# file3

FAUNA:
Rabbit, woodpigeon, small tortoiseshell butterfly and the dragonflies gold-ringed and {\it Sympetrum} sp. were recorded during the site visit. The common lies within the Black Hill Heath SSSI which supports silver-studded blue butterfly, small red damselfly, bog bush cricket, smooth snake and the birds hobby, nightjar and Dartford Warbler. Nightjar and silver-studded blue are listed on the middle list of globally threatened/declining species in the UK Biodiversity Action Plan.

VEG:
Black Hill Heath is situated on an undulating, south-west facing slope south-west of Bere Regis. The underlying geology is of Reading Beds and London Clay, overlain in part by plateau gravels. There are Bronze Age round barrows on the common (R.Legg, 1995). The common was subject to a Phase 1 survey in 1987 and little further survey was carried out for the purposes of this report. 

The common largely supports dry, dwarf-shrub heath dominated by {\it Calluna vulgaris} with locally frequent {\it Ulex minor} and {\it Erica tetralix} and occasional {\it E. cinerea}. {\it Vaccinium myrtillus} is locally abundant along the ridge, an uncommon species on the heaths of S.E. Dorset. Along the lower edge of the common are two areas of wet dwarf-shrub heath comprising {\it Erica tetralix, Molinia caerulea, Trichophorum cespitosum, Juncus acutiflorus, Potentilla erecta, Sphagnum tenellum, S.compactum, Cladonia portentosa, Leucobryum inundatum} and boggy hollows of {\it Sphagnum papillosum, S. tenellum, S. magellanicum, S. capillifolium, S. cuspidatum, S. subnitens, Narthecium ossifragum} and {\it Drosera rotundifolia}. {\it Rhynchospora alba} was also recorded from the wet heath during the site visit. There are a few patches of continuous and scattered {\it Pteridium aquilinum} amongst the heath. Lowland heathland is one of the key habitats in the UK Biodiversity Action Plan.

Adjacent to the sand and gravel pits at the southern end of the common is an area of sparse, unimproved acid grassland with {\it Agrostis curtisii, Veronica scutellata, Erica cinerea, Centaureum} sp., {\it Senecio} sp. and {\it Anagallis arvensis} with patches of bare ground. Lowland dry acid grassland is one of the key habitats in the UK Biodiversity Action Plan. There is quite a bit of scrub along the path side along the upper edge of the common comprising {\it Ulex europaeus, Lonicera periclymenum, Betula pendula, Quercus robur, Ilex aquifolium, Rubus fruticosus} agg. and {\it Corylus avellana} with some {\it Teucrium scorodonia, Stellaria holostea} and {\it Pteridium aquilinum}. 

There is a small pocket of {\it Betula pendula} dominated woodland along the south-western boundary towards the northern end of the common with some mature {\it Quercus robur} on the boundary bank, some {\it Ilex aquifolium} in the understorey and {\it Molinia caerulea, Juncus effusus} and {\it Pteridium aquilinum} in the groundflora. The south-eastern end supports an area of mixed woodland with a canopy of {\it Pinus sylvestris, P. nigra, Quercus robur} and {\it Betula pendula} with some {\it Ilex aquifolium} locally in the understorey and a groundflora of {\it Pteridium aquilinum, Calluna vulgaris, Molinia caerulea, Rubus fruticosus} agg. and {\it Lonicera periclymenum}. There was an open area to the south in 1987 dominated by {\it Pteridium aquilinum} with local patches of {\it Erica cinerea} and {\it Calluna vulgaris}. {\it Molinia caerulea} and {\it Agrostis curtisii} were also present. 

The northernmost end of the common is fenced off and had been ploughed.

MANAGE:
At the time of the site visit the common was being grazed by cattle (three were seen during the site visit) together with the area of the SSSI to the east to which the common is open. There were also areas where there had been scrub and {\it Pteridium aquilinum} control. The amount of {\it P. aquilinum} on the common has apparently been much reduced since the 1987 Phase 1 survey. The northern end of the common is fenced and under arable cultivation. It had recently been ploughed.


FAUNA:
Blackbird and small tortoiseshell butterfly were recorded during the site visit.

VEG:
Soulsmoor is situated to the south of Bere Stream on the outskirts of Bere Regis. The common largely supports semi-improved neutral grassland comprising frequent {\it Lolium perenne, Agrostis capillaris, A. stolonifera, Plantago lanceolata} and occasional {\it Crepis capillaris, Holcus lanatus, Trifolium dubium, T. repens, Cerastium fontanum} and {\it Polygonum aviculare}. {\it Cirsium arvense} and {\it Potentilla reptans} are locally abundant and {\it Rumex acetosa} and {\it Carex ovalis?} also occur locally. There is a small group of young {\it Populus tremula} on the common to the north of Egdon Close.  

The easternmost end supports frequent {\it Dactylis glomerata} and {\it Plantago lanceolata} with occasional {\it Senecio jacobaea, Rumex obtusifolius} (locally frequent), {\it Odontites vernus, Hypochaeris radicata, Achillea millefolium} and {\it Ranunculus repens} with locally frequent {\it Urtica dioica}. {\it Arrhenatherum elatius} also occurred locally. 

The westernmost end supports frequent {\it Arrhenatherum elatius} and {\it Holcus lanatus} and occasional {\it Lychnis flos-cuculi, Rumex obtusifolius, Juncus effusus, Senecio jacobaea, Trifolium pratense, Hypericum tetrapterum, Odontites vernus, Festuca rubra} and {\it Epilobium montanum}. 

There is an area of marshy grassland bordering the stream supporting {\it Juncus effusus, Filipendula ulmaria, Lotus pedunculatus, Polygonum hydropiper, P. persicaria, Festuca rubra, Plantago lanceolata, Senecio aquaticus, Iris pseudacorus} and {\it Potentilla anserina}. There was much {\it Rorippa nasturtium-aquaticum} in the stream bordering the common. 

The majority of the common is bordered by fencing with a small length of species-rich hedgerow at the eastern end supporting {\it Prunus spinosa, Crataegus monogyna, Fraxinus excelsior, Sambucus nigra, Humulus lupulus} and {\it Ruscus aculeatus}. Other hedgerows support {\it Prunus spinosa, Rubus fruticosus} agg. and {\it Rosa} sp.

MANAGE:
Soulsmoor is managed as pony pasture although there are no registered rights on the common and has been subdivided with fencing. It is fairly heavily grazed with tall ruderal species {\it Urtica dioica, Cirsium arvense} and {\it Rumex obtusifolius} established in places. The westernmost end is apparently little grazed.


FAUNA:
The dragonfly {\it Orthetrum cancellatum} was recorded during the site visit. 

The common forms a small part of the Turners Puddle Heath SSSI which supports breeding populations of all 6 British native species of reptile, notably the sand lizard and smooth snake. The dry heath with stands of {\it Ulex europaeus} supports stonechat and the rare Dartford warbler. Nightjar breed on the SSSI and bog provides important feeding areas for hobby. The bog pools support a number of typical heathland dragonflies including the local small red damselfly. Other restricted insects present in suitable habitat within the SSSI include bog bush cricket and silver-studded blue (SSSI citation). Woodlark and the red data book ladybird spider have also been recorded from the common (Whole Site Objectives Statement).

The following breeding birds were recorded from the Turners Puddle Heath area 1987-88; little grebe, mute swan, canada goose, mallard, sparrowhawk, buzzard, kestrel, red legged partridge, pheasant, moorhen, coot, woodpigeon, collared dove, turtle dove, cuckoo, nightjar, green woodpecker, great spotted woodpecker, tree pipit, wren, dunnock, robin, stonechat, blackbird, song thrush, grasshopper warbler, Dartford warbler, garden warbler, blackcap, chiffchaff, willow warbler, goldcrest, long tailed tit, marsh tit, willow tit, coal tit, blue tit, great tit, nuthatch, treecreeper, jay, magpie, carrion crow, chaffinch, greenfinch, goldfinch, linnet, bullfinch and yellowhammer. The following additional species were also present during the breeding season and therefore possibly breeding in the area; tufted duck, curlew, little owl, tawny owl, lesser spotted woodpecker, skylark, meadow pipit, pied wagtail, mistle thrush, sedge warbler, reed warbler, lesser whitethroat, spotted flycatcher and whitethroat (E.Flatters). The additional species cormorant, grey heron, teal, hobby, lapwing, snipe, black-headed gull, stock dove, swift, sand martin, swallow, house martin, fieldfare, redwing, rook, starling, redpoll and reed bunting were recorded from Turners Puddle Heath and Chamberlaynes Heath during 1984.

Sand lizard, skylark and song thrush are listed on the short list of globally threatened/declining species in the UK Biodiversity Action Plan and nightjar, linnet, reed bunting, spotted flycatcher, bullfinch, turtle dove, woodlark and silver-studded blue butterfly on the middle list.

VEG:
Throop Heath (part) is a narrow strip of common land bordering a minor road on the edge of an extensive area of lowland heathland between the rivers Piddle and Frome to the north of Bovington Camp. The heathland has developed on infertile soils derived from Bagshot sands and clays overlain locally with Plateau gravels. The SSSI contains one of the largest continuous tracts of lowland heathland remaining in Dorset supporting dry and wet heath and valley mire communities including the nationally scarce* {\it Gentiana pneumonanthe, Rhynchospora fusca} and the very restricted {\it Sphagnum pulchrum} (SSSI citation). 

The common largely supports a mosaic of marshy grassland and wet heath. The former is dominated by {\it Molinia caerulea} and the heathland comprises {\it Molinia caerulea, Calluna vulgaris, Erica tetralix} and occasional {\it E. cinerea}, the ericaceous component varying from about 30-70 percent. Additional species recorded include {\it Ulex minor, Succisa pratensis, Salix repens, Potentilla erecta, Pedicularis} sp. and {\it Agrostis curtisii}. There is some scattered scrub on the common, particularly at the northern end, comprising {\it Ulex europaeus, Salix capraea, Betula pendula} and locally {\it Pinus} sp. A couple of small ponds had recently been created on the common. Lowland heathland is one of the key habitats in the UK Biodiversity Action Plan.

The southern end of the common supported semi-natural broadleaved woodland with locally frequent {\it Betula pubescens?} and occasional {\it Quercus robur} and {\it Pinus sylvestris?}. The understorey supported {\it Ilex aquifolium} and {\it Ulex europaeus} and the groundflora {\it Deschampsia cespitosa, Pteridium aquilinum, Teucrium scorodonium, Rubus fruticosus} agg. and {\it Calluna vulgaris} with locally abundant {\it Molinia caerulea} and locally {\it Erica cinerea}. 

The common is fenced from the road, the immediate road verge supporting frequent {\it Centaurea nigra, Festuca pratensis, Lotus corniculatus, Festuca rubra} and occasional {\it Rhinanthus minor, Achillea millefolium, Dactylis glomerata, Arrhenatherum elatius, Vicia cracca} (locally frequent), {\it Lathyrus pratensis, Ranunculus repens, Cynosurus cristatus, Plantago lanceolata, Taraxacum officinalis, Trifolium pratense, T. repens, Centaureum} sp. and locally frequent {\it Agrostis stolonifera}. Other species recorded include {\it Succisa pratensis, Anthyllis vulneraria, Leucanthemum vulgare, Matricaria recutita?, Odontites vernus} and locally {\it Brachypodium pinnatum} and {\it Filipendula ulmaria}. 

*Nationally scarce species are those occurring in between 16 and 100 10km squares in Britain (Scarce plants in Britain, D.A.Pearman {\it et al}, 1994).

MANAGE:
The common lies within the fenced area which, according to a sign at the southern end, is owned by Dorset County Council and managed by the Planning Department's Conservation Field team under a wildlife enhancement scheme. There are no registered rights on this common. The area has open access, often with grazing stock and there is no visible boundary between the common and the adjoining land to the east. There were horses grazing the area at the time of the site visit. At the time of the 1988 Phase 1 survey there was a 'fair covering of young and mature {\it Pinus} spp.' on this area of the heath which have been removed. Two small ponds have been recently excavated on the common. The immediate road verge is mown.


FAUNA:
Rabbit was recorded during the site visit. A small part of the common lies within the Hartland Moor SSSI (the two small mires). The SSSI supports a rich fauna including all six British species of reptile with breeding populations of the rare sand lizard and smooth snake. The ponds and bog pools support all the typical heathland dragonflies including the very local small red damselfly and the rare Southern Coenagrion ({\it Coenagrion mercuriale}). Grasshoppers are well represented and include the rare heath grasshopper, large marsh grasshopper, bog bush cricket and mottled grasshopper and a number of uncommon solitary wasps and spiders have also been recorded. The silver-studded blue butterfly also occurs on the SSSI. Hobby hunts over the valley mires and rare winter visitors include merlin and hen harrier. Sand lizard and {\it Coenagrion mercuriale} are listed on the short list of globally threatened/declining species in the UK Biodiversity Action Plan and large marsh grasshopper and the silver-studded blue butterfly on the middle list.

VEG:
The area known as Langton Wallis heath was the only part of a huge area of 956.88 hectares covering The Moors, Middlebere, Slepe, Arne and Gold Point heaths that became registered common land. The area cuts off along a grid line which does not relate to any feature on the ground. Langton Wallis heath largely supports semi-improved neutral grassland dominated by {\it Agrostis capillaris} with frequent {\it Holcus lanatus} (abundant in the wetter areas) and occasional {\it Plantago lanceolata, Cerastium fontanum, Cirsium arvense, Leontodon autumnalis, Geranium molle, Stellaria media} and {\it Rumex acetosella} (locally frequent). {\it Lolium perenne, Ranunculus repens, Trifolium repens, Centaurea nigra} and {\it Achillea millefolium} were locally frequent and {\it Urtica dioica, Juncus effusus, Dactylis glomerata} and {\it Galium palustre} locally occasional. The fungus {\it Macrolepiota procera} was also recorded.

There are two small mires on the common which are included within the Hartland Moor SSSI. These were surveyed in 1984 by the National Trust. The southern mire was found to be the richest with frequent {\it Molinia caerulea} (rarely forming tussocks) with {\it Sphagnum} lawns and locally open bare wet peat. The most common species were {\it Drosera rotundifolia, D. intermedia, Erica tetralix, Narthecium ossifragum, Eleocharis multicaulis, Trichophorum cespitosum, Eriophorum angustifolium, Schoenus nigricans} and the nationally rare* {\it Erica ciliaris}. {\it Lycopodium inundatum, Pinguicula lusitanica} and the nationally scarce** {\it Rhynchospora fusca} were of more locallized occurrence. The northern mire had a greater prominence of {\it Molinia caerulea} with fewer bare wet peat areas. The species composition was similar to the above with the exception of {\it Lycopodium inundatum, Rhynchospora fusca} and {\it Pinguicula lusitanica} which are typical of more open peat areas. The mires were not resurveyed during the site visit {\it Narthecium ossifragum} was evident in the southern mire and some {\it Typha latifolia} was also recorded. {\it Molinia caerulea} was still prominent in the northern mire and some {\it Erica tetralix, E. ciliaris, Trichophorum cespitosum} and {\it Ulex minor} were observed from the periphery. The northern mire was surrounded by {\it Juncus effusus} with occasional {\it Cirsium palustre}. 

The common is crossed by Benjamin Fayle's 'New Line' which was a horse-drawn tramway from Norden claypits to Middlebere Jetty on Poole Harbour between 1806 and 1905 (R.Legg, 1995). This track is bordered by hedgerows of {\it Crataegus monogyna, Rubus fruticosus} agg. and {\it Ulex europaeus}. The compacted, and in some places chalky, ballast along the tramlines on the NNR provide a rich habitat for many small plants such as {\it Thymus polytrichus, Lotus corniculatus, Cerastium} sp. and the nationally scarce** {\it Crassula tillaea} (NNR leaflet). 

*Nationally rare species are those occurring in 15 or fewer 10 km squares in Britain.

**Nationally scarce species are those occurring in between 16 and 100 10km squares in Britain (Scarce plants in Britain, D.A.Pearman {\it et al}, 1994).

MANAGE:
The area (at least to the east of the track) is subject to a Heathland restoration scheme. Soil fertility is being reduced by stimulating plant growth with nitrogen fertilisers which are not persistent in the soil and it is being grazed with traditional livestock breeds such as Red Devon Cattle and Exmoor ponies. At the time of the site visit Soay? sheep were grazing the common. (There are no registered rights on this common). The presence of {\it Typha latifolia} (not previously recorded) in one of the mires may be an indication of rising nutrient levels probably draining off the surrounding land which would be deleterious to the mire communities. There is internal fencing on the common.


FAUNA:
Grey heron was recorded during the site visit.

VEG:
Millhams is situated in a bend in the River Avon on the outskirts of Bournemouth, bisected by the A35. This area was subject to a Phase 1 survey in 1986 during the Avon Valley SSSI survey. The northern part was described as rank {\it Agrostis stolonifera/Festuca arundinacea} with some {\it Pulicaria dysenterica, Mentha} sp., {\it Filipendula ulmaria} and much {\it Potentilla anserina} and {\it Odontites vernus}. An old drain in the south-west had {\it Glyceria maxima, Carex nigra, Polygonum amphibium, Pulicaria dysenterica, Caltha palustris, Baldellia ranunculoides?, Juncus articulatus, Mentha} sp. and {\it Symphytum} sp. The southern part had large patches of {\it Urtica dioica, Epilobium hirsutum, Filipendula ulmaria} and {\it Pulicaria dysenterica} with patches dominated by {\it Festuca rubra} with {\it Mentha} sp. and {\it Pulicaria dysenterica}. Old drains in this area supported {\it Caltha palustris, Mentha aquatica, Iris pseudacorus, Rumex hydrolapathum} and {\it Glyceria maxima}. {\it Pulicaria dysenterica} and {\it Lythrum salicaria} were recorded along the edge of the Mill stream. 

There is no public access to this common which was only viewed from the roadside during the site visit. The northern part had banks of {\it Urtica dioica} and {\it Cirsium arvense} with patches of {\it Iris pseudacorus}. {\it Lolium perenne, Potentilla anserina} and {\it Ranunculus repens} were frequent with locally frequent {\it Dactylis glomerata} and {\it Trifolium repens}. {\it Pulicaria dysenterica, Mentha} sp. and {\it Filipendula ulmaria} were occasional and {\it Senecio} sp. locally occasional. 

The southern part was ranker with abundant {\it Urtica dioica} and frequent {\it Cirsium arvense, Pulicaria dysenterica} and {\it Ranunculus repens}. {\it Symphytum} sp. and {\it Heracleum sphondylium/Angelica sylvestris} were occasional. {\it Polygonum} sp. was locally frequent. A wet area with lying water supported {\it Caltha palustris, Iris pseudacorus, Persicaria maculosa, Mentha} sp. and {\it Agrostis} sp. There were {\it Salix fragilis} along the boundaries. The southern end supports an area of {\it Salix} scrub?

The southern area is an SNCI described as having been improved in the past with areas of {\it Lolium perenne} grassland present, the majority of the field supporting wet tall herb communities due to seasonal flooding comprising {\it Urtica dioica} and {\it Epilobium hirsutum} with {\it Filipendula ulmaria, Oenanthe crocata, Symphytum officinale, Mentha aquatica} and {\it Phalaris arundinacea}. Damper areas and ditches contain {\it Glyceria maxima} with some {\it Caltha palustris, Rumex hydrolapathum, Myosotis scorpioides, Iris pseudacorus, Callitriche} agg. and {\it Carex riparia}. {\it Lychnis flos-cuculi} was also noted (SNCI survey 1991/92?).

MANAGE:
At the time of the site visit seven horses and a foal were grazing the northern part of the common and there had been horses on the southern part also. Both areas were being grazed by horses during the 1986 Phase 1 survey, the southern part being described as very roughly grazed. The northern part appeared less rank than previously recorded but with banks of {\it Urtica dioica} and {\it Cirsium arvense}. Grazing rights are limited over part to between 12th August and 14th February, presumably to allow for a hay crop. It was unclear whether a hay crop was still taken. The site may qualify as an area of floodplain grazing marsh, one of the key habitats in the UK Biodiversity Action Plan. There is some scrub encroachment at the southern end? The common is fenced from the road. The young {\it Salix fragilis} along the river bank had been planted? This common falls within the Avon Valley Environmentally Sensitive Area but it is unlikely that it is subject to an ESA agreement due to the number of owners and rightholders involved.


FAUNA:
The following birds were noted: chiffchaff, wood pigeon, song thrush, house sparrow, blue tit.

VEG:
The woodland surrounds the grassland, which occupies the central area of the quarry. The woodland is dominated by {\it Acer pseudoplatanus} with frequent {\it Fraxinus excelsior}, plus occasional {\it Quercus robur}. The trees are mature standards, except for a few old coppiced {\it Acer pseudoplatanus} trees. The oldest standards have trunk diameters of 30 to 40cm ACH. There is an understorey of scattered {\it Crataegus monogyna} and {\it Sambucus nigra}. Groundflora species recorded include locally frequent {\it Hedera helix, Geranium robertianum, Geum urbanum, Viola riviniana, Brachypodium sylvaticum, Heracleum sphondylium, Alliaria petiolata} and {\it Rubus fruticosus} agg., plus occasional {\it Deschampsia cespitosa, Millium effusum} and {\it Dryopteris filix-mas}. 

The rank grassland (recorded as semi-improved neutral) is dominated by {\it Dactylis glomerata, Poa} spp. and {\it Holcus lanatus}, with locally frequent {\it Arrhenatherum elatius, Deschampsia cespitosa, Alopecurus pratensis, Cynosurus cristatus, Centaurea nigra, Achillea millefolium, Lotus pedunculatus, Vicia sepium, V. hirsuta, Medicago lupulina, Trifolium pratense, T. repens, Veronica serpyllifolia, V. chamaedrys, Rumex acetosa, Plantago lanceolata, Bellis perennis, Taraxacum officinale} agg. and {\it Equisetum arvense}, plus occasional {\it Hypochaeris radicata, Leucanthemum vulgare, Juncus effusus} and the moss {\it Rhytidiadelphus squarrosus}. There is scattered {\it Crataegus monogyna, Ulex europaeus, Salix} spp. and {\it Rosa} sp. scrub at the N. and S. ends of the grassland, with occasional {\it Betula} sp. saplings and stands of {\it Chamerion angustifolium} and {\it Urtica dioica}.

An access track to adjacent property crosses the southern half of the common. On the southern side of the track, there is dense {\it Crataegus monogyna} dominated scrub with frequent {\it Prunus spinosa, Sambucus nigra, Rubus fruticosus} agg. and (along the road) {\it Ulex europaeus}.

MANAGE:
The common does not appear to be grazed. The scatterd scrub in the central area of grassland now forms a small area of woodland edge habitat on the inside edges of the surrounding woodland. In time it will probably colonize the whole area of the grassland, to eventually form dense scrub.


FAUNA:
2 curlews were seen in the eastern half of the common.

VEG:
The detatched section at NZ133421 is mostly enclosed (with wire fencing), improved cattle grazed grassland with occassional scattered {\it Ulex europaeus}. The verges along the two roads which cross this section of the common support rank grassland dominated by {\it Arrhenatherum elatius} with locally frequent {\it Dactylis glomerata, Lolium perenne, Trifolium pratense, Achillea millefolium, Centaurea nigra, Cirsium arvense, Urtica dioica, Heracleum sphondylium} and {\it Anthriscus sylvetris}, plus scattered {\it Crataegus monogyna, Ulex europaeus, Salix caprea} and {\it Cytisus scoparius}. 

The main section of the common can be divided roughly into two areas. Headleyhope Fell, east of the sheep dip at NZ132404 is a NW facing slope mostly covered with {\it Calluna vulgaris} dominated dry heath. West of the sheep dip, at the head of the valley, the slope is much more gentle and this area contains semi-improved acid, poor semi-improved, improved and marshy grassland. These two areas are described in more detail below.

The dry heath on Hedleyhope Fell also contains locally frequent {\it Vaccinium myrtillus} and {\it Empetrum nigrum}. Overall cover of dwarf shrub species is in the range 70 to 90 per cent. There are scattered patches of acid grassland, mostly towards the top of the slope along the B6301 where grazing pressure appears to be heaviest - these are dominated by {\it Agrostis capillaris} with frequent {\it Nardus stricta, Juncus squarrosus, Galium saxatile} and {\it Deschampsia cespitosa}. There are peripheral stands of bracken ({\it Pteridium aquilinum}) at the eastern end of the Fell (where there is also frequent, scattered {\it Ulex europaeus}) and along Hedleyhope Burn at the base of the slope. A walk along the public footpath which runs roughly parallel with Hedleyhope Burn revealed stands of {\it Filipendula ulmaria} and {\it Angelica sylvestris} amongst the dense bracken along the banks, with occasional {\it Crataegus monogyna, Salix} spp. and {\it Ulex europaeus}. Along the footpath, there are patches of grassland (too small to map) dominated by {\it Arrhenatherum elatius} or {\it Agrostis capillaris} with frequent {\it Dactylis glomerata, Achillea millefolium, Campanula rotundifolia, Euphrasia} sp. and {\it Lathyrus linifolius}, plus occasional {\it Leucanthemum vulgare, Cirsium arvense} and {\it Galeopsis tetrahit}. 

Towards the sheep dip at NZ132404 the gradient of the slope decreases and the dry heath grades into marshy grassland which forms a strip (150 to 220m wide) along the B6301. It is dominated by {\it Juncus effusus} and {\it Deschampsia cespitosa} with locally frequent {\it Agrostis capillaris, Holcus lanatus, Achillea millefolium, Cirsium arvense} and {\it C. palustre} plus occasional {\it Calluna vulgaris}. Numerous fertile shoots of the fern {\it Ophioglossum vulgatum} were seen at NZ130401, about 50m from the road. A similar area of marshy grassland is situated along the minor road at NZ118401. The semi-improved acid, poor semi-improved and improved grassland which occupies the rest of this western half of the common lies in a series of enclosures; no livestock were seen but this land is probably grazed by cattle and sheep. 

Three areas of plantation woodland are situated on the common, at NZ122398 ({\it Pinus} sp.), NZ132404 ({\it Pinus} sp.) and NZ150415 ({\it Pinus} sp., {\it Betula} spp. and {\it Sorbus aucuparia}).

