (i.e. CL 96W). Please turn to this common for an account of these. 

To the east of the tarn is an extensive area of {it Calluna vulgaris} dry dwarf shrub heath. A heather condition survey reveals that the area around Mask Hill/Black Rayseat (i.e. to the west of the road) has {\it Calluna} mostly at more than 75 per cent cover and is in the range of 20-30cm tall (45cm locally). There are smaller areas where the ground cover falls to as low as 10-25 per cent. To the east of the road, the {\it Calluna} is between 25-50 per cent cover and mainly in the range of 10-25cm tall. The Phase 1 survey notes at GR NY 696 068 "{\it Calluna} heath with {\it Festuca ovina} and {\it Potentilla erecta}". To the east of the common there is an abrupt change to an acidic grassland sward - this would suggest that there is an internal fence across the common at this point. This grassland is mostly dominated by {\it Nardus stricta}. 

The area containing the limestone pavements lies to the north of this area, around Potts Valley. This is described as having a "depauperate flora and absence of mature trees", which is due to grazing pressure. Species found only occasionally include {\it Asplenium viride, Cystopteris fragilis, Arabis hirsuta, Mycelis muralis, Viola hirta, Geranium lucidum, Calamagrostis epigejos} and the nationally scarce {\it Gymnocarpium robertianum}. Commoner species occurring frequently include {\it Asplenium ruta-muraria, Dryopteris filix-mas, Athyrium filix-femina, Epilobium montanum} and occasionally {\it Allium ursinum} and {\it Tussilago farfara}. 

Common species normally associated with woodland ground flora but which occur here include {\it Mercurialis perennis, Oxalis acetosella, Geranium robertianum, Hyacinthoides non-scripta, Anemone nemorosa} and {\it Stachys sylvatica}. Present in the grikes and the surrounding calcicolous grassland is the nationally scarce {\it Sesleria caerulea}, a plant characteristic of northern limestone, while the nationally rare (NR) {\it Carex ornithopoda} is found on the scars above Potts Valley.

N.B. Nationally Rare - species recorded from 15 or fewer ten km squares of the Ordnance Survey grid (Perring and Farrell, 1983). 

The Phase 1 survey provides several target notes relating to the calcicolous grassland on the common (all 1984): GR NY 725 080 "Fellside path with {\it Carex caryophyllea, Galium saxatile, Potentilla erecta} and {\it Thymus polytrichus}"; GR NY 711 070 "{\it Festuca ovina} grassland with limestone outcrops on which grow {\it Thymus polytrichus} and bryophytes. The grassland contains abundant {\it Potentilla erecta}"; GR NY 725 091 "Calcareous grassland with {\it Gentianella amarella} and {\it Carex flacca}". 

A final feature to note on the common, identified during the Phase 1 survey is a small basin mire at Ewefell: GR NY 698 066 "Ewefell Mire is a basin mire with open water and islands of {\it Sphagnum} and heavily grazed grassland. {\it Equisetum fluviatile} grows in the water. The site was also the subject of a survey of Aquatic Macrophytes by R. Stokoe in 1983 (report available from English Nature, Kendal Office).

MANAGE:
This block of common land is managed by sheep grazing. The area is regulated by the "Conservators of Crosby Garrett Regulated Common". The individual units which make up the block are all separated from each other by boundary walls. The eastern and western portions of CL 4W also appear to be separated by an internal boundary. These make the commons into separate grazing units. The roads across the area are cattle-gridded at the boundaries between the individual commons. 

Each grazing unit shows obvious signs of a different intensity of grazing management. This can be seen in crossing from one common to another, in the distribution of {\it Calluna} heath. For example, CL 33W, to the south, has an acidic grassland sward, while on the other side of the boundary wall on this common, there is {\it Calluna} heath. A particularly good point from which to view this feature is on the road to the west of Sunbiggin Tarn, where the boundaries of three separate CLs meet. The abrupt boundary between {\it Calluna} heath and acidic grassland on CL 4W suggests also the existence of a stock proof internal boundary.

The {\it Calluna} heath on this common is managed for grouse shooting by a regular programme of burning. The pattern of burning was clearly evident from the road at the time of the site visit.

Sunbiggin Tarn is managed as a reserve of the Cumbria Wildlife Trust and is fenced from the remainder of the common. As a result of it being an important breeding site for the black-headed gull colony, its botanical quality has declined in recent years. There is also reported to be some fishing and shooting in this area.

The area which is covered by the Limestone Pavement Order comprises a steep and prominent south-facing scar with extensive scree slopes dropping into Potts Valley which cuts through the limestone escarpment separating Little Asby Common and Crosby Garrett Fell. All the pavements lie amidst heavily grazed common land with alternating bands of calcareous and acidic grassland marking the boudaries of the limestone and shale beds. This creates a bold striped effect, visible from, for example, the Little Asby to Raisbeck Road.

NB. The placing of a Limestone Pavement Order makes it illegal to remove any limestone from the designated area.


FAUNA:
The Moor House/Dunn Fell area has a Grade A entry in the Invertebrate Site Register, relating to the Moor House NNR. The reserve has been well-studied for a number of Orders, partcularly the flies (Diptera) and beetles (Coleoptera). Moor House is one of the best recorded areas of the North Pennines for its fly fauna, with many rare and notable species being recorded. Many of the beetles are typical of upland moorland habitats; these include the endangered rove beetle {\it Olophrum assimile}, a species that has been found on only two mountain tops in Britain. The notrhern dart {\it Xestia alpicola} is also present; this is one of its few English stations. 

The Moor House and Cross Fell SSSI as a whole is of regional importance for its upland breeding birds, with more than 40 species recorded. These include important breeding populations of merlin, peregrine, buzzard, kestrel, raven, dotterel, short-eared owl, golden plover, dunlin, common sandpiper, lapwing, redshank, ring ouzel, curlew and snipe. The latter four wading species nest here at their highest recorded elevations in Britain. There are passage records for golden eagle, hen harrier and snow bunting. 

Mammals recorded on the reserve include hedgehog, common, pygmy and water shrews, water vole, mole, wood mouse, house mouse, brown rat, pipistrelle bat, rabbit, brown hare, fox, badger, stoat, weasel, otter and roe deer.

VEG:
This common lies on the North Pennine fringe of Cumbria, lying almost totally within the Moor House National Nature Reserve (which in turn, forms a part of the Moor House and Cross Fell SSSI - see map). The Moor House NNR was declared as the fisrt British "Biosphere Reserve" by UNESCO in 1975. In addition, the NNR was also declared a "Special Protection Area" in 1982 under the EC Directive on the conservation of wild birds. The SSSI is also listed in "A Nature Conservation Review" (ed. D.A. Ratcliffe, 1977). 


The portion of the common which lies outside the SSSI boundary, known as Red Carle, is itself a Cumbria Wildlife Trust "County Wildlife Site" (see Map 2).

The site was visited by the surveyor, not as part of the common land survey, but while participating in a bryophyte identification course run by the Blencathra Centre of the Field Studies Council (course tutor: Dr M.E. Newton). The English Nature site manager for the NNR was also a course participant on this occasion. Relevant records dating to this visit are outlined later in this report. 

The vegetation map for the National Nature Reserve has mainly been based upon that prepared by A. Eddy in 1960-62 and subsequently updated by D. Welch in 1965. While it is accepted that this is now rather out of date, there was insufficient time allowed for this area to be re-surveyed, especially in the light of the vast amount of available biological information for the site. Note that the Moor House NNR has been the subject of intensive scientific study over the years and is probably the best-documented area of upland peatland in Britain. Some parts of the common were also covered by the 1984 upland NCC survey, using the Ratcliffe and Birks classification system, while the Red Carle area was covered by the Cumbria Phase 1 survey in 1983.

Other points to note about the NNR are that it was declared the first British "Biosphere Reserve" by UNESCO in 1975, and also as a "Special Protection Area" in 1982 under the 1979 EC directive on the conservation of wild birds. Parts of the SSSI are listed in "A Nature Conservation Review" (ed. D.A. Ratcliffe, 1977), as being of national importance.

The Moor House and Cross Fell area as a whole forms an extensive upland block to the northern end of the Pennine chain. This common includes the two second highest points of Great Dun Fell and Little Dun Fell. To the west is a steep scarp slope rising from the Eden Valley, up to the Dun Fells. To the east lies an extensive dip slope which has seen the development of blanket peat. The underlying geology largely comprises Carboniferous sandstones, mudstones and limestones which influence the overlying vegetation.

The blanket peat has developed at altitudes above around 600m, with extensive areas to be found on this common to the east of Great and Little Dun Fells. The most widespread type is dominated by {\it Eriophorum vaginatum} and {\it Calluna vulgaris} (NVC type M19). For the most part this appears to be relatively intact. Where the water table is high, bogmosses such as {\it Sphagnum papillosum, S. magellanicum, S. capillifolum} and {\it S. cuspidatum} are abundant, with other mosses such as {\it Rhytidiadelphus loreus, Hypnum jutlandicum} and {\it  Pleurozium schreberi}, either in lawns, or with a mixture of {\it Eriophorum angustifolium, Trichophorum cespitosum, Erica tetralix} and {\it Drosera rotundifolia}. Locally there are also {\it Vaccinium vitis-idaea} and {\it Rubus chamaemorus}. 

While the above could be said to represent intact and unmodified blanket mire, there are smaller areas of degraded mire, where grazing and burning have encouraged the spread of {\it Eriophorum vaginatum} and {\it Juncus squarrosus} (NVC types M20 and U6 respectively). These areas equate to the Phase 1 category of 'E18' - dry modified bog. Where these effects are severe, peat erosion and "hagging" has occurred.

Further small pockets of blanket peat lie on relatively gentle slopes to the west of Great and Litte Dun Fells, but for the most part, the summits and the western scarp slope is mainly dominated by acidic grassland. Generally this is species-poor and dominated either by {\it Nardus stricta} (NVC type U5) or {\it Juncus squarrosus} (NVC U6). Other more localised associates include {\it Agrostis capillaris, Festuca ovina, Deschampsia flexuosa, Anthoxanthum odoratum, Galium saxatile, Potentilla erecta, Polytrichum commune}. Slightly deeper soils, especially on the lower parts of the scarp slope have also seen the development of stands of bracken {\it Pteridium aquilinum}. 

Scattered throughout the Dun Fells and more extensively along the scarp slope are localised outcrops of limestone, which have allowed the development of a more species-rich, calcicolous grassland sward, dominated by {\it Agrostis capillaris, Festuca ovina} (NVC type CG 10) and locally, the nationally scarce (NS) {\it Sesleria caerulea} (NVC CG9). Noted from such features within the SSSI as a whole are {\it Carex caryophyllea, Thymus praecox, Galium sterneri} and {\it Linum catharticum}. In addition, several montane and submontane and otherwise notable species are also present:  {\it Gentiana verna} and {\it Myosotis alpestris} (both nationally rare - NR), {\it Carex capillaris, Minuartia verna} and {\it Phleum alpinum} (all nationally scarce - NS), in addition to {\it Galium boreale, Antennaria dioica, Viola lutea} and {\it Gentianella amarella}.

N.B. Nationally Scarce (NS): species recorded from bewteen 16 - 100 ten km squares of the Ordnance Survey grid (JNCC, 1994). Nationally Rare (NR): species recorded from 15 or fewer 10km squares (Perring and Farrell, 1983).

Throughout the site, particularly at the periphery of the blanket mire, there are important acidic and base-rich flushes. Most of the acidic flushes are typically species-poor and occur along stream and river valleys where there are gleyed peaty silts. These areas are dominated by {\it Juncus effusus} and the mosses {\it Polytrichum commune} and {\it Sphagnum recurvum} (NVC type M6c). Other flushes however, have a mixed carpet of {\it Sphagnum} mosses with a variety of carices such as {\it Carex nigra, C. curta} and {\it C. echinata}. 

Base-rich fluses are found in areas where the drainage water is influenced by the underlying limestone, for example, on this common, below the caps of both of the Dun Fells and along Knock Ore Gill, to the south (these features too small and diffuse to map clearly at the chosen scale of 1:25,000). Many of these communities grade into bryophyte-dominated spring and rill communities. Carices are common with other local and rare species such as {\it Saxifraga hirculus} (NR), {\it Alopecurus borealis} (NS), plus {\it Selaginella selaginoides, Saxifraga stellaris} and {\it Juncus triglumis}. Brown mosses can be very abundant and include {\it Philonotis fontana, Cratoneuron commutatum} and {\it Scorpidium scorpidioides}.

Tall herb vegetation of the ungrazed crags and ledges is another important feature of the SSSI. The most species-rich occur on the limestone of the western scarp slope, such as on this common along Crowundle Beck (along the boundary with the contiuguous CL 323C). Species present include {\it Sedum villosum} and {\it Potentilla crantzii} (both NS), in addition to {\it Asplenium viride, Cystopteris fragilis, Draba incana} and {\it Sedum rosea}.

Open water occurs on the SSSI in the form of several upland streams, which include, on this common, Knock Ore Gill and Crowundle Beck, together with various bog pools. Knock Ore Gill represents one of the highest and most precipitous limestone streams in Britain and is a key example of a limestone stream that is also affected by peat water.

Lead mining has occurred in the past throughout the SSSI, particularly within the Moor House NNR area. Many of the spoil heaps are floristically interesting, with abundant {\it Minuartia verna} (NS), {\it Thlaspi caerulescens} (NS), {\it Cochlearia officinalis} subsp. {\it alpina} and {\it Gentianella amarella}.