MANAGE:
Sheep grazing on Hedleyhope Fell has generally not had an adverse effect on the regeneration of dwarf shrub species to date, except along the B6301, where patches of acid grassland have developed. No difference in the age of the heather was discernable when the Fell was viewed from the B6301 or public footpaths, but patterns suggesting areas of younger heather produced by burning or cuttting were visible from the road on the opposite side of the valley. Sheep have access to the marshy grassland which runs parallel with the B6301. Remaining areas of the common are probably grazed by cattle and sheep.


FAUNA:
2 rabbits seen and several small tortoiseshell butterflies along the road.

VEG:
The dense scrub is dominated by {\it Crataegus monogyna}, with frequent {\it Prunus spinosa, Sambucus nigra} and {\it Rubus fruticosus} agg., plus occasional {\it Rosa} sp. Ground flora species seen include frequent {\it Silene dioica, Stachys sylvatica, Anthriscus sylvestris, Urtica dioica, Galium aparine} and {\it Ranunculus repens}. A dry ditch running parallel with the road contains occasional {\it Dryopteris filix-mas, D. dilatata, Hyacinthoides non-scripta, Cruciata laevipes} and {\it Digitalis purpurea}. The scrub shows evidence of regular grazing (probably sheep), it contains a small clearing of short, grazed, poor semi-improved grassland.

The semi-improved neutral grassland on the eastern edge of the scrub is dominated by {\it Alopecurus pratensis} and {\it Anthoxanthum odoratum}, with frequent {\it Holcus lanatus, Conopodium majus, Trifolium pratense} and {\it T. repens}. Part of it has recently been ploughed up. The roadside verge (2 to 4m wide) just outside the CL boundary supports grassland with a similar composition, but there is also frequent {\it Centaurea nigra} and {\it Cruciata laevipes}.

MANAGE:
Appears to be used for grazing, although no rights are shown in the CL register. In the long term, grazing will limit scrub regeneration.


FAUNA:
1 woodpigeon seen and several blackbirds.

VEG:
The woodland is dominated by mature standard {\it Acer pseudoplatanus}, with occasional {\it Prunus} sp. There is an understorey of dense {\it Sambucus nigra}, with occasional {\it Crataegus monogyna} and {\it Ribes} sp. The groundflora is dominated by {\it Urtica dioica}, with locally frequent {\it Rubus fruticosus} agg., {\it Galium aparine, Lamium album} and {\it Dactylis glomerata}, plus occasional {\it Anthriscus sylvestris, Silene dioica} and {\it Dryopteris filix-mas}. 

Some building rubble has been dumped in the eastern end of the woodland, near a "Tipping prohibited - Teesdale BC" notice. On the northern side, there is a slurry pit about 20m wide. Beyond the woodland, there is a small area of arable land with a silage dump at the eastern end.

MANAGE:
No ongoing management apparent. The woodland appears to be ungrazed. In the long term, retention of any standing or fallen deadwood would be desirable. No crops have been planted on the strip of arable land on the N. side of the woodland, and it is being colonized by {\it Rumex} spp., {\it Taraxacum} sp., {\it Polygonum aviculare} and {\it Senecio vulgaris}.


FAUNA:
2 small copper butterflies seen and several small tortoiseshells.

VEG:
Continuous stands of {\it Urtica dioica} cover most of the area of the common, with locally abundant {\it Chamerion angustifolium, Epilobium hirsutum, Heracleum sphondylium} and {\it Anthriscus sylvestris}. There is frequent scattered scrub ({\it Crataegus monogyna, Rosa} sp., {\it Ulex europaeus, Rubus fruticosus} agg. and occasional {\it Salix} spp.). {\it Fraxinus excelsior} and {\it Acer pseudoplatanus} saplings grow along a dry ditch at the bottom of the slope. The ditch contains stands of {\it Epilobium hirsutum} and {\it Chamerion angustifolium} for most of its length.

The patches of grassland are dominated by {\it Festuca ovina} and {\it Holcus lanatus}, with locally frequent {\it Deschampsia cespitosa, Dactylis glomerata, Arrhenatherum elatius, Alopecurus pratensis, Poa} spp., {\it Galium saxatile, Vicia cracca, Trifolium repens, Ranunculus repens, Trifolium pratense, T. repens} and {\it Taraxacum officinale} agg., plus occasional {\it Geum rivale} (near dry ditch).

MANAGE:
The spread of {\it Urtica dioica} may have been caused by overgrazing in the past. The patches of grass in the central area look as if they are grazed occasionally. Scrub and trees will probably spread gradually through the ungrazed, tall ruderal areas.


FAUNA:
3 small tortoiseshell butterflies seen, also several blackbirds, sparrows and starlings.

VEG:
The grassland is dominated by {\it Lolium perenne} and {\it Holcus lanatus}, with locally frequent {\it Dactylis glomerata, Poa} spp., {\it Alopecurus pratensis, Ranunculus repens, Trifolium repens, Taraxacum officinale} agg., {\it Capsella bursa-pastoris} and {\it Stellaria media}. There are scattered clumps of {\it Urtica dioica} along the boundary walls.

MANAGE:
No livestock were seen. The sward was about 30cm high and probably being grown for silage.


FAUNA:
No fauna was recorded during the 1992 Phase 1 survey.

VEG:
This site was omitted by error from the current survey. According to the 1992 county Phase 1 survey map, the common largely supports coniferous plantation with some scattered scrub towards the southern boundary. The track running along the southern edge was mapped as unimproved neutral grassland (B21 - perhaps should have been coded B12 - semi-improved acid grassland, the adjoining field to the south supporting unimproved acid grassland?). There are no accompanying target notes for the common.

MANAGE:
The majority of the common is under coniferous plantation.


FAUNA:
Several small tortoiseshell butterflies seen, also house sparrows and jackdaws.

VEG:
{\it Betula pubescens} and {\it B. pendula} trees occupy most of the area of the common, with occasional {\it Sorbus aucuparia, Acer pseudoplatanus, Alnus glutinosa, Aesculus hippocastanum}, and {\it Malus} sp. (all less than 8m high). Regeneration is good, and there are frequent dense stands of young saplings. Some of the younger trees appear to have been cut down by vandals.

The understorey consists of frequent {\it Crataegus monogyna}. Small areas of dense scrub around the edges of the woodland are dominated by {\it C. monogyna}, with occasional {\it Sambucus nigra} and {\it Rosa} sp. Along the eastern edge of the common, there are stands of {\it Urtica dioica, Chamerion angustifolium, Anthriscus sylvestris} and {\it Heracleum sphondylium} surrounding a small area of rank {\it Arrhenatherum elatius} dominated grassland with abundant {\it Centaurea nigra, Achillea millefolium} and {\it Plantago lanceolata}.

MANAGE:
No ongoing management apparent. In the long term, it would be desirable to maintain small peripheral areas of scrub and rank grassland, and leave any deadwood {\it in situ} if possible. Adjacent areas of grassland (just outside the CL boundary) appear to be mown regularly.


VEG:
The small enclosures on the western side of the path near the road contain short grassland with patches of {\it Cirsium} sp. and {\it Rumex obtusifolius}. The rest of this side contains rank grassland ({\it Arrhenatherum elatius, Dactylis glomerata, Holcus lanatus, Festuca} sp., {\it Agrostis capillaris}) with patches of {\it Chamerion angustifolium} and {\it Urtica dioica} and scattered scrub ({\it Crataegus monogyna, Sambucus nigra}). There are scattered young {\it Betula} sp. trees at the southern end of this side.

The enclosures on the eastern side of the path near the road contain short grassland with patches of tall herb vegetation and {\it Rumex obtusifolius}. The rest of this side contains dense {\it Pteridium aquilinum} and {\it Ulex europaeus} with peripheral stands of {\it Chamerion angustifolium} and {\it Urtica dioica}.

A steep embankment runs along the eastern edge of the common. It is covered with {\it Ulex europaeus} and patches of mature {\it Calluna vulgaris} (too small to map).

Both sides of the common were viewed from the footpath only, using binoculars.

MANAGE:
The few small enlosures at the northern end of the common, which appear to be still in use, look as if they have been overgrazed - the sward is very short and there are frequent thistles, docks etc. (no livestock were present at the time of survey). Small sheds have been built on these enclosures. The rest of the common looks as if is no longer grazed (or perhaps grazed only occasionally on the western side).


FAUNA:
The following birds were noted: blackbird, house sparrow, robin.

VEG:
The woodland is dominated by mature standard {\it Acer pseudoplatanus}, with scattered {\it Fraxinus excelsior} and {\it Ulmus glabra}, plus occasional {\it Populus} sp. There is good regeneration of {\it Acer pseudoplatanus} and {\it Fraxinus excelsior}; there are frequent saplings. The understorey is composed of scattered {\it Crataegus monogyna} and {\it Sambucus nigra}, plus occasional {\it Rosa} sp., {\it Ribes} sp., {\it Ribes uva-crispa} and {\it Salix} spp.  

The ground flora is mostly dominated by {\it Urtica dioica} and {\it Rubus fruticosus} agg., with locally frequent {\it Galium aparine, Silene dioica, Stachys sylvatica, Geranium robertianum, Brachypodium sylvaticum} and {\it Deschampsia cespitosa}. The moss {\it Thuidium tamariscinum} occurs frequently on exposed rock, with occasional {\it Plagiomnium undulatum, Dryopteris dilatata} and {\it D. filix-mas}. Along the western edge of the wood (ie. along the road), there are small patches of rank grassland dominated by {\it Arrhenatherum elatius}, with frequent {\it Centaurea nigra, Vicia cracca, Stellaria holostea} and {\it Heracleum sphondylium}, plus occasional {\it Chamerion angustifolium}.

MANAGE:
Trees under the electricity transmission lines which cross the common may be cut down from time to time, otherwise there is no ongoing management apparent.


FAUNA:
1 shrew was seen near the stream at NZ425364.

VEG:
At the northern end of the section north of the village (NZ425364), there is a small area of tall herb vegetation along a stream. It is dominated by {\it Epiloblium hirsutum} (which is so dense that the stream is mostly obscured from view), with scattered clumps of {\it Iris pseudacorus}. Near the footbridge, at the eastern end of this area, there is abundant {\it Filipendula ulmaria}, with frequent {\it Elytrigia repens, Arrhenatherum elatius, Galium aparine} and {\it Succisa pratensis}, plus occasional {\it Rubus fruticosus} agg. and {\it Cirsium palustre}. There are occasional {\it Salix capraea} and {\it Crataegus monogyna} bushes along the footpath here. Near the footbridge, the stream contains abundant {\it Veronica beccabunga}.  

The woodland, dense scrub and rank grassland is located in the section SW of the village. The eastern half (crossed by power lines - see map) is dominated by {\it Arrhenatherum elatius} with frequent {\it Dactylis glomerata, Poa} spp., {\it Cynosurus cristatus, Lolium perenne, Centaurea nigra, Achillea millefolium, Odontites vernus, Vicia cracca, Ranunculus repens, R. acris, Trifolium pratense} and {\it T. repens}, plus occasional {\it Briza media}. The sward contains abundant {\it Alopecurus geniculatus} with occasional {\it Achillea ptarmica} around the footbridge (FB on the OS map), where the ground is wet underfoot. The western half (shown as West Common on the OS map) contains young {\it Fraxinus excelsior} and {\it Acer pseudoplatanus} dominated woodland, fringed with dense scrub dominated by {\it Ulex europaeus}, with locally dominant {\it Crataegus monogyna} and {\it Prunus spinosa}. A few of the {\it Fraxinus excelsior} trees have been coppiced. Ground flora species recorded include locally frequent {\it Hyacinthoides non-scripta, Geranium robertianum, Geum urbanum, Viola riviniana} and (around the edges of the canopy) {\it Chamerion angustifolium, Cruciata laevipes, Arrhenatherum elatius} and {\it Deschampsia cespitosa}. 

The remaining parts of the common, situated along Front Street in Hutton Henry, contain amenity grassland with occasional planted trees and mown poor semi-improved grassland.

MANAGE:
The section north of the village is used for grazing horses (2 seen), also at the southern end of this section, there is a small, unenclosed children's play area near the houses. 

The section SW of the village looks as if it has been ungrazed for some time. The grassland area may be cut occasionally for hay. The wooded area generally looks unmanaged, although a few trees have been coppiced and a hawthorn hedge on the southern edge is trimmed regularly. This dense woodland and scrub provides cover for birds and small mammals in a landscape where arable fields predominate, and it should be left {\it in situ} if possible.


VEG:
The grassland appears to be dominated by {\it Lolium perenne} and {\it Poa} spp., with frequent {\it Achillea millefolium, Trifolium repens} and {\it Taraxacum officinale} agg.

MANAGE:
Managed as improved pasture. 5 adult horses were seen.


VEG:
The rank grassland surrounding the bracken is dominated by {\it Arrhenatherum elatius} with frequent {\it Centaurea nigra, Achillea millefolium, Vicia sepium} and {\it Lathyrus pratensis} and scattered stands of {\it Anthriscus sylvestris, Chamerion angustifolium} and {\it Heracleum sphondylium}. The scattered scrub which occurs over the bracken and rank grassland is mostly {\it Ulex europaeus} with occasional {\it Crataegus monogyna} and {\it Prunus spinosa}. There is a small, but dense stand of {\it P. spinosa} in the NE corner of the common.

MANAGE:
No ongoing management apparent. The site is a former quarry, but the ground level is above the road, suggesting that the quarry may have been infilled. 3 sheds have been built just inside the southern boundary, and an access track runs along the western boundary to adjacent houses.


FAUNA:
Several meadow brown and large white butterflies were seen, also the following birds were noted: tree sparrow, blackbird, robin, woodpigeon.

VEG:
The woodland in the two largest sections of the common is dominated by {\it Betula pubescens} with locally frequent {\it B. pendula, Acer pseudoplatanus} and {\it Fraxinus excelsior}, plus occasional {\it Sorbus aucuparia}. There is an understorey of occasional {\it Ilex aquifolium, Crataegus monogyna} and {\it Lonicera periclymenum}. In the central parts of both areas of woodland, the ground flora is composed of patchy {\it Molinia caerulea} with occasional {\it Vaccinium myrtillus, Calluna vulgaris, Sphagnum palustre} and {\it Polytrichum commune} interspersed with bare ground covered with leaf litter. Elsewhere, there is locally frequent {\it Deschampsia cespitosa, Rubus fruticosus} agg. and {\it Stachys sylvatica}, plus occasional {\it Poa nemoralis, Digitalis purpurea, Viola riviniana, Stellaria holostea, Pteridium aquilinum, Dryopteris dilatata} and {\it D. filix-mas}. Around the edges of both areas of woodland, there are stands of tall herb vegetation ({\it Chamerion angustifolium, Urtica dioica, Anthriscus sylvestris, Heracleum sphondlium}) and patches of rank grassland dominated by {\it Arrhenatherum elatius} with frequent {\it Deschampsia cespitosa, Dactylis glomerata, Holcus lanatus, Elytrigia repens, Centaurea nigra, Lathyrus pratensis, Vicia cracca, Plantago lanceolata} and {\it Achillea millefolium}. Wet areas near the roadsides (probably the remnants of shallow ditches) also contain frequent {\it Filipendula ulmaria, Angelica sylvestris} and {\it Juncus effusus}, plus occasional {\it Achillea ptarmica} and {\it Juncus inflexus}.

The small area of wet heath (NZ144448) is dominated by {\it Molinia caerulea} and {\it Calluna vulgaris} with locally frequent {\it Potentilla erecta, Galium saxatile, Deschampsia cespitosa, Succisa pratensis} and {\it Sphagnum palustre}, plus occasional {\it Juncus inflexus} and {\it Polytrichum commune}. There are scattered {\it Betula pubescens, Quercus} sp., {\it Sorbus aucuparia} and {\it Ulex europaeus} seedlings.

MANAGE:
The presence of scattered {\it Molinia caerulea, Calluna vulgaris} and {\it Vaccinium myrtillus} in the woodland suggests that the common may once have been much more open, with more extensive areas of wet heath which were gradually colonized by birch through lack of grazing or other management. Birch and gorse seedlings are established on the small remaining area of wet heath, and it is very likely that within the next 10 years, this will also become birch woodland.   

Several dead birch trees were seen, infected with birch polypore ({\it Piptoporus betulinus}). From a nature conservation point of view, it would be desirable to retain deadwood {\it in situ} as it can support a large number of invertebrates (and hence their predators). The scrub and rough grassland on the common provide areas of woodland edge habitat; the wetter areas near the roads may contain standing water during the winter and are likely to be attractive to amphibians. 

It would probably be impractical to try and restore any pre-existing area of heathland now as the process of birch colonization is so advanced; such a project would require long term financial and management commitments and any benefits would have to be weighed against the possible loss of species which will have now occupied the woodland habitat.


FAUNA:
The following birds were noted: blackbird, blue tit, house sparrow, magpie, song thrush. Rabbits were seen in the southern half of the common.

VEG:
The woodland which occupies most of the area of the common is a mixture of {\it Quercus robur, Betula pendula, B. pubescens} and {\it Acer pseudoplatanus} with occasional {\it Populus} sp. and {\it Sorbus aucuparia}. Most of this woodland has not yet developed a mature structure - the youngest areas are almost impenetrable stands of saplings growing with {\it Rubus fruticosus} agg., {\it Crataegus monogyna} and {\it Sambucus nigra}, plus occasional {\it Ulex europaeus} and {\it Ilex aquifolium}. The most abundant ground flora species is {\it Hedera helix}; other species recorded include locally frequent {\it Holcus mollis, Hyacinthoides non-scripta, Teucrium scorodonia, Stachys sylvatica, Dryopteris dilatata} and the moss {\it Mnium hornum}. The fungus Jew's ear ({\it Auricularia auricula-judae}) was found occasionally on {\it Sambucus nigra}. Mature {\it Pinus} sp. and {\it Larix} sp. trees (probably planted) were found in the oldest area of woodland at the northern end of the common, where there is also frequent {\it Symphoricarpos albus} and occasional {\it Rubus idaeus} and {\it Ribes uva-crispa}.

The woodland is interspersed with patches (mostly too small to map) of tall herb vegetation ({\it Chamerion angustifolium, Epilobium hirsutum, Urtica dioica, Anthriscus sylvestris}, plus occasional {\it Impatiens glandulifera} and {\it Reynoutria japonica}) and rank grassland dominated by {\it Arrhenatherum elatius} or {\it Dactylis glomerata}. There are also small areas of acid grassland dominated by {\it Agrostis capillaris}, with frequent {\it Luzula campestre} and {\it Galium saxatile}.

MANAGE:
No ongoing management apparent. Woodland and scrub appears to be encroaching on the small areas of tall herb vegetation and grassland. Retention of any standing and fallen deadwood would be desirable as this can potentially support a large range of invertebrates (and hence their predators). Standing deadwood can also provide nesting sites for birds (eg. in cavities where the wood has rotted away).


FAUNA:
Several house sparrows and blackbirds seen.

VEG:
All of the common is closely mown amenity grassland. Some scattered trees are located at the western end: two {\it Acer pseudoplatanus}, two {\it Betula} sp., two {\it Tilia} sp. All are 5 to 7m high.

MANAGE:
Managed as amenity grassland. The right to graze 60 cows no longer appears to be excercised. It is unlikely that any grazing will take place in future as the common now has a suburban appearance; livestock would be able to walk right up to the front doors of some of the more recently built surrounding properties.


FAUNA:
The following birds were noted: house sparrow, blue tit, robin, starling. Lapwings were seen overhead and on adjacent land.

VEG:
The broadleaved plantation is mostly {\it Acer pseudoplatanus} with occasional {\it Fagus sylvatica} and {\it Fraxinus excelsior}. The trees were 2 to 6m high at the time of survey. Towards the eastern end, there is occasional scattered {\it Ulex europaeus} and {\it Crataegus monogyna} scrub. Leaf litter covers most of the ground, but it is interspersed with patches of {\it Deschampsia cespitosa, Holcus lanatus, Agrostis capillaris, Galium aparine, Ranunculus ficaria} and {\it Rhytidiadelphus squarrosus}, with occasional {\it Digitalis purpurea, Geum urbanum} and {\it Galanthus} sp. Within 5m of the road side, there is frequent {\it Chamerion angustifolium, Anthriscus sylvestris} and {\it Aegopodium podagraria}.   

Around the small disused quarry in the western half of the common, there is scattered {\it Salix} spp. and {\it Crataegus monogyna} scrub with occasional {\it Ilex aquifolium} and {\it Rosa} sp. The ground flora in the quarry is dominated by {\it Urtica dioica}.

MANAGE:
The common is shown as woodland on the 1982 OS Landranger map, suggesting woodland (semi-natural or plantation) existed on this site before the present area of young broadleaved plantation. The common appears to be ungrazed.


FAUNA:
None observed on the common. Lapwings were seen on the surrounding land.

VEG:
Poor semi-improved grassland occupies the whole area of the common. The scattered scrub is {\it Crataegus monogyna}, mostly situated near the boundaries, which are dry stone walls and fencing. The fencing is situated along a stream which runs along the northern boundary.

MANAGE:
Used for sheep (and possibly cattle) grazing.


FAUNA:
The following information is reproduced from the Survey of Upland Habitats in the North Pennines:

"There are large numbers of rabbits in the grasslands on the low ground particularly on Eel Hill. Red grouse are frequent in the {\it Calluna} heath. Kestrel, dipper and buzzard were recorded."

Rabbits, curlew and red grouse were seen on the eastern half of the common on 25/07/96. Numerous green grasshoppers were seen in patches of acid grassland on the lower part of the common, near Barningham.

VEG:
A National Vegetation Classification survey of this common was carried out in October 1992 as part of the Survey of Upland Habitats in the North Pennines. As this is sufficiently detailed and recent enough for the purposes of this survey, no large scale re-survey was carried out. The survey map is based on a translation of the NVC survey information into Phase 1 survey, originally produced by English Nature. The following information is reproduced from the Survey of Upland Habitats in the North Pennines report:

"Barningham Moor consists of gentle, northerly facing slopes which steepen in the upper part of the moor along How Tallon-Eel Hill. Above these steep slopes the ground flattens out on to the high plateau rising gradually to Cocker Hill at 475m. The moorland goes down as low as 260m near Barningham village.

The rocks belong to the carboniferous limestone series though limestone only outcrops on the high ground of How Tallon where there is limestone grassland on brown earth soils. Elsewhere the effect of the underlying rocks on the vegetation is largely masked by a layer of glacial drift on the lower slopes and deep peat on the high plateau....

....Plant Communities

The lower half of the slopes are covered mainly in grassland, partly in mosaic with {\it Calluna vulgaris} heath. The most extensive grassland is {\it Nardus stricta-Galium saxatile} grassland (U5), though there are also patches of {\it Festuca ovina-Agrostis capillaris-Galium saxatile} grassland (U4), {\it Juncus squarrosus-Festuca ovina} grassland (U6) and {\it Deschampsia flexuosa} grassland (U2). Patches of {\it Pteridium aquilinum-Galium saxatile} community (U20) are also frequent on steep slopes.

West of Haythwaite village grassland predominates all the way up the slopes to High Band on the high plateau of Cocker Hill where it gives way to blanket mire. However to the east of this {\it Calluna vulgaris-Deschampsia flexuosa} heath (H9) predominates across the bulk of the moor below the slopes of How Tallon. In the heath {\it Calluna} is the overwhelming dominant. The other widely distributed dwarf shrub is {\it Vaccinium myrtillus} which is always sparse and inconspicuous. {\it Empetrum nigrum} is frequent in heavily grazed heath on the steep slope immediately below How Tallon. Bryophytes are generally sparse consisting of a little {\it Hypnum cupressiforme, Pohlia nutans} and {\it Campylopus paradoxus}. Tall, dense closed canopies of {\it Calluna} tend to squeeze out even these sparse associates.

Limestone outcrops between How Tallon and the north east corner of the Stang plantation and this supports a large area covered with forms of {\it Festuca-Agrostis} and {\it Nardus grassland}. The main types of grassland are {\it Festuca ovina-Agrostis capillaris-Galium saxatile} grassland (U4) and {\it Nardus stricta-Galium saxatile} grassland (U5) together with small areas of species-rich {\it Festuca ovina-Agrostis capillaris-Thymus praecox (T. polytrichus)} grassland (CG10).

There are a few small areas of {\it Eriophorum vaginatum} blanket mire (M20) in hollows but blanket mire only predominates on the high plateau of Coker Hill. Here the blanket mire community is {\it Calluna vulgaris-Eriophorum vaginatum} mire, {\it Empetrum nigrum} ssp. {\it nigrum} sub-community (M19b).

Only the eastern third of the common was surveyed on 25/07/96, with similar results to the NVC survey. In dry heath on the lower part of the common, {\it Vaccinium myrtillus} was often seen in the form of a carpet (less than 10cm high) between taller patches of {\it Calluna vulgaris}. A stream runs through this part of the common towards Barningham; the following species were seen on the banks in addition to {\it Calluna  vulgaris}: frequent {\it Nardus stricta, Anthoxanthum odoratum} and {\it Juncus effusus}, plus occasional {\it Agrostis stolonifera, Campanula rotundifolia, Thymus polytrichus, Digitalis purpurea, Carex panicea} and {\it C. echinata}.

MANAGE:
The following information is reproduced from the Survey of Upland Habitats in the North Pennines report:

"Barningham Moor is used for both sheep grazing and the rearing of red grouse for shooting. Although both sheep and grouse are likely to have been both important land-uses for a long time the balance at present is in favour of sheep. 

Management of the {\it Calluna}-rich heaths and mires is by moderately frequent small patch burning. On the upper half of the {\it Calluna} dominated area of Barningham Moor there is a large tract (1/2-3/4 sq. km in extent) of building phase {\it Calluna} (15-25cm tall) which is in contrast to the lower half with mainly mature {\it Calluna} around 25-45cm in height. This relatively even aged tract of heather is evidence of a large accidental fire here a few years ago. To compensate somewhat for this fire the keeper seems to have burnt the rest of the heather moor less frequently than usual. Here there was some of the tallest heather encountered during the work on block 8, around 55-60cm tall. 

Grazing on the lower part of the moor, where there are mosaics of {\it Calluna} heath and grassland, appears to be heavy. Here there is severe pruning and topiary effect in {\it Calluna} due to sheep grazing adjacent to grassland and also {\it Juncus effusus-Sphagnum} mires. The topiary effect persists well in to the middle of stands of {\it Calluna} heath on the low ground. Such a topiary effect is visible around {\it Juncus effusus-Sphagnum} mires throughout the moor. A slight wave-form grazing effect is visible in older stands of heather throughout the {\it Calluna} heath.