Finally, beyond the SSSI boundary lies Red Carle. This is described (GR 668 305, 1983) as a "partially drained area of acidic grassland/heathland with a mosaic of acidic grassland dominated by {\it Agrostis/Festuca} and {\it Nardus/Juncus squarrosus} communities and wet heath dominated by {\it Calluna vulgaris, Molinia caerulea} and {\it Sphagnum} communities. At approx. GR 666 307 a spring rises to form a quaking bog with {\it Pinguicula vulgaris}. This suggests the influence of calcareous water. Also {\it Briza media} and {\it Carex flacca}. The area below this spring was well-grazed and of very different appearance to the surrounding acidic grassland. It supported herbs such as {\it Bellis perennis, Euphrasia nemorosa} and {\it Prunella vulgaris}".

Site visit 20.08.96 (FSC course)......

Several localities in the Great Dun Fell area were visited.

(1). Great Dun Fell summit area (GR NY 710 323). Grassland here is a mixture of closely sheep-grazed {\it Agrostis/Festuca} (NVC type U4) and {\it Juncus squarrosus} (NVC U6). Other higher plant associates include locally frequent {\it Galium saxatile}, locally abundant {\it Carex binervis} and rare {\it Vaccinium myrtillus}. 

Bryophytes recorded: {\it Polytrichum commune, Rhytidiadelphus loreus, R. squarrosus, Dicranum scoparium, D. fuscescens, Racomitrium lanuginosum} (from scree), {\it Ptilidium ciliare} and {\it Polytrichum alpestre}. Also noted from within a small area of flushing ({\it Carex echinata} and {\it Eriophorum angustifolium}) were: {\it Drepanocladus fluitans} and {\it Diplophyllum albicans}.

(2). To the south-east of Great Dun Fell lies an area of very eroded blanket mire (GR NY 716 318). This comprises {\it Eriophorum vaginatum} with frequent {\it E. angustifolium} and {\it Deschampsia flexuosa} (i.e. NVC type M20) with patches of {\it Nardus stricta} (NVC U5) and {\it Juncus squarrosus} (U6) grassland.

Bryophytes recorded here were: {\it Campylopus paradoxus, Mylia taylorii, Lophozia ventricosa, L. incisa, Discelium nudum, Pellia epiphylla, Jungermannia gracillima, Pohlia proligera, Barbilophozia floerkei, Gymnocolea inflata, Splachnum sphericum} (on sheep dung), {\it Calypogeia azurea} and {\it Mylia anomala}.

(3). GR NY 718 313. Noted here on the blanket peat were very localised patches of {\it Sphagnum papillosum} and {\it S. capillifolium}, marking transitions to NVC type M19; otherwise, still extensive areas of bare peat showing. Rare individuals of {\it Rubus chamaemorus} noted.

(4). South-facing limestone outcrop at GR NY 716 313. {\it Agrostis/Festuca} calcicolous grassland with associates including {\it Thymus polytrichus, Galium sterneri, Carex caryophyllea, C. pulicaris, Euphrasia} sp., {\it Alchemilla} sp., {\it Viola} sp., {\it Luzula campestris} and {\it Linum catharticum}. 

Bryophytes noted: {\it Tortella tortuosa, Ctenidium molluscum, Racomitrium lanuginosum, Rhytidiadelphus squarrosus, R. loreus, R. triquetrus} and {\it Schistidium apocarpum} (i.e. a mixture of calcifuge and calciphile species).

(5). Basic flushes/springs along Knock Ore Gill (GR NY 717 313) - i.e. along boundary between this common and the contiguous CL 80W. Associated higher plants include locally abundant {\it Juncus articulatus, Carex echinata, C. viridula, C. panicea, C. pulicaria} and locally occasional {\it Selaginella selaginoides}. 

Bryophytes recorded from here were: {\it Jungermannia exsertifolia} subsp. {\it caudifolia, Amblyodon dealbatus, Fissidens adianthoides, Plagiomnium elatum, Atrichum undulatum, Blindia acuta, Preissia quadrata, Cratoneuron commutatum} var. {\it commutatum, C. commutatum} var. {\it falcatum, Marchantia polymorpha, Brachythecium rivulare, Barbula vinealis, Barbula} sp. (? {\it B. spadicea}), {\it Dichodontium pellucidum, Rhyncostegium riparioides, Philonotis fontana, P. calcarea, Aneura pinguis} and {\it Pellia endiviifolia}.

MANAGE:
The common is grazed by sheep. The vegetation is markedly affected by the grazing patterns. For example, acessible areas of palatable base-rich grassland and flush tend to be very heavily grazed. In addition, selective grazing of dwarf shrub vegetation has encouraged the spread of unpalatable species such as {\it Eriophorum vaginatum} on the more accessible areas of blanket mire; {\it Nardus stricta} on acidic grassland and {\it Juncus squarrosus} onto both habitats. Conversely, the more remote areas of blanket mire are only very slightly grazed. 

Other factors besides the overall stocking levels, such as the flocking behaviour of sheep, shepherding, location of supplementary feeding, the points of entry onto the common for stock, and whether sheep are kept on the fell over the winter, all have siginifcant impacts on the effect of livestock on the vegetation of the site. It has been estimated that the number of sheep on these commons as a whole has doubled over the last 100 years.

Grouse shooting on the moors has occurred on a large scale since the 19th Century. In contrast to the blanket mire of the northern section of this block of commons (i.e. CLs 124W and 125W), there has been little burning of the mire surface, save on a small scale for experimental purposes.

As mentioned already, there has been intensive lead mining of the area in the past. There are the remains of a primitive furnace in Knock Ore Gill. All lead mining ceased by 1905. However, mining of Barytes continues at Silverband Mine.    

Also mentioned elsewhere, the Moor House NNR has been the focus of intensive scientific research in recent years. For this purpose, a laboratory was provided in 1965 (actually situated within a small area excluded from CL 81W). This was done following the selection of Moor House as the UK site for the International Biological Programme. This was completed by 1975, after which the extent of research declined, and following a failure to secure funding in 1979, the field station was closed and demolished. Despite the demise of the laboratory, the site is still the focus of many academic research projects.

In addition to the biological importance of the site, the SSSI also includes a number of features of particular geological interest (see SSSI citation for details of these).


FAUNA:
Noted during site visit were: sedge warbler, grasshopper warbler.

VEG:
The common comprises a series of roadside verges mainly of coarse grassland with {\it Arrhenatherum elatius, Dactylis glomerata} and {\it Alopecurus pratensis}, with locally frequent {\it Anthriscus sylvestris} and {\it Urtica dioica} (NVC MG1). Elsewhere is shorter grassland (probably mown next to the road) dominated by {\it Agrostis capillaris} with Abundant {\it D. glomerata, A. pratensis, Festuca rubra, Holcus lanatus, Trifolium repens, Centaurea nigra, Vicia cracca, Conopodium majus, Plantago lanceolata, Ranunculus repens, Achillea millefolium, Veronica chamaedrys, Stellaria graminea, S. holostea} and {\it Lathyrus pratensis} (NVC MG6). Small areas have been invaded by {\it Rubus fruticosus} agg., while there are other localised areas of scattered bracken {\it Pteridium aquilinum}.

MANAGE:
The common appears largely unmanaged at present, apart from possible cutting of the grass at the edge of the road. The hedges along the edges of the common also appear to have been clipped. All this work has probably been undertaken by the local authority. 

Of modest nature conservation value, given that the grassland has quite a diverse range of plants. The verges could be good hunting ground for kestrels and owls. Without management of the grassland, some of the diversity could be lost through the spread of the coarse species, and of encroaching bramble and bracken. Perhaps more of the grassland should be cut late in the summer and the clippings carefully removed to prevent eutrophication of the sward.


FAUNA:
No records of fauna were discovered for this site.

VEG:
The following description has been prepared from the SSSI citation and scientific files, plus target notes from the Cumbria Phase 1 survey. The site is well-known and was not visited. 

The southern portion lies largely within the Caudbeck Flow SSSI. This is an important peatland site, listed in "A Nature Conservation Review" (Ed. D.A. Ratcliffe, 1977), and forms a part of the proposed "Border Mires" Special Area of Conservation (pSAC), to be designated under the EC Habitats Directive. Caudbeck Flow is one of a number of large expanses of blanket mire within East Cumbria. However, it differs from many of the others in that its surface is particularly undamaged, with a good active surface layer of {\it Sphagnum} moss, a feature which it shares with the nearby Butterburn Flow (not common land). Of additional importance are calcareous flushes and associated tufa formations, also habitats of particularly scarce occurrence in East Cumbria (the other best examples are also on common land - see under CLs 105W, 96W and 4W in the area around Sunbiggin Tarn). However, the close juxtaposition of ombrogenous mire and calcareous flushes is only found at Caudbeck Flow.

The blanket mire is of two types, each with a differing frequency of {\it Sphagnum} species. The first is associated with steeper slopes at the periphery of the mire, dominated by {\it Eriophorum vaginatum}, typical of that found in the southern Pennines. This has only small quantities of {\it Sphagnum}. Associated species, variously represented, include {\it Juncus squarrosus, Trichophorum cespitosum, Calluna vulgaris} and {\it Erica tetralix}, plus, in the hollows, {\it Carex echinata, Narthecium ossifragum} and {\it Eriophorum angustifolium}. 

The second and most important type occupies the plateau of Side Fell, and has an almost continuous cover of {\it Sphagnum}, with eleven species recorded, including {\it S. papillosum, S. magellanicum, S. tenellum, S. capillifolium, S. cuspidatum, S. subnitens, S. palustre} and {\it S. recurvum}. Occurring sporadically among the {\it Sphagnum} are {\it Calluna vulgaris, Erica tetralix} and {\it Andromeda polifolia}, plus more rarely, {\it Vaccinium oxycoccos, Drosera rotundifolia, Pinguicula vulgaris} and {\it Rubus chamaemorus}. This vegetation appears to belong to the NVC community M18a. 

Acidic flushes occur on the margins of the mire. Most are species-poor and contain {\it Juncus effusus, Carex nigra, Polytrichum commune, Sphagnum palustre} and {\it S. recurvum}. More nutrient-rich areas are dominated by {\it Juncus articulatus} and {\it J. acutiflorus}, with the mosses {\it Calliergon cuspidatum} and {\it Rhytidiadelphus squarrosus}. Less frequent higher plants include {\it Triglochin palustris} and {\it Carex lasiocarpa}.

The most significant type of flush occurs where calcareous rocks influence the base-status of the streams and seepages. Here tufa formations occur, with several plants requiring a relatively base-rich situation: {\it Carex hostiana, C. panicea, C. viridula} subsp. {\it oedocarpa, Sphagnum squarrosum} and {\it S. contortum}, together with plants very with a very marked preference for base-rich conditions: {\it Carex viridula} subsp. {\it brachyrryncha, Carex dioica, Eriophorum latifolium, Eleocharis quinqueflora} and {\it Selaginella selaginoides}. 

To the north of the site, extending beyond the SSSI boundary are extensive areas of {\it Molinia caerulea} marshy grassland often accompanied by {\it Deschampsia cespitosa, Juncus inflexus} and {\it J. conglomeratus}. On the steeper and better-drained slopes this gives way to acidic grassland with {\it Agrostis} spp. and {\it Festuca} spp. with {\it Juncus squarrosus, Nardus stricta, Anthoxanthum odoratum} and {\it Galium saxatile}.

MANAGE:
The site is grazed by sheep and cattle. The SSSI portion appears to be unfenced from the northern part of the common. Stock are put out onto the common from the western edge, so that the grazing levels are somewhat higher on this side. The grazing is noted to be having some effect on the heather on the common, although this is thought to be a useful contrast with the other Irthinghead Mires which are not grazed. However, the overall cover of heather is considered to be quite low. The  grazing is also thought to have a beneficial effect on the base-rich flushes. 

There is no cutting of peat on the site.


FAUNA:
The Hutton Roof Crags, of which this common forms a small part, have a Grade A entry in the Invertebrate Site Register. This is a site of high entomological interest. Moths and butterflies (Lepidoptera) have been particularly well recorded, although many of the moth records relate to a trap run just outside the SSSI boundary. 

Several scarce species of butterflies occur, including the vulnerable high brown fritillary {\it Argynnis adippe}. Two nationally notable moths associated with juniper are present, the juniper carpet {\it Thera juniperata} and the chestnut-coloured carpet {\it T. cognata}. Other Lepidoptera recorded include the least minor {\it Photedes captiuncula}, pearl-bordered fritillary {\it Boloria euphrosyne}, Duke of Burgundy {\it Hamearis lucina} and thyme pug {\it Eupithecia distinctaria}. 

The flies (Diptera) have received attention in recent years, with several interesting species being noted, including the rare snail-killing fly {\it Ectinocera borealis}. 

Provisionally listed as grade 'A', although survey of other groups of invertebrates would be useful. 

The diverse types of scrub and woodland habitats on the common appear to have good potential for birds of woodland/woodland edge.

Mammals recorded from the CWT reserve include roe deer, fox, red and grey squirrels.

VEG:
The common forms a small portion of the Hutton Roof Crags SSSI (see map under CL 53W). This is a low Carboniferous Limestone hill lying immediately south of Farleton Knott (also common land). Although Hutton Roof is separated from this site by a shallow valley and the Clawthorpe-Hutton Roof road, the two sites form a single geographical and ecological unit. In addition, the common forms around half of the Hutton Roof Crags Nature Reserve of the Cumbria Wildlife Trust. The remainder of this reserve incorporates the allotment known as Lancelot Clark Storth. This area lies contiguous with the southern edge of CL 16W and is not registered as common land.  

The site a a whole is of both geological and nature conservation interest. There are extensive and diverse limestone pavements which support a species-rich flora. A national survey of limestone pavements placed Hutton Roof Crags second on a national rank of floristic index. For further details about the geology of the site please consult English Nature. 

The limestone pavements at Hutton Roof were notified to Cumbria County Council by English Nature in 1989 under Section 34 of the Wildlife and Countryside Act, 1981. Most of the Hutton Roof Crags were also listed in "A Nature Conservation Review", Ed. D. A. Ratcliffe, 1977. In addition, the Hutton Roof Crags SSSI plus the nearby Farleton Knott SSSI (also largely registered common land), now collectively form a part of the Morecambe Bay Pavements proposed Special Area of Conservation (pSAC), to be designated under EC legislation.

The habitat map for the common has been produced from that of the Cumbria Phase 1 survey. A number of relevant target notes are also available from this source. 

The common includes a small section of the limestone pavements. These features support a great diversity of plants including the nationally scarce (NS) {\it Epipactis atrorubens, Polygonatum odoratum, Gymnocarpium robertianum, Potentilla neumanniana} and {\it Dryopteris submontana}. The latter species is abundant and the site is the principal stronghold for this species. 

N.B. Nationally Scarce: plants recorded from between 16-100 ten km squares of the Ordnance Survey Grid (JNCC, 1994). 

Also present are {\it Convallaria majalis, Ceterach officinarum, Paris quadrifolia, Filipendula vulgaris} and {\it Geranium sanguineum}. Over much of the pavement there is scattered scrub and trees of {\it Fraxinus excelsior, Corylus avellana} and {\it Crataegus monogyna}. Other scrub species associated with the pavements include {\it Juniperus communis, Taxus baccata, Viburnum opulus, Prunus spinosa} and the nationally rare (NR) {\it Sorbus lancastriensis}. 

N.B. Nationally Rare: plants recorded from 15 or fewer ten km squares of the Ordnance Survey Grid (Perring and Farrell, 1983). 

Small areas of semi-natural woodland have developed locally within the pavements. One such feature to the west of the common (GR SD 543 778, 1984) has an open canopy of {\it Betula} sp. and {\it Quercus} sp. Ground flora includes regenerating {\it Betula} sp., {\it Ilex aquifolium} and {\it Pteridium aquilinum}. 

Often occurring in a mosaic with the pavement areas is unimproved calcicolous grassland and, more occasionally, base-rich dwarf shrub heath. Hutton Roof Crags support one of the largest areas of calcicolous grassland in South Cumbria. The grassland is generally dominated by {\it Sesleria caerulea} (NS) or by a mixture of grasses/sedges including {\it Anthoxanthum odoratum, Helictotrichon pratense, Agrostis} spp. and {\it Carex flacca}. 

This vegetation is generally fairly species-poor. However, some uncommon plants do occur; {\it Minuartia verna} (NS), {\it Galium sterneri, Asperula cynanchia, Potentilla tabernaemontani, Ophrys insectifera} and {\it Antennaria dioica}. Other species recorded by the Phase 1 survey for this area include {\it Geranium lucidum, Phyllitis scolopendrium, Rubus fruticosus} agg., {\it Lonicera pericylmenum, Thymus polytrichus, Pilosella officinarum, Senecio jacobaea, Teucrium scorodonia, Saxifraga tridactylites} and {\it Leucanthemum vulgare}. 

Limited areas of calcareous heath occur in a mosaic with the grassland and are dominated by {\it Calluna vulgaris} and {\it Vaccinium myrtillus}. However, it is not clear whether any of this habitat is actually present on this particular common.

Away from the pavements on the common there are extensive areas dominated by dense bracken {\it Pteridium aquilinum} with scattered scrub and trees of {\it Betula pendula, Crataegus monogyna, Ulex europaeus, Quercus} sp., {\it Corylus avellana} and {\it Sorbus aucuparia}. Smaller areas of calcicolous grassland provide records for {\it Angelica sylvestris, Centaruea} spp., {\it Potentilla sterilis, Viola} spp., {\it Primula veris, Cirsium} spp., {\it Alchemilla xanthochlora, Conopodium majus} and {\it Helictotrichon pubescens}.

MANAGE:
The common is grazed by sheep, the overall levels appear to be relatively low and grazing activity has been described as "sporadic" for the last 20 years or so. 

The pavements of Farleton Knott are now the subject of a Limestone Pavement Order (July 1989). This designation makes removal of limestone illegal under the Wildlife and Countryside Act, 1981. There has, however, been extensive extraction of pavement for rockeries in the past and only around 50 per cent of the pavement in the reserve is intact. The disturbed pavement is a mosaic of rubble and limestone grassland, although it still supports some of the uncommon plants associated with the pavements.


FAUNA:
There is no information relating specifically to the common. The Pennine Moors of this area in general support important populations of golden plover and dunlin, while dotterel have been recorded on eroded, stony summits. Red grouse, curlew, lapwing and redshank are locally abundant as breeding birds. Peregrine, raven and ring ouzel nest on gritstone crags. The numerous watercourses are habitat for breeding common sandpiper and dipper. Areas of tall heath are especially important for breeding merlin and short-eared owl.

VEG:
The common comprises a sizeable section of the fells of the Pennine fringe, forming a narrow fringe which runs between Stainmore Forest in the south and Lune Forest to the north. The North Pennines were the subject of a Phase 2 survey undertaken in the early 1990s (see references). The relevant report for this common is that for Block 6, surveyed in 1993 and covering Lune Forest-Stainmore Forest. The habitat map is a translation to Phase 1 of the NVC communities mapped by the Phase 2 survey. 

The small area to the north of the B6276 lies outside the area covered by this survey, and has been mapped using the Cumbria Phase 1 survey. In addition, part of the northern section of the common lies within the Appleby Fells SSSI (see under CL 122W for full details/boundary map). 

The underlying geology is Carboniferous, consisiting mainly of grey mudstones and slitstones, which on the higher areas of moor, are capped with Millstone Grit, which can be seen as outcrops, especially in the area around Stainmore Common (Map 2). Most of the common comprises a plateau area which is intersected by eastward flowing streams in shallow gills. Most has been designated a "County Wildlife Site" by Cumbria Wildlife Trust. The boundary conicides exactly with that of the common itself and runs as far northwards as that of the B6276.
 
Most of the common is covered by blanket mire. A mosaic of NVC types M19a and M19b is present, both dominated by {\it Eriophorum vaginatum} and {\it Calluna vulgaris}. There is often a prominent bryophyte layer with {\it Sphagnum capillifolium} abundant in places and {\it Pleurozium schreberi, Hypnum jutlandicum, Dicranum scoparium} and {\it Plagiothecium undulatum} are well-represented. The former type has abundant {\it Erica tetralix}, while the latter is richer in dwarf shrubs and has {\it Vaccinium myrtillus} and {\it Empetrum nigrum}. Away from grazed areas, the {\it Calluna} can form a dense canopy and reach 45cm tall. 

Throughout the blanket mire bog pools often have {\it Sphagnum cuspidatum/S. recurvum} communities (NVC type M2) and {\it Eriophorum angustifolium} communities (NVC type M3). In the more heavily grazed areas, especially where the mire gives way to acidic grassland, there is a tendency for the mire vegetation to undergo a transition to NVC type M20. This is dominated by {\it Eriophorum vaginatum}. The most damaged areas lack {\it Calluna} and belong to the species-poor community M20a, while areas with some heather belong to M20b. These communities have been translated to the Phase 1 habitat category of 'E18' - dry modified bog.

Acidic grasslands occur on the moorland edge, on the sides of shallow gills and on slopes which are too steep to have deep peat. These are predominantly either of {\it Juncus squarrosus} (NVC type U6) or {\it Nardus stricta} (NVC type U5). The former tends to occur in poorly-drained areas on thin peat and has abundant {\it Festuca ovina} and {\it Polytrichum commune}. The latter type is found on steeper and better-drained slopes. Small areas of NVC type U4 ({\it Agrostis/Festuca}) are to be found on better-drained richer soils. This is mostly of the species-rich community U4a. This vegetation type is very palatable to sheep and is often closely grazed as a result.

Small areas of dry heath vegetation are to be found on the common, often at the edges of the blanket mire, where slopes steepen and the peat thins. This is mainly of NVC type H12, dominated by {\it Calluna vulgaris} or {\it Vaccinium myrtillus}. 

Across the whole of the site in wet areas, around water channels and along stream sides, acidic flush features are often found. These are mainly of NVC type M6c, dominated by {\it Sphagnum recurvum} and {\it Juncus effusus. Polytrichum commune} tends to replace {\it S. recurvum} in grazed areas. Beldoo Moss (Map 3) has a small area of NVC type M6a ({\it Carex echinata}) and M6b ({\it Carex nigra-Nardus stricta}) sub-communites.

MANAGE:
The common is grazed by sheep. These appear to concentrate in more accessible marginal areas. heavy grazing and winter stock feeding has led to localised areas of heather suppression and degeneration. The worst affected areas appear to be to the north of the A66 and around the B6276 to the north. The higher ground and more isolated areas of blanket bog tend to have low grazing levels and the heather in these areas is largely unaffected by grazing. Heather cover is recorded at between 50-75 percent over much of this area.  Apart from sheep-grazing, the other major use of the common is that of rearing red grouse for shooting. Heather burning is generally infrequent and restricted to areas with a nearby access point. Most of the blanket mire has remained unburnt. However, part to the north of the A66 has been burnt and this has resulted in a loss of bryophyte cover and an increase in the abundance of {\it Eriophorum vaginatum}.

In addition, part of Stainmore Common is used by the MOD as a dry training area. This appears to relate to land to the west of Beldoo Moss, and it is not clear whether this encroaches on this common land unit. Gripping has been undertaken at low density across most of the block but appears to have had little effect on the vegetation.


FAUNA:
There is no information relating specifically to the common. Information on the fauna in general can be drawn fron the citation for the Mallerstang and Swaledale Head SSSI, which the common lies close to, plus the Cumbria Wildlife Trust description. The Pennine Moors of this area support important populations of golden plover and dunlin, while dotterel have been recorded on eroded, stony summits. Red grouse, curlew, lapwing and redshank are locally abundant as breeding birds. Peregrine, raven and ring ouzel nest on gritstone crags. The numerous watercourses are habitat for breeding common sandpiper and dipper. Areas of tall heath are especially important for breeding merlin and short-eared owl. Rabbit warrens recorded from calcicolous grassland near to degraded limestone pavement.

VEG:
The common comprises a sizeable section of the fells of the Pennine fringe, at the edge of Stainmore Forest. The North Pennines were the subject of a Phase 2 survey undertaken in the early 1990s (see references). The relevant report for this common is that for Block 6, surveyed in 1993 and covering Lune Forest-Stainmore Forest. The habitat map is a translation to Phase 1 of the NVC communities mapped by the Phase 2 survey. 

The common itself comprises an extensive plateau area reaching a maximum altitude of 522m on the summit of High Greyits. The upper reaches of the River Greta cut across the north of the site and the area is drained by numerous small streams. Some Gulleys have become deeply incused. The steep flanks of High and Low Greyits have blocky gritstone scree and bounders. There is a small area of outcropping limestone around Plat. 

In view of the recent detailed survey, the site was only viewed briefly from the A66 to the north. The "Stainmore Common" area is also a Cumbria Wildlife Trust "County Wildlife Site". In this locality, the boundary of this site follows that of the common. 

The major part of the common carries extensive areas of blanket bog. This is mainly of NVC type M19a. This vegetation is co-dominated by {\it Eriophorum vaginatum} and {\it Calluna vulgaris}, with frequent {\it Erica tetralix}, while {\it Sphagnum} spp. are abundant in places. Bog pools with {\it Sphagnum cuspidatum} have developed on the plateau between High and Low Greyits. To the north {\it Calluna} becomes very scarce, but {\it Sphagnum capillifolium} and {\it S. papillosum} are present throughout much of the vegetation. However, in places Sphagna are absent and the vegetation falls into the species-poor sub-community of {\it Eriophorum vaginatum} blanket mire (NVC M20a). This vegetation has been translated as the Phase 1 habitat of 'E18' - dry modified bog.

The steep slopes and gill sides have acidic grassland mainly either of {\it Nardus stricta} (NVC U5) or {\it Juncus squarrosus} (U6). There are also extensive areas of this habitat around Wool Busk to the east. The acidic grassland is also often associated with acidic flush features. These are of NVC type M6c and dominated by {\it Juncus effusus} and {\it Sphagnum recurvum}. 

In the area around Plat (1) there are remnants of limestone pavement which has allowed limited development of a species-poor calcicolous grassland sward (NVC type CG10 - {\it Festuca ovina-Agrostis capillaris-Thymus praecox}). 

To the west of here (2) the acidic grassland has a heathy component in the form of species-poor {\it Calluna vulgaris-Deschampsia flexuosa} heath (NVC type H9c).

MANAGE:
The common is grazed by sheep. These range across the moor and are provided with supplementary feed in the winter. The area is also used for grouse shhoting. {\it Calluna}-rich areas are regularly burnt in large and small patches when the heather reaches a height of between 30-45cm. The blanket mires have also been extensively gripped. The heather is in a reasonable condition overall but is locally subject to intense grazing around Wool Busk, Plat and Spital Ings. There is damaged limestone pavement in the latter area with short-cropped limestone grassland and several rabbit warrens. The rabbits are adding to the problem of grazing in this area.