Within recently burnt stands of mature {\it Calluna}, bushes which are trying to get a hold are being severely pruned throughout and therefore are regenerating poorly.

On low altitude slopes all stands of bracken ({\it Pteridium aquilinum}) have been sprayed with herbicide to some extent. Some of the sprayed {\it Pteridium aquilinum-Galium saxatile} community (U20) has been replaced by {\it Deschampsia flexuosa} grassland (U2).


VEG:
The scattered {\it Ulex europaeus} scrub is situated around the edges of the common, where there are also frequent stands of {\it Anthriscus sylvestris}. {\it Pinus} sp. and {\it Quercus robur} trees (now 1 to 2m high) have been planted in the SW corner of the common; they are fenced from livestock.


FAUNA:
The following birds were seen: chaffinch, song thrush, house sparrow.

VEG:
The verges support rank grassland and vary between 1 and 30m in width; they are widest in the south half of the common. 

The sward is mostly dominated by {\it Dactylis glomerata} and {\it Holcus lanatus} with locally frequent {\it Arrhenatherum elatius, Anthoxanthum odoratum, Cynosurus cristatus, Deschampsia cespitosa, Poa} spp., {\it Lolium perenne, Alopecurus pratensis, Rhinanthus minor, Centaurea nigra, Lotus pedunculatus, Trifolium pratense} and {\it Achillea millefolium}, plus occasional {\it Cirsium palustre, Heracleum sphondylium} and {\it Chamerion angustifolium}. There are scattered stands of {\it Anthriscus sylvetris} and {\it Urtica dioica}.  

More acidic grassland covers the verges in the southern quarter of the common. It is dominated by {\it Agrostis capillaris}, with frequent {\it Holcus lanatus, Conopodium majus, Potentilla erecta} and {\it Galium saxatile}, plus occasional {\it Calluna vulgaris}. Also in this area, there is frequent scattered {\it Acer pseudoplatanus} (saplings), {\it Prunus spinosa, Crataegus monogyna, Ulex europaeus} and {\it Pteridium aquilinum}. 

Dry stone walls run along the CL boundary except in the central section and towards the northern end, where there are discontinuous hedges up to 6m high and 4m wide. These are dominated by {\it Crataegus monogyna}, with frequent {\it Salix} spp., {\it Sambucus nigra, Ilex aquifolium, Fraxinus excelsior, Rosa} sp. and {\it Rubus fruticosus} agg., plus occasional {\it Malus} sp. Ground flora species include frequent {\it Urtica dioica, Stellaria holostea, Hedera helix} and {\it Silene dioica}, plus occasional {\it Geum urbanum} and {\it Pteridium aquilinum}.

MANAGE:
The grass does not appear to be grazed or cut regularly. No livestock were seen, except for one tethered goat.


FAUNA:
Red kite noted in Survey of Upland Habitats in the North Pennines report.

VEG:
No on site survey was carried out. The common was included in the Survey of Upland Habitats in the North Pennines (surveyed April 1992). The following information (which is also relevant to part of CL25) is reproduced from the report: 

"Vegetation Condition:

{\it Calluna} is still present at low frequency in the grasslands on the lower slopes although it is very short. On the high ground heather is allowed to mature but is reduced in stature by the very exposed situation.

Plant communities:

Above about 500m the vegetation is dominated by {\it Calluna vulgaris-Eriophorum vaginatum} blanket mire (M19). The {\it Erica tetralix} (M19a) and {\it Empetrum nigrum} (M19b) sub-communities are both well represented. {\it Sphagnum} cover is patchy but is good in places. Some of the lower areas are poor in {\it Calluna} and support {\it Eriophorum vaginatum} blanket mire (M20). The only other communities to occur in this blanket bog are the {\it Juncus effusus} sub community (M6c) of the {\it Carex echinata-Sphagnum recurvum/auriculatum} mire, these {\it Juncus} rich areas lie between haggs in rough channels and {\it Sphagnum recurvum} is abundant. The occurrence of these flushes is constant throughout the slopes and they tend to become larger at lower altitudes, these lower flushes tend to be disturbed and often {\it Polytrichum commune} becomes abundant to the cost of the Sphagna.

The lower slopes have a large area of acid grassland in which {\it Nardus stricta} and {\it Juncus squarrosus} are dominant. The communities represented are {\it Nardus stricta-Galium saxatile} grassland (U5) and {\it Juncus squarrosus-Festuca ovina} grassland (U6). The grassland is rich in both {\it Calluna vulgaris} and {\it Vaccinium myrtillus} but this is not obvious without close inspection as the clumps are heavily supressed by grazing. 

The Phase 1 survey information shown on the map is based on NVC survey information from the Survey of Upland Habitats in the North Pennines report, and was originally produced by English Nature at 1:10000 scale.

MANAGE:
The following information (which is also relevant to part of CL25) is reproduced from the Survey of Upland Habitats in the North Pennines: 

The area forms a large part of the catchment for Burnhope Reservoir. Sheep are also grazed here and have shelter and feeding points around the moor. The grazing density is moderate overall but there are areas particularly around feeding points where grazing intensity is high leading to the supression of heather.

The area is also grouse moor and there are several lines of grouse butts. The heather reaches an average height in the range 15-30cm where it is not burnt. In the lower ground this appears to be supressed by grazing and on the higher ground by climatic factors. There are no public footpaths in the area.


FAUNA:
Areas of longer sward contain numerous grasshoppers. The following birds were noted: jackdaw, blackbird, starling, chaffinch and (around landfill site) black headed gull and common gull.

VEG:
The acid grassland is mostly dominated by {\it Agrostis capillaris}, with locally dominant {\it Nardus stricta}. The condition of the sward varies widely over the site; parts appear to have been subject to attempts at improvement and grazing pressure is not evenly distributed - sward height varies from 1cm in heavily grazed areas (creating a "bowling green" effect) to 30cm. Other species noted include locally frequent {\it Festuca ovina, Agrostis stolonifera, Cynosurus cristatus, Rumex acetosella, Potentilla erecta, Galium saxatile, Juncus squarrosus} (in coarser, {\it Nardus stricta} dominated sward), {\it Euphrasia} sp. (in shortest sward, near roads) and {\it Trifolium repens} (where attempts at improvement have been made), plus occasional {\it Dicranum} sp., {\it Cladonia} sp., {\it Geranium molle} and {\it Campanula rotundifolia}.

On the lower slopes of the common, especially in the vicinity of the roads, there is scattered stands of dense {\it Pteridium aquilinum}, also scattered {\it Ulex europaeus} scrub.

In the northern half of the common, there are areas of hillock/hollow topography created by past mining activity. The ground in some of the hollows is saturated, and these contain stands of {\it Juncus effusus} or {\it J. inflexus}, often with frequent {\it Cardamine pratensis} and {\it Glyceria} sp. (most likely to be {\it G. declinata}). Other species recorded: frequent {\it Deschampsia cespitosa}, occasional {\it Carex ovalis, Gnaphalium uliginosum, Sphagnum} sp. and {\it Polytrichum commune}.   

What appears to be an abandoned quarry (about 1km long and up to 200m wide) in the eastern half of the common is being used as a landfill site. It is separated from the rest of the common by wire fencing (about 2m high).

MANAGE:
The common is used for sheep grazing. Localized attempts have been made at improving the sward. Attempts have also been made to control dense bracken and {\it Ulex europaeus} scrub by burning, however the burnt areas are showing vigorous regrowth.


FAUNA:
The area seems particularly good for waders and a pair of merlin were seen. Four greylag geese were seen near the pools in the disused quarry in the east (Survey of Upland Habitats in the North Pennines Report, 1993). 

The following information is reproduced from the SSSI citation: 

"There is a rich assemblage of moorland nesting birds, including nationally significant merlin and golden plover populations, the former occuring at some of the highest densities recorded in Great Britain. Merlin and other ground nesting raptors, such as short eared owl nest in taller heather, whilst species such as red grouse, golden plover and curlew take advantage of the varied structure provided by the burning management of the moorland. Snipe and redshank breed along the grassy and rushy edges of the moor, whilst dunlin are found on the higher blanket bog. In addition to the raptors and wading birds the site has a number of important concentrations of black grouse with individual leks supporting up to sixteen male birds. Peregrine, buzzard and hen harrier forage over the moorland areas. A variety of other breeding species are recorded including teal, whinchat, grey wagtail, wheatear, dipper, twite, ring ouzel and common sandpiper.

The international importance of this bird assemblage is supported by the presence of the following species listed on "Annex 1" of the EC birds directive: merlin, golden plover and short eared owl.

The site supports the following species which are listed as Red Data Book (Birds) in Britain: teal, merlin, peregrine, red grouse, black grouse, golden plover, dunlin, curlew, redshank and twite. Buzzard, short-eared owl, snipe, whinchat, wheatear and dipper are being considered as candidate Red Data Birds because their populations are declining or their status is uncertain."

VEG:
Only the eastern end of this common (NZ0934) was surveyed on foot. This area contains mature dry heath dominated by {\it Calluna vulgaris}, with frequent scattered saplings ({\it Betula pendula, B. pubescens}; up to 3m high) and scrub ({\it Ulex europaeus} with occasional {\it Rosa} sp. and {\it Crataegus monogyna}). Along the road, there are small patches of acid grassland dominated by {\it Agrostis capillaris} with frequent {\it Nardus stricta, Galium saxatile} and {\it Euphrasia} sp., plus occasional {\it Campanula rotundifolia}. 

The main area of the common was included in the Survey of Upland Habitats in the North Pennines (surveyed during April 1992), with three other commons to the north and south (CL Nos. 6, 38 and 40). Together with Hamsterley Common, these were notified as the Bollihope, Pikestone, Eggleston and Woodland Fells SSSI in 1996.

The Phase 1 survey information shown on the map is based on NVC survey information from the Survey of Upland Habitats in the North Pennines report and was originally produced by English Nature at 1:10000 scale. 

The following report for the main area of the common is reproduced from the Survey of Upland Habitats in the North Pennines (block 5, site 6, which includes the adjacent common, Pikeston Fell, CL 40):

"Vegetation Condition:

Suppressed heather in the form of closely cropped topiary bushes is frequent and there is local development of drumstick forms.

Plant communities:

The moorland plateau is dominated by {\it Calluna} heath representing both the species poor sub-community (H9c) and bryophyte rich {\it Hypnum cupressiforme} (H9a) sub-communities of the {\it Calluna vulgaris-Deschampsia flexuosa} heath. The wetter flushed areas which result from the impeded drainage are heavily infested by rushes resulting in the development of the {\it Juncus effusus} sub-community (M6c) of the {\it Carex echinata-Sphagnum recurvum/auriculatum} mire. Towards the east of the Cabin Hill area, heavy grazing has resulted in a mosaic of H9 with grassland communities such as {\it Festuca ovina-Agrostis capillaris-Galium saxatile} grassland (U4), {\it Pteridium aquilinum-Galium saxatile} (U2) and M6c....

....In the lower reaches of South Grain Beck (NZ059315) there is an area of juniper scrub belonging to the {\it Juniperus communis} ssp. {\it communis-Oxalis acetosella} woodland (W19), the bushes are very old and there is no regeneration.

The deep gills of this site contain mainly {\it Calluna} heath (H9) which extends from the surrounding moorland, stands of bracken (U20), rich acid grassland (U4) and in some places large {\it Juncus effusus} (M6c) flushes and small clumps of woodland.

On the edge of Hawke Sike (NZ061319) there is a small example of the {\it Carex echinata} sub-community (M6b) of the {\it Carex echinata-Sphagnum recurvum/auriculatum} mire with frequent {\it Carex echinata, C. nigra} and {\it C. panicea}. A patch of the {\it Juncus acutiflorus} sub-community (M6d) of this mire lies at the Meeting of the Grains (NZ051317); {\it J. acutiflorus} is the only abundant species.

On the high ground in the southwest adjoining Hamsterly Forest, there is a small patch of {\it Calluna vulgaris-Eriophorum vaginatum} blanket mire (M19)."

MANAGE:
The heath at the eastern end of the common (NZ0334) is ungrazed and the spread of {\it Pinus} sp. and {\it Betula} spp. saplings across this area would be expected to continue without further management. 

The following information for the remainder of the common is reproduced from the Survey of Upland Habitats in the North Pennines report (1993):

"The area is managed for red grouse and is also grazed by sheep. Lying close to the popular area of Hamsterley Forest the moorland is well used by walkers and mountain bikers. 

The heather is regularly burned in a mixture of large and small patches  when the heather reaches a height between 15 and 3cm. Much of the higher ground has been gripped.

The moorland is moderately grazed overall. However the provision of supplementary feed in winter in the same place from year to year has resulted in areas completely lacking heather."


FAUNA:
Numerous tadpoles were seen in the pools on the quarry floor.

VEG:
Only the disused quarry at the southern end of the common (NY863352) was surveyed on foot. The quarry floor is bare except for scattered tussocks of {\it Nardus stricta} and {\it Festuca ovina}. There are occasional pools of standing water up to 10cm deep which contain frequent {\it Potamogeton polygonifolius, Callitriche} sp., {\it Veronica beccabunga, Cardamine} sp., {\it Ranunculus flammula, Juncus articulatus, Carex nigra} and {\it Equisetum palustre}. The pools are fringed with moss carpets which also contain frequent {\it Eriophorum angustifolium} with occasional {\it E. vaginatum}.    

The common was included in the Survey of Upland Habitats in the North Peninnes, surveyed in March 1992. The following information (which is also relevant to CL41 and CL42 to the east) is reproduced from the report:  

"Vegetation condition:

The upper areas are very lightly grazed and {\it Calluna} is suppressed by environmental factors. The lower slopes are heavily grazed and {\it Calluna} is scarce. Where it is present it appears as a prostrate twiggy form only a few centimetres high.

Plant communities:

The peat on the high ground supports the development of blanket mire; heather cover is in the range of 75-100 per cent. There is a mixture of {\it Calluna vulgaris-Eriophorum vaginatum} (M19) and {\it Eriophorum vaginatum} blanket mire (M20). This latter community is represented by the {\it Calluna vulgaris-Cladonia} sub-community (M20b). {\it Sphagnum} cover is sparse overall but is good in the high level M19. The numerous channels which drain from the plateau support flushes belonging to the {\it Juncus effusus} sub-community (M6c) of the {\it Carex echinata-Sphagnum recurvum/auriculatum} mire. When this flush community is disturbed {\it Polytrichum commune} becomes abundant, particularly on the lower slopes. 

The drainage is good on the steep slopes. {\it Nardus stricta-Galium saxatile} grassland (U5) is developed. 

Below about 600m the vegetation is dominated by U5 and {\it Juncus squarrosus-Festuca ovina} (U6) grassland. Less steeply sloping ground at lower altitude still supports pockets of M20 blanket mire." 

The Phase 1 survey information shown on the map is based on NVC survey information from the Survey of Upland Habitats in the North Pennines report and was originally produced by English Nature at 1:10000 scale.

MANAGE:
The following information is reproduced from the Survey of Upland Habitats in the North Pennines report:

"The area is used for sheep grazing and grouse shooting. Although the grazing impact is moderate overall it is concentrated on the lower ground and here suppressed heather is frequent. On the higher ground grazing pressure is much less and appears to have no significant effect on the vegetation. Supplementary feed is provided in the winter which exacerbates the concentration of sheep on the lower ground.

The area is not burnt but still appears to be used for grouse shooting. The heather is generally short and grows to a height in the range of 15-30cm.

Quarrying is a significant feature of the site, there are many disused quarries and spoil heaps as a result of former mineral extraction."


VEG:
The bracken ({\it Pteridium aquilinum}) is interspersed with small stands of {\it Chamerion angustifolium} and {\it Urtica dioica} (more extensive stands occur along access tracks). There are also patches of rank grassland (too small to map) dominated by {\it Dactylis glomerata} and {\it Holcus lanatus}, often with frequent {\it Alopecurus pratensis, Conopodium majus, Cruciata laevipes, Stellaria holostea, Lotus pedunculatus} and {\it Vicia sepium} plus occasional {\it Rumex obtusifolius, Cirsium arvense, Deschampsia cespitosa} and {\it Juncus effusus}. {\it Hyacinthoides non-scripta} is abundant around the edges of the bracken canopy and there is also occasional {\it Dryopteris filix-mas} and {\it Athyrium filix-femina}. More acidic patches of grassland dominated by {\it Festuca rubra} with frequent {\it Galium saxatile} occur in the central area of the common.

The scattered scrub is mostly {\it Ulex europaeus} with locally frequent {\it Crataegus monogyna, Sambucus nigra} and occasional {\it Betula} sp., {\it Malus} sp. and {\it Sorbus aucuparia} saplings (near the SW boundary).

MANAGE:
No ongoing management apparent. The spread of bracken over the common may be the result of overgrazing in the past.


FAUNA:
3 red grouse and 2 carrion crows were seen on the date of survey. Several rabbits were seen at the southern end of the common.

9 Blackcocks were seen by one of the Upland Survey surveyors in December 1992; on Brownley Hill near the edge of a large conifer plantation.

VEG:
The limited field survey revealed that the common is mostly covered with dry heath dominated by {\it Calluna vulgaris} (with locally frequent {\it Empetrum nigrum}) and areas of dry heath acid grassland mosaic and acid grassland where grazing is more intense. Some areas visible in the distance (from public roads) had obviously been burnt within the last two years. Localized areas of continuous bracken cover were visible on some of the lower slopes.     

This common was included in the Survey of Upland Habitats in the North Pennines. It is part of Muggleswick, Stanhope, Edmundbyers Commons and Blanchland Moor SSSI, which was notified on 30th January 1997. 

All the following information is reproduced from the Survey of Upland Habitats in the North Pennines report:

"Vegetation Condition:

On high ground heather is grazed at low levels and mature bushes are up to 40cm tall. As grazing increases to the south the abundance of heather decreases and bushes become shorter (5-15cm) and twisted in form. Around Rimey Law and Shittlehope Ridge grazing has increased recently with suppressed bushes in 'loo brush' forms with poor regeneration at the former location and at the latter, tight packed, short growing topiary forms with many already dead bushes.

Vegetation Description:

The vegetation of this site is dominated by dry heath and acid grasslands, the former covering more ground.

{\it Calluna vulgaris-Deschampsia flexuosa} heath covers large expanses of moorland on the higher areas to the north and east of the site, often forming a tall (up to 40cm), dense canopy. Both the {\it Hypnum cupressiforme} (H9a) and species poor (H9c) sub-communities are frequent and widespread. Large tracts of heath consisting of these two sub-communities often form a patchy mosaic of species-poor and brophyte-rich areas depending upon local conditions. 

Where grazing is more intensive {\it Calluna} is much shorter (less than 20cm) and {\it Empetrum nigrum} becomes more abundant. In this situation these heath communities often form mosaics with acid grassland, such as on Rimey Law and Stanhope Common.  

On the slopes below Shittlehope Edge there is a strip of {\it Vaccinium myrtillus-Cladonia} sub-community (H9b). Heavy grazing has resulted in supression and even death of {\it Calluna} plants and a large increase in the amounts of low growing {\it Empetrum nigrum} which is more resistant to grazing pressure.

Below the road on Meadows edge, the heath is broken up by small patches of bare gritty soils. These areas of bare ground are suitable for the establishment of {\it Calluna vulgaris-Erica cinerea} heath (H10) which in this location was lichen-rich but also had {\it Hypnum cupressiforme} and {\it Dicranum scoparium}. In this location it forms a mosaic with {\it Calluna-Deschampsia} heath.

On the slopes near the shooting box on Smiddy Burn, forming a mosaic with acid grassland, there is a stand of {\it Calluna vulgaris-Vaccinium myrtillus} heath (H12). There is a pure stand of this heath on the crest of Collier Law, it also contains {\it V. vitus-idaea} and {\it Empetrum nigrum}.

On some of the small plateau areas such as Long Law and Gibb Carrs there is a cap of blanket peat which is vegetated by the {\it Erica tetralix} sub-community (M19a) of {\it Calluna vulgaris-Eriophorum vaginatum} blanket mire. At the former location grazing has reduced the species richness of the bog particularly that of bryophytes and patches of {\it Calluna vulgaris-Cladonia} sub-community (M20b) of {\it Eriophorum vaginatum} blanket mire occur. On Gibb Carrs there are small wet hollows occupied by {\it Sphagnum cuspidatum/recurvum} bog pools (M2) in which both {\it Sphagnum} spp. are abundant.

{\it Calluna-Eriophorum} mire is found on other areas of deep peat such as around Collier Law, Smiddy Burn and Catleugh Folds. In these locations peat thickness may vary and patches of heath also occur on shallower peat.

South of Boltshaw West, Stanhope Burn and around Whiteley Burn, calcifugous grasslands become more abundant in the vegetation mosaics until they become dominant in areas like Bolt's Walls, Green Hill and Reahope Moor. Two communities dominate, these are {\it Nardus stricta-Galium saxatile} (U5) and {\it Juncus squarrosus-Festuca ovina} (U6) grasslands. They often mix together in mosaics with {\it Juncus-Festuca} located on slightly damper soils compared to {\it Nardus}.

In one such grassy mosaic at Bolt's Grains there is a large stand of the Typical sub-community (MG10a) of {\it Holcus lanatus-Juncus effusus} rush pasture, which in this case is species-poor due to the high density of {\it J. effusus} which only allows a few sparsely distributed grasses to occupy the stand.

In sheltered areas where grazing is high at Round Hill, Saugh Sikes and Longlaw End, and also in enclosures at Bolt's Walls, moderately species rich {\it Festuca ovina-Agrostis capillaris-Galium saxatile} grassland (U4) is developed.

Improved and semi-improved pastures are found at Bolt's Walls and around Steward Shield Meadow just north of Stanhope Burn.

On steep gillsides particularly Stogel Cleugh, East Whiteley Burn and Saugh Sikes large stands of {\it Pteridium aquilinum-Galium saxatile} community (U20) occur, smaller fragmented stands are scattered around the site.

Alongside streams and their heads, on permanently flushed areas and in gill bottoms there is the {\it Juncus effusus} sub-community (M6c) of {\it Carex echinata-Sphagnum auriculatum/recurvum} mire community. {\it Sphagnum recurvum} usually dominates the moss layer in this mire but in areas of heavy grazing and disturbance {\it Polytrichum commune} becomes abundant and sometimes dominant.

Beside Hawk Sikes there is a small species rich area of mire containing {\it Erica tetralix, Calluna vulgaris, Sphagnum magellanicum, S. papillosum, Nardus stricta, Carex paniculata, Aulocomnium palustre, Potentilla erecta, Hylocomium splendens, Vaccinium oxycoccus, Empetrum nigrum, Eriophorum vaginatum, E. angustifolium} and {\it Molinia caerulea}. This is the {\it Sphagnum magellanicum-Andromeda polifolia} sub-community (M18a) of {\it Erica tetralix-Sphagnum papillosum} mire. 

On the banks of West Whiteley Burn there are trees of {\it Betula pendula} and {\it Fraxinus excelsior} and bushes of {\it Ulex europaeus}. Also {\it Juniperus communis} ssp. {\it communis} has been planted here.    

The Phase 1 survey information shown on the map is based on NVC survey information from the Survey of Upland Habitats in the North Pennines report, and was originally produced by English Nature at 1:10000 scale.

MANAGE:
The common is used for sheep grazing and grouse rearing; there are also small quarries, which appear to be disused.

The following information is reproduced from the 1993 Survey of Upland Habitats in the North Pennines: 

"Primary land uses of this site are for sheep grazing and red grouse rearing, there are also small areas of quarrying.

High stocking levels are found on Stanhope Common spreading south towards Bewdley Plain, around Bolt's Grain, East Stogel Cleugh, Whitely Rigg and Shittlehope Edge. Elsewhere on the heather moorland stocking levels are low to moderate. 

Heather moor streches along the high ground from Packet's gate in the west round to Collier Law and Fartheley Hill in the east. Mature heather is burnt in small patches in these areas but the frequency of burns varies across the site. Generally there is an increase in grazing towards the south and lower slopes but heather often remains abundant in heath/grass mosaics and land is still used for grouse shooting.

There are many sandstone quarries most of which are disused, the ones still in use are worked at low rates of extraction. A dismantled railway runs along the line of the plateau and was once used in this industry. There are also disused coal mines."


VEG:
The grassland visible from the boundary fence appears to be dominated by {\it Nardus stricta} and {\it Agrostis capillaris} with frequent {\it Galium saxatile, Potentilla erecta} and {\it Juncus squarrosus}, plus occasional {\it Calluna vulgaris, Vaccinium myrtillus} and {\it Campanula rotundifolia}. There is scattered {\it Ulex europaeus} scrub near the SW boundary.                                          

The common was viewed from the boundary fences only, using binoculars.

MANAGE:
Used for sheep grazing. The proportion of {\it Calluna vulgaris} and {\it Vaccinium myrtillus} might increase if grazing pressure is reduced (present cover is less than 5 per cent).


FAUNA:
2 meadow brown butterflies seen, also blackbirds, robins and tree sparrows. 1 lapwing seen overhead.

VEG:
The patches of young woodland are dominated by {\it Betula pendula} and {\it B. pubescens}, with occasional {\it Sorbus aucuparia} and {\it Acer pseudoplatanus}. Trunk diameters are generally less than 10cm DBH and there is ongoing regeneration - the younger saplings form dense, impenetrable stands. These small areas of woodland are fringed with dense and scattered scrub ({\it Ulex europaeus} with frequent {\it Rubus fruticosus} agg. and occasional {\it Crataegus monogyna} and {\it Salix} spp.), dense bracken and tall herb vegetation ({\it Urtica dioica, Chamerion angustifolium, Anthriscus sylvestris}). There are occasional patches of dry heath (too small to map) dominated by mature {\it Calluna vulgaris} and {\it Vaccinium myrtillus}. 

Other species recorded (mostly within 5m of the track which runs along the northern boundary) include frequent {\it Dactylis glomerata, Arrhenatherum elatius, Holcus lanatus, Elytrigia repens, Teucrium scorodonia, Alliaria petiolata, Potentilla reptans, Galium aparine} and {\it Veronica chamaedrys}, plus occasional {\it Salix pentandra, Sambucus nigra, Rosa canina, Silene dioica, S. vulgaris, Hyacinthoides non-scripta} and {\it Potentilla erecta}.

MANAGE:
It is clear from the condition of the common that grazing rights have not been exercised for some time. It may once have supported dry heath and acid grassland which was reduced in area by scrub/woodland encroachment. 

The disused quarry on the northern side of the common is used for storing building materials and scrap metal.


FAUNA:
Several rabbits seen. Birds: several meadow pipits, 1 lapwing.

VEG:
The grassland is dominated by {\it Festuca ovina} with locally frequent {\it Nardus stricta, Agrostis capillaris, Anthoxanthum odoratum, Juncus squarrosus, Potentilla erecta} and {\it Galium saxatile}. It is interspersed with occasional patches of {\it Pteridium aquilinum}. On the steeper parts of the slopes around the quarry, which are less accessible to livestock, there are occasional patches (too small to map) of {\it Vaccinium myrtillus}.

MANAGE:
The common is used for sheep grazing. Some wire fencing coils and scrap metal have been dumped in the quarry.


FAUNA:
Red grouse and pheasants were seen near the southern boundary.

VEG:
The common was viewed from a minor public road to the north, Waskerley Way and a track along the southern boundary, using binoculars. Most its area appears to be occupied by dry heath dominated by {\it Calluna vulgaris}, with occasional {\it Erica cinerea} and {\it Empetrum nigrum}. The heather is up to 35cm high and frequently has the drumstick appearance associated with the grazing of mature plants. There are scattered burnt patches but regeneration is poor, probably because of the intensity of sheep grazing. The overall cover of dwarf shrub species in the area defined as dry heath is in the range 80 to 90 per cent. Along the northern boundary, there are dense stands of {\it Pteridium aquilinum} up to 120m wide. The heather appears to be sparser in the northern half of the common, and parts of this area have been recorded as dry heath/acid grassland mosaic (D5).

A small {\it Juncus effusus} dominated flush with a {\it Sphagnum} spp. carpet and frequent {\it Polytrichum commune} was found along the southern boundary (NZ071463).

The area just NE of the summit of Green Hill was not visible from the road or Waskerley Way; the survey information shown on the map is from the Durham Wildlife Trust Phase 1 Habitat Survey.

MANAGE:
The intensity of sheep grazing appears to be affecting the regeneration of heather in burnt areas. If one of the management aims is to create areas of younger growth, it may be necessary to reduce the number of livestock on the common. 

The DWT Phase 1 survey map shows the area recorded as D5 in the N. half of the common as dry heath. This may be due to a difference in interpretation (because of distance surveying) rather than an actual change.


FAUNA:
The following birds were seen on 15/06/96 from the B6278: Lapwing (10), Curlew (3), black headed gull (1). 

All the following information is from the SSSI citation within which the common lies: 

"Bollihope, Pikestone, Eggleston and Woodland Fells has been identified from recent comprehensive surveys of the North Pennines as one of the most extensive areas of dry heath... The presence of wet heath, acid grassland, flushes, relict juniper woodland and small open water bodies increased the habitat diversity of this moorland.

As a result the area supports a nationally important assemblage of moorland breeding birds. These blocks form part of the North Pennines Moors proposed Special Protection Area which is of international importance on account of its breeding bird populations, particularly merlin and golden plover...

...the former occuring at some of the highest densities recorded in Great Britain. Merlin and other ground nesting raptors, such as short eared owl, nest in taller heather, whilst species such as red grouse, golden plover and curlew take advantage of the varied structure provided by the burning management of the moorland. Snipe and redshank breed along the grassy and rushy edges of the moor, whilst dunlin are found on the higher blanket bog. In addition to the raptors and wading birds the site has a number of important concentrations of black grouse with individual leks supporting up to sixteen male birds. Peregrine, buzzard and hen harrier forage over the moorland areas. A variety of other breeding species are recorded including teal, whinchat, grey wagtail, wheatear, dipper, twite, ring ouzel and common sandpiper.

The international importance of this bird assemblage is supported by the presence of the following species listed on "Annex 1" of the EC birds directive: merlin, golden plover and short eared owl.

The site supports the following species which are listed as Red Data Book (Birds) in Britain: teal, merlin, peregrine, red grouse, black grouse, golden plover, dunlin, curlew, redshank and twite. Buzzard, short-eared owl, snipe, whinchat, wheatear and dipper are being considered as candidate Red Data Birds because their populations are declining or their status is uncertain." 

Birds seen on Bollihope Common during the Survey of Upland Habitats in the North Pennines include golden plover and woodcock. There is also a small colony of black grouse estimated by the keeper to be up to 2 dozen birds in a good year. The area appeared to hold a high density of moorland waders.

VEG:
Only a very limited on site survey of this common was carried out. It was included in the Survey of Upland Habitats in the North Pennines (surveyed during February 1992). It was surveyed as two separate sections: west and east of the B6278. The area to the west was described as follows:

"Heavy grazing has produced a large area of short cropped grassland predominantly {\it Nardus stricta-Galium saxatile} (U5) and {\it Juncus squarrosus-Festuca ovina} (U6) grasslands. {\it Calluna} is frequently present in these communities but is severely suppressed. Throughout the grasslands there are {\it Juncus effusus} sub-community (M6c) of the {\it Carex echinata-Sphagnum recurvum/auriculatum} mires. Many of the {\it Pteridium aquilinum-Galium saxatile} (U20) stands on the steeper slopes have been sprayed and in places has been replaced by U5 which is rich in {\it Rhytidiadelphus squarrosus}.

Above 500m the thick peat allows the formation of both {\it Calluna vulgaris-Eriophorum vaginatum} (M19) and {\it Eriophorum vaginatum} (M20) blanket mire. The M19 is particularly rich in {\it Rubus chamaemorus} in places*. On some of the steeper gill sides at the edge of the peat a mosaic of {\it Calluna vulgaris-Deschampsia flexuosa} (H9) and {\it Calluna vulgaris-Vaccinium myrtillus} (H12) heath has developed. In the bottom of the main gill there is a small area of juniper scrub which belongs to the {\it Juniperus communis} ssp. {\it communis-Oxalis acetosella} woodland (W19) community and consists of senescent trees with little sign of any regeneration. The heavily grazed areas around the gill and the roadside support {\it Agrostis capillaris-Festuca ovina-Galium saxatile} grassland (U4)."

To the east of the B6278 the common supports "a mosaic of grassland and heath. The drier slopes have {\it Nardus stricta-Galium saxatile} grassland (U5) but on wetter slopes {\it Juncus squarrosus-Festuca ovina} grassland (U6) is more prevalent. Here there are frequent small patches of the {\it Juncus effusus} sub-community (M6c) of the {\it Carex echinata-Sphagnum recurvum/auriculatum} mire. The richer soils hold {\it Festuca ovina-Agrostis capillaris-Galium saxatile} grassland (U4).

The heath that remains consists of the species-poor sub-community (H9c) of the {\it Calluna vulgaris-Deschampsia flexuosa} heath. {\it Pleurozium schreberi} and {\it Rhytidiadelphus squarrosus} are sometimes common. In areas of higher grazing pressure such as beside the road the {\it Calluna} (H9) heath forms a mosaic with the {\it Juncus squarrosus} (U6) grassland...

... On thicker well drained soils around the site stands of bracken form the {\it Pteridium aquilinum-Galium saxatile} (U20) community.

Scattered trees line the lower reaches of Howden Burn and they are mostly alder; a few juniper bushes persist."

Together with Eggleston and Hamsterley commons and Pikestone and Knitsley fells (CLs 6, 9 and 40), this common was notified as a SSSI in 1996, known as Bollihope, Pikestone, Eggleston and Woodland Fells. The following information is extracted from the SSSI citation:

"The upland block encompassing Bollihope, Pikestone, Eggleston and Woodland Fells has been identified from recent comprehensive surveys of the North Pennines as one of the most extensive areas of dry heath. In particular it demonstrates the west to east transition from blanket mire to dry heath which is characteristic of these uplands. The presence of wet heath, acid grassland, flushes, relict juniper woodland and small open water bodies increased the habitat diversity of this moorland...

Locally, more species rich flushes are found which contain locally scarce species such as starry saxifrage ({\it Saxifraga stellaris}), marsh St John's-wort ({\it Hypericum elodes}), bog pondweed ({\it Potamogeton polygonifolius}) and bog pimpernel ({\it Anagallis tenella})...

Other habitats of note on the site include those associated with past lead mining activities. Although generally species-poor, the old spoil heaps host the nationally scarce** heavy metal tolerant spring sandwort ({\it Minuartia verna})...

Woodland and scrub are very restricted habitats within the site. Juniper ({\it Juniperus communis}), a scarce and declining species in the Pennine Uplands, occurs either in stands with an understorey of wood sorrel ({\it Oxalis acetosella}) or as isolated bushes by gills; the largest stand occurs along Bollihope Burn and contains over one hundred bushes..."

The Phase 1 survey information shown on the map is based on NVC survey information (from the Survey of Upland Habitats in the N. Peninnes report) and was originally produced by English Nature at 1:10000 scale.                    

*{\it Rubus chamaemorus} is confined to the west of the county and altitudes over 450m is locally abundant on the plateau between Snowhope and Outberry Plain (SSSI citation).

** Nationally scarce species are those occurring in between 16 and 100 10 km squares in Britain (Stewart {\it et al}, 'Scarce plants in Britain', JNCC, 1994).

MANAGE:
On 15/06/96, burnt strips of dry heath were visible in the distance from the B6278. The heath was interspersed with patches of {\it Nardus/Festuca/Agrostis} acid grassland, suggesting a degree of heather suppression due to grazing pressure. 

A survey of the Bollihope Estate carrried out by the Department of Botany, University of Liverpool, in the mid 1980's revealed that 4500 acres was either bracken or acid grassland, but that these areas still had reserves of heather seed under the surface layer. In 1986, some 7000 sheep grazed the estate, on rights held by 30 farmers. A programme of bracken clearance and heather regeneration was started which involved spraying bracken and using forage harvesters to collect heather seed for application to grassland/sprayed bracken areas (information from {\it Chartered Surveyor Weekly}, 11th Dec. 1986). 

As only a very limited on site survey was carried out, all the remaining management information is reproduced from the Survey of Upland Habitats in the North Pennines:

1) Area west of B6278

"The area is heavily sheep grazed giving a rather short cropped grassy look to the moorland. Sheep flocks are fed regularly in winter causing extra pressure at feeding points. The sheep tend to stay in the lower more sheltered areas. Heather is more dense on the upper areas of blanket mire which are less heavily grazed. These areas are burnt in large and small patches where heather is short and generally does not exceed 15cm. Gripping has taken place on some of the slopes particularly in the flushes. Patches of bracken have been sprayed."   

2) Area east of B6278

"The area is managed for grouse but is extensively grazed by sheep. Sheep stay on the hill all year and are fed daily in winter. The grassy moorland fringe is very extensive. Horses were also grazing on Cowburn Rigg. Those areas which still support heather are being brought back into a burning regime but regeneration is delayed by the grazing pressure. Some of the heath is too short to burn and nowhere does the heather reach more than about 15cm in height. Locally there are areas of dead heather and drumstick forms are widely found. The majority of the heather is severely suppressed."


FAUNA:
The following birds were noted in the eastern detatched section (NZ0934, NZ0935): carrion crow, magpie, blackbird, wren. 

The area seems particularly good for waders and a pair of merlin were seen. Four greylag geese were seen near the pools in the disused quarry to the east (Survey of Upland Habitats in the North Pennines).

All the following information is from the SSSI citation: 

"Bollihope, Pikestone, Eggleston and Woodland Fells has been identified from recent comprehensive surveys of the North Pennines as one of the most extensive areas of dry heath... The presence of wet heath, acid grassland, flushes, relict juniper woodland and small open water bodies increased the habitat diversity of this moorland.

As a result the area supports a nationally important assemblage of moorland breeding birds. These blocks form part of the North Pennines Moors proposed Special Protection Area which is of international importance on account of its breeding bird populations, particularly merlin and golden plover...

...the former occuring at some of the highest densities recorded in Great Britain. Merlin and other ground nesting raptors, such as short eared owl nest in taller heather, whilst species such as red grouse, golden plover and curlew take advantage of the varied structure provided by the burning management of the moorland. Snipe and redshank breed along the grassy and rushy edges of the moor, whilst dunlin are found on the higher blanket bog. In addition to the raptors and wading birds the site has a number of important concentrations of black grouse with individual leks supporting up to sixteen male birds. Peregrine, buzzard and hen harrier forage over the moorland areas. A variety of other breeding species are recorded including teal, whinchat, grey wagtail, wheatear, dipper, twite, ring ouzel and common sandpiper.

The international importance of this bird assemblage is supported by the presence of the following species listed on "Annex 1" of the EC birds directive: merlin, golden plover and short eared owl.

The site supports the following species which are listed as Red Data Book (Birds) in Britain: teal, merlin, peregrine, red grouse, black grouse, golden plover, dunlin, curlew, redshank and twite. Buzzard, short-eared owl, snipe, whinchat, wheatear and dipper are being considered as candidate Red Data Birds because their populations are declining or their status is uncertain."

VEG:
Only the eastern detached section (NZ0334, NZ0335) of this common was surveyed on foot. This area contains dry heath dominated by {\it Calluna vulgaris}, with locally frequent {\it Vaccinium myrtillus} and {\it Empetrum nigrum}. In the southern half (ie. south of the access track to the adjacent conifer plantation), the heather is nearly all mature and looks ungrazed. It grades into areas of young woodland dominated by {\it Betula pendula} and {\it B. pubescens} with locally frequent {\it Sorbus aucuparia}, and {\it Pinus} sp. saplings which may have originated from nearby coniferous plantations. Around the edges of areas of woodland, there are frequent stands of {\it Chamerion angustifolium}. Along the road, there are small patches of acid grassland dominated by {\it Agrostis capillaris}, with abundant {\it Galium saxatile} and frequent {\it Campanula rotundifolia}. The detached section is much more open north of the access track, where there are very few trees. The heather here is lightly grazed by sheep. Scattered areas of carpet heather suggest burning takes place on this part of the common. The overall cover of dwarf shrubs in this part of the common is in the range 90 to 100 per cent.  

The main area of the common was included in the Survey of Upland Habitats in the North Pennines (surveyed during April 1992) with three other commons to the north and south (CL Nos. 6, 9 and 38). Together with Pikeston Fell, these were notified as a SSSI in 1996, known as Bollihope, Pikestone, Eggleston and Woodland Fells.

The Phase 1 survey information shown on the map is based on NVC survey information from the Survey of Upland Habitats in the North Pennines report and was originally produced by English Nature at 1:10000 scale. 

The following report for the main area of the common is reproduced from the Survey of Upland Habitats in the North Pennines (block 5, site 6, which includes the adjacent Hamsterley Common, CL 9):

"Vegetation Condition:

Suppressed heather in the form of closely cropped topiary bushes is frequent and there is local development of drumstick forms.

Plant communities:

The moorland plateau is dominated by {\it Calluna} heath representing both the species poor sub-community (H9c) and bryophyte rich {\it Hypnum cupressiforme} (H9a) sub-communities of the {\it Calluna vulgaris-Deschampsia flexuosa} heath. The wetter flushed areas which result from the impeded drainage are heavily infested by rushes resulting in the development of the {\it Juncus effusus} sub-community (M6c) of the {\it Carex echinata-Sphagnum recurvum/auriculatum} mire. Towards the east of the Cabin Hill area, heavy grazing has resulted in a mosaic of H9 with grassland communities such as {\it Festuca ovina-Agrostis capillaris-Galium saxatile} grassland (U4), {\it Pteridium aquilinum-Galium saxatile} (U2) and M6c.

Areas of mining spoil on the moor have been colonized by U4 acid grassland. The steep gill sides have a mixture of H9 heath and U4 grassland with many areas of U20. On the lower part of North Grain Beck there is a small area of {\it Anthoxanthum odoratum-Agrostis capillaris} sub-community of the {\it Quercus petraea-Betula pubescens-Dicranum majus} woodland (W17c). On the steep sides of Hawke Sike there is a patch of open W17 with a sparse ground flora.... 

The deep gills of this site contain mainly {\it Calluna} heath (H9) which extends from the surrounding moorland, stands of bracken (U20), rich acid grassland (U4) and in some places large {\it Juncus effusus} (M6c) flushes and small clumps of woodland."

Together with Eggleston, Hamsterley and Bollihope commons (CLs 6, 9 and 38) this common was notified as a SSSI in 1996 known as Bollihope, Pikestone, Eggleston and Woodland Fells. The following are extract from the SSSI citation:

"The upland block encompassing Bollihope, Pikestone, Eggleston and Woodland Fells has been identified from recent comprehensive surveys of the North Pennines as one of the most extensive areas of dry heath. In particular it demonstrates the west to east transition from blanket mire to dry heath which is characteristic of these uplands. The presence of wet heath, acid grassland, flushes, relict juniper woodland and small open water bodies increased the habitat diversity of this moorland...

Other habitats of note on the site include those associated with past lead mining activities. Although generally species-poor, the old spoil heaps host the nationally scarce* heavy metal tolerant spring sandwort ({\it Minuartia verna})...

Woodland and scrub are very restricted habitats within the site. Juniper ({\it Juniperus communis}), a scarce and declining species in the Pennine Uplands, occurs either in stands with an understorey of wood sorrel ({\it Oxalis acetosella}) or as isolated bushes by gills..."

The nationally scarce* {\it Myosotis stolonifera} is also noted in the SSSI citation as occuring next to gills on Pikestone Fell.

* Nationally scarce species are those occurring in between 16 and 100 10 km squares in Britain (Stewart {\it et al}, 'Scarce plants in Britain', JNCC, 1994).

MANAGE:
In the eastern, detached section of the common (NZ0934, NZ0935), the area south of the access track may once have contained a more extensive area of dry heath, which has been reduced in size because of the spread of birch, pine and mountain ash. The numerous scattered saplings on the remaining areas of dry heath in this area suggest that the process is continuing; the area of heath would be expected to decline further in this part of the common without control of the spread of trees. The much more open character of the heath in the area north of the track is being maintained by light sheep grazing and burning, both of which limit tree regeneration.

The following information for the main section of the common (Pikeston Fell) is from the Survey of Upland Habitats in the North Pennines Report, 1993:

The area is managed for red grouse and is also grazed by sheep. Lying close to the popular area of Hamsterley Forest the moorland is well used by walkers and mountain bikers. 

The heather is regularly burned in a mixture of large and small patches  when the heather reaches a height between 15 and 30cm. Much of the higher ground has been gripped.

The moorland is moderately grazed overall. However the provision of supplementary feed in winter in the same place from year to year has resulted in areas completely lacking heather.


VEG:
No on site survey was carried out. The common was included in the Survey of Upland Habitats in the North Peninnes (surveyed March 1992). The following information (which is also partly relevant to CL21 and CL42) is reproduced from the report:

"Vegetation condition:

The upper areas are very lightly grazed and {\it Calluna} is suppressed by environmental factors. The lower slopes are heavily grazed and {\it Calluna} is scarce; where it is present it appears as a prostrate twiggy form only a few centimetres high.

Plant communities:

The peat on the high ground supports the development of blanket mire, heather cover is in the range of 75-100 per cent. There is a mixture of {\it Calluna vulgaris-Eriophorum vaginatum} (M19) and {\it Eriophorum vaginatum} blanket mire (M20), this latter community is represented by the {\it Calluna vulgaris-Cladonia} sub-community (M20b). {\it Sphagnum} cover is sparse overall but is good in the high level M19. The numerous channels which drain from the plateau support flushes belonging to the {\it Juncus effusus} sub-community (M6c) of the {\it Carex echinata-Sphagnum recurvum-auriculatum} mire. When this flush community is disturbed {\it Polytrichum commune} becomes abundant, particularly on the lower slopes. 

At approximately 600m on Chapel Fell (NY875355) there is a small flush with {\it Saxifraga azoides} and some of the brown mosses.

The drainage is good on the steep slopes. {\it Nardus stricta-Galium saxatile} grassland (U5) is developed. 

Below about 600m the vegetation is dominated by U5 and {\it Juncus squarrosus-Festuca ovina} (U6) grassland. Less steeply sloping ground at lower altitude still supports pockets of M20 blanket mire." 

The Phase 1 survey information shown on the map is based on NVC survey information from the Survey of Upland Habitats in the North Pennines report, and was originally produced by English Nature at 1:10000 scale.

MANAGE:
All the information below (which is also partly relevant to CL21 and CL42) is from the Survey of Upland Habitats in the North Peninnes:

"The area is used for sheep grazing and grouse shooting. Although the grazing impact is moderate overall it is concentrated on the lower ground and here suppressed heather is frequent. On the higher ground grazing pressure is much less and appears to have no significant effect on the vegetation. Supplementary feed is provided in the winter which exacerbates the concentration of sheep on the lower ground.

The area is not burnt but still appears to be used for grouse shooting. The heather is generally short and grows to a height in the range of 15-30cm.

Quarrying is a significant feature of the site, there are many disused quarries and spoil heaps as a result of former mineral extraction."


VEG:
No on site survey was carried out. The common was included in the Survey of Upland Habitats in the North Pennines (surveyed March 1992). The following information (which is also partly relevant to CL21 and CL41) is reproduced from the report:

"Vegetation condition:

The upper areas are very lightly grazed and {\it Calluna} is suppressed by environmental factors. The lower slopes are heavily grazed and {\it Calluna} is scarce; where it is present it appears as a prostrate twiggy form only a few centimetres high.

Plant communities:

The peat on the high ground supports the development of blanket mire, heather cover is in the range of 75-100 per cent. There is a mixture of {\it Calluna vulgaris-Eriophorum vaginatum} (M19) and {\it Eriophorum vaginatum} blanket mire (M20), this latter community is represented by the {\it Calluna vulgaris-Cladonia} sub-community (M20b). {\it Sphagnum} cover is sparse overall but is good in the high level M19. The numerous channels which drain from the plateau support flushes belonging to the {\it Juncus effusus} sub-community (M6c) of the {\it Carex echinata-Sphagnum recurvum/auriculatum} mire. When this flush community is disturbed {\it Polytrichum commune} becomes abundant, particularly on the lower slopes. 

The drainage is good on the steep slopes. {\it Nardus stricta-Galium saxatile} grassland (U5) is developed. 

Below about 600m the vegetation is dominated by U5 and {\it Juncus squarrosus-Festuca ovina} (U6) grassland. Less steeply sloping ground at lower altitude still supports pockets of M20 blanket mire." 

The Phase 1 survey information shown on the map is based on NVC survey information from the Survey of Upland Habitats in the North Pennines report, and was originally produced by English Nature at 1:10000 scale.

MANAGE:
All the information below (which is also partly relevant to CL21 and CL41) is reproduced from the Survey of Upland Habitats in the North Peninnes:

"The area is used for sheep grazing and grouse shooting. Although the grazing impact is moderate overall it is concentrated on the lower ground and here suppressed heather is frequent. On the higher ground grazing pressure is much less and appears to have no significant effect on the vegetation. Supplementary feed is provided in the winter which exacerbates the concentration of sheep on the lower ground.

The area is not burnt but still appears to be used for grouse shooting. The heather is generally short and grows to a height in the range of 15-30cm.

Quarrying is a significant feature of the site, there are many disused quarries and spoil heaps as a result of former mineral extraction."


FAUNA:
2 lapwings were seen overhead. Red admiral and large white butterflies were seen at the eastern end of the common.

VEG:
The dry heath is dominated by {\it Calluna vulgaris}, with locally frequent {\it Erica cinerea}. The heather is mostly mature or semi-mature but there are some extensive areas of young heather resulting from management by burning, especially in the northern half of the common. Overall cover of heather is in the range 90 to 100 per cent. There are small areas of acid grassland along footpaths and near the eastern gate; these are dominated by {\it Agrostis capillaris} and {\it Nardus stricta} with frequent {\it Juncus squarrosus, Galium saxatile} and {\it Potentilla erecta}. There are also occasional patches of {\it Pteridium aquilinum} on the common (mostly within 150m of the boundary) which are fringed with occasional {\it Campanula rotundifolia} and {\it Blechnum spicant}. 

Two flushes were recorded, at NZ086408 and NZ087411. These are dominated by {\it Juncus effusus} and {\it Juncus articulatus} with a carpet of {\it Sphagnum} spp. Other species recorded include frequent {\it Cardamine pratensis, Hydrocotyle vulgaris, Ranunculus flammula, Achillea ptarmica, Holcus lanatus, Carex echinata, C. viridula} ssp. {\it oedocarpa, C. panicea, Potentilla erecta, Juncus acutiflorus} and {\it Polytrichum commune}, plus occasional {\it Erica tetralix, Empetrum nigrum, Cirsium palustre} and {\it Carex pulicaris}. Within the flushes, there are small areas of saturated ground which quake underfoot, dominated by {\it Sphagnum auriculatum, Sphagnum} spp. and {\it Eriophorum angustifolium} with occasional {\it Vaccinium oxycoccos} and {\it Drosera rotundifolia}. Small water channels (less than 0.75m wide), which contain abundant {\it Potamogeton polygonifolius}, run through both flushes. 

The southern third of the common was not surveyed; habitat information on the map for this area is from the Durham Wildlife Trust Phase 1 Habitat Survey, 1992.

MANAGE:
The appearance of the heather suggests grazing pressure is light. Regeneration of heather on burnt areas is generally good.


FAUNA:
Birds of note include black grouse, woodcock and short eared owl. A common lizard was seen at NY927334 (info. from the Survey of Upland Habitats in the North Peninnes).

VEG:
No on site survey was carried out. The common was included in the Survey of Upland Habitats in the North Peninnes (surveyed between January and March 1992). The following information is reproduced from the report:

"Vegetation condition:

{\it Calluna} is present on the lower slopes but is not prominent, it survives as a short, twiggy form amongst the grass sward. Higher up the slope a lower grazing impact allows the heather to reach an average height of between 15 and 30cm.

Plant communities:

The heavily grazed lower slopes are dominated by acid grassland. This is primarily {\it Juncus effusus-Festuca ovina} (U6) and {\it Nardus stricta-Galium saxatile} (U5) grassland. There are numerous flushes on the lower slopes consisting of a species poor {\it Juncus effusus} sub-community (M6c)) of the {\it Carex echinata-Sphagnum recurvum/auriculatum} mire. 

At about 500m the increasing peat depth encourages the formation of a species poor {\it Eriophorum vaginatum} blanket mire (M20). This forms a mosaic with the acid grassland communities where the peat thins and mineral soils are developed. The proportion of ericoids increases also in the M20 and in particular in Blaeberry Cleugh where {\it Vaccinum myrtillus} and {\it Vaccinium vitus-idaea} are abundant. This latter area supports {\it Calluna vulgaris-Vaccinium myrtillus} heath (H12). On the very top of the moorland plateau {\it Calluna vulgaris-Eriophorum vaginatum} blanket mire (M19) occurs on the deep heavily hagged peat. Here it can be seen that the peat depth is at least 3 metres. On the blanket mire north of Outberry Plain {\it Rubus chamaemorus} becomes abundant in localized patches.