FAUNA:
Seen during the site visit were: raven, meadow pipit, wheatear and common lizard. Additional species seen on later visit (ie. 15.05.97) were: buzzard, dipper, wren, skylark, pied wagtail and grey wagtail.

The Skiddaw Group supports the most diverse assemblage of montane breeding birds in West Cumbria and also the second most important upland bird population. This rich avifauna is due to the extent, diversity and quality of the upland vegetation of the site, particularly the abundance of heather-dominated communities and the presence of montane grass-heath. Breeding waders include curlew, snipe, golden plover and dotterel. Raptors are well-represented with nesting peregrine, buzzard, kestrel and merlin. Other breeding birds include raven, ring ouzel, whinchat and red grouse. Gorse scrub on Ellerbeck Common and Faulds Brow are reported to provide cover for birds such as whinchat, mistle thrush, reed bunting and willow warbler. 

The Skiddaw-Caldbeck group as a whole have a Grade B entry in the Invertebrate Site Register. This is described as "An important area for the invertebrate fauna of upland habitats". Species recorded include the rare montane ground beetle {\it Leistus montanus} and the nationally notable northern dart {\it Xestia alpicola}, one of the few English stations for this moth. The damper areas of the site support species such as the nationally notable beetle {\it Carabus nitens}, a species associated with boggy areas, and {\it Bembidion atrocoeruleum}, this being linked to gravelly streams. The large heath {\it Coenonympha tullia} has also been recorded. Swineside, on the northern side of the Caldew Valley has further records: springs and seepages along the slope base are good for aquatic Coleoptera, incuding {\it Laccobius atratus}, while screes with juniper scrub on the slopes above have juniper pug {\it Eupithecia pusillata}.

VEG:
The common lies almost entirely within the Skiddaw Group SSSI. This site is also listed in "A Nature Conservation Review", Ed. D.A Ratcliffe, 1977. The common is the single largest of the group and occupies a major part, to the north-east of the SSSI. 

The underlying geology is dominated by the Skiddaw Slates, with igneous intrusions on Caldbeck Fell. Mineral veins are associated with the latter, and have resulted in extensive evidence of past mining activity on the ground throughout much of the site. 

To the north of the SSSI boundary, the common continues to include Ellerbeck Common and further north, Faulds Brow, where there are areas of outcropping Carboniferous Limestone. The main biological interest of the SSSI as a whole lies in extensive tracts of sub-montane blanket mire and heathland (both of which feature prominently on this common). 

The habitat map and following description have been taken mainly from the Cumbria Phase 1 habitat survey and the SSSI citation. The Phase 1 survey in fact provides an abundance of target notes for this common. A brief visit was made to view the Faulds Brow area from the roads which cross it and also to the eastern fringe north of Mosedale Village. In addition, a more extensive visit was paid to the Grainsgill Beck area, while participating in a bryophyte course run by the FSC at the nearby Blencathra Centre (August 1996). This area was visited again during May 1997. There are also heather condition surveys, of the Skiddaw area and of Faulds Brow, undertaken by R. Jerram, in 1989. Some information is available for parts of the common from the site files of Cumbria Wildlife Trust.

A. PORTION LYING WITHIN THE SSSI:  

The common incorporates a significant portion of the highest quality {\it Calluna vulgaris} heath within the SSSI. This occurs on sloping ground north and west of the River Caldew from Carrock Fell to Great Calva. This area was formerly managed as grouse moor. {\it Calluna vulgaris} dominates, often with {\it Vaccinium mytrillus} and occasionally, {\it Erica cinerea} on dry ground, while in wet areas there are frequent {\it Erica tetralix} and {\it Sphagnum} spp. mosses (no discrete areas of wet heath shown on Phase 1 habitat map). {\it Listera cordata} is locally frequent beneath the heather in some areas. 

With increasing altitude, {\it Vaccinium myrtillus} and {\it Empetrum nigrum} sometimes replace {\it Calluna} as the dominant dwarf shrubs, especially in exposed situations. In such localities, remaining {\it Calluna} is often semi-prostrate, with associated species including {\it Vaccinium vitis-idaea, Carex bigelowii} and occasionally, abundant {\it Cladonia} spp. lichens. The heather condition survey by R. Jerram shows the largest expanse of {\it Calluna} to occur on the slopes between Coomb Height and the R. Caldew (see Map 2). Heather cover here is more than 75 per cent for the most part, with well-developed {\it Calluna} at 30-40cm tall. A second large area of {\it Calluna} heath occurs on Carrock Fell. Cover rates here vary between 26-75 per cent, with a height of 20-30cm. 

Further significant blocks of heather moorland occur on the main common at Great Lingy Hill and also on the outlying (non-SSSI) portion at Faulds Brow (MAP 1 - see below).  

Blanket mire occurs on the plateau areas above these heather-covered slopes. Miller Moss (Map 2) has one of the most extensive tracts of unmodified blanket mire occurring within the SSSI, with a reported peat depth of 2.0m. This vegetation is dominated by {\it Eriophorum vaginatum} and {\it Calluna vulgaris} co-dominant over a carpet of {\it Sphagnum} spp. mosses.  Of localised occurrence here is {\it Rubus chamaemorus}, demonstrating that this blanket mire has an affinity with those of the Shap Fells and the northern Pennines. 

Reference to the Phase 1 map and target notes suggests that a high proportion of the blanket mire elsewhere on the common is somewhat degraded in character. For example, {\it Sphagnum} mosses are hardly mentioned and there are references to hagging and dissecting of the peat, plus grassy areas of {\it Juncus squarrosus} and {\it Nardus stricta} within the mire. This situation was confirmed on a brief excursion up to the climbing hut at GR NY 312 337, on Lingy Hill. This vegetation has therefore been placed in the Phase 1 category of dry-modified bog.

The main expanse of this habitat occurs on the fairly level hilltops around Great Lingy Hill-Milton Hill (Maps 2 and 3). See R. Jerram survey for condition of {\it Calluna} on these areas. Other species of locally frequent occurrence on the blanket mires are {\it Vaccinium myrtillus, Eriophorum angustifolium, Erica tetralix} and {\it Empetrum nigrum}. 

There appears to be a further small area of unmodified blanket mire with abundant {\it Sphagnum} at Birk Moss (GR NY 310 353 - Map 2).

On the slopes to the north of the Caldbeck Fells and elsewhere across the common there are extensive areas of acidic grassland. This is mainly dominated by {\it Nardus stricta} and {\it Juncus squarrosus}. The vegetation is very intensively grazed on the lower-lying grassland found across Faulds Brow - Ellerbeck Common and to the north of Mosedale Village. There are wide strips of very short {\it Agrostis-Festuca} grassland along the roadside edges, often with frequent {\it Cirsium arvense}, suggesting a semi-improved sward. At the latter locality there are frequent clumps of {\it Juncus effusus}, some patches of dense bracken and patches of scattered grazed topiary-shaped {\it Ulex europaeus} bushes. 

The SSSI as a whole supports the third largest area of {\it Juniperus communis} scrub in West Cumbria. This is most extensive on the steep, rocky south-facing slopes of Carrock Fell (Map 3). Regeneration of the juniper is prevented by grazing pressure and consequently the scrub has a poor age-structure. Burning has been used in the past to eradicate patches of juniper to improve rough grazing.  

Carrock Fell is the largest of a number of areas of rock outcrops, boulders and screes which provide habitat for {\it Racomitrium lanuginosum, Huperzia selago, Lycopodium inundatum} and {\it Diphasiastrum alpinum}. Other localities include Rae Craggs (GR NY 335 343).

There are a number of rocky steep-sided gills (eg. Birk Gill - GR NY 303 356; Burdell Gill - GR NY 313 314). Species recorded from such situations and also from the rock outcrops mentined above include {\it Luzula sylvatica, Vaccinium myrtillus, Calluna vulgaris, Sorbus aucuparia, Crataegus monogyna, Thymus polytrichus, Hieracium} sp., {\it Digitalis purpurea, Blechnum spicant Oxalis acetosella, Polypodium vulgare, Asplenium adiantum-nigrum, Orepoteris limbosperma, Gymnocarpium dryopteris, Cryptogramma crispa}, plus in wet areas, {\it Saxifraga aiziodes, Primula vulgaris} (Burdell Gill), {\it Chrysosplenium oppositifolium} and {\it Epilobium anagallidifolium}.

There are a number of flush and larger valley mire features occurring across the whole of the SSSI, while around the margins are areas of marshy grassland. The flushes are too numerous to describe individually. In the main they fall into the acidic/neutral category and are dominated by {\it Juncus effusus} and {\it Sphagnum} spp. or by carpets of small Carices. Species recorded from such situations around the common include {\it Sphagnum recurvum, S. papillosum, S. palustre, S. capillifolium, Carex nigra, C. viridula} subsp. {\it oedocarpa, C. panicea, C. echinata, Juncus bulbosus, Equisetum palustre, E. fluviatile, Galium palustre, Caltha palustris, Menyanthes trifoliata, Aulacomnium palustre, Potamogeton polygonifolius, Cardamine pratensis, Epilobium palustre, Juncus articulatus, Pedicularis palustris, Montia fontana, Cirsium palustre, Stellaria alsine, Myosotis secunda, Viola palustris, Lotus pedunculatus, Valeriana dioica, Filipendula ulmaria, Achillea ptarmica, Chrysosplenium oppositifolium, Eriophorum angustifolium, Drosera rotundifolia} (infrequent), {\it Hydrocotyle vulgaris, Vaccinium oxycoccos, Veronica beccabunga, Triglochin palustris} and {\it Narthecium ossifragum}. 

Localised areas with a higher level of base enrichment have species such as {\it Pinguicula vulgaris, Prunella vulgaris, Carex dioica, C. pilulifera} and {\it Selaginella selaginoides}.   

Several flushes are important as localities for the nationally scarce (NS) {\it Hammarbya paludosa}: Bannes Hill (GR NY 3565 3519), Driggith Mine Track (NY GR 341 351) - both CWT sites (the latter also having {\it Parnassia palustris}), plus Black Dub (GR NY 353 342). In addition, at GR NY 353 347 there is a record for {\it Carex pauciflora}, while {\it Ranunculus hederaceus} has been recorded from Dale Beck (GR NY 299 355). Black Moss at GR NY 356 340, north of Mosedale, is considered to be an sepecially diverse lowland valley mire.

Further wet vegetation occurs in marginal stands of marshy grassland. This is generally dominated by {\it Jucnus effusus}. One such area is Mosedale Moss (GR NY 358 331 - Map 3), where there are also abundant {\it Juncus acutiflorus, Sphagnum} spp. and {\it Polytrichum commune}. A further large area occurs at White Hill (GR NY 285 366 - Map 2), with smaller areas occurring on Ellerbeck common and Faulds Brow.

SITE VISIT TO GRAINSGILL BECK AREA (18.08.96).

This was done as part of attending a bryophyte identification course run by the Field Studies Council from Blencathra centre (Tutor: Dr M. E. Newton). 

This valley has seen extensive past mining activity, originally lead and latterly flourspar. A significant proportion of the old buildings and spoil heaps were levelled a few years ago. Grainsgill Beck itself is a bouldery mountain stream. Where it passes the site of the old washing plant (GR NY 324 329) the beck has extensively undercut the old spoil heaps. 

The base of the valley has a closely-grazed {\it Agrostis/Festuca} grassland turf with frequent patches of dense bracken throughout. The spoil has a similar turf, but is locally quite sparse and with frequent {\it Aira praecox}. In addition, the spoil appears locally to be somewhat calcareous in character, with abundant {\it Thymus ?drucei}, locally frequent {\it Linum catharticum, Euphrasia officinalis} agg. and {\it Luzula campestris}. There also appear to be some base-enriched flush/spring areas near to the beck with {\it Carex panicea, C. viridula} subsp. {\it oedocarpa, Linum catharticum, Prunella vulgaris} and {\it Pinguicula vulgaris}. 

Some way along Grainsgill Beck, an unnamed tributary joins the main stream from the north (confluence at GR NY 323 333). The smaller tributary has several extensive bryophyte-rich springs. This beck eventually leads after 200-300m to a steep-sided gully. The sides of this are flushed with base-rich water upon which were noted occasional {\it Pinguicula vulgaris, Saxifraga aizoides, Chrysosplenium oppositifolium, Linum catharticum} and {\it Selaginella selaginoides}. Bryophytes recoeded here were: {\it Amphidium mougeottii, Philonotis fontana, Scapania undulata, Bryum pseudotriquetrum} and {\it Pellia epiphylla}. The drier rocks have abundant {\it Vaccinium myrtillus} and {\it Calluna vulgaris}, locally abundant {\it Luzula sylvatica} and locally occasional {\it Erica cinerea} and {\it Hieracium} sp. Unfortunately the base of this gill appears to be suffering from trampling by humans.