At altitudes below the plateau M20 blanket mire is found on patches of peat and often as a component in a community mosaic with U5 and U6 acid grasslands. Also on these lower heavily grazed slopes is a small stand of purple moor grass which belongs to the {\it Molinia caerulea-Potentilla erecta} mire (M25).

On the well drained slopes of the gill sides bracken is abundant and forms some large patches of the {\it Pteridium aquilinum-Galium saxatile} community (U20)."

The Phase 1 survey information shown on the map is based on NVC survey information from the Survey of Upland Habitats in the North Pennines report and was originally produced by English Nature at 1:10000 scale.

MANAGE:
All the information below is from the Survey of Upland Habitats in the North Peninnes:

"The area seems to be used exclusively for sheep grazing. The grazing density is medium overall but some foddering in winter has produced localized areas of heavily grazed vegetation. There is no evidence on the ground that grouse shooting takes place and the heather is not burnt.

There is abundant evidence of the formerly extensive mining activity as shown by many areas of disused mine workings, disused shafts and a small quarry."


VEG:
The scattered scrub is mostly {\it Ulex europaeus} with occasional {\it Crataegus monogyna}. It is concentrated along the W. and E. boundaries where there are also large stands of {\it Cirsium arvense}. A discontinuous, trimmed {\it Crataegus monogyna} hedge runs along the southern boundary.

MANAGE:
Managed as improved grassland. Used for sheep grazing.


VEG:
A discontinuous {\it Crataegus monogyna} hedge (2 to 3m high and wide) runs along the eastern side of the track. The ground flora is dominated by rank {\it Arrhenatherum elatius} and {\it Dactylis glomerata}, with frequent {\it Elymus repens, Anthriscus sylvestris, Galium aparine} and {\it Plantago lanceolata}.

MANAGE:
Managed as improved pasture. Likely to be used for cattle and sheep grazing.


FAUNA:
Red grouse, carrion crows and curlews were seen overhead.

VEG:
The common was viewed through binoculars only, but appears to be mostly acid grassland similar to that in the adjoining common (CL111). An area of dry bog (appears to be {\it Eriophorum vaginatum} dominated) is visible on more gently sloping ground above the common. The common was surveyed as part of the NCC Survey of Upland Habitats in the N. Pennines (1992) and was mapped as an area of acid grassland with acid flush and a small area of dry modified bog.

MANAGE:
Used for sheep grazing. No evidence of drainage or other management.


FAUNA:
2 curlews seen. The patches of grassland on the northern side of the road contain numerous grasshoppers.

VEG:
The strip of common land between the minor public road and the northern boundary supports mature, dry heath dominated by {\it Calluna vulgaris} with small patches of grassland ({\it Cynosurus cristatus, Anthoxanthum odoratum, Holcus lanatus, Deschampsia flexuosa}) along the road. This gives way to unimproved acid grassland with patches of continuous bracken further up the slope towards the northern most point of the common.                

The main part of the common to the south of the road is {\it Agrostis capillaris/Nardus stricta/Festuca ovina} acid grassland with frequent {\it Juncus squarrosus, Galium saxatile} and {\it Potentilla erecta}. In the southern half of the common, the sward contains patches (too small to map) of less acidic grassland with frequent {\it Cynosurus cristatus} and {\it Anthoxanthum odoratum}. Several drainage ditches have recently been dug near the 479m spot height at NY915418, where there is a small area of {\it Juncus effusus} dominated marshy grassland. Towards the highest part of the slope, below the 555m spot height (NY906415), there is a small area of gently sloping ground which supports {\it Molinia caerulea} dominated wet modified bog with locally frequent {\it Nardus stricta, Juncus squarrosus, Juncus effusus, Carex nigra, C. ovalis, C. echinata}, and {\it Equisetum palustre} plus occasional {\it Cirsium palustre} and {\it Galium palustre}. 

This common was included in the Survey of Upland Habitats in the North Peninnes (surveyed 1992, report produced 1993) as part of site number 3/4, which includes Stanhope Common (CL22). Comparison of NVC maps from this survey with 1996 survey information suggests that there has been very little change in the area of acid grassland and other habitats since 1992.

MANAGE:
Subject to regular sheep grazing with recent localized installation of drainage ditches. Mineral extraction has taken place in the past and there is a small, disused quarry at NY909914.


FAUNA:
1 Curlew seen overhead. Numerous grasshoppers were heard in the vicinity of the footpath.

VEG:
This common was surveyed from the footpath only, using binoculars. It appears to be mostly sheep grazed {\it Nardus stricta} dominated acid grassland, interspersed with distinct large patches of {\it Juncus squarrosus}. The {\it Nardus} dominated sward also contains locally frequent {\it Agrostis capillaris, Festuca ovina, Galium saxatile, Rumex acetosella} and {\it Anthoxanthum odoratum}. In the SW corner of the common, there is what appears to be a small area of valley mire, now dominated by {\it Juncus} spp.  

Most of the survey information shown on the map (east of grid line 920) is from the 1992 Durham Wildlife Trust Phase 1 Habitat Survey.

MANAGE:
No livestock were seen at the time of survey but there is evidence of sheep grazing.


FAUNA:
2 red grouse were seen in the northern half of the common and 1 golden plover.

VEG:
The dry heath on the lower part of the slope (roughly below the 590m contour) is dominated by {\it Calluna vulgaris} with locally frequent {\it Vaccinium myrtillus} plus occasional {\it Erica cinerea} and {\it Empetrum nigrum}. It is interpersed with scattered patches of acid grassland (too small to map) dominated by {\it Nardus stricta} and {\it Juncus squarrosus}, with abundant {\it Galium saxatile}. The overall cover of dwarf shrubs in this area of dry heath is in the range 90 to 100 per cent. The heather is generally mature or semi-mature and between 15 and 35cm high. It does not show evidence of recent heavy grazing. There are occasional burnt areas (appear to be 2 to 4 years old) where regeneration is generally good (heather up to 15cm high, cover 50 to 70 per cent).

Between the 570m and 590m contours, the dry heath grades into blanket bog  (E161) dominated by {\it Eriophorum vaginatum} and {\it Calluna vulgaris}, with locally frequent {\it Empetrum nigrum, Erica tetralix, Eriophorum angustifolium, Trichophorum cespitosum, Juncus squarrosus, Aulocomnium palustre, Sphagnum palustre, S. papillosum, S. capillifolium, S. recurvum, Sphagnum} sp. and {\it Cladonia} spp. Some haggs have devloped near the southern edges of the bog. The overall cover of dwarf shrubs in this area of blanket bog is in the range 80 to 90 per cent. 

Clevison Currick (NY839430) is an area of loose scree which is partly covered with mature {\it Calluna vulgaris} and {\it Vaccinium myrtillus}. 

Note: The Phase 1 survey information shown on the map is based on NVC survey information from the Survey of Upland Habitats in the North Pennines report and was originally produced by English Nature at 1:10000 scale.

MANAGE:
The common is used for sheep grazing; the condition of the heather suggests the grazing regime is light. 10 sheep were seen, all concentrated near the southern boundary. If one of the aims of management is to promote grouse, this appears to successful as droppings were seen frequently.

The following information is reproduced from the relevant section of the Survey of Upland Habitats in the Northern Pennines (also including CLs 61, 74 and part of CL25):

"The area is managed for grouse shooting and the heather is regularly burned in large and small patches. The heather reaches between 15 and 30cm and across the whole moor the proportion of {\it Calluna} is approximately 15-50 per cent."


FAUNA:
2 carrion crows and 1 curlew seen overhead.

VEG:
This common was viewed from the A689 using binoculars; no on site survey was carried out. Most of of the common appears to be dominated by {\it Eriophorum vaginatum} with frequent {\it Calluna vulgaris} on the higher parts of the slopes where there are also distinctive patches of what appears to be {\it Eriophorum angustifolium}. Several large haggs are visible on both sides of the valley. Some planting of conifers has taken place on the south facing valley side.

Near the border at NY800433, there is a small area of acid grassland which appears to have developed on mine waste, dominated by {\it Nardus stricta} with frequent {\it Juncus squarrosus} and scattered patches of {\it Calluna vulgaris}.

A National Vegetation Classification survey of the common was carried out in 1992 as part of the survey of Upland Habitats in the North Pennines together with CLs 60, 74 and part of CL 25. The following information is a description of the area in general reproduced from the survey report:

"The majority of the area is covered in blanket mire represented principally by the {\it Empetrum nigrum} sub-community of {\it Calluna vulgaris-Eriophorum vaginatum} blanket mire (M19b), in which {\it Rubus chamaemorus} is often conspicuous. On slightly lower ground this sub-community is replaced by the {\it Erica tetralix} sub-community (M19a). Towards the moorland edge, grazing pressure increases resulting in a reduction of heather cover in the mire including both the species-poor (M20a) and the {\it Calluna vulgaris-Cladonia} spp. (M20b) sub-communities.

The margins of the site are generally occupied by acidic grasslands, principally {\it Nardus stricta-Galium saxatile} (U5) and {\it Juncus squarrosus-Festuca ovina} (U6). There are occasional patches of {\it Agrostis capillaris-Festuca ovina-Galium saxatile} grassland (U4). In places on these lower slopes where grazing is lighter there are patches of {\it Calluna vulgaris-Deschampsia flexuosa} heath (H9c), and on steep slopes on the north-east around Puddingthorn edge (CL60), there is development of {\it Calluna vulgaris-Vaccinium myrtillus} heath (H12).

In addition to two large conifer plantations adjoining the site, there are two small plantations which are aged less than 20 years old since they have been planted since the date of the photographs."

The survey information shown on the map is from the most recent Phase 1 survey.

MANAGE:
The common is sheep grazed; 10 were seen on the south facing slope. Several parallel drainage ditches (about 40 to 50m apart) have been dug on the north facing slope. Fences have been put up along both sides of the A689. 

The following is reproduced from the relevant section of the Survey of Upland Habitats in the North Pennines (including CLs 60, 74 and part of CL25):

"The area is managed for grouse shooting and the heather is regularly burned in large and small patches. The heather reaches between 15 and 30cm and across the whole moor the proportion of {\it Calluna} is approximately 15-50 per cent."


FAUNA:
Red grouse droppings were seen at the southern end of the common.

VEG:
Only the southern end of this common (NZ0238, NZ0239) was surveyed (from the public footpath, using binoculars). The vegetation here is {\it Calluna vulgaris} dominated dry heath with locally frequent {\it Vaccinium myrtillus} and {\it Empetrum nigrum}. The overall cover of dwarf shrubs in this area is in the range 90 to 100 per cent.  

A National Vegetation Classification survey of the common was carried out in 1992 as part of the survey of Upland Habitats in the North Pennines. All the following information is reproduced from the survey report:

"Vegetation Condition:

Since access was denied, the vegetation condition cannot be described across the site. The areas around the margins and adjacent to public footpaths appeared to be in relatively good condition with supressed heather being restricted in extent... 

Vegetation Description:

The vegetation of the western part is predominantly {\it Calluna vulgaris-Deschampsia flexuosa} heath with variable amounts of {\it Erica tetralix} sub-community of {\it Calluna vulgaris-Eriophorum vaginatum} blanket mire (M19a) on higher ground. This latter community is reasonably extensive around the western boundary, especially below the summit of Collier Law. The summit supports {\it Calluna vulgaris-Vaccinium myrtillus} heath (H12). On the steeper slopes along Waskerley Beck in the north there are several dense patches of bracken forming {\it Pteridium aquilinum-Galium saxatile} community (U20) and there are many scattered trees. Species include rowan and downy birch."   

Note: The Phase 1 survey information shown on the map is based on NVC survey information from the Survey of Upland Habitats in the North Pennines report and was originally produced by English Nature at 1:10000 scale.

MANAGE:
The following is reproduced from the Survey of Upland Habitats in the North Pennines report (1993):

"The area is used for sheep grazing and grouse shooting. There are a number of grouse huts and two shooting boxes while a number of tracks provide access to the grouse butts. The heather is regularly burnt in large patches and it reaches a height of approximately 30cm."


FAUNA:
5 red grouse were flushed while walking along the public footpath which runs E. to W. across the common. 4 rabbits were seen near the northern boundary.

VEG:
Only the area of the common north of grid line 498 was surveyed on foot. Survey information shown on the map for the remaining area is based on Phase 1 survey information held by English Nature. This common is part of Muggleswick, Stanhope, Edmundbyers Commons and Blanchland Moor SSSI, which was notified on 30th January 1997.

Scattered areas of the heather have been burnt within the last two years and are showing some signs of regeneration. Most of the heather is between 20 and 40cm high; it contains locally frequent {\it Vaccinium myrtillus} and {\it Empetrum nigrum} with occasional {\it Erica cinerea}. The heather is interspersed with occasional, scattered patches of {\it Pteridium aquilinum} in the central area of the common, which become more frequent and extensive towards the northern and southern edges where there is also occasional, scattered {\it Ulex europaeus}. The overall cover of dwarf shrub species in the area recorded as dry heath on the survey map is in the range 80 to 100 per cent. 

Near the northern edge of the common, there is a {\it Juncus effusus/Sphagnum} spp. flush fringed with patches (too small to map) of heavily grazed wet heath dominated by {\it Erica tetralix} with abundant {\it Sphagnum} spp., plus occasional {\it Vaccinium oxycoccos}. Along the road which runs parallel with the northern boundary, there are patches of acid grassland ({\it Nardus stricta}) and localized areas of continuous {\it Pteridium aquilinum} cover.

MANAGE:
Used for sheep grazing, and probably grouse shooting. About 12 sheep were seen on the common, all concentrated near the northern boundary, within 100m of the road. In general, the heather on the rest of the common shows little evidence of heavy grazing pressure.


VEG:
This common was viewed from the boundary only at NY840409, using binoculars. Along the northern and eastern boundaries there is a strip of acid grassland, up to 50m wide, which contains {\it Nardus stricta, Agrostis capillaris, Festuca ovina, Juncus squarrosus, Potentilla erecta} and {\it Galium saxatile}. This grades into {\it Calluna vulgaris} dominated vegetation with frequent {\it Vaccinium myrtillus, Eriophorum angustifolium} and {\it Cladonia} spp., recorded as blanket bog (E161) in the previous Phase 1 survey. The information shown on the map (except for peripheral areas of acid grassland) is reproduced from this survey. The heather visible from the boundary is about 20 to 30cm high and overall cover is in the range 90 to 100 per cent.

MANAGE:
Used for sheep grazing but appears to be only lightly grazed. No evidence of burning was seen.


VEG:
A National Vegetation Classification survey of the common was carried out in 1992 as part of the survey of Upland Habitats in the North Pennines together with CLs 60, 61 and part of CL 25. Blanket bog and wet modified bog occupy the higher parts of the valley sides above Wellhope Burn. There are several flushes on the SE facing side. Unimproved acid grassland predominates on the lower ground. 

The following information is a description of the area in general reproduced from the survey report:

"The majority of the area is covered in blanket mire represented principally by the {\it Empetrum nigrum} sub-community of {\it Calluna vulgaris-Eriophorum vaginatum} blanket mire (M19b), in which {\it Rubus chamaemorus} is often conspicuous. On slightly lower ground this sub-community is replaced by the {\it Erica tetralix} sub-community (M19a). Towards the moorland edge, grazing pressure increases resulting in a reduction of heather cover in the mire including both the species-poor (M20a) and the {\it Calluna vulgaris-Cladonia} spp. (M20b) sub-communities.

The margins of the site are generally occupied by acidic grasslands, principally {\it Nardus stricta-Galium saxatile} (U5) and {\it Juncus squarrosus-Festuca ovina} (U6). There are occasional patches of {\it Agrostis capillaris-Festuca ovina-Galium saxatile} grassland (U4). In places on these lower slopes where grazing is lighter there are patches of {\it Calluna vulgaris-Deschampsia flexuosa} heath (H9c), and on steep slopes on the north-east around Puddingthorn edge (CL60), there is development of {\it Calluna vulgaris-Vaccinium myrtillus} heath (H12)."

The habitat map is based on the Phase 1 survey map produced by English Nature.

MANAGE:
Used for sheep grazing. The lower ground is likely to be subject to the heaviest grazing pressure, this is generally the case on similar upland commons included in the survey. There is no information on the condition and extent of cover of dwarf shrub species on the areas of blanket bog and wet modified bog. 

The following is reproduced from the relevant section of the Survey of Upland Habitats in the North Pennines (including CLs 60, 61 and part of CL25):

"The area is managed for grouse shooting and the heather is regularly burned in large and small patches. The heather reaches between 15 and 30cm and across the whole moor the proportion of {\it Calluna} is approximately 15-50 per cent."


FAUNA:
Four red grouse seen and 2 rabbits. Redshank and mallard were recorded in the Upland Vegetation Survey (1991).

VEG:
This common was included in the Survey of Upland Habitats in the North Pennines. It is part of Muggleswick, Stanhope, Edmundbyers Commons and Blanchland Moor SSSI, which was notified on 30th January 1997.

All the following information is reproduced from the Survey of Upland Habitats in the North Pennines report:

"Vegetation Condition:

There are no systematic records but casual observation suggests that grazing levels are resulting in suppressed heather over a considerable part of the site.

Plant Communities:

The vegetation is predominantly sub-montane {\it Calluna vulgaris-Deschampsia flexuosa} heath (H9) generally with overwhelming dominance of {\it Calluna} and which is poor in bryophytes as a result of heavy grazing. {\it Calluna} heath gives way to {\it Pteridium aquilinum-Galium saxatile} community (U20) on well-drained slopes, steeper than those occupied by the heath. {\it Pteridium} is most extensive in the stream valleys and patches are also developed throughout the {\it Calluna} heath up to 400m. Most of the bracken is dense with few associated plant species (U20c: species poor sub-community) though locally a more open community with woodland herbs is developed (U20a: {\it Anthoxanthum odoratum} sub-community).

The most extensive and widespread mire community is the {\it Juncus effusus} sub-community of {\it Carex echinata-Sphagnum recurvum/auriculatum} mire (M6c), developed especially around stream heads. Also there is the {\it Juncus acutiflorus} sub-community (M6d) at low altitudes by the Hisehope Burn. There is at least one stand dominated by {\it Sphagnum} and Carices (M6a/b).... 

In a small hollow near Skaylock Hill there is a mire close in floristics to {\it Erica tetralix-Sphagnum papillosum} raised mire (M18) with abundant {\it Eriophorum angustifolium, E. vaginatum, Erica tetralix, Sphagnum papillosum} and {\it S. capillifolium} together with frequent {\it Narthecium ossifragum, Aulocomnium palustre, Trichophorum cespitosum, Calluna vulgaris} and {\it Sphagnum recurvum}."

When the common was visited on 21/08/96, only a very limited survey was carried out from the public roads, using binoculars. Scattered, recently burnt areas were clearly visible. The overall cover of {\it Calluna vulgaris} in areas visible from the roads was between 90 and 100 per cent. Along the roadsides, there were strips of very short grass (less than 2cm high) between 1 and 10m wide which contain frequent {\it Euphrasia nemorosa, Viola} sp. and {\it Thymus} sp. 

The Phase 1 survey information shown on the map is based on NVC survey information from the Survey of Upland Habitats in the North Pennines report and was originally produced by English Nature at 1:10000 scale.

MANAGE:
The text below is taken largely from the Upland Vegetation Survey site report by David Horsefield (January 1991), as reproduced in the Survey of Upland Habitats in the North Pennines Report 1993, p37: 

"This is a water catchment area for the reservoirs. There are two catchwaters, one drains south into Hisehope Reservoir and the other joins this reservoir with Smiddy Shaw.

The area is keepered and managed by small patch burning for Red grouse. There has been some minor gripping. Large numbers of sheep graze the area."


FAUNA:
Several rabbits were seen near the road at the southern end of the common (NY9745). The common is used for grouse shooting.

VEG:
This common was included in the Survey of Upland Habitats in the North Pennines. It is part of Muggleswick, Stanhope, Edmundbyers Commons and Blanchland Moor SSSI, which was notified on 30th January 1997.

All the following information is reproduced from the Survey of Upland Habitats in the North Pennines report:

"Vegetation Condition:

The heather is generally lightly grazed especially on the higher ground. In the gills and around Burnhope Burn grazing levels are higher and there is some more acid grassland.

Plant communities:

The majority of the vegetation of the area is {\it Calluna vulgaris-Deschampsia flexuosa} heath (H9) with pockets of {\it Calluna vulgaris-Eriophorum vaginatum} blanket mire (M19) on the higher ground. Both the {\it Erica tetralix} (M19a) and the {\it Empetrum nigrum} (M19b) sub-communities are represented.

On the more freely draining slopes {\it Erica cinerea} is occasionally abundant and there is some limited development of {\it Calluna vulgaris-Erica cinerea} heath (H10). The vegetation along Feldon Burn* and Eudon Burn is a mosaic of habitats dominated by {\it Calluna} heath and bracken which forms {\it Pteridium aquilinum-Galium saxatile} (U20) community. Other communities found here include {\it Festuca ovina-Agrostis capillaris-Galium saxatile} grassland (U4), the {\it Juncus effusus} sub-community of the {\it Carex echinata-Sphagnum recurvum} mire (M6c) and, associated with springs, {\it Erica tetralix-Sphagnum compactum} wet heath (M16)."

The common was surveyed from public roads only on 22/08/96. Discontinuous stands of bracken were visible along the streams. {\it Empetrum nigrum} and {\it Vaccinium myrtillus} were seen in mature stands of heather near the road, patches of recently burnt heather were visible in the distance. An acidic flush dominated by {\it Juncus effusus} and {\it Sphagnum} spp. with frequent {\it Potamogeton polygonifolius, Ranunculus flammula, Carex echinata, C. viridula} ssp. {\it oedocarpa} and the moss {\it Philonotus fontana} was found along Burnhope Burn (NY964469).  

The Phase 1 survey information shown on the map is based on NVC survey information from the Survey of Upland Habitats in the North Pennines report and was originally produced by English Nature at 1:10000 scale. 

*this is in CL75.

MANAGE:
The following is reproduced from the 1993 Survey of Upland Habitats in the North Pennines report (p.28):

"The area is used for both grouse shooting and sheep grazing. The heather is regularly burned in small patches and reaches an average height of between 15 and 30cm. Gripping does not appear to be widespread. Sheep range across the area but are concentrated around Burnhope and the northern slopes around Buckshott Fell and the lower reaches of Burnhope Burn. In the west there is frequent evidence of former mining activity including spoil tips and Sikehead Dam. Disused quarries are scattered throughout the site. There is a radio mast on top of Horseshoe Hill."


VEG:
The mire is dominated by {\it Eriophorum vaginatum} and {\it Calluna vulgaris} with locally frequent {\it Erica cinerea, Empetrum nigrum, Trichophorum cespitosum, Sphagnum palustre, S. papillosum, S. capillifolium, Sphagnum} spp. and {\it Cladonia} spp., plus occasional {\it Erica tetralix, Eriophorum angustifolium} and {\it Aulocomnium palustre}. The dwarf shrub species are generally less than 15cm high and overall cover is in the range 60 to 70 per cent. 

An old drainage ditch (containing {\it Sphagnum} spp. and {\it Eriophorum angustifolium}) was found near the southern boundary.

The western end was mapped as supporting acid grassland with acid flush during the NCC Survey of Upland Habitats in the N. Pennines (1992).

MANAGE:
Subject to sheep grazing. Only 1 was seen but the condition of the dwarf shrub species on the common and surrounding land suggests periods of  more intense grazing. There are no boundary fences on the E., W. and S. sides of the common; livestock have access to surrounding land.


FAUNA:
Several rabbit warrens were seen, also 4 Red grouse. The acid grassland along the track contains numerous grasshoppers.

VEG:
The dry heath is dominated by {\it Calluna vulgaris} with frequent {\it Galium saxatile} plus occasional {\it Erica cinerea} and {\it Empetrum nigrum}. Most of the heather has the drumstick appearance associated with grazing of mature plants. There are some burnt areas along the NE boundary which now contain young, regenerating heather (less than 10cm high). Along the track which runs north to CL22, there are distinct patches of acid grassland (too small to map) dominated by {\it Festuca ovina} and {\it Agrostis capillaris} with frequent {\it Nardus stricta, Juncus squarrosus, Galium saxatile, Potentilla erecta} and {\it Rumex acetosella}. The overall cover of dwarf shrub species in the area defined as dry heath is about 95 per cent. There southern most quarter of the common is occupied by dense stands of bracken.

MANAGE:
Subject to sheep grazing; about 25 were seen. This density would be likely to reduce the area of heather cover if it was continuous but the grazing is probably seasonal. The spread of bracken across the common is a possible long term threat.


VEG:
This common was viewed from the eastern boundary only (dismantled railway) using binoculars.

The northern most enclosure contains rank acid grassland which appears to be dominated by {\it Nardus stricta, Agrostis capillaris} and {\it Festuca} sp. There is scattered {\it Salix} sp. scrub along the boundary with the disused railway with stands of {\it Pteridium aquilinum}. The grassland in the three southern enclosures appears to be a mixture of {\it Agrostis capillaris, Festuca} sp., {\it Nardus stricta, Cynosurus cristatus, Anthoxanthum odoratum} and {\it Holcus lanatus} with scattered patches of {\it Deschampsia cespitosa}. There is a small area of {\it Juncus effusus} dominated marshy grassland with peripheral stands of {\it Pteridium aquilinum} along Hart Burn, near the southern boundary of the common; also in this area, there is scattered {\it Ulex europaeus}.

MANAGE:
No livestock were seen but the land is probably used for sheep and cattle grazing. Some drains have been dug in the southern most enclosure (just north of Hart Burn), running in a SW/NE direction.


VEG:
The acid grassland is dominated by {\it Nardus stricta} with abundant {\it Juncus squarrosus} plus frequent {\it Agrostis capillaris, Festuca ovina, Galium saxatile} and {\it Potentilla erecta} and occasional {\it Molinia caerulea} and {\it Anthoxanthum odoratum}. Towards the north end of the common, this grades into dry bog dominated by {\it Eriophorum vaginatum} with locally frequent (short, grazed) {\it Calluna vulgaris} on a plateau above the valley slope. The overall cover of {\it Calluna} is in the range 20 to 30 per cent. 

The common was surveyed as part of the NCC Survey of Upland Habitats in the N. Pennines (1992) and was mapped as an area of acid grassland with acid flush the northern end supporting dry modified bog.


FAUNA:
The following information is an extract from the SSSI citation:

"The breeding bird community of this moorland is of particular interest and includes substantial populations of golden plover, curlew, redshank, snipe and lapwing together with smaller numbers of dunlin and birds of prey including merlin and short-eared owl which are dependant on such large expanses of open moorland. The moor is managed for red grouse and also supports black grouse. Ring ouzel and wheatear occur on the drier, rocky ground with dipper, common sandpiper and oystercatcher along the streams. Additional interest is provided by a number of small tarns which support colonies of black headed gull and waterfowl including teal, mallard, tufted duck and a significant proportion of the English breeding population of wigeon.

Bowes Moor is of international importance and meets the criteria for designation under the terms of the European Community Directive 79/409/EEC on the Conservation of Wild Birds."

Hen harriers were noted in the Survey of Upland Habitats in the North Pennines report.

VEG:
A National Vegetation Classification survey of this common was carried out in 1992 as part of the survey of Upland Habitats in the North Pennines. As this is sufficiently detailed and recent enough for the purposes of this survey, together with other information available from English Nature, no large scale re-survey of the common was carried out. The Phase 1 survey information shown on the map is based on the Survey of Upland Habitats in the North Peninnes NVC map and was originally produced by English Nature at 1:10000 scale. The following information is reproduced from the SSSI citation:

"Blanket bog covers most of Bowes Moor and this is dominated by heather ({\it Calluna vulgaris}), hare's tail cottongrass ({\it Eriophorum vaginatum}), common cottongrass ({\it E. angustifolium}) and deergrass ({\it Trichophorum cespitosum}) over a layer of bog mosses ({\it Sphagnum} spp.). Locally a bog type transitional in character between upland and lowland bogs has developed and contains cross-leaved heath ({\it Erica tetralix}), bog asphodel ({\it Narthecium ossifragum}), bog rosemary ({\it Andromeda polifolia}), cranberry ({\it Vaccinium oxycoccos}) and round-leaved sundew ({\it Drosera rotundifolia}). Such vegetation supports well developed bog moss hummocks which, on their drier tops, support heather and lichens, giving the bog surface a patterned appearance of hummocks and hollows.

Drier parts of the blanket bog support areas dominated by heather, hare's tail cottongrass, crowberry ({\it Empetrum nigrum}), bilberry ({\it Vaccinium myrtillus}) and cloudberry ({\it Rubus chamaemorus}). Cowberry ({\it Vaccinium vitus-idaea}) occurs sparsely within this vegetation.

Vegetation dominated by soft-rush ({\it Juncus effusus}), hair-moss ({\it Polytrichum commune}) and a bog moss, {\it Sphagnum recurvum} occurs in wet flushes throughout the moor and where grazing pressure is greater the blanket bog vegetation has been replaced by a wet heath/acid grassland containing deergrass, common cottongrass, heath rush ({\it Juncus squarrosus}), mat grass ({\it Nardus stricta} and heath bedstraw ({\it Galium saxatile}).

Shallower peats and drier mineral soils support heathland containing heather and bilberry and locally acid grassland with sheep's fescue ({\it Festuca ovina}), common bent ({\it Agrostis capillaris}), mat grass, wavy hair-grass ({\it Deschampsia flexuosa}), heath bedstraw and tormentil ({\it Potentilla erecta})."

MANAGE:
The following information is an extract from the Survey of Upland Habitats in the North Pennines report:

"The area is used for grouse shooting and sheep grazing. The heather is burned in a mixture of large and small patches. The heather grows to an average height of between 15cm and 30cm though in slightly more sheltered conditions it can reach 45cm. Heather cover across the blanket mire is high and lies within the range 50-75 per cent. The area has been extensively gripped.

Sheep graze across the moor but there are obvious concentrations to the north of the A66 and immediately south of the enclosures below the River Greta. There are similar concentrations in the south along Sleightholme Beck and Whitestone Gill. There is an exclosure around the very wet ground at North Ings.

The A66 cuts across the site and there is peripheral disturbance of the vegetation along the road. A road widening scheme in 1992 has resulted in the loss of some moorland vegetation.

The Pennine Way cuts across the eastern part of the site and in places the path shows signs of heavy usage.

Vegetation Condition:

Overall heather is in good condition and is generally lightly grazed but there are obvious concentrations of sheep which are causing damage to heather. Along the A66 and around the enclosure south of the River Greta the heather is supressed and absent from significant areas. There are similar areas of overgrazing in the south west around Tan Hill."


FAUNA:
The following birds were noted: lapwing, curlew (section 1), meadow pipit, tree sparrow, robin (section 2).

VEG:
The dry heath in section 1 (NY965217) is sheep grazed and dominated by {\it Calluna vulgaris}; this has a fairly uniform height of 15 to 20cm and overall cover is in the range 80 to 90 per cent. Distinct strips of acid grassland (5 to 30m wide) occur along the boundary walls, these are dominated by {\it Festuca ovina} with locally frequent {\it Nardus stricta, Agrostis capillaris, Juncus squarrosus, Galium saxatile} and {\it Potentilla erecta}. Near the northern boundary of this section (which is not marked by a fence or wall), there is gentle slope on which the dry heath grades into acid grassland ({\it Nardus stricta}) which in turn grades into {\it Calluna vulgaris}/{\it Erica tetralix}/{\it Eriophorum vaginatum} mire on the small plateau below which is a detached section (No.3) of CL1092 (for further details, see report for CL1092). 

Section 2 (NY985220) is crossed by a stream which flows west to east. There  are a number of small hillocks along the stream, suggesting disturbance caused by soil extraction. The valley sides are mostly covered with acid grassland dominated by {\it Festuca ovina} with frequent {\it Agrostis capillaris, Nardus stricta, Galium saxatile} and {\it Potentilla erecta}. This is interspersed with patches (too small to map) of less acidic grassland dominated by {\it Cynosurus cristatus}. There is also frequent scattered {\it Juniperus communis} scrub and along the western and northern boundaries, there are stands of dense bracken (up to 40m wide). The stream is fringed with occasional {\it Veronica beccabunga} and {\it Caltha palustris}. On the banks, there is frequent {\it Conopodium majus, Athyrium filix-femina} and {\it Dryopteris dilatata} plus occasional {\it Cirsium palustre, Vaccinium myrtillus, Blechnum spicant} and {\it Juncus conglomeratus}. A small pond situated just north of the stream at NY986220 contains dense stands of {\it Iris pseudacorus}. It is ringed with stands of {\it Urtica dioica} up to 10m wide. There are mature {\it Larix decidua} trees along the stream near the eastern boundary of the common.

MANAGE:
Section 1 is subject to regular sheep grazing. No livestock were seen in section 2 but the sward is generally short and looks as if it is used for sheep grazing. A possible long term threat to this part of the common is bracken encroachment.


FAUNA:
The following is an extract from the SSSI citation:

"A typical upland bird community occurs including red grouse, golden plover, curlew, snipe, dunlin, lapwing, ring ouzel and moorland breeding raptors such as short-eared owl and merlin." 

The presence of common lizard was noted in the Survey of Upland Habitats in the North Pennines report (1992).

VEG:
A National Vegetation Classification survey of this common was carried out in 1992 as part of the survey of Upland Habitats in the North Pennines. As this is sufficiently detailed and recent enough for the purposes of this survey, together with other information available from English Nature, no large scale re-survey of the common was carried out. The Phase 1 survey information shown on the map is based on NVC survey information (from the Survey of Upland Habitats in the North Pennines) and was originally produced by English Nature at 1:10000 scale. The following information is reproduced from the SSSI citation:

"Cotherstone Moor supports a range of upland vegetation types including extensive blanket bog, part of which is an unusual bog type transitional in character between northern upland and lowland bogs, only known to occur in County Durham at this site. Additional diversity is provided by the presence of dry heather communities, acid grasslands, flushes, and rock and block scree habitats. Like many of our upland common grazings, the blanket bog and dry heather communities are being modified by excessive grazing pressures... 

The most interesting bog vegetation is developed on Shacklesborough Moss, the wettest part of the site. Here large areas are dominated by hare's-tail cotton grass ({\it Eriophorum vaginatum}), common cottongrass ({\it Eriophorum angustifolium}), deer grass ({\it Trichophorum cespitosum}) and cross-leaved heath ({\it Erica tetralix}) over a layer of bogmoss ({\it Sphagnum}), including two local species characteristic of undisturbed peatland, {\it S. fuscum} and {\it S. magellanicum}. Additional floristic interest is provided by the occurence of bog asphodel ({\it Narthecium ossifragum}), sundew ({\it Drosera rotundifolia}), cranberry ({\it Vaccinium oxycoccos}) and bog rosemary ({\it Andromeda polifolia}). Over large areas there are well developed hummocks of {\it Sphagnum} moss amidst such vegetation, which on their dry tops support heather ({\it Calluna vulgaris}), giving the bog surface a patterned appearance of hummocks and hollows. This pattern is further emphasised by the occurence, amidst the lawns of cotton grass and deer grass, of small linear pools.

On drier parts of the blanket bog there are extensive areas dominated by heather, in which hare's tail cottongrass, crowberry ({\it Empetrum nigrum}) and cloudberry ({\it Rubus chamaemorus}) occur over a well developed moss layer.

Better drained soils, particularly to the east of the How Beck, support heather dominated communities which at 220 metres extend to their lowest elevation in County Durham and resemble lowland heath in character. Whilst heather is often entirely dominant, a range of other species characteristic of dry heathland occur including wavy hair-grass ({\it Deschampsia flexuosa}), sheep's fescue ({\it Festuca ovina}), heath bedstraw ({\it Galium saxatile}), tormentil ({\it Potentilla erecta}), bilberry ({\it Vaccinium myrtillus}) and crowberry.

In more heavily grazed parts of the moor, the blanket bog has been replaced by wet, acidic grassland containing deer grass, hare's tail cottongrass, wavy hair-grass, sheep's fescue, heath rush ({\it Juncus squarrosus}) and mat grass ({\it Nardus stricta}) with heath bedstraw, bilberry, tormentil, purple moor-grass ({\it Molinia caerulea}), sweet vernal-grass ({\it Anthoxanthum odoratum}), soft rush ({\it Juncus effusus}), tufted hair grass ({\it Deschampsia cespitosa}) and carnation sedge ({\it Carex panicea}).

Widespread over the moor and particularly flanking the streams and gills acidic flush vegetation is dominated by soft rush over a layer of the bog moss {\it Sphagnum recurvum} and the hair moss {\it Polytrichum commune}. In wetter areas the bottle sedge ({\it Carex rostrata}) replaces soft rush and areas of bare peat adjacent to some water courses have been colonised by white sedge ({\it Carex curta}) or common cottongrass.

At the foot of Goldsborough and Shacklesborough Hill there are areas of block scree which support well developed bryophyte and lichen communities characteristic of acid substrates."

MANAGE:
According to the Survey of Upland habitats in the North Pennines report, the common appears to be used exclusively for sheep grazing with no direct evidence of grouse shooting. The report also noted that:

"The eastern half of the site appears to be exclusively acid grassland from which {\it Calluna} has been lost as a result of prolonged overgrazing. The western half, on the deeper peat, retains blanket mire communities, but {\it Calluna} appears to be very sparse except on the highest ground in the extreme west. It can be inferred from this that the condition of heather will be supressed and there may well be further deterioration and reduction in cover in the future."


FAUNA:
Lapwings, curlews and meadow pipits were seen on all three sections of the common. Red grouse were seen on section 2 (Harker Moss).

VEG:
Section 1 (Kelton Moss, NY934202) is unfenced along the road which runs along its northern and eastern boundaries. Between 30 and 100m of the road, there is a belt of cattle poached marshy grassland dominated by {\it Juncus effusus} with locally frequent {\it Holcus lanatus, Cynosurus cristatus, Alopecurus pratensis, A. geniculatus, Ranunculus repens, Trifolium repens, Taraxacum officinale} agg., {\it Rumex acetosa} and {\it Cardamine pratensis}. This grades into mire dominated by tussocky {\it Eriophorum vaginatum} with frequent {\it Calluna vulgaris, Erica tetralix, Vaccinium myrtillus, Empetrum nigrum, Carex nigra, Trichophorum cespitosum, Polytrichum commune} and {\it Aulocomnium palustre}. The ground becomes increasingly wet towards the central area of the mire, where there are carpets of {\it Sphagnum} spp. (between the tussocks of {\it Eriophorum vaginatum}) with frequent {\it Narthecium ossifragum, Vaccinium oxycoccos} and {\it Eriophorum angustifolium} plus occasional {\it Ranunculus flammula}. No pools of standing water were seen. The overall cover of dwarf shrub species in the area defined as mire is between 60 and 70 per cent.  

Most of the area of section 2 (Harker Moss, NY952214) is occupied by mire with a similar composition to that described above but there are also a few shallow drainage channels which contain standing water with abundant {\it Sphagnum cuspidatum}. The overall cover of dwarf shrub species in the area defined as mire is between 70 and 80 per cent. In the SE corner, there is a dip where flushes have developed, which feed into a stream on adjacent land. They are dominated by {\it Juncus effusus} and {\it Sphagnum} spp., with frequent {\it Anthoxanthum odoratum, Cardamine pratensis, Lotus pedunculatus, Potentilla erecta, Carex nigra} and {\it Equisetum palustre}. Elsewhere, the Moss is fringed with narrow belts of acid grassland ({\it Deschampsia flexuosa, Festuca ovina}) and mature {\it Calluna vulgaris} dominated dry heath on higher ground around its edges. No livestock were seen but there is evidence of sheep grazing. This section is unfenced along the road which runs along its eastern boundary and livestock have unrestricted access from the adjacent area of common land, CL1164 section 2 (Harker Hill).

Section 3 (Parson's Moss, NY964220) occupies a small plateau below Romaldkirk Moor (CL1035, section 1). It is sheep grazed and dominated by {\it Eriophorum vaginatum} with abundant {\it Erica tetralix} and {\it Sphagnum} spp. plus locally frequent {\it Calluna vulgaris, Vaccinium myrtillus, Empetrum nigrum, Polytrichum commune} and {\it Aulocomnium palustre}. The ground becomes progressively wetter towards the central area of the mire where there are carpets of {\it Sphagnum} spp. (between the tussocks of {\it E. vaginatum}) with frequent {\it Narthecium ossifragum, Vaccinium oxycoccos, Drosera rotundifolia} and {\it Eriophorum angustifolium}. There are also occasional pools (1 to 3m wide) of standing water in this area, which contain abundant {\it Sphagnum cuspidatum}. The drainage ditches shown on the OS map were not found. This appears to be the most heavily grazed section of the common; overall cover of dwarf shrub species is in the range 50 to 60 per cent. Livestock have access to and from Romaldkirk Moor to the south.

MANAGE:
All sections of the common are subject to sheep grazing.


VEG:
The common lies on the southern side of Weardale and includes part of the catchment of Burnhope Reservior to the east. No on site survey was carried out. The common was included in the Survey of Upland Habitats in the North Pennines (surveyed April 1992), surveyed as parts of two separate sections; to the NW and SE of Scraith Burn. 

The area to the NW of Scraith Burn was surveyed together with CLs 60, 61 and 74. The following information is a description of the area in general reproduced from the survey report:

"The majority of the area is covered in blanket mire represented principally by the {\it Empetrum nigrum} sub-community of {\it Calluna vulgaris-Eriophorum vaginatum} blanket mire (M19b), in which {\it Rubus chamaemorus} is often conspicuous. On slightly lower ground this sub-community is replaced by the {\it Erica tetralix} sub-community (M19a). Towards the moorland edge, grazing pressure increases resulting in a reduction of heather cover in the mire including both the species-poor (M20a) and the {\it Calluna vulgaris-Cladonia} spp. (M20b) sub-communities.

The margins of the site are generally occupied by acidic grasslands, principally {\it Nardus stricta-Galium saxatile} (U5) and {\it Juncus squarrosus-Festuca ovina} (U6). There are occasional patches of {\it Agrostis capillaris-Festuca ovina-Galium saxatile} grassland (U4). In places on these lower slopes where grazing is lighter there are patches of {\it Calluna vulgaris-Deschampsia flexuosa} heath (H9c), and on steep slopes on the north-east around Puddingthorn edge (CL60), there is development of {\it Calluna vulgaris-Vaccinium myrtillus} heath (H12)."

The following information for the area SE of Scraith Burn also covers CL7 

"Vegetation Condition:

{\it Calluna} is still present at low frequency in the grasslands on the lower slopes although it is very short. On the high ground heather is allowed to mature but is reduced in stature by the very exposed situation.

Plant communities:

Above about 500m the vegetation is dominated by {\it Calluna vulgaris-Eriophorum vaginatum} blanket mire (M19). The {\it Erica tetralix} (M19a) and {\it Empetrum nigrum} (M19b) sub-communities are both well represented. {\it Sphagnum} cover is patchy but is good in places. Some of the lower areas are poor in {\it Calluna} and support {\it Eriophorum vaginatum} blanket mire (M20). The only other communities to occur in this blanket bog are the {\it Juncus effusus} sub community (M6c) of the {\it Carex echinata-Sphagnum recurvum/auriculatum} mire, these {\it Juncus} rich areas lie between haggs in rough channels and {\it Sphagnum recurvum} is abundant. The occurrence of these flushes is constant throughout the slopes and they tend to become larger at lower altitudes, these lower flushes tend to be disturbed and often {\it Polytrichum commune} becomes abundant to the cost of the Sphagna.

The lower slopes have a large area of acid grassland in which {\it Nardus stricta} and {\it Juncus squarrosus} are dominant. The communities represented are {\it Nardus stricta-Galium saxatile} grassland (U5) and {\it Juncus squarrosus-Festuca ovina} grassland (U6). The grassland is rich in both {\it Calluna vulgaris} and {\it Vaccinium myrtillus} but this is not obvious without close inspection as the clumps are heavily supressed by grazing."

MANAGE:
The following information relating to the area to the NW of Scraith Burn (including CLs 74, 61 and 60) is reproduced from the Survey of Upland Habitats in the North Pennines: 

"The area is managed for grouse shooting and the heather is regularly burned in large and small patches. The heather reaches between 15 and 30cm and across the whole moor the proportion of {\it Calluna} is approximately 15-50 per cent."

The following information relating to the area SE of Scraith Burn (which is also relevant to CL7 to the east) is reproduced from the Survey of Upland Habitats in the North Pennines: 

"The area forms a large part of the catchment for Burnhope Reservoir. Sheep are also grazed here and have shelter and feeding points around the moor. The grazing density is moderate overall but there are areas particularly around feeding points where grazing intensity is high leading to the supression of heather.

The area is also grouse moor and there are several lines of grouse butts. The heather reaches an average height in the range 15-3cm where it is not burnt. In the lower ground this appears to be supressed by grazing and on the higher ground by climatic factors. There are no public footpaths in the area."


FAUNA:
Three red grouse seen. Rabbits, redshank and mallard were recorded in the Upland Vegetation Survey (1991).

VEG:
This common was included in the Survey of Upland Habitats in the North Pennines. The common constitutes over 90 per cent of the catchment area for Waskerly Reservoir, which is situated in the north half of the common (see map). The northern third is part of Muggleswick, Stanhope, Edmundbyers Commons and Blanchland Moor SSSI, which was notified on 30th January 1997. 

All the following information is reproduced from the Survey of Upland Habitats in the North Pennines report:

"Vegetation Condition:

There are no systematic records, but casual observation suggests that grazing levels are resulting in suppressed heather over a considerable part of the site.

Plant Communities:

The vegetation is predominantly sub-montane {\it Calluna vulgaris-Deschampsia flexuosa} heath (H9) generally with overwhelming dominance of {\it Calluna} and which is poor in bryophytes as a result of heavy grazing. {\it Calluna} heath gives way to {\it Pteridium aquilinum-Galium saxatile} community (U20) on well-drained slopes, steeper than those occupied by the heath. {\it Pteridium} is most extensive in the stream valleys and patches are also developed throughout the {\it Calluna} heath up to 400m. Most of the bracken is dense with few associated plant species (U20c: species poor sub-community) though locally a more open community with woodland herbs is developed (U20a: {\it Anthoxanthum odoratum} sub-community).

The most extensive and widespread mire community is the {\it Juncus effusus} sub-community of {\it Carex echinata-Sphagnum recurvum/auriculatum} mire (M6c), developed especially around stream heads. Also there is the {\it Juncus acutiflorus} sub-community (M6d) at low altitudes by the Hisehope Burn. There is at least one stand dominated by {\it Sphagnum} and Carices (M6a/b). On Shield Green a {\it Carex nigra} brown moss mire indicates base rich flushing. This Birks and Ratcliffe community is most closely related to the {\it Carex dioica-Pinguicula vulgaris} mire of the National Vegetation Classification."

When the common was visited on 21/08/96, only a very limited survey was carried out from the public roads and Waskerley Way, using binoculars. Scattered, recently burnt areas were clearly visible. The overall cover of {\it Calluna vulgaris} was between 80 and 100 per cent. Scattered patches of bracken were visible on the lower slopes. Along the roadsides, there were strips of very short grass (less than 2cm high) between 1 and 10m wide which contain frequent {\it Euphrasia} sp., {\it Viola} sp. and {\it Thymus} sp. 

The Phase 1 survey information shown on the map is based on NVC survey information from the Survey of Upland Habitats in the North Pennines report and was originally produced by English Nature at 1:10000 scale.

MANAGE:
The text below is taken from the Upland Vegetation Survey site report by David Horsefield (January 1991), as reproduced in the Survey of Upland Habitats in the North Pennines Report 1993: 

"The area is keepered and managed by small patch burning for Red grouse. There has been some minor gripping. Large numbers of sheep graze the area."


FAUNA:
The following birds were noted on or around all sections of the common: curlew, carrion crow, lapwing, meadow pipit. In addition snipe and red grouse were noted on section 1. Numerous small tortoiseshell and large white butterflies were seen on section 4.

VEG:
Section 1 (NY949214) is situated on the eastern edge of Harker Moss (CL1092, section 2). A small part of the moss extends into the central area of the common (for details of the Moss flora, see report for CL1092, section 2) but most of the ground is higher than the Moss and supports acid grassland and dry dwarf shrub heath/acid grassland mosaic. Species recorded include {\it Calluna vulgaris, Festuca ovina, Deschampsia flexuosa, Juncus squarrosus, Rumex acetosella, Galium saxatile, Potentilla erecta} and the moss {\it Rhytidiadelphus squarrosus}. Sheep have access to this part of the common from CL1092/S2.

Section 2, Harker Hill (NY953215), supports mature dry heath dominated by {\it Calluna vulgaris} with locally frequent {\it Vaccinium myrtillus, Nardus stricta, Festuca ovina, Juncus squarrosus, Galium saxatile} and {\it Potentilla erecta}. Overall cover of dwarf shrub species is in the range 60 to 80 per cent. Along the northern boundary (NY954216) there is a small area of mire dominated by {\it Eriophorum angustifolium} with frequent {\it Calluna vulgaris, Empetrum nigrum, Vaccinium oxycoccos, Carex nigra, Sphagnum papillosum, S. recurvum} and {\it Aulacomnium palustre}. As this section is unfenced along the road, livestock have access from Kelton Moss to the west. 

Section 3 (NY956217) is a small area of land around the summit of the next hill to the east. It was not surveyed on foot but appears to contain {\it Calluna vulgaris} dominated dry heath and acid grassland.

Section 4 (NY955226) contains a semi-circular disused quarry with unimproved and semi-improved acid grassland on the surrounding slopes. Dwarf shrub species ({\it Calluna vulgaris, Vaccinium myrtillus, Empetrum nigrum}) are confined to rock faces, out of the reach of sheep. The acid grassland is dominated by {\it Festuca ovina} and {\it Agrostis capillaris} with frequent {\it Galium saxatile} and {\it Rhytidiadelphus squarrosus}. Semi-improved areas also contain locally frequent {\it Anthoxanthum odoratum, Achillea millefolium, Lotus corniculatus, Pillosella officinarum, Conopodium majus} and {\it Bellis perennis} plus occasional {\it Viola lutea, Saxifraga granulata, Thymus polytrichus, Veronica chamaedrys, Deschampsia cespitosa} and {\it Carex nigra}. Right at the base of the main rockface there are are stands of {\it Urtica dioica} fringed with {\it Dactylis glomerata, Holcus lanatus} and {\it Cirsium} sp. 

Section 5 (NY970227) is a small area of intensively sheep grazed, poor semi-improved grassland dominated by {\it Alopecurus pratensis} with occasional {\it Conopodium majus} and {\it Juncus effusus}. Enclosed by dry stone walls, viewed from the adjacent road.

Section 6 (NY972224) was also viewed from the road. It appears to be a small area of unimproved acid grassland dominated by {\it Festuca} sp. and {\it Deschampsia flexuosa} with abundant {\it Galium saxatile} (flowering profusely) and frequent {\it Potentilla erecta}. There is a series of small {\it Juncus effusus} dominated flushes in the northern half. No livestock were seen, this section may have been left ungrazed since the spring. Enclosed by dry stone walls.

MANAGE:
Livestock were not seen on every section but they are all likely to be subject to sheep grazing at some time during the year. No evidence of burning was seen on sections where dwarf shrub species are frequent or dominant (sections 1 and 2).


FAUNA:
Several meadow brown and small tortoiseshell butterflies seen along the riverbank.

VEG:
The riverbank is about 8 to 12m wide; the top is 3 to 4m above the level of the river. There is abundant {\it Myrrhis odorata} along the top of the bank (at the edge of the amenity grassland); about 2 to 4m from the top this grades into stands of {\it Urtica dioica, Anthriscus sylvestris} and {\it Artemisia vulgaris} agg. with locally frequent {\it Cirsium arvense, Heracleum sphondylium} and {\it Calystegia sepium} plus occasional {\it Epilobium hirsutum} and {\it Chamerion angustifolium}. This tall herb vegetation is interspersed with patches of rank grassland dominated by {\it Arrhenatherum elatius} and {\it Dactylis glomerata} often with frequent {\it Elytrigia repens, Holcus lanatus, Alliaria petiolata, Aegopodium podagraria, Galium aparine, Rumex obtusifolius} and {\it Papaver rhoeas} plus occasional {\it Geranium pratense, Galeopsis tetrahit} and {\it Tanacetum vulgare}.      