The following bryophytes were recorded along the beck, tributary and souuronding habitats, which include acidic grassland, mine spoil and base-rich springs/flushes. Starting point from NY GR 327 327. {\it Dicranum scoparium, Pleurozium schreberi, Polytrichum commune, P. piliferum, Rhyncostegium riparioides, R. lusitanicum, Racomitrium aciculare, R. fasciculare, R. heterosticum, Dicranella palustris, Philonotis fontana, Bryum pseudotriquetrum, B. pallens, Ambylostegium tenax, Pogonatum aloides, Andraea rothii, A. rupestris, Ptilidium ciliare, Diplophyllum albicans, Marsupella emarginata, Calliergon cuspidatum, Grimmia donniana, Schistidium apocarpum, Jungermannia exsertifolia, Amphidium mougeottii, Cratoneuron filicinum, Rhizomnium punctatum, Tortula muralis} (on concrete!), {\it Gymnocolea inflata, Pohlia proligera, Ceratodon purpureus, Scapania undulata, Nardia scalaris, Cephaloziella} sp., {\it Pellia epiphylla, Blindia acuta, Oligotrichum hercynium, Coscinodon cribosus, Marsupella ?sprucei} and {\it Gymnomitrion concinnatum}.        

B. NON SSSI PORTION - Faulds Brow/Ellerbeck Common.

The Faulds Brow area was covered by a separate heather condition survey by R. Jerram. The central portion (GR NY 2940) has a cover rate of more than 75 per cent with plants between 10-30cm tall. To the north of square NY 2840 this falls to around 51-75 per cent, although plants are taller at 30cm. Plants here were described as "leggy" in 1986, with some burnt areas. To the eastern side, the heath generally occurs as a mosaic with grassland, the cover ranging from 10-75 per cent (5-10cm), while to the far NE, near Priest's Brow, there is less than 10 per cent cover (5cm). Target notes from 1986 show much of this vegetation to be on a thin peat layer with {\it Pleurozium schreberi, Rhytidiadelphus squarrosus} and {\it Cladonia arbuscula}. Localised small areas of wet heath (especially to the east) are indicated by the presence of {\it Sphagnum compactum, S. capillifolium, S. palustre, Polytrichum commune, Eriophorum angustifolium, Trichophorum cespitosum, Molinia caerulea, Polytrichum commune, Erica tetralix} and {\it Juncus squarrosus}. At GR NY 313 414 (1982) there is also a record for {\it Drosera rotundifolia}.

Acidic grassland across this part of the common is typically dominated by {\it Festuca ovina, Agrostis capillaris} and {\it Nardus stricta}, with abundant {\it Anthoxanthum odoratum}. Other associates recorded include (GR NY 316 408, 1986) {\it Danthonia decumbens, Potentilla erecta, Galium saxatile, Trifolium repens, Luzula campestris, Plantago lanceolata, Carex binervis, Leontodon autumnalis, Hypochaeris radicata, Ranunculus acris, Campanula rotundifolia, Lotus corniculatus} and {\it Digitalis purpurea}. 

Other habitats occurring on both Ellerbeck Common and Faulds Brow include areas of dense {\it Ulex europaeus} scrub associated with acidic grassland, marshy grassland dominated by {\it Juncus effusus}, plus various flush features. The latter tend to be dominated by {\it Juncus effusus}, with other species which include {\it Juncus inflexus, J. articulatus, J. conglomeratus, Carex nigra, C. echinata, C. curta, C. viridula} subsp. {\it oedocarpa, C. dioica, Epilobium palustre, Pedicularis palustris, Cardamine pratensis, Galium palustre, Caltha palustris, Veronica beccabunga, Mentha aquatica, Glyceria} sp., {\it Cirsium palustre, Molinia caerulea, Menyanthes trifoliata, Potentilla palustris} and {\it Ranunculus flammula}. Locally there are flushes dominated by carpets of short sedges; recorded from GR NY 285 385 are {\it Valeriana dioica, Achillea ptarmica, Succisa pratensis} and {\it Pinguicula vulgaris}. 

A final feature of interest from Faulds Brow are several disused quarries and associated areas of base-rich grassland. This is generally dominated by {\it Festuca ovina} and {\it Agrostis capillaris}, with associates which include {\it Prunella vulgaris, Trifolium dubium, Arenaria serpyllifolia, Euphrasia officinalis, Sagina nodosa, Taraxacum officinale, Thymus polytrichus, Achillea millefolium, Prunella vulgaris} and {\it Bellis perennis}. Species growing on the old working faces include {\it Chamerion angustifolium, Rosa} spp., {\it Crataegus monogyna, Asplenium} sp. and {\it Potentilla sterilis}. 

Ditches along the roadside edge at GR NY 316 408 (1986) are "lime-rich" and contain {\it Briza media, Linum catharticum, Hieracium pilosella, Cerastium fontanum} and {\it Achillea millefolium}.

MANAGE:
The common is grazed by sheep and lies within the Lake District ESA. This has been designated because of the outstanding environmental importance of the fells and valleys of the area. Of particular relevance to Lake District commons is the impact of grazing levels upon the ecology of certain upland habitats such as  heathland and a range of mire types, many of which feature amongst the "Priority Habitats" of the UK Biodiversity Action Plan.  

Farms entering the scheme do so under a 10 year management argeement and receive a variety of payments in return for farming in a manner which is compatible with the special character of the Lake District. There are two tiers of entry and the first applies to the whole area of the farm. Of particular relevance to common land amongst the provisions of the first tier are specified maximum stocking densities on the open fell which take into account the presence of heather.

The second tier is optional and provides for even lower stocking densities on "heather fell". There is also an optional tier aimed at making better provision for public access, plus certain payments aimed at maintaining/enhancing juniper scrub/ghylls/water margins etc.

For an individual common to be entered into the ESA scheme, it requires all of the relevant commoners to join on a whole farm basis and this is often unrealistic to achieve. However, here are many circumstances where farmers have individually joined the ESA, who also have grazing rights on common land. In such cases, these commons have been designated "Common land with controlled grazing rights". These farmers are not allowed to put additional stock onto the common above pre-scheme levels, even if these were above those allowed by the grazing rights. 

For reasons of confidentiality it has not been possible in this project to identify whether or not an individual common has been entered into the ESA scheme. However, for a general summary of the approximate area of Cumbrian Common Land now covered by ESA agreements, please refer to the main report (but note that this information is likely to be somewhat out of date). 

Grazing levels appear especially heavy on the northern sections outside the SSSI boundary at Faulds Brow and Ellerbeck Common. Several roads cross these fairly level areas and are cattle gridded at the common land boundary. There appears to be local semi-improvement of the grassland sward here. 

There is a variety of management work undertaken by English Nature, notably the rotational burning of the main blocks of heather moor. The National Park Authority have been involved in the various landscaping and safety measures at some of the old mining sites. This has included demolition of buildings etc., capping of old mine shafts and levelling of spoil. There are extensive old mine workings beneath Carrock Fell. Such features in some areas provide important bat roosts (eg. Mid-Wales). It has been the practice here to seal old mine shafts with grids to allow continued access (and escape!) by any bats. 

Recreational activities on the common appear to be regulated to some extent by the commoners. Individual commons in the block tend to have their own associations, with a joint executive committee. This body has an influence on the frequency of organised recreational activities. A particular concern is to restrict these during the bird breeding period, to avoid disturbane to ground nesting species. A particular issue during 1995 has been the decision by the National Park Authority to allow motorcycle trials to take place at several localities within the SSSI, including on this common, Broughton Gill and Carrock Fell. Checks by National Park Rangers will ensure that old mining sites and wet areas are avoided.

There are a number of features of geological interest on this common and throughout the SSSI - see citation. Faulds Brow has several small disused limestone quarries, several of which are recorded in the site files of the CWT and are candidate RIGS sites.


FAUNA:
There is no information relating specifically to the common. Information on the fauna in general can be drawn fron the citation for the Mallerstang and Swaledale Head SSSI, which the common adjoins. The Pennine Moors of this area support important populations of golden plover and dunlin, while dotterel have been recorded on eroded, stony summits. Red grouse, curlew, lapwing and redshank are locally abundant as breeding birds. Peregrine, raven and ring ouzel nest on gritstone crags. The numerous watercourses are habitat for breeding common sandpiper and dipper. Areas of tall heath are especially important for breeding merlin and short-eared owl.

VEG:
The common comprises a sizeable section of the fells of the Pennine fringe, at the edge of Stainmore Forest. The North Pennines were the subject of a Phase 2 survey undertaken in the early 1990s (see references section). The relevant report for this common is that for Block 7, surveyed in 1993 and covering Nine Standards Rigg-Rogan's Seat-Melbeck's Moor. The habitat map is a translation to Phase 1 of the NVC communities mapped by the Phase 2 survey. 

The common itself comprises an extensive plateau area to the south with steeper slopes to the north descending into the Eden Valley. In view of the recent detailed survey, the site has not been visited. The underlying geology is Carboniferous, mainly grey musdtones and siltstones. On the higher ground there are caps of millstone grits and sandstones. Along the northern slopes of the common there is also a band of outcropping limestone. The "Stainmore Common" area is also a Cumbria Wildlife Trust "County Wildlife Site". Most of the common lies within its boundaries (see map - the boundary follows the southern edge of the common and the site includes most of the common apart from a section of the north-western slopes).

The plateau of the common carries extensive areas of blanket bog. This is mainly of NVC type M19b. This vegetation is dominated by {\it Eriophorum vaginatum} and {\it Sphagnum} spp. and characterised by an abundance of {\it Calluna vulgaris, Vaccinium myrtillus, V. vitis-idaea} and {\it Empetrum nigrum}. Other species recorded for the area as a whole include {\it Erica tetralix} and {\it Rubus chamaemorus}. 

On the lower slopes and toward the eastern part of the common there is a transition to a species-poor NVC type M20 community, characterised by {\it E. vaginatum} and {\it Deschampsia flexuosa}. This community is poor in {\it Sphagnum} and has been translated to the Phase 1 category of 'E18' - dry modified bog. The blanket mire on the common has extensive signs of erosion in the form of obvious hagging and gully erosion. Parts of the blanket mire have many small wet hollows which have bog pools supporting the {\it Sphagnum cuspidatum/recurvum} bog pool community (NVC M2). Pool margins and bare peat around hagged areas also support the {\it Eriophorum angustifolium} bog pool community (M3).

Grassland on the northern slopes is either of {\it Nardus stricta} (NVC U5) or {\it Juncus squarrosus} (NVC U6). These communities are also found on the Gill sides where peat erosion has exposed the underlying mineral soils. 

Locally there is the {\it Calluna vulgaris/Deschampsia flexuosa} dwarf shrub heath community (H9) in a mosaic with acidic grassland. This occurs on the common in the area around GR NY 830 090 (Map 1) and has been translated to the Phase 1 heath/acidic grassland mosaic ('D5'). These heaths are often rich in hypnaceous mosses such as {\it Hypnum cupressiforme, Plagiothecium undulatum, Pleurozium scherberi, Rhytidiadelphus loreus} and acrocarpous species such as {\it Pohlia nutans, Campylopus paradoxus} and {\it Dicranum scoparium}. 

Scattered throughout these slopes and within some of the gills leading onto the plateau are acidic flush features mostly dominated by {\it Sphagnum recurvum} and {\it Juncus effusus} (NVC type M6c).

MANAGE:
The common is grazed by sheep. These tend to favour the more sheltered grassland slopes to the north. Sustained heavy grazing pressure is thought to have been a factor in the degradation and erosion of the blanket mires at the plateau margins. Similarly, areas of heathy vegetation on the northern slopes are also said to be in a suppressed condition and undergoing degeneration. Supplementary feeding is provided in the winter. There is grouse shooting on the moors as a whole, but it is not thought that any of the heather on the blanket mire of the common has been burnt. There are a number of old mine sites on the common.


FAUNA:
Noted during site visit were: skylarks, swallows, oystercatchers, lapwings, starlings. 

The flats and marshes of the Upper Solway Firth form one of the largest continuous areas of intertidal habitat in Britain, exceeded only by Morecambe Bay and the Wash. The whole estuarine complex is a site of national and international importance for wintering wildfowl and wading birds and is a vital link in a chain of west coast estuaries used by migrating birds. In recognition of this fact, the site has been listed as a wetland of international importance under the Ramsar convention and classified as a Special Protection Area under Article 4 of the EC Directive 79/409/EEC on the conservation of wild birds. 

The site as a whole is also noted for its populations of breeding birds, natterjack toads and invertebrates, having a Grade B entry in the Invertebrate Site Register (see below). 

The estuary as a whole regularly supports 85,000 wintering waders, with 11 species considered nationally important (numbers exceeding 1 per cent of the British population). These are oystercatcher (37,000), sanderling (260), knot (7,700), curlew (5,600), redshank (2,300), turnstone (570), golden plover (7,300), ringed plover (410), grey plover (540), bar-tailed godwit (3,600) and dunlin (14,000). The first six species are recorded at numbers of international significance. 

As regards wildfowl, the Solway regularly supports 29,000 birds, with internationally important numbers of barnacle goose (9,000), pink-footed goose (13,000), shelduck (1,400) and whooper swan (160). Five additional species are present at nationally important levels; Bewick's swan (60), pintail (500), wigeon (2,000), goldeneye (150) and scaup (990). Most significantly, the entire Svalbard (Spitzbergen) breeding population of barnacle geese winters on the Solway.

The intertidal areas of the estuary are of value to geese primarily as a safe nocturnal roosting area, with most of the feeding occurring on the marshes and inland. For waders the intertidal flats are the feeding grounds. This common appears to contain part of one of the more important expanses on these habitats in this context (ie the mouth of Moricambe Bay). This area is also one of several main roosting sites for the geese. At the time of the site visit, numerous skylarks, lapwings and starlings were noted. The common appears to offer good potential nesting habitat for the former two species and a feeding area for all three.

Over 10 per cent of the total British population of the rare natterjack toad {\it Bufo calamita} occurs on the Solway, dispersed between several colonies. They breed in pools on the landward edge of the saltmarsh and are here at the northern limit of their range in Britain. There are a number of such ponds present on this common, with one known breeding pool (Erica Donnison, pers. comm.). The uncommon great crested newt {\it Triturus cristatus} also breeds within the SSSI.

The invertebrates of the estuary are a vitally important feature of the food chain and the reason why the high numbers of wading birds can be supported. Relatively few species are well adapted to the extreme conditions of the intertidal mud flats but those species that do occur are found in vast numbers, thriving in the fertile estuarine situation. The main species include ragworm {\it Nereis diversicolor}, lugworm {\it Arenicola marina}, various shelled bivalves {\it Macoma balthica} etc., snails (eg. {\it Hydrobia ulvae}) and the shrimp-like species {\it Corophium volutator}. A similarly specialised invertebrate fauna occurs on the saltmarshes. Records for Skinburness Marsh are primarily for beetles (Coleoptera). Most of these are rather old, but there is a 1987 record for the nationally notable waterbeetle {\it Agabus conspersus}.

VEG:
The common lies on the southern shore of Moricambe Bay, part of the Upper Solway Flats and Marshes SSSI. The site is also part of a proposed Special Area of Conservation (pSAC) under the EC Habitats Directive. It is mentioned in "A Nature Conservation Review" (ed. D.A. Ratcliffe, 1977). 

The saltmarshes of the Upper Solway are among the most important in Britain, and certainly in north-west Britain. Their geographical location provides a link between northern and southern elements in the range of saltmarsh communities and flora within Britain. Only a very brief visit was made to the site (at the Skinburness end), as there is already so much information available. 

In general, there is a well represented sequence of communities from the shore moving inland. The marsh at the Skinburness end of the common is fairly typical in this respect (target note at NY 136 555). The seaward edge is characterised by species such as {\it Puccinellia maritima, Glaux maritima, Armeria maritima, Plantago maritima, Suaeda maritima, Aster triploium} and {\it Salicornia europaea}, with the invasive {\it Spartina} spp. so far absent (as at 1984, although it had been recorded from the SSSI at this date). Above this there is a transition to grassy mid saltmarsh dominated by {\it Festuca rubra}, with {\it Armeria maritima} and {\it Plantago maritima} more abundant. Locally there are also {\it Puccinellia maritima, Juncus gerardii, Glaux maritima, Trifolium repens} and {\it Potentilla anserina}. 

Calvo Creek and other channels have {\it Aster tripolium, Suaeda maritima, Halimione portulacoides, Armeria maritima, Salicornia} sp. {\it Cochlearia officinalis, Triglochin maritima} and {\it Spergularia} sp. The plants are often better-developed in the creeks and channels where they are beyond the reach of grazing livestock. 

The maps from the Salt Marsh Survey of Great Britain suggest that the mid-marsh along the length of the common has several dominant species: {\it Festuca rubra, Juncus gerardii, Armeria maritima} and {\it Puccinellia maritima}. The summary for Moricambe Bay as a whole records that most of the saltmarsh is of a mid-upper marsh type, with extensive stands of {\it Juncus gerardii}, with {\it Puccinellia/Festuca} also abundant. Towards the landward, less frequently-flooded, edge of the marsh the proportion of halophyte species gradually declines, giving way to a sward dominated by {\it Agrostis} spp. and {\it Festuca} spp., accompanied by species such as {\it Leontodon autumnalis, Juncus effusus, Holcus lanatus} and {\it Trifolium repens}. 

The upper saltmarsh at Skinburness shows such a transition, having {\it Deschampsia cespitosa, Cynosurus cristatus, Holcus lanatus, Trifolium repens, Taraxacum} spp., {\it Lotus corniculatus, Potentilla anserina, P. erecta, Plantago lanceolata, P. maritima, Glaux maritima, Stellaria} spp., {\it Matricaria matricarioides, Ranunculus} spp., {\it Achillea millefolium, A. ptarmica, Rumex} spp., {\it Juncus} spp., {\it Lolium perenne, Festuca rubra, Poa} spp., {\it Arrhenatherum elatius} and {\it Puccinellia} spp. (NY 136 551, NY 144 546). Further along the common at NY 154 551, also recorded from this transitional zone are {\it Juncus gerardii, Anthoxanthum odoratum, Lotus pedunculatus} and {\it Leontodon autumnalis}. 

For much of the length of the common, above this upper saltmarsh zone there is a broad band of marshy grassland with abundant scrub of {\it Ulex europaeus} and other shrub species which include {\it Crataegus monogyna, Rubus fruticosus} agg. and {\it Rosa} spp. The grassland includes {\it Juncus articulatus, J effusus, J. conglomeratus, Nardus stricta, Ranunculus flammula, Deschampsia cespitosa, Achillea ptarmica, Potentilla anserina, Lotus pedunculatus}, and {\it Potentilla erecta}, plus occasional {\it Oenanthe lachenalii} and {\it Cirsium palustre} (Grid Refs: NY 158 551, NY 159 547, NY 165 542).

At the inland edge of the saltmarsh along the length of the common there are several brackish ponds referred to in target notes from the Cumbria Phase 1 survey (Grid Refs: NY 143 546, NY 149 545, NY 154 547, NY 163 543, NY 166 524). Species recorded from these include {\it Bolboschoenus maritimus, Myriophyllum alternifolium, Glyceria fluitans, Alopecurus geniculatus} and {\it Ranunculus} spp. (water crowfoots, including {\it R. sceleratus}). 

These patterns of zonation in the saltmarsh communities are of considerable importance because these features have been largely destroyed by land reclamation at many of the other major coastal saltmarsh systems.

MANAGE:
Most of the marsh is grazed by cattle and some sheep. The Saltmarsh Survey (1984) suggested that the grazing levels on the common are ideal (in copmarison to the other marshes of Morecambe Bay which were said to be grazed too intensely). At the time of the site visit, however, much of the turf appeared to have been scorched, probably through the effect of strong sun and livestock urine. 

There are apparently some internal fences on the common. One fenced area along the edge of the Waver Channel (NY 177 538) is recorded as ungrazed on the Saltmarsh Survey map. 

The road around the periphery of the common near to Skinburness is protected by cattle grids where it enters the site. There appears to be a tall earth bank all round the landward edge of the common. 

The Phase 1 target notes make several references to turf cutting on the common in the early 1970s. This activity is not mentioned in the 1984 Saltmarsh Survey and the 1986 target notes from the Phase 1 survey record regeneration of the turf in these areas. Turf cutting does not appear to have been undertaken since this time.  

It is believed that shooting by wildfowlers takes place on the common.


FAUNA:
The Appleby Fells support an outstanding assemblage of breeding bird species. Upland waders are particularly important, with good populations of species such as golden plover, dunlin, snipe, oystercatcher, common sandpiper and redshank. Birds of prey are also regularly observed, most notably merlin, peregrine, raven and barn owl. 

Other faunal interest is provided by abandoned mine shafts which now provide hibernation sites for Brant's and whiskered bats.

A range of upland streams cutting through acidic and basic strata are likely to be of importance for invertebrate communities, although they have not been studied as yet.

VEG:
This common is an extensive area of upland fell, forming part of the North Pennine range of hills which flanks the eastern edge of Cumbria. All of the common lies within the Appleby Fells SSSI (see map under CL 81W). The Appleby Fells site is also listed in "A Nature Conservation Review" (ed. D.A. Ratcliffe, 1977).

The Pennine uplands rise sharply along a scarp slope to the eastern side of the Eden Valley. This is incised by a number of deeply dissected valleys. These slopes are well-represented on this common, which also includes the outlying hill of Murton Pike. To the east of the scarp lies a plateau area which has seen extensive development of blanket peat. The underlying geology is largely of Carboniferous sandstones and limestones, which have marked influences on the vegetation of the area. There is also significant geological interest, with exposures of the Great Whin Sill, an igneous Dolerite intrusion. The site was mapped mainly using the Cumbria Phase 1 survey. The following description of the site is based on the SSSI schedule for the Appleby Fells, there being insufficient time to visit the area.

The most extensive habitat type is the blanket peat which occupies much of the plateau area. This is predominantly of a type dominated by {\it Eriophorum vaginatum} and {\it Calluna vulgaris}, generally showing little evidence of erosion (in contrast to more southerly parts of the Pennine chain). However, areas of actively growing mire are rather restricted, although there are a few extensive areas with hummocks of {\it Sphagnum papillosum} and {\it S. magellanicum}, interspersed with bog pools colonised with {\it Sphagnum cuspidatum, Narthecium ossifragum} and {\it Drosera rotundifolia}. In parts the blanket mire also has abundant {\it Rubus chamaemorus} and {\it Vaccinium vitis-idaea}. Locally (for example, to the western margin of the blanket mire) there are also areas of degraded vegetation (i.e. dry modified bog), dominated by {\it Eriophorum vaginatum} and {\it Juncus squarrosus}. These may have resulted partly from the combined effects of a high grazing pressure and past burning. Where these effects are severe, peat erosion and "hagging" has occurred.   

Throughout the altitudinal range of the Appleby Fells, especially at the margins of the blanket mire, are numerous base-rich flushes. These are distinctly rich in carices, with {\it Carex nigra, C. pulicaris, Carex viridula} subsp. {\it brachyrrhyncha} and {\it Carex diocia}. Other less common plants occurring at their highest English locations include {\it Epilobium alsinifolium} and the nationally scarce (NS) {\it Primula farinosa}. Others of a more montane distribution include the nationally rare (NR) {\it Saxifraga hirculus}, the nationally scarce {\it Myosotis stolonifera}, plus {\it Epilobium anagallidifolium} and {\it Saxifraga aizoides}.  

N.B. Nationally Scarce (NS): plants recorded from between 16 - 100 ten km squares of the Ordnance Survey grid (JNCC, 1994). Nationally Rare (NR): plants recorded from 15 or fewer 10 km squares (Perring and Farrell, 1983).

Around the hilltops of the plateau, along the valleys which dissect this and  also along the western scarp slope, the blanket peat gives way to a range of other habitats, most prominent of which is acidic grassland. This is mainly dominated either by {\it Nardus stricta} or {\it Juncus squarrosus} and locally by {\it Agrostis capillaris, Festuca ovina} and {\it Deschampsia flexuosa}. Other associates include {\it Potentilla erecta} and {\it Galium saxatile}. In some areas this vegetation has a dwarf shrub element, mostly {\it Vaccinium myrtillus} and occasionally {\it Calluna vulgaris} and {\it Empetrum nigrum}, generally present as a mosaic within the grassland, but occasionally taking the form of discrete heath vegetation. This vegetation is well-developed on some of the gritstone boulder screes which occur on the western scarp slope. Mosses present include {\it Hypnum cupressiforme, Pleurozium schreberi} and {\it Dicranum scoparium}.

Locally throughout the SSSI there are outcrops of Carboniferous Limestone. In association with these have developed areas of calcicolous grasslands. These appear to be of restricted occurrence on this particular common, their only likely locality being on the steep slopes of Brock Scar to the north of Swarth Beck. See under CL 122W where these habitats appear to have their best representation on common land.   

Tall herb ledge vegetation is a further important feature of the Appleby Fells. This occurs on the ungrazed crags and ledges as well as on some of the steeper, inaccessible screes. The richest vegetation occurs on limestone rock, or ledges flushed by base-rich water. Many "uncommon" species are locally dominant, including {\it Minuartia verna} and {\it Thlaspi caerulescens} (both NS), plus {\it Pimpinella saxifraga, Hypericum montanum, Draba incana, Thalictrum minus} and {\it Cochlearia pyrenacia}. 

On the more acidic sandstone, gritstone or Whin Sill ledges an acidic flora has developed, dominated by {\it Teucrium scorodonia, Dryopteris dilatata, Calluna vulgaris} and {\it Empetrum nigrum}. In some instances this is overtopped by a dwarf canopy of {\it Sorbus aucuparia, Ulmus} sp., {\it Crataegus monogyna} and on the more basic crags, {\it Sorbus rupicola} (NS). In addition, there is an excellent range of upland crustose lichens especially on the acidic silaceous rocks: {\it Cladonia} spp., {\it Cornciularia aculeata, Cetraria islandica} and {\it Ptarmica incurva}, the latter being confined to such montane habitats. 

Open water occurs in the Appleby Fells in the form of several upland streams and as peat pools and some larger tarns on peat (the best examples to be found on CL 81W. The range of upland streams cutting through basic and acidic strata is important and although little studied, they are likely to support valued and characteristic algal and invertebrate communities. This is also true of the pools and tarns, which are too acidic to support any significant higher plant vegetation.

Woodland is found as small fragments throughout the site, mostly on the lower fells and along some stream sections. None is mapped on this common.

MANAGE:
The common is grazed by sheep. The vegetation is markedly affected by the grazing patterns. For example, accessible areas of palatable base-rich grassland and flush tend to be very heavily grazed. In addition, selective grazing of dwarf shrub vegetation has encouraged the spread of unpalatable species such as {\it Eriophorum vaginatum} on the more accessible areas of blanket mire; {\it Nardus stricta} on acidic grassland and {\it Juncus squarrosus} onto both habitats. Conversely, the more remote areas of blanket mire are only very slightly grazed. 

Other factors besides the overall stocking levels, such as the flocking behaviour of sheep, shepherding, location of supplementary feeding, the points of entry onto the common for stock, and whether sheep are kept on the fell over the winter, all have siginifcant impacts on the effect of livestock on the vegetation of the site. There is probably also grouse shooting on parts of the common.