Within about 5m of the waters edge, there are frequent dense stands of {\it Impatiens glandulifera} which contain occasional {\it Heracleum mantegazzianum}. The water is fringed with discontinuous stands of {\it Phalaris arundinacea} (up to 1m wide) with occasional {\it Sparganium erectum} and {\it Polygonum amphibium}. At the eastern end of the riverbank, there is a small area of {\it Salix viminalis} dominated dense scrub.

MANAGE:
No ongoing management apparent, apart from maintenance of the amenity grassland. It would be desirable to leave the riverbank as it is.


FAUNA:
All the following information is reproduced from the SSSI citation within which the common lies: 

"Bollihope, Pikestone, Eggleston and Woodland Fells has been identified from recent comprehensive surveys of the North Pennines as one of the most extensive areas of dry heath... The presence of wet heath, acid grassland, flushes, relict juniper woodland and small open water bodies increased the habitat diversity of this moorland.

As a result the area supports a nationally important assemblage of moorland breeding birds. These blocks form part of the North Pennines Moors proposed Special Protection Area which is of international importance on account of its breeding bird populations, particularly merlin and golden plover...

...the former occuring at some of the highest densities recorded in Great Britain. Merlin and other ground nesting raptors, such as short eared owl nest in taller heather, whilst species such as red grouse, golden plover and curlew take advantage of the varied structure provided by the burning management of the moorland. Snipe and redshank breed along the grassy and rushy edges of the moor, whilst dunlin are found on the higher blanket bog. In addition to the raptors and wading birds the site has a number of important concentrations of black grouse with individual leks supporting up to sixteen male birds. Peregrine, buzzard and hen harrier forage over the moorland areas. A variety of other breeding species are recorded including teal, whinchat, grey wagtail, wheatear, dipper, twite, ring ouzel and common sandpiper.

The international importance of this bird assemblage is supported by the presence of the following species listed on "Annex 1" of the EC birds directive: merlin, golden plover and short eared owl.

The site supports the following species which are listed as Red Data Book (Birds) in Britain: teal, merlin, peregrine, red grouse, black grouse, golden plover, dunlin, curlew, redshank and twite. Buzzard, short-eared owl, snipe, whinchat, wheatear and dipper are being considered as candidate Red Data Birds because their populations are declining or their status is uncertain." 

Buzzard were seen in the southern part of the site during the Survey of Upland Habitats in the North Pennines.

VEG:
Only a very limited on site survey of this common was carried out. The area visible from the B6278 was mostly {\it Calluna vulgaris} dominated dry heath, interspersed with patches of acid grassland suggesting some suppression of the heather due to sheep grazing. In the northern half of the common, a narrow valley mire runs parallel with the access track from NZ000307 to NZ008308. It is dominated by {\it Juncus effusus} growing through a carpet of {\it Sphagnum} spp. Other species noted include locally frequent {\it Narthecium ossifragum, Viola palustris, Potamogeton polygonifolius, Carex panicea} and {\it Eriophorum angustifolium}. Above the mire, there were frequent patches of recently burnt heather on both sides of the valley.

The common was included in the Survey of Upland Habitats in the North Pennines (surveyed January to April 1992). The following is an extract from that report:

"Along the roadside heavy grazing has resulted in a mosaic of acid grassland and heath. There are many components to this mosaic which reflect variations in drainage and soil conditions. The majority of the grassland is either {\it Nardus stricta-Galium saxatile} (U5) or {\it Juncus squarrosus-Festuca ovina} grassland (U6). Pockets of deeper soil favour the development of the {\it Pteridium aquilinum-Galium saxatile} community (U20), some of these areas have been sprayed. Impeded drainage and the channelling of water leads to the development of {\it Juncus effusus} flushes (M6c) of the {\it Carex echinata-Sphagnum recurvum/auriculatum} mire. Less significant components of the mosaics along the western edge include {\it Deschampsia flexuosa} grassland (U2) and {\it Festuca ovina-Agrostis capillaris-Galium saxatile} grassland (U4).

Moving up the slope away from the road the proportion of heath species increases and there is development of both {\it Calluna vulgaris-Deschampsia flexuosa} (H9) and {\it Calluna vulgaris-Vaccinium myrtillus} (H12) heath. The latter community is prominent on the rocky ground around Knots Hole. Here also there is localised development of {\it Vaccinium myrtillus-Deschampsia flexuosa} heath (H18). Near to areas of heath rich in {\it Vaccinium myrtillus} is a small patch of {\it Deschampsia flexuosa} (U2) grassland, in this community are dead and supressed {\it Vaccinium myrtillus} plants which indicate that this grassland may have arisen from an over grazed heath.

The high ground on the plateau consists of a mixture of heath and blanket mire. The heath communities are represented both by species-poor sub-community (H9c) and the {\it Hypnum cupressiforme} sub community (H9a). {\it Calluna vulgaris-Eriophorum vaginatum} blanket mire (M19) has developed on the wetter plateau areas. {\it Juncus effusus} (M6c) flushes are a prominent feature of the plateau area as a result of the impeded drainage caused by the underlying ironpan. A small area in the north which borders onto an M6c flush represents {\it Erica tetralix-Sphagnum compactum} wet heath (M16). The drier steeper slopes of Sharnberry gill are generally occupied by H12 and U20.

Disturbance of flushes in the Islington Hill area by grazing sheep has resulted in the formation of lawns made purely of {\it Polytrichum commune}...

On the steep sides of Spurlswood Gill there is extensive development of {\it Pteridium aquiliunum-Galium saxatile} (U20). In a steep-sided branch of the gill there is an example of the typical sub-community (H21a) of the {\it Calluna vulgaris-Vaccinium myrtillus-Sphagnum capillifolium} heath which was characterised by an abundance of {\it Sphagnum capillifolium, Blechnum spicant} and a wide range of hypnaceous mosses. 

On the edge of an M6c mire on the side of Spurlswood Gill there is a small patch of vegetation which fits best into the {\it Philonotis fontana-Saxifraga stellaris} spring community (M23). Also on the flush edge there is a stand of vegetation which was closest to the {\it Hypericum elodes-Potamogeton polygonifolius} (M29) soakway though this example was lacking {\it Hypericum elodes} but it did contain {\it Anagallis tenella} which is uncommon in this region*. Within the M6c there are species-rich channels with {\it Ranunculus repens, Cardamine pratensis, Rumex acetosa, Calliergon cuspidatum} etc., these do not appear to fit any NVC type clearly though they seem nearest to the {\it Juncus effusus/acutiflorus-Galium palustre} rush pasture (M23). Also associated with the M6c are a series of 'brown moss' flushes nearest in floristics to the {\it Carex dioica-Pinguicula vulgaris} mire (M10).

In Spurlswood Gill there are two small patches of {\it Juniperus communis} ssp. {\it communis-Oxalis acetosella} woodland (W19) in the gill bottom and sides. There are scattered trees at NZ025270 including {\it Betula pubescens, Ilex aquifolium} and {\it Sorbus aucuparia}."

Together with Hamsterley and Bollihope commons and Pikestone and Knitsley Fells (CLs 9, 38 and 40) this common was notified as a SSSI in 1996 known as Bollihope, Pikestone, Eggleston and Woodland Fells. The following are extracts from the SSSI citation:

"The upland block encompassing Bollihope, Pikestone, Eggleston and Woodland Fells has been identified from recent comprehensive surveys of the North Pennines as one of the most extensive areas of dry heath. In particular it demonstrates the west to east transition from blanket mire to dry heath which is characteristic of these uplands. The presence of wet heath, acid grassland, flushes, relict juniper woodland and small open water bodies increased the habitat diversity of this moorland...

Other habitats of note on the site include those associated with past lead mining activities. Although generally species-poor, the old spoil heaps host the nationally scarce** heavy metal tolerant spring sandwort ({\it Minuartia verna})...

Woodland and scrub are very restricted habitats within the site. Juniper ({\it Juniperus communis}), a scarce and declining species in the Pennine Uplands, occurs either in stands with an understorey of wood sorrel ({\it Oxalis acetosella}) or as isolated bushes by gills..."

The Phase 1 survey information shown on the map is based on NVC survey information (from the Survey of Upland Habitats in the N. Pennines) and was originally produced by English Nature at 1:10000 scale.                    

* {\it Saxifraga stellaris, Hypericum elodes, Potamogeton polygonifolius} and {\it Anagallis tenella} are highlighted in the SSSI citation as being locally scarce.

** Nationally scarce species are those occurring in between 16 and 100 10 km squares in Britain (Stewart {\it et al}, 'Scarce plants in Britain', JNCC, 1994).

MANAGE:
As only a very limited on site survey was carried out, all the following management information is reproduced from the Survey of Upland Habitats in the North Pennines:

1) North of the bridleway from NZ002254 to NZ022277

"The high ground is managed for grouse shooting and is burnt in a mixture of large and small patches. The heather grows vigorously and is generally over 45cm tall before it is burnt. There are many lines of grouse butts several of which are reached by rough tracks. The area has been gripped. 

The lower slopes particularly along the roadside are heavily grazed by sheep and it appears that they rarely venture over the escarpment ridge. Grazing pressure is moderate overall but the provision of supplementary feed in winter leads to localised concentrations and hence a high frequency  of supressed heather around feeding points."  

2) South of the bridleway from NZ002254 to NZ022277 (this description also covers Woodland Fell which is outside the CL boundary)

"The area is used for grouse shooting and is also grazed by sheep. There are several lines of grouse butts which are reached by a network of tracks. The heather is regularly burned in small patches and reaches an average height of between 15 and 30cm. Much of the moorland is gripped."


FAUNA:
Several rabbits were seen near the SW boundary. According to the SSSI citation, "The insect fauna of Waldridge Fell is diverse, notable species being the green hairstreak and small pearl bordered fritillaries and the northern drab ({\it Orthonia optima}) and dingy-shell ({\it Euchoeca nebulata}) moths."

VEG:
Only the western half of the common was surveyed on foot. This area appears to be mostly mature {\it Calluna vulgaris/Vaccinium myrtillus} dry heath with localized scattered scrub ({\it Crataegus monogyna, Ulex europaeus}), {\it Betula} spp. saplings and stands of {\it Pteridium aquilinum}. There are also patches of acid grassland (mostly too small to map) dominated by {\it Nardus stricta} with locally frequent {\it Agrostis capillaris, Potentilla erecta, Galium saxatile, Rumex acetosella, R. acetosa, Campanula rotundifolia} and {\it Achillea millefolium} (on the north side of the road in grid square NZ2449, there are more extensive areas of acid grassland dominated by {\it Deschampsia flexuosa}). Several small flushes were seen, dominated by {\it Molinia caerulea} with frequent {\it Calluna vulgaris} and {\it Deschampsia cespitosa} plus occasional {\it Carex nigra}. Along the roadside verges, there are strips of rank grassland up to 3m wide dominated by {\it Arrhenatherum elatius} with locally frequent {\it Centaurea nigra, Heracleum sphondylium, Rubus fruticosus} agg. and {\it Tragopogon pratensis}.

The common is a designated SSSI and the following information (which is relevant to the whole site) is reproduced from the citation: 

"Waldridge Fell is of importance as the only lowland site in County Durham where semi-natural vegetation is widely developed over acidic substrates. It includes a range of heathland, grassland, wetland and woodland habitats, several of which are rare or absent in the rest of the county. 

The most extensive of these is heathland dominated by {\it Calluna vulgaris} which on deeper soils forms almost pure stands, beneath which bryophytes and lichens ({\it Cladonia} spp.) occur. On shallower soils {\it Empetrum nigrum} and {\it Vaccinium myrtillus} are included in the heathland community, the latter being dominant in places. 

{\it Pteridium aquilinum} is abundant over quite large areas and {\it Ulex europaeus} occurs locally. Species-poor grassland dominated by {\it Nardus stricta} is found on lightly flushed soils but is replaced locally by {\it Deschampsia flexuosa}. 

Seasonally flooded areas support {\it Juncus effusus}. Wannister Bog, the most extensive wetland, is the only known valley mire in lowland Durham. The drier parts of the mire support grassland with {\it Deschampsia cespitosa}, whilst near the outflow {\it Molinia caerulea} is dominant. In the wettest central portion of the mire, {\it Equisetum fluviatile} and {\it Eriophorum angustifolium} occur with {\it Menyanthes trifoliata, Erica tetralix, Caltha palustris, Galium palustre, Carex paniculata} and {\it Sphagnum} spp. 

On dry slopes at the margins of the fell, {\it Quercus petraea} with {\it Betula pubescens} woodland is developed over a species poor ground flora dominated by {\it Deschampsia flexuosa}. At spring lines on lower valley slopes, {\it Alnus glutinosa} woodland occurs with a species rich ground flora which includes {\it Osmunda regalis, Dryopteris carthusiana, Oenanthe crocata} and {\it Carex laevigata}, all of which are rare or local in North East England."

MANAGE:
The greater part of the site is managed as a country park by Durham County Council (SSSI citation).

No evidence of regular livestock grazing or heather burning was seen. The mosaic of scattered scrub, young trees and heath on parts of the site provides additional habitat for birds but some management of the spread of trees and scrub (especially {\it Betula} spp. and {\it Ulex europaeus}) across the heath will be required in the long term.


FAUNA:
There are extensive records for most groups.  Uncommon birds include Curlew, Woodlark, Nightjar, Dartford Warbler, Stonechat and Hobby.  Manunals include the rare Dormouse, Smooth, Palmate and Greatcrested Newts occur and Viviporous Lizard and Adder are common.  Over 20 species of Odonata occur, and Moths and Butterflies are well-represented.  The regionally rare Mollusc Vertigo substriata and RDB Midge Dixella filiformis have been recorded.  Butterflies and moths are well-represented, and the Bog bush-cricket Metrioptera brachyptera is abundant.

VEG:
The common is an extensive mosaic of heath, grassland, bracken, scrub and woodland, and supports some rare plants.  The following description is a brief summary of the wealth of information available on the site.  
1) A111.  The deciduous woodland is mainly Pedunculate Oak, with Beech or Birch co-dominant.  Sweet Chestnut occurs, often in the form of coppice, and Scots Pine is occasional.  Holly is frequent beneath, but Hazel, Hornbeam and Yew are more localised.  The ground flora is dominated by Pteridium aquilinum and Hyacinthoides non-scripta, with Lonicera periclymenum, Rubus fruticosus, Vaccinium myrtillus and Oxalis acetosella.  Neottia nidusavis and Epipactis purpurata occur in the Beech woods.  
2) Cll.  Dense P. aquilinum occurs over much of the open common, often forming a mosaic with heath and grassland.  Remnant heathland species such as Molinia caerulea and Calluna vulgaris often occur amongst it, and scrub and young trees are scattered.  
3) D2.  Wet heath is characterised by the dominance of Molinia caerulea and Erica tetralix, with Calluna vulgaris and Ulex minor less frequent.  There are also extensive areas where the ericaceous species are scattered over marshy grassland, forming a grass/heath mosaic with boggy patches in hollows and along stream courses.  The boggy areas support locally uncommon or rare species such as Drosera rotundifolia and D. intermedia, Wahlenbergia hederacea, Narthecium ossifragum, Lycopodiella inundatum and Rhynchospora alba amongst Sphagnum mosses.  Gentiana pneumonanthe, which is rare in the county, also occurs on these wet areas.  
4) Dl.  Dry heath differs from wet heath by being dominated by C. vulgaris, which often occurs in virtually pure stands.  E. cinerea, U. minor and Genista anglica also occur, and the rare G. pilosa has been recorded around Gills Lap, but this species is particularly susceptible to fire, and has several times been recorded as being extinct after a burn.  It is believed to still be present at the moment.  The dry heath merges with large areas of heath/grassland mosaic similar to that described above, except that the grassland is dry and acidic.  
5) B5.  Marshy grassland is dominated by M. caerulea, with herbs such as Pedicularis sylvatica, Polygala serpyllifolia, Dactylorhiza ericetorum and Potentilla erecta, and sedges, including Carex echinata and C. binervis.  The marshy grassland merges with wet heath and boggy areas.  
6) A21/22.  Scattered and dense scrub of U. europaeus and young trees occur over formerly open heathland.  The scattered scrub has a ground flora of ericaceous species, grasses or P. aquilinum, but dense scrub shades out these species, and is a major cause of heathland decline.  
7) B21.  The fairways of the golf course are mapped as unimproved neutral grassland in the EN survey, which is rather surprising.  Acid grassland would have been expected.  
8) A121.  Semi-natural conifer woodland, dominated by Scots pine.  
9) B11.  Acid grassland occurs along firebreaks, tracks and in areas cleared of P. aquilinum.  It is dominated by grasses such as Festuca ovina, Anthoxanthum odoratum and M. caerulea, with Nardus stricta and Danthonia decumbens more local.  
10) A122.  The common includes several conifer plantations of Scots Pine, Norway Spruce, Douglas Fir and Western Hemlock.  
11) The common includes several areas of open water in the form of ponds, flooded marl pits and dammed streams.  These have some aquatic flora, such as rafts of Potamogeton natans and stands of Typha latifolia and Equisetum fluviatile.  The streams are often lined by Alder, with Willow, Birch and Oak.  In places, the streams form steep-sided ghylls which support uncommon bryophytes, such as the liverwort Nardia compressa, and ferns such as Dryopteris aemula and Oreopteris limbosperma.

MANAGE:
The common is administered by a Conservation Board which employs rangers to supervise each Chase of the Forest.  Management aims are to maintain and enhance the range of habitats present, whilst providing for recreational use of the Forest.  Woodland management includes coppicing areas of Sweet Chestnut and Hazel, planting Beech to replace trees lost in the storm and maintaining non-intervention areas.  Heathland management includes mowing areas of C. vulgaris and U.europaeus, scraping off litter and reseeding the bare ground with C. vulgaris, controlling invasive P. aquilinum and scrub, and cutting firebreaks.  A grazing experiment is underway and is due to be greatly extended, once fencing permission is obtained.  Commoners's stock is used for grazing and the commoners are involved in management decisions.  There are plans to introduce traffic controls along the roads to allow grazing of the open heath.


FAUNA:
On visit, the following species were noted: Starling, Swallow, Kestrel, Skylark, Yellow Wagtail, Magpie, Dunnock, Wren, Blackbird.  Rabbit.  Small Heath.

VEG:
See target notes.  (1) is very closely rabbit-grazed short turf, semi-improved chalk grassland tending to unimproved in places.  Festuca rubra is dominant, with Carlina vulgaris.  Plantago lanceolata, Potentilla reptans, Achillea millefolium, Ononis repens, Lotus corniculatus, Pimpinella saxifraga, Sanguisorba minor, Cirsium acaule, Carex caryophyllea, Hieracium pilosella, Thymus praecox, Centaurium erythraea, Galium verum, Plantago coronopus, Centaurea nigra and Daucus carota.  (2) is a patch of dense scrub with rostrate elder, gorse, Rubus fruticosus and privet.  The road bank (3) has Centaurea scabiosa, Briza media, Anthyllis vulneraria, Gentianella amarella, Stachys officinalis, Knautia arvensis and Linaria vulgaris.  The main part of the common (4) is semi-improved chalk grassland, dominated by Lolium perenne, but with a range of herbs including Trifolium pratense, T. repens, Pimpinella saxifraga, Tragopon pratensis, Achillea millefolium, Centaurea scabiosa, Hypochaeris radicata, Plantago lanceolata, Taraxacum sp., Briza media, Ononis repens, Carlina vulgaris, Agrimonia eupatoria, Daucus carota, and other grasses such as Phleum pratense, Festuca rubra, Arrhenatherum elatius, Holcus lanatus and Dactylis glomerata.  Generally, the species-richness decreases upslope and parts of the common towards Telscombe are almost completely improved.  The lower edge of (4), near to (3) has a large patch of C31 tall herb vegetation, mainly thistles and nettles.  Area(5) is partly B32 semi-improved grassland, dominated by F. rubra, with much Holcus lanatus, Plantago lanceolata, Lotus corniculatus, Veronica serpyllifolia, Agrostis capillaris, Galium verum and some Lolium.  Parts are very closely rabbit-grazed and need further survey earlier in the year; this year the sward is completely burnt out by hot weather.  The remainder of (5) is C31 tall herb vegetation, with Rubus fruticosus, Ulex europaeus, Pteridium aquilinum and rank Arrhenatherum elatius grassland.  There is some scattered sycamore scrub amidst this.

The north-western outlier of the common (6) is an area of reseeded Lolium perenne grassland with thistles and nettles.

The north-eastern outlier of the common, NE of Telscombe, is as follows:  Area (7) is rank, ungrazed, semi-improved to unimproved chalk grassland, with patches of nettles in places.  Bromus erectus and Arrhenatherum elatius are dominant, with Dactylis glomerata and Festuca rubra.  Scrub, principally hawthorn and sycamore with bramble, is scattered.  Other herbs present in this area include Centaurea nigra, Carlina vulgaris, Lotus corniculatus, Knautia arvensis, Agrimonia eupatoria, Galium verum, Potentila repens, Ononis repens and scattered Heracleum sphondylium.  The mown road verges are more herb-rich.  Patches of dense scrub are scattered all over this outlying area, with blackthorn dominant, plus hawthorn, elder, ash, sycamore and Ulex europaeus.  Area (8) is quite rich chalk grassland disturbed by motorbike scrambling and rabbit burrows.  Area (9) is quite rich unimproved chalk grassland, grazed by rabbits; it was burnt out by the sun at the time of survey.  Carex flacca and Succisa pratensis are quite abundant with a range of other herbs.  This whole north-eastern outlier was not surveyed in detail, but appears to have potential.  Further survey earlier in the year is necessary.

MANAGE:
The main part of the common (4) is cut for hay, then grazed by cattle afterwards, at a generally moderate level.  This management should continue, with no further grassland improvement.  Areas (1), (5) and (8) plus (9) are grazed by rabbits, locally quite heavily.  Area (6) is sheep grazed.  Road verges are mown in places.  Dumping occurs locally.  The area is popular with walkers and is used for motorcycle scrambling, which should be prevented if possible, since it is damaging the best part of the common.  In general, present management of the common should continue, but the introduction of sheep grazing would be beneficial on the north-eastern outlying area.


FAUNA:
The fauna has been extensively and regularly recorded by the ranger repsonsible for the site.  The bird community is varied, with the breeding birds including species such as Tree Pipit, NightJar, Cuckoo and Stonechat.  Amongst the invertebrates, butter-flies are particularly well-represented, with notable species such as the Silver-studded Blue, Grayling, Pearlbordered Fritillary and High Brown Fritillary present.  Other.uncommon species include the Small Pearl-bordered Fritillary and the Green Hairstreak.

VEG:
The common supports a mosaic of heathland, grassland, scrub and woodland, with species-rich flushes and several ponds.  As an SSSI and part of a LNR, it has been well-documented, and the following is only a brief desciption of the habitats present.  1) Cll.  Formerly open heathland areas are now dominated by dense Pteridium aquilinum, often with remant heath beneath.  Scrub and young trees are scattered over the P. aquilinum.  2) Alll.  The woodland is dominated by Downy and Silver Birch and Pedunculate Oak with a shrub layer of Hazel, Elder and Hawthorn.  The ground flora is dominated by Rubus fruticosus.  3) B5.  Marshy grassland areas are dominated by Molinia caerulea.  4) A21.  Dense scrub concentrated around the margins of the common consists mainly of Alder Buckthorn and Blackthorn, often grading into woodland.  European gorse occurs more on the open common in dense stands or scattered bushes.  4) Bll.  Unimproved acid grassland is dominated by Festuca ovina, Agrostis capillaris and Deschampsia flexuosa, with Holcus lanatus and Anthoxanthum odoratum locally frequent.  5) D6.  There are 2 main areas where Erica tetralix and Calluna vulgaris are scattered over the Molinia caerulea - dominated wet grassland, forming a grassland/heath mosaic.  Sphagnum mosses occur in wet hollows, and in acidic flushes along stream courses with rushes and sedges.  Narthecium ossifragum, Drosera rotundifolia and Dactylorhiza maculata ssp. ericetorum, all of which are uncommon in the county, are associated with the flushes, and Viola palustris and Scutellaria minor also occur.  The locally uncommon Gentiana pneumonanthe is found in the wet heath areas.  6) D5.  A mosaic of scattered C. vulgaris and E. cinerea with acidic grassland.  Ulex minor, Carex montana and Viola lactea have been recorded in this habitat; the latter at one of its 3 known localities in the county.  7) J5.  The common is crossed by numerous tracks, and also includes car parking areas.  8) B4.  Amenity grassland.  9) E21.  The boggy areas are characterised by tussocky Molinia caerulea, with Juncus effusus, J. articulatus, J. acutifolius, Carex divisa and carpets of Sphagnum.  N. ossifragum occurs, and Cirsium disectum and Hydrocotyle vulgaris are found in Sphagnum-free hollows.  10)  The common includes streams and ponds.  Where the streams are unwooded, they have a marginal vegetation of Apium nodiflorum and rushes, with some Oenanthe crocata and Filipendula ulmaria.  Most of the ponds are now dry and shaded by trees or scrub, but one has some open water and marginal vegetation and another has a stand of Typha latifolia.

MANAGE:
The common is managed as part of the LNR, so has good provision for public access, with regularly cleared paths and car parking areas provided.  The area of heath present on the site has declined in recent years, due to lack of management, and this is being remedied by clearing areas of invasive P. aquilinum and scrub.  The woodland is also managed by periodic thinning.  The site would benefit from restoration of the ponds which are dry and overgrown at present.  Detailed management information is held by the local authority.


FAUNA:
Wren, Willow Warbler, Yellow Hammer, Swift and Woodpigeon seen during the site visit. but extensive faunal records exist for the SSSI as a whole.

VEG:
The common consists of Pteridium aguilinum, woodland, heath and acid grassland.  Part was badly burnt about a year before the visit, but the vegetation is regenerating well.  The common is part of a well-recorded SSSI and LNR, so the following is a brief summary.  1) C1l.  The open areas are dominated by tall, dense P. aquilinum.  There is little heath beneath, due to deep litter.  Trees and scrub are scattered.  2) A131.  Mixed woodland occurs around the boundaries.  It is dominated by Birch and Oak with conifers mixed in.  Hawthorn and Hazel occur below, and P. aquilinum grows in clearings.  3) D5.  The burnt ground is dominated by Molinia caerulea with P. acuilinum.  Calluna vulgaris and Ulex minor are scattered.  4) D2.  Dry heath, dominated by C. vulgaris and Frica cinerea, with abundant M. caerulea.  5) B11.  Acid grassland occurs on areas cleared of P. aquilinum.  Platanthera bifolia occurs on firebreaks.  6) J5.  Surfaced car park.