The SSSI as a whole is important geologically, with exposures of the Great Whin Sill quartz Dolerite, most notably at Cauldron Snout (to the south of Cow Green Reservoir, just beyond the easternmost point of CL 81W).


FAUNA:
The SSSI files note that the site is important for a number of birds including black and red grouse, which have leks on the common, plus curlew, snipe, redshank and short-eared owl, all of which are known to have bred on the common. The Phase 1 notes suggest that the common is also important for stonechat, reed bunting, twite, meadow pipit and tawny owl. Also mentioned are roe deer, weasel, common toad and common frog. 

The site also has an entry in the Invertebrate Site Register, with a record for the nationally notable large heath butterfly {\it Coenonympha tullia}. Ungraded sites are either recommended without supporting species information or recorded in the literature as being of interest but unknown to present day entomologists, or other sites where there is insufficient information for evaluation. 

The conservation of the fauna of the common is seen as a vital part of the mire ecosystem.

VEG:
The common forms part of a larger SSSI of the same name, which in turn forms a part of the "Solway Mosses" complex, a candidate Special Area of Conservation to be designated under the EC Habitats Directive. 

The site is a very important peatland body, being one of the best deep peat sites in the county. There is very little damaged by cutting and the mire retains an active surface layer of bog-mosses {\it Sphagnum} spp. It is thought that the site has transitional characters between raised and blanket mire, being situated at an altitude of 95m in an area of relatively high rainfall. Over the last 40 years there have been drastic reductions in the extent of lowland peat in Britain, due to an accelerated rate of peat extraction, afforeststion and reclamation for agriculture. Walton Moss is therefore particularly important both locally and nationally. 

The cover of {\it Sphagnum} mosses is typically between 70-100 per cent. The main species are {\it S. recurvum} and {\it S. cuspidatum} in "lawns" and hollows, with {\it S. papillosum, S. magellanicum} and {\it S. capillifolium} forming hummocks. Leafy liverworts are notably abundant amongst the {\it Sphagnum} and include at least two rare species, {\it Cephaloziella subdentata} and {\it C. elachista}. The higher plant species growing through the {\it Sphagnum} carpet are characteristic of good, well-developed raised mire and include {\it Andromeda polifolia, Vaccinium oxycoccos, Drosera rotundifolia, Rhynchospora alba, Calluna vulgaris} and {\it Erica tetralix}. There are also records for {\it Narthecium ossifragum, Iris pseudacorus, Sparganium erectum, Carex pendula, Genista anglica, Vaccinium vitis-idaea} and {\it V. uliginosum}.   

Locally some of the mire vegetation has been significantly modified by past peat removal, burning or drainage. The resulting communities have much less {\it Sphagnum} and are dominated by {\it Molinia caerulea, Eriophorum vaginatum}, and in parts, {\it Juncus effusus} and {\it J. acutiflorus}.

To the edges of the mire itself, there are expanses of unimproved acidic grassland. These are characterised by {\it Molinia caerulea, Deschampsia flexuosa, D. cespitosa, Nardus stricta, Agrostis canina, Juncus squarrosus, Potentilla erecta, Festuca ovina} and {\it Galium saxatile}, with scattered {\it Vaccinium myrtillus, Calluna vulgaris} and {\it Erica tetralix}. Old drains and larger areas are  infested with {\it J. effusus}, plus {\it Sphagnum} and {\it Polytrichum} spp. in places. To the extreme east (522 666), wetter areas are also said to have {\it Viola palustris} and {\it Succisa pratensis}. Scattered bushes of {\it Ulex europaeus} are present near to the road across the common. 

To the extreme east is a small block of {\it Betula} sp. woodland, also with some {\it Salix} sp. and {\it Alnus glutinosa}. The narrow westward portion of the common appears to comprise improved grassland.

MANAGE:
The huge importance of this site has been outlined in the foregoing sections. The site is grazed at a low intensity by sheep, which probably confine themselves largely to the peripheral grassland areas. There is no active peat working at present, and any done in the past has been on a small scale. This is in contrast to many of the lowland peatland sites in the county, including Bolton Fell (not common land) just to the north.  

The layers of peat laid down over the centuries provide an irreplaceable historical record of changes in the area and the peatland is therefore valuable for paleo-ecological studies.


FAUNA:
The Appleby Fells support an outstanding assemblege of breeding bird species. Upland waders are particularly important, with good populations of species such as golden plover, dunlin, snipe, oystercatcher, common sandpiper and redshank. Birds of prey are also regularly observed, most notably merlin, peregrine, raven and barn owl. 

Other faunal interest is provided by abandoned mine shafts which now provide hibernation sites for Brant's and whiskered bats.

A range of upland streams cutting through acidic and basic strata are likely to be of importance for invertebrate communities, although they have not been studied as yet.

VEG:
This common is an extensive area of upland fell, forming part of the North Pennine range of hills which flanks the eastern edge of Cumbria. All of the common lies within the Appleby Fells SSSI (see map under CL 81W). The Appleby Fells site is also listed in "A Nature Conservation Review" (ed. D.A. Ratcliffe, 1977).

The Pennine uplands rise sharply along a scarp slope to the eastern side of the Eden Valley. This is incised by a number of deeply dissected valleys and includes, to the south of the common, part of the outlying hill of Roman Fell.  To the east of this lies a plateau area which has seen extensive development of blanket peat. The underlying geology is largely of Carboniferous sandstones and limestones, which have marked influences on the vegetation of the area. There is also significant geological interest, with exposures of the Great Whin Sill, an igneous Dolerite intrusion. The site was mapped mainly using the Cumbria Phase 1 survey. The following description of the site is based on the SSSI schedule for the Appleby Fells, there being insufficient time to visit the area.

The most extensive habitat type is the blanket peat which occupies much of the plateau. This is predominantly of a type dominated by {\it Eriophorum vaginatum} and {\it Calluna vulgaris}, generally showing little evidence of erosion (in contrast to more southerly parts of the Pennine chain). However, areas of actively growing mire are rather restricted, although there are a few extensive areas with hummocks of {\it Sphagnum papillosum} and {\it S. magellanicum}, interspersed with bog pools colonised by {\it Sphagnum cuspidatum, Narthecium ossifragum} and {\it Drosera rotundifolia}. In parts the blanket mire also has abundant {\it Rubus chamaemorus} and {\it Vaccinium vitis-idaea}. 

Locally (for example, to the western margin) the blanket mire is degraded (i.e. Phase 1 'D5' - dry modified bog) and is progressing in places to acidic grassland. The dominant species here are {\it Eriophorum vaginatum} and {\it Juncus squarrosus}. These may have resulted partly from the combined effects of a high grazing pressure and past burning. Where these effects are severe, peat erosion and "hagging" has occurred.  

Throughout the altitudinal range of the Appleby Fells, especially at the margins of the blanket mire, are numerous base-rich flushes. These are distinctly rich in carices, with {\it Carex nigra, C. pulicaris, Carex viridula} subsp. {\it brachyrrhyncha} and {\it Carex diocia}. Other less common plants occurring at their highest English locations include {\it Primula farinosa} (NS) and {\it Epilobium alsinifolium}. Others of a more montane distribution include {\it Saxifraga hirculus} (NR), {\it Myosotis stolonifera} (NS), Saxifraga aizoides and {\it Epilobium anagallidifolium.  

N.B. NS = Nationally Scarce; i.e. species recorded from between 16 - 100 ten km squares of the Ordnance Survey grid (JNCC, 1994). NR = Nationally Rare; i.e. plants recorded from 15 or fewer 10 km squares (Perring and Farrell, 1983).

Around the hilltops of the plateau, along the valleys which dissect this and  also along the western scarp slope, the blanket peat gives way to a range of other habitats, most prominent of which is acidic grassland. This is mainly dominated either by {\it Nardus stricta} or {\it Juncus squarrosus} and locally by {\it Agrostis capillaris, Festuca ovina} and {\it Deschampsia flexuosa}. Other associates include {\it Potentilla erecta} and {\it Galium saxatile}. 

In some areas this vegetation has an element of dwarf shrub vegetation, mostly {\it Vaccinium myrtillus} and occasionally {\it Calluna vulgaris} and {\it Empetrum nigrum}, generally present as a mosaic within the grassland, but occasionally taking the form of discrete heath vegetation. This vegetation is well-developed on some of the gritstone boulder screes which occur on the western scarp slope. Mosses present include {\it Hypnum cupressiforme, Pleurozium schreberi} and {\it Dicranum scoparium}.

Locally throughout the site there are outcrops of Carboniferous Limestone. These occur sporadically along the scarp of Swindale Edge, but are best represented on CL 122W lying immediately to the south. A range of calcicolous grassland types occurs in association with these features (see under CL 122W). 

Tall herb ledge vegetation is a further important feature of the Appleby Fells. This occurs on the ungrazed crags and ledges as well as on some of the steeper, inaccessible screes. The richest vegetation occurs on limestone rock, or ledges flushed by base-rich water. Many "uncommon" species are locally dominant, including {\it Minuartia verna} and {\it Thlaspi caerulescens} (both NS), plus {\it Pimpinella saxifraga, Hypericum montanum, Draba incana, Thalictrum minus} and {\it Cochlearia pyrenacia}. A similar vegetation is also found on the shallow limestone pavement on Musgrave Scar and Middle Fell (CL 122W).

On the more acidic sandstone, gritstone or Whin Sill ledges an acidic flora has developed, dominated by {\it Teucrium scorodonia, Dryopteris dilatata, Calluna vulgaris} and {\it Empetrum nigrum}. In some instances this is overtopped by a dwarf canopy of {\it Sorbus aucuparia, Ulmus} sp., {\it Crataegus monogyna} and on the more basic crags, {\it Sorbus rupicola} (NS). In addition, there is an excellent range of upland crustose lichens especially on the acidic silaceous rocks: {\it Cladonia} spp., {\it Cornciularia aculeata, Cetraria islandica} and {\it Ptarmica incurva}, the latter being confined to such montane habitats. 

Open water occurs in the Appleby Fells in the form of several upland streams and as peat pools and some larger tarns on peat (the best examples occurring on CL 81W). The range of upland streams cutting through basic and acidic strata is important and although little studied, they are likely to support valued and characteristic algal and invertebrate communities. This is also true of the pools and tarns, which are too acidic to support any significant higher plant vegetation.

Woodland is found as small fragments throughout the site, mostly on the lower fells and along some stream sections, although none is recorded for this common.


FAUNA:
Noted during the brief site visit were: lapwing, yellowhammer, chaffinch, skylark, willow warbler, thrush, ravens (x2 overhead) curlew (in distance), dunnock, meadow pipit, swift, robin, magpie, rabbits. 

The limestone pavement on the common lies within a Grade C site on the Invertebrate Site Register. This states that there is a strong colony of the local grayling butterfly {\it Hipparchia semele} on this fell. Several other rare and local butterflies have been noted here, but not in any numbers. These include the nationally notable northern brown argus {\it Aricia artaxerxes} and pearl-bordered fritillary {\it Boloria euphrosyne}, plus the vulnerable (RDB 2) high brown fritillary {\it Argynnis adippe}. Further survey of the site is recommended.

VEG:
The common forms the northern portion of Farleton Knott. This is an extremely distinctive landscape feature comprising a low Carboniferous Limestone hill. The steep north-facing slope with extensive screes is visible from a long distance and is an important local landmark. The habitat map has been based on that of the Cumbria Phase 1 survey. 

Most of the common lies within the SSSI of the same name (see map). The majority of this site is listed in "A Nature Conservation Review" (ed. D.A. Ratcliffe, 1977). The site has extensive limestone pavements which have been notified to Cumbria County Council by English Nature under Section 34 of the Wildlife and Countryside Act, 1981 (see map). In addition, the Farleton Knott SSSI plus the nearby Hutton Roof Crags SSSI (also largely registered common land), now collectively form a part of the Morecambe Bay Pavements proposed Special Area of Conservation (pSAC), to be designated under EC legislation.

The SSSI as a whole is of both geological and botanical importance and contains the second largest expanse of limestone pavement in Cumbria after Hutton Roof Crags SSSI (lying immediately to the south of this site and also common land). Many of the pavements have been damaged by clint removal, but there is still much intact pavement remaining. These are well-developed and display outstanding examples of solution features. There are also important features in relation to glaciation. For a fuller account of the geological characteristics of the area consult English Nature.

The limestone pavement within the boundary of the common lies predominantly in the southern portion. Uncommon species found within the grikes include the nationally rare (NR) {\it Carex ornithopoda}, the nationally scarce (NS) {\it Epipactis atrorubens, Polygonatum odoratum, Gymnocarpium robertianum} and {\it Dryopteris submontana}, plus more "local" species such as {\it Geranium sanguineum, Convallaria majalis, Melica nutans, Inula conyza, Viola hirta, Galium sterneri, Mycelis muralis, Polystichum lonchitis} and {\it P. aculeatum}. (Nationally rare species are defined as those occurring in 15 or fewer ten km squares of the National Grid, while nationally scarce species are those occurring in bewteen 16 and 100 ten km squares - see references). Other more common species include {\it Anemone nemorosa, Oxalis acetosella, Allium ursinum, Mercurialis perennis, Asplenium trichomanes, A. ruta-muraria, Phyllitis scolopendrium} and {\it Geranium robertianum}. 

Scrub and tree cover is rather sparse on Farleton Knott due to grazing pressure, but the following species occur quite frequently: {\it Fraxinus excelsior, Acer pseudoplatanus, Corylus avellana} and {\it Crataegus monogyna} with, less commonly, {\it Sorbus aucuparia, Quercus petraea, Taxus baccata, Juniperus communis, Sambucus nigra, Prunus spinosa, Sorbus} sp. and {\it Rhamnus catharticus}.

Amongst the pavements and on the hilltop to the north are extensive areas of unimproved calcicolous grassland. However, this is less botanically diverse than that on Hutton Roof. It is one of the largest expanses of this habitat type in South Cumbria. The sward is generally dominated by {\it Sesleria caerulea} (NS), with {\it Danthonia decumbens, Festuca ovina, Anthoxanthum odoratum, Briza media} and {\it Carex flacca} all widespread. Forbs include {\it Thymus praecox, Filipendula vulgaris, Lotus corniculatus, Galium sterneri} and {\it Asperula cynanchia}.

Areas of deeper drift soils found in hollows and on terraces, support contrasting acidic grassland communities. These are dominated by {\it Nardus stricta} and {\it Festuca ovina}, with {\it Agrostis} spp., {\it Luzula campestris, Galium saxatile} and {\it Potentilla erecta}. Locally there are also {\it Vaccinium myrtillus} and {\it Calluna vulgaris}. 

The edges of Farleton Knott have steep hillsides with very prominent limestone scree slopes. At the slope bases and elswehere there are stands of dense bracken {\it Pteridium aquilinum}, often with scrub dominated by {\it Ulex europaeus}. A peripheral block of semi-natural mixed woodland at the western edge of the common is not target noted.

To the east of the road which crosses the common is an area outside the SSSI boundary, known as "Puddle Mire". This comprises fairly level ground which has extensive areas of bracken and scattered {\it U. europaeus} scrub. Other associates whiah have been target noted are {\it Galium saxatile, Potentilla erecta, Polygala vulgaris, Juncus effusus, J. conglomeratus, J. squarrosus, Carex echinata} and {\it Nardus stricta}. In the centre of this (1) is a poorly-drained area shown as wet heath dominated by {\it Molinia caerulea, Calluna vulgaris} and {\it Erica tetralix}. Other recorded associates are {\it Sphagnum} sp., {\it Polytrichum} sp., {\it Narthecium ossifragum} and {\it P. erecta}.

MANAGE:
The common is grazed by sheep. Available information sources suggest a "continual grazing pressure". Sheep could be seen high on the hillside during the site visit although much of the limestone pavement area and the scree slopes are probably inaccessible to livestock. The road across the NE edge, which adjoins Puddle Mire, is gated. This appears to be a well-used area by sheep, with the vegetation closely grazed in places. 

As discussed earlier, extensive areas of the limestone pavement on this common have been severely damaged by past stone removal. The pavements of Farleton Knott are now the subject of a Limestone Pavement Order (July 1989). This designation makes removal of limestone illegal under the Wildlife and Countryside Act, 1981.


FAUNA:
There are no records of fauna specifically relating to this common. As the vegetation is heavily grazed, it is unlikely to have a high potential in this regard, but may be good for ground nesting birds such as meadow pipit and skylark. A portion of the common lies within an SSSI. See under CL 4W for a full account of the avifauna associated with this.

VEG:
The common forms part of a block of common land within an area of low limestone hills, which link the Pennines with the Lake District. A small area to the north of the common lies within an SSSI: Sunbiggin Tarn and Moors and Little Asby Scar. In turn, this forms a part of the "Asby Complex" proposed Special Area of Conservation (pSAC), to be designated under the EC Habitats Directive.

An area centred upon Sunbiggin Tarn (including an area to the north of this common) is categorised as a "County Wildlife Site" by Cumbria Wildlife Trust. For the full boundaries of these two sites, please refer to CL 4W. In addition, areas of dwarf shrub heath have been the subject of a heather condition survey conducted in (1989?) by English Nature. 

The area in general was mapped by the Cumbria Phase 1 survey in 1984, and the accompanying habitat map has been based upon this. A very brief visit was made to this block of common land, driving northwards across CL 33W from Brownber, crossing onto CL 4W and then CL 105W to the road junction at GR NY 685 091, then turning SW and proceeding to a lay-by at Sunbiggin Tarn and finally passing onto CL 96W.

To the north of the common lie a number of base-rich flush features which are associated with the Sunbiggin tarn complex. For a full account of Sunbiggin tarn and associated habitats please refer to the contiguous CL 96W. 

Most of the common comprises a closely-grazed and species-poor acidic grassland sward. This is in contrast with other commons in this block. All are fenced from each other, with the result that the different grazing regimes have had marked visual effects on the vegetation. On the contiguous CL 4W to the north for example, there is a stand of mature {\it Calluna vulgaris} dry dwarf shrub heath which is still managed as grouse moor. Any {\it Calluna} still remaining on this particular common has all been mapped as a mosaic of acidic grassland plus dry heath, as the maps of the English Nature heather condition survey indicate that the {\it Calluna} is at less than 10 per cent cover in these areas. The Phase 1 survey notes at GR NY 696 068 "{\it Calluna} heath with {\it Festuca ovina} and {\it Potentilla erecta}". To the north-west of the common are a number of acidic flush features, although these do not appear to have been target noted. 

A final feature to note, identified during the Phase 1 survey and straddling the boundary between this commmon and CL 4W, is a small basin mire at Ewefell: GR NY 698 066 "Ewefell Mire is a basin mire with open water and islands of {\it Sphagnum} and heavily grazed grassland. {\it Equisetum fluviatile} grows in the water". The site was also the subject of a survey of Aquatic Macrophytes by R. Stokoe in 1983 (report available from English Nature).

MANAGE:
This block of common land is managed by sheep grazing. The individual units which make up the block are all separated from each other by boundary walls. These make the commons into separate grazing units; the roads across the area are cattle-gridded at the boundaries between the individual commons. 

Each grazing unit shows obvious signs of a different intensity of grazing management. This can be seen in crossing from one common to another, in the distribution of {\it Calluna} heath. For example, this common is the most heavily-grazed CL unit of the whole complex and has an acidic grassland sward, while on the other side of the boundary wall on CL 4W, there is {\it Calluna} heath. A particularly good point from which to view this feature is on the road to the west of Sunbiggin Tarn, where the boundaries of three separate CLs meet.


FAUNA:
Noted during the site visit were: wheatear, pied wagtail, buzzard, meadow pipit, lapwing, rook.

VEG:
The common lies on the hills to the south and east of Ravenstonedale. The area was covered by the Cumbria Phase 1 survey in 1984, with several target notes being available. A brief visit was made to the common, where it was viewed while walking between the farm at Bowber Head and along the A683 as far as the contiguous CL 166W. 

Most of the common comprises a sward of unimproved acidic grassland. There is little target noted information describing most of this. During the present survey, the main types present appeared to be dominated either by {\it Nardus stricta} (NVC type U5) or {\it Juncus squarrosus} (NVC U6). Locally, as in the area around Bowber Head, is a short sward of {\it Agrostis/Festuca} (NVC U4) grassland with locally abundant {\it Urtica dioica} and {\it Cirsium arvense}, while elsewhere, {\it Juncus effusus} is prominent (possibly marshy grassland or flushed areas). 

Many parts of the common have small outcrops of Carboniferous Limestone, and this has influenced the flora. To the south for instance: GR NY 752 020 - "Fellside closely cropped by sheep with sandstone and limestone outcrops, covered in {\it Thymus polytrichus, Cirsium vulgare, Euphrasia} sp., and clumps of {\it Nardus stricta} and the nationally scarce (NS) {\it Minuartia verna}". 

N.B. Nationally Scarce = plants recorded from between 16 - 100 ten km squares of the Ordnance Survey grid (JNCC, 1994).

Also to the north of the A683 there are further limestone outcrops: GR NY 751 039 "A fellside of limestone outcrops and acidic grassland with patches of {\it Sphagnum} sp., and {\it Polytrichum} sp., {\it Nardus stricta, Calluna vulgaris} and {\it Vaccinium myrtillus}". 

This area was investigated during the present survey (GR NY 753 038). Here, moving north from the road is a sward of {\it N. stricta} acidic grassland within which are areas of limestone scree and other outcrops (two old lime kilns noted). Associated with these outcrops is a very closely-cropped calcicolous turf. This appears to be dominated by {\it Festuca rubra} with {\it Carex caryophyllea, C. flacca, Euphrasia} sp., {\it Lotus corniculatus, Thymus polytrichus, Linum catharticum} and a tiny species of {\it Alchemilla}, possibly the nationally rare (NR) {\it A. minima}.

N.B. Nationally Rare = species recorded from 15 or fewer ten km squares of the Ordnance Survey grid (Perring and Farrell, 1983). 

The Phase 1 survey also maps wet hollows to the south of the common (Heckgill Mire) - basin mires, marshy grassland and wet heath with {\it Erica tetralix} and {\it Calluna vulgaris}. Unfortunately there appears to be no other information about these features. Abundant {\it Juncus effusus} was noted in areas of flushing around Tarn Sike (GR NY 744 028) during the present survey.

MANAGE:
The common is grazed by sheep. Grazing levels appear quite high, especially in close proximity to the roads across the common. These are unfenced and in the main, protected by cattle grids where they pass onto the common. There is some evidence of old lime kilns on the site, to the north of the A683. Also noted along this road was dumping of silage and rubble. There is a wide lay-by at one point. 

Part of the common, to the north, coincides with the Ash Fell Edge SSSI. This has been designated on geological grounds. The road cutting and old quarries at this site provide the most important outcrops of two of the major formations within the Carboniferous Limestone of the region. They are also important as the source of a variety of extremely well-preserved fossils, remains of the animals that flourished in the Lower Carboniferous sea. 

Further survey of this common is needed, especially of the calcicolous grasslands and the poorly-drained area at Heckgill Mire.


FAUNA:
The Howgill Fells range have an ungraded entry in the Invertebrate Site Register. The Howgills are described as very underworked entomologically. T. Bird of Kendal found a number of local upland beetles (Coleoptera) and there is a rather old record of the rare cranefly {\it Tipula grisescens}, a species associated with upland peat bogs, from Cautley Spout (probably just to the south of the common on the contiguous CL 26WR. There is also a record for the golden-ringed dragonfly {\it Cordulegaster boltonii}. 

There is a fair degree of ornithological interest within the Howgills Fells as a whole. The upland grassland is important for ground-nesting birds such as syklark, meadow pipit and possibly twite. There are a small number of records for breeding merlin in the locality. Craggy areas may provide nesting sites for peregrine. There are a number of pairs of buzzard known to breed in the area.

VEG:
The common comprises the north-eastern portion of the Howgill Fells range. The habitat map has been based on that of the Cumbria Phase 1 survey, with a number of target notes and dominant species codes being available (1984). Unfortunately, there was insufficient time to visit this common, apart from viewing it from a distance. 

Most of the common supports an acidic grassland sward. This is dominated mainly by either {\it Nardus stricta} or {\it Juncus squarrosus}. Locally there is also some {\it Agrostis/Festuca} grassland. Other associates include {\it Potentilla erecta} and {\it Galium saxatile. Vaccinium myrtillus} is also present locally, with small areas of dry heath vegetation being mapped (in some cases as a mosaic of dry heath plus acidic grassland). 

A number of flush/marshy grassland features have been mapped, mainly associated with valleys. {\it Juncus effusus} is the dominant species here, with {\it Sphagnum} spp. in flushed areas, plus {\it Polytrichum commune} in some areas. There are a range of relevant target notes: 

(1 - Map 2), GR NY 715 034 - "Marshy grassland with {\it Sphagnum} sp., {\it Polytrichum} sp., {\it Potentilla erecta, Galium saxatile, Polygala vulgaris, Juncus} spp., {\it Carex} spp., {\it Drosera rotundifolia, Carex panciea} and {\it Myosotis} sp.". 

(2 - Map 2), GR NY 722 204 - "Wet flush with {\it Juncus conglomeratus, Sphagnum} sp., {\it Polytrichum} sp., {\it Polygala vulgaris, Drosera rotundifolia, Pedicularis sylvatica} and {\it Potentilla erecta}". Small stands of bracken {\it Pteridium aquilinum} are present at the bases of some of the peripheral slopes. 

Other target notes read as follows: 

GR NY 716 006 - "Open fell with {\it Viola canina, Potentilla erecta, Juncus conglomeratus, Sphagnum} sp., {\it Polytrichum} sp., {\it Galium saxatile} and {\it Festuca ovina}". 

GR NY 715 010 - "A fellside streamside with {\it Potentilla erecta, Juncus} sp., {\it Polytrichum} sp., {\it Mnium} sp., {\it Festuca ovina} and {\it Cerastium arvense}". 

Finally, a number of small remnants of blanket bog are shown on some of the plateaux tops of the hills to the south of the common. No species information is available, but those on the adjoining CL 42W are dominated by {\it Eriophorum vaginatum} and are transitional with {\it Juncus squarrosus} acidic grassland. Consequently they have been shown as the Phase 1 category of 'E18' - dry modified bog.

MANAGE:
The common is grazed by sheep. Much of the vegetation is dominated by unpalatable species such as {\it Nardus stricta} and {\it Juncus squarrosus}. This would suggest a long period with a sustained high grazing intensity. 

The Howgills area is due to be scheduled as SSSI on account of interesting river geomorphology. Part of a geological SSSI - Backside Beck and Spen Gill already overlaps the common (see map). This has been notified on account of good exposures of fossiliferous Ordovician and Silurian rocks. For further details of geological SSSIs please consult English Nature.