MANAGE:
The common is managed as part of the Chailey LNR.  Heathland management is seen as a priority, with control of invasive P. aquilinum and scrub by mowing and cutting.  The fire has killed much of the birch on the central section; some of the wood has been removed, but the rest has been left in place.  Presumably to rot down.  The LNR is covered by a warden who carries out site recording in addition to organising management.  There are signs that a horse has been tethered on the site in the past.


FAUNA:
Recorded during visit: Kestrel, Bullfinch, Chaffinch, Wood Pigeon, Robin, Great Spotted, Woodpecker. Rabbit. Speckled Wood

VEG:
The woodland is dense and spindly with oak, hazel, hawthorn, blackthorn, birch, ash, elder, holly and alder buckthorn. Rubus forms a dense understorey with Dryopteris filix-mas, Cirsium palustre, Deschampsia caespitosa, Ranunculus flammula, Holcus lanatus, Oxalis acetosella, Urtica dioica.  The wood is probably neglected coppice.  The amount of birch declines to the north of the common and oak and hazel increase.  A stream crosses the common, it is lined with alder and Salix with Oenanthe crocata and Arctium minus.  A roadside verge to the south ranges from 10m to lm.  It has a mown strip, the remainder being MG1 tall grassland with Arrhenatherum elatius, Dactylis glomerata, Cirsium arvense, Filipendula ulmaria, Potentilla anserina, Epilobium hirsutum, Centaurea nigra, Pulicaria dysenterica and scattered bracken.  It is bounded by a mixed hedge.

MANAGE:
There is an old nature reserve sign by the road, saying Chailey Common Nature Reserve.  It appears to be part of a complex of common land units managed as Chailey Common reserve.  There appears to be little management and the wood is dense and impenetrable.  There is some storm damage.  The wood is in need of extensive thinning, with coppicing reinstated.


FAUNA:
Casual records of Bluetit, Great tit, Long-tailed tit, Coal tit, Robin, Blackbird, Song Thrush, Jay and Pheasant.  Signs of Deer and Fox were seen during the site visit, and Frog Spawn was seen in the pond.

VEG:
The common consists of Birch and Oak woodland with areas of bracken and bramble.  It includes an overgrown pond a stream and a track.  1) Alll.  The woodland varies in density, structure and species, probably as a result of past management.  The southern end and parts of the central section are dominated by Oak over dense Holly or Hazel.  The remainder is dominated by Birch with Oak occasional or confined to the boundaries.  Hazel, Holly and young Birch form the shrub layer.  The ground flora is dominated by Rubus fruticosus and Pteridium aquilinumo especially under Birch, with Hyacinthoides non-scripta beneath.  The cleared area around the pylons is dominated by grasses such as Holcus lanatus, Agrostis sp. and Molinia caerulea, with Juncus effusus and sedges.  2) J5.  The track is lined by trees and shrubs.  3) Gl.  The pond is full of leaf litter and dead wood and has little water.  4) G2.  The stream is heavily shaded and has no aquatic vegetation present.

MANAGE:
The site shows signs of both past and recent management.  Many of the Birch and some of the Oak trees are multi-stemmed, so have been coppiced in the past.  It appears that this was rather haphazard, as the the woodland does not have a typical coppice-with-standards structure.  Recent management includes the clearing of a large area around the powerlines, and possiblv mowing or cutting, as Bracken and Bramble is rare here.  The area cleared is much larger than that occupied by the powerlines but there are no other signs of management, such as grazing, to account for this.  The track has been surfaced with rubble along part of its length, and with chippings from the northern end to the houses.  Rubble, earth, farmyard waste and ashfelt have been dumped along its length, although some material has been removed.  Future management could include restoring the pond, removing tipped material and selective thinning and coppicing of the woodland.


FAUNA:
On visit, the following species were noted: Blue Tit, Robin, Bullfinch, Greenfinch.  Large White.

VEG:
Target notes as follows: common is on N. Side of Marstakes Road only.  (A) Blackthorn scrub with tall herb vegetation (Urtica dioica, Cirsium spp., Rubus fruticosus, Calystegia sepiump, Fillipendula ulmaria, Heraculeum sphondylium and MG1 Arrhenatherum elatius grassland.  (B) Dense blackthorn scrub and Salix cinerea with similar tall herb vegetation, mown along the road edge.  One large area of dense bracken.  (C) Dense blackthorn scrub, backed by ash trees, with bracken patch.  (D) Very dense and shady blackthorn scrub with little ground flora.  Some oak and ash-standards and patches of bracken.  U. dioica, Hedera helix and R. fruticosus in places; some coppiced hazel woodland.  (E) is oak and ash with hazel and Hedera understory, with some blackthorn.  (F) is a mown area of semi-improved acidic grassland, with Agrostis capillaris, Prunella vulgaris, Lotus corniculatus, Centaurea nigra, leading onto narrow close mown MG7 Lolium perenne grassland with domestic hedges and some tree planting.  (G) is woodland with oak standards and hornbeam coppice with U.dioica and Hedera beneath; some hazel and Rubus present.  The area is fenced from the wood.  (H) is similar woodland to (G), but much sycamore.  (I) is mown MG1 Arrhenatherum elatius grassland with a bracken fringe and a backing hedge.  (J) is MG1 Arrhenatherum grassland with tall herb and scattered oaks.  (K) and (L) are oak woodland, stretching along much of Cockfield Lane.  Area (M) consists of tall hawthorn hedges and a thin path, grading into woodland to the north.

MANAGE:
The verges along Marstakes Lane are mown, and there has been some tree planting.  The woodland in Cockfield Lane is unmanaged.  Litter has been dumped in places.  Present management should continue.


FAUNA:
On visit, the following species were noted: Wood Pigeon, Spotted Flycatcher, Robin, Wren, Blackcap, Great Tit.

VEG:
Area (A) is 5m wide, with thin strip of B22 (MG1) Arrhenatherum elatius grassland, then Rubus fruticosus, Salix scrub and a Crataegus monogyna hedge.  Area (B) has a thin roadside verge of MG1 grassland, then tall secondary woodland, dominated by Quercus robur, with Fraxinus excelsior, Acer campestre, Prunus spinosa, with Fraxinus excelsior, Acer campestre, Prunus spinosa and Corylus avellana.  It is shady, with R. fruticosus in places.  Scrub cover is dense in places, and there are thick fringes of Prunus spinosa, some Cornus sanguinea and Ligustrum sp.   To south, the woodland grades into A21 dense P. spinosa scrub, with R. fruticosus, scattered Quercus  trees, Malus sylvestris.  South of this,  the area grades into woodland once more, dominated by Q. robur, with C.avellana, R.fruticosus, Sambucus nigra and Hedera helix frequent.  The northern section (C) is predominantly Quercus and Fraxinus woodland, with dense understory of P. spinosa, Rubus, C. monogyna, Rosa sp., Lingustrum sp. and Acer campestre.  There are several more open clearings with rank grasses, e.g. Dactylis glomerata, and the extreme northern tip is a more open area of scrub and Rubus fruticosus.

MANAGE:
The road verges are mown, presumably by the Local Authority, but this appears to be the only management.  There is some storm damage amongst taller trees.  Rubbish dumping is frequent.  Thinning of selected parts of the woodland would be beneficial, but otherwise no immediate management is necessary.


VEG:
The common consists of a long track, with house frontages at the northern end, becoming more shady, tree-lined and with scattered scrub further to the south.  Area (A) is a tarmac-covered track, with tall ash trees and hawthorn hedges, and a thin verge of B22 grassland (MG1 Arrhenatherum elatius community).  Section (B) consists of garden frontages with a thin strip of mown B22 grassland (MG7 Lolium perenne community).  Most of the rest of the site (C) is approximately 10m wide, and is dominated by tall, shady hedges and scrub, with scattered oak and ash trees, backing onto houses towards the southern end.

MANAGE:
The northern part of the site is mown, in front of the houses, probably by the Local Authority, but possibly also by local residents.  Sporadic rubbish dumping is present.  Few management recommendations can be made.  Thinning of the densest scrub areas would be desirable, and rubbish dumping should be prevented if possible.


FAUNA:
Wren, Magpie, Bullfinch, Goldcrest, Greenfinch, Chaffinch, Redpoll, Swallow, Wood Pigeon, Swallow. Mole. Speckled Wood, Large White.

VEG:
The wooded areas between the fairways 1) are scrubby birch with holly, beech, sweet chestnut, oak, cherry and scots pine with a bracken and bramble understorey.  It is more mature in places 2) with larger oak, sycamore rowan and birch.  Near the car park 3) it is oak with beech, hawthorn, crab apple and ash.  The fairways are close mown Agrostis capllaris grassland with Poa annua on the greens.  Heathland occurs along the edges 4) with Calluna, Ulex minor, U. europaeus, Erica cinerea, Molinia.  At 5) in addition there is Succisa pratensis, Nardus, Hypochoeris radicata.  Danthonia decumbens occurs with mown Calluna in places.  Along the woodland edges there is Campanula rotunifolia, Hypericum pulcrum, occassional Fragula alnus, Heracleum spondylium, Centaurea nigra, Rosa canina, Agrimonia eupatoria and Stachys sylvatica.

MANAGE:
The fairways and greens are closely mown.  Tree planting, sometimes of exotics, is frequent.  Benches and a car park present.  Some storm damage has been cleared.  Bracken has been cut near the church.  The groundsman said that no fertilisers are put on the fairways, just on the greens.  He is trying to encourage the Calluna but there is little left and more may be planted.  The woods should be thinned to encourage the ground flora and the scrub and woodland adjacent to the heath should be cut back to prevent encroachment.  Future tree planting should be of native species.


FAUNA:
Casual records for House Sparrow, Blackbird, Woodpigeon, Magpie and Kestrel.  Meadow Brown butterfly and 6-spot Burnet moth recorded.

VEG:
The common is mainly reseeded grassland but includes herb-rich damp grassland on the wide road verge and around the stream.  1) B4 Reseeded grassland.  Species-poor Lolium perenne, Phleum and Agrostis with large patches of Cirsium arvense.  2) B21/A22 Scattered scrub over unimproved neutral grassland.  2i) Is a hollow with abundant Ulex europaeus and several Birch and Oak trees growing over damp Deschampsia caespitosa, Holcus lanatus and Agrostis arasaland.  Molinia Caerulea is occasional.  Herbs include Genista tinctoria,  G. analica, Ranunclus flammula, Cirsium palustre, C. disectum and Achillea ptarmica.  The banks are drier.  Pteridium aquilinum, Rubus fruticosus and Lonicera periclymenum occur amongst the scrub.  2ii) is similar, but includes Salix repens, Ulex minor,.  Ononis spinosa, and is ranker.  Hawthorn and Blackthorn also occurs. 3) The wide verge is most diverse at its northern end, with G. tinctoria is locally abundant amongst more occasional Pimpinella saxifraga, Lotus corniculatus, Hieracium pilosella, Chrysanthemum leucanthemum, Silaum silaus, Centaurea nigra and Achillea millifolium.  The grassland is generally tussocky and dominated by Deschampsia caespitosa, with Holcus lanatus, Agrostis and Festuca rubra.  Moving southwards, the grassland has not been cut, and is consequently more rank and less species rich.  4) J5.  The common includes a railway line, several drives and appears to include the roads also.  A small area has been incorporated into a garden.  The railway line embankments support Hawthorn, Blackthorn and young Ash, with Pteridium aquilinum, Urtica dioica and Rubus fruticosus in open areas.  5) Alll.  Semi-natural broadleaved woodland occurs in small patches along the road and on the railway embankments.  It is dominated by Ash and Oak over Hawthorn, with some Blackthorn and Gorse on the embankments.  6)  The small pond is fenced off from the field and is full of Typha latifolia, with Juncus inflexus, Epilobium hirsutum and Pulicaria dysenterica.  There is no open water.  The stream is wet south of the railway line, with Glyceria, Veronica beccabunga, Apium nodiflorum and Juncus effusus present.  It is steep-sided, but the banks have been poached by cattle.  North of the railway, it is dry and lined by J. effusus, with some A. nodiflorum, Mentha aquatica and Carex obtrubae.  Ranunculus flammula, V. beccabunga and Iris pseudacorus occur by the bridge.

MANAGE:
The majority of the common was drained. fenced, ploughed and reseeded in 1979.  The whole area east of the road is grazed by cattle, but is divided into two parts by the railway line.  The cattle can only use the whole site when the gates on the bridge are open.  Part of the grassland is being managed for hay.  The wetter areas are becoming rank and scrub is spreading, so it is recommended that they are cut and the scrub is controlled.  The verges are mown and the footpaths are clear and signed.  There has been some disturbance to the ground by the houses and a small area has been incorporated into a garden.  Small scale tipping of garden waste has occurred.


FAUNA:
The areas of woodland and scrub support a diverse passerine bird community, including species such as Blackcap, Corn Bunting and Whitethroat.  Rabbits are abundant, and Adders occasional.  The chalk grassland is important for butterflies, including the Chalkhill Blue, Brown Argus and Green Hairstreak.

VEG:
The common consists of rather rank chalk grassland with developing Ash woodland and areas of dense and scattered scrub.  1) B31.  The grassland in rather coarse, due to lack of grazing over the past 50 years.  Festuca ovina is dominant, but ranker grasses, such as Dactylis glomerata, Arrhenatherum elatius, Cynosaurus cristatus, Bromus erectus and Brachypodium pinnatum are locally abundant.  The grassland is more species-rich on thinner soils around the old chalk pits, or where the grass is grazed short by rabbits.  In these areas, species such as Origanum vulgare, Gentianella amare1la,. Asperula cynanchica, Carex flacca and orchids occur.  2) A21/22.  Young Ash, Hawthorn, Dogwood, Whitebeam and Wayfaring Tree occur as dense or scattered scrub.  3) The woodland is mainly Ash with occasional Beech and Sycamore.  The ground flora is poor, with Mercurialis perennis, Hedera helix and Rubus fruticosus scattered.

MANAGE:
The common has recently been fenced (with permission of the Secretary of State) and is being grazed from mid september to mid may by 120-150 sheep.  It is not possible to graze during the summer months, due to heavy public use of the South Downs Way.  The woodland and scattered scrub are managed by occasional thinning, and the dense scrub is retained as it is an important habitat for birds.  The amount of management is resource-dependant, but use is made of volunteers for activities such as scrub clearance.


FAUNA:
Wood Pigeon, Robin, Bullfinch, Wren, Great Spotted Woodpecker, House Martin, Green Woodpecker, Long tailed Tit. Rabbit. Speckled Wood.

VEG:
1) Birch scrub with bracken, rowan, Scots pine and Rubus occurs along the edge of the road and between the fairways.  2) The edges of the fairways have a heath-grass mosaic of Molinia, Calluna, scattered Erica tetralix, Ulex minor, U. europaeus, Potentilla erecta.  Galium saxatile and Erica cinerea.  Part has been lightly burnt 4).  The fairways 3) are closely mown B12 Agrostis-Festuca grassland with Molinia and scattered Nardus stricta and Juncus squarrosus along the edges.  Between the fairways 5) are dense patches of bracken, birch scrub, Chaemenerion angustifolium, Eupatoria cannabinum and Rubus.  There are several streams and ghylls (6, 7), the latter are deeply incised with alder, sallow, broom, oak scrub and guelder rose with Molinia, Digitalis purpurea, Teucrium scorodonia, Blechnum spicant, Calluna and E. cinerea.  The heath is well developed in some areas 8) and damp in places with Molinia, E.tetralix, Salix repens, Succisa Pratensis, Hydrocotyle vulgaris, Juncus effusus, Pedicularis sylvatica, Tricophorum caespitosum, U. minor, Anthoxanthum odoratum, Hypochoeris radicata, Frangula alnus.  The rest of the common follows this zonation, with re-seeded greens grading into mown fairways with less regularly mown heathy edges grading into scrubby woodland, becoming mature in places with larger oak and pine.

MANAGE:
The golf course is managed quite sympathetically to wildlife, but the priority should be to maintain the existing areas of heath which are vulnerable to loss from scrub encroachment.  In some areas only a narrow strip of heath exists between the fairway and scrub, this should be expanded by cutting back the scrub.  Fertiliser applications on greens should be kept to an absolute minimum and care should be taken to prevent run-off onto surrounding habitats.  The woodland should be thinned to diversify the ground flora.


VEG:
The common is effectively part of CL 2, with no separating fence.  It has been recently ploughed or otherwise disturbed as the sward is composed of much Polygonum aviculare and Plantago major growing in a matrix of Lollum perenne in the north of the site; it is strongly dominated by Lolium at the southern end.

MANAGE:
Recent reseeding has occurred, though grass growth has not been good, with many weeds.  A hay crop was taken from part of the site and the area is now open to cattle grazing, probably mainly in the autumn.  No management recommendations can be made.


FAUNA:
Casual records of Bluetit, Robin, Nuthatch, Blackbird and Rabbit.

VEG:
The common consists of a small area of species-rich grassland.  The main grass is Festuca rubra, with Dactylis glomerata, Holcus lanatus and some Lolium perenne.  Although the site was surveyed very early in the year, it still appeared herb-rich, with abundant Conopodium majus, Rumex acetosa, Leontodon hispidus, and Ranunculus repens, and frequent Achillea millefolium, Stellaria graminea, Plantago lanceolata, Cerastium fontanum, Prunella vulgaris, Bellis perennis and Taraxacum officinale.  Stachys officinalis is rare.  Mosses, such as Rhytidiadelphus squarrosus, are locally abundant and Luzula occurs.  The grassland is bordered to the north by scrubby Oak and Sycamore woodland, with Birch and Holly.  Rubus fruticosus is abundant beneath, and also along the boundary of the wood and grassland.  Strips of similar woodland occur along the western and southern boundaries.

MANAGE:
The footpath is signed and a seat has been placed on the common.  It appears that the site is mown, as the turf is only approximately 5 cm long.  The common is obviously heavily used by horse riders and has a worn ring in the centre; as there is no sign of a tethering post, it likely that this has been caused by riders moving around an instructor, so the site is probably used by the adjacent riding stable.  This should be prevented, as the ring is now completely devoid of grass and the soil has become compacted.  The present management appears to be ideal.


FAUNA:
On visit, the following species were noted: Black-headed Gull, Swallow, House Martin, Mallard, Wood Pigeon, Willow Warbler, Magpie, Blue tit, Dunnock, Pied Wagtail, Wren, Linnet, Goldfinch, Greenfinch, Bullfinch, Chaffinch, Redpoll, Blackbird, Collared Dove, Nuthatch, Coal Tit, Song Thrush, Carrion Crow, Yellowhammer, Crossbill.  
Rabbits.  
Green-veined White, Large White, Meadow Brown, Speckled Wood.  
Aeshna cyanea (Odonata).  Omocestus viridulus, Chorthippus bunneus (Orthoptera).

VEG:
Areas north of A272: (1) is mown, Arrhenatherum elatius grassland or improved Lolium perenne sward, with an adjacent strip of shrubs.  Part is take up with a farm shop car park.  (2) is a row of horse chestnut trees with scrub behind, mainly hazel, Salix sp. and Rubus fruticosus.  Further west (3) lies oak woodland with birch and underlying bramble.  Area (4) is scrubby oak woodland with hazel, blackthorn and underlying Rubus.  (5) is open rough Holcus lanatus grassland with Cirsium spp., Chamaenerion angustifolium, Urtica dioica and bracken at edges.  Some tree planting here.  (6) is the northern arm of the common, which is bracken-covered relict heath, with scattered Calluna vulgaris, Erica cinerea, Ulex minor and Ulex eurpaeus and birch scrub.  The NE edges are wooded, and  a dried-up pond is present.  South of A272: Piltdown Pond: water level low, with much bare mud.  Margins have Juncus effusus, Sparganium erectum, Oenanthe crocata, Galium Palustre, Mentha aquatica, Bidens ceruna, Iris pseudacorus, Hypericum elodes, Ranunculus flammula, Lycopus europaeus, Polygonum hydropiper, Lotus uliginosus, Hydrcotyle vulgaris, Juncus articulatus and Carex sp. (?rostrata).  Behind these edges lies a scrub fringe of Salix cinerea and hawthorn.  Adjacent and to the south is a popular car park.  Area (7) is birch and hazel scrub with Rubus, grading southwards into mown Lolium perenne grassland, bracken and scattered scrub along garden frontages.  8) is birch and gorse scrub, with Rubus and a mown Arrhenatherum elatius fringe.  (9) B4 area is a large green, surrounded by mown semi-improved acidic grassland and a belt of dry Calluna heath with Molinia caerulea.  Areas marked (10) are generally bracken dominated with 20-50% oak and birch scrub and trees, sometimes with scots pine, plus Chamaenerion angustifoliuin, Rubus, Ulex europaeus and Salix scrub.  Area (11) is a mown semi-improved acidic grassland green with heathland on embankments.  This grades into (12), which describes the main areas of fairways and roughs on the golf course.  These consist of around 80% B12 semi-improved acidic grassland fairways, dominated by Agrostis capillaris and Festuca spp., with around 20% Dll Calluna vulgaris heathland roughs, with frequent Molinia caerulea and occasionaly Ulex minor.  All these areas are mown, some very closely.  Areas (13) consist of scrub dominated by Ulex europaeus, Betula sp., blackthorn and bracken.  Areas (14) are oak woodland with Molinia underneath, some sweet chestnut, bracken and gorse, with a thin heathland fringe.  Area (15) is oak and ash woodland with bracken and Rubus fruticosus.  There is one large patch of Reynoutria japonica.  (16) tall oak and ash woodland with hazel an Rubus beneath.  Sycamore and elder are scattered.  The wood is dense and shady, with Brachypodium sylvaticum and Arum maculatum.  (17) is an area of B5 Molinia dominated grassland with some Calluna and Ulex minor.  (18) is rank and tussocky B5 Molinia, with fringing gorse and birch scrub.  (19) consists of a central clump of woodland, bracken and scrub, though some parts have much Molinia and heathland species.

MANAGE:
Much of the golf course is mown, with decreasing frequency from the greens, through the fairways to the roughs.  Parts of the grassland, mainly the greens, have been improved.  Some of the rougher areas are grazed by rabbits.  Parts of the woodland areas have been damaged by the storm in 1987, some of which has been tidied.  Localised scrub clearance has taken place, and scattered tree planting.  The pond is used for fishing.  Rubbish dumping occurs in places.  The main management priority is to maintain the remaining heathland and acidic grassland.  No further grassland or heath improvement should take place.  Mowing of these areas should continue, with removal of cuttings.  Any further tree planting should be of native species.  Scrub should continue to be controlled.


VEG:
The common consists of a small area of rough Bracken-dominated ground with trees around the margins.  1) Cll.  Continuous Pteridium aquilinum.  The central part of the common is dominated by dense P. aquilinum.  The presence of rough grasses and tall herbs, such as Arrhenatherum elatius, Centaurea nigra, Stachys sylvatica and Chamaenerion angustifolium, suggests that this area was once open grassland which has been invaded by P. aquilinum.  Birch, Hawthorn, Hazel, Sycamore and Europaean Gorse are scattered.  2) Alll.  The margins of the site are dominated by tall trees, incluing Ash, Birch, Crack Willow and Poplar.  Alders grow along the stream, and Allium ursinum occurs along its bank.  The stream contains fast-flowing water and deeper pools.  It is shaded by trees and has some dead wood lying across it.  There was no aquatic vegetation present at the time of the survey.

MANAGE:
The site appears to be unmanaged, although the public footpath is signed.  The wooded area by the stream has unoffical paths through it.  Recommended management would be to cut the Bracken and maintain the centre of the site as open grassland, removing encroaching scrub as necessary.  The common should be managed as part of the larger area formed by itself, CL 41 and CL 123.


FAUNA:
Casual records of Bluetit, Great tit, Long-tailed tit, Robin, Blackbird and Woodpigeon.  Mammals include Grey Squirrel and Fox.

VEG:
The common consists of a wooded slope, with Beech, Oak and Birch locally dominant.  1) The southern part of the common has very large Beech scattered over dense Holly and frequent Yew.  Mature Oaks are occasional and there are several large Pines.  Storms have resulted in dead fallen wood and crowm damage, and the regeneration of Birch in clearings.  Mosses are abundant on stumps and banks.  2) is dominated by spindly Birch which has regrown from coppice, and young Birch trees, Molinia caerulea occurs beneerath with clumps of Rubus fruticosus and P. aquilinum.  There is no shrub layer, but Holly saplings occur.  Beech is confined to very large trees along the western boundary, but Pine is occasional.  3) Open canopy Oak and Birch woodland with occasional Pine and Yew over dense P. aquilinum, R. fruticosus and M. caerulea.  Oak and Holly are abundant by the northern boundary.  4) A Bracken dominated clearing.  5) A narrow, shallow stream with steep mossy banks.

MANAGE:
The woodland has been managed in the past by coppicing, as a number of the trees are multi-stemmed.  A large area of P. aquilinum which adjoins the garden to the north-east (target note 4), is probably the result of past clearing.  Recent management appears to have been confined to clearing up wind-thrown trees in parts of the wood, although there is still plenty of dead and fallen wood left.  Wilderness Wood, which adjoins the common to the west, has been completely clear-felled and all stumps removed, but this work does not appear to have affected the common.  Ideally, future management should aim at improving the structure of the wood and encouraging regeneration of Beech and Oak, by selective thinning and coppicing, and protection of Oak and Beech seedlings and saplings.


FAUNA:
The following species were seen during the site visit.  Birds:- Chaffinch, Woodpigeon, Magpie.  Mammals: - Rabbit.  Invertebrates:- Wall Brown, Small Tortoiseshell, Large White, Speckled Wood and Small Copper butterflies.  Aeshna cyanea.

VEG:
The common consists of secondary woodland and scrub, with open areas of grassland and some heath.  1) Alll.  The northern part of the site is divided by pylons.  North of these, the woodland consists of some mature Oak and Birch, over young Birch, Oak, Hawthorn and Gorse.  It forms a virtually continuous cover, but there are some areas of open ground which are dominated by Rubus fruticosus.  The wood is similar south of the pylon run, but has more mature trees.  The woodland south of the road is mature Oak and Birch, with Aspen, Blackthorn, Hazel and Elder by the stream.  2) A21. Scrub is well-developed over most of the unwooded areas of the common, and consists of the same species as 1), only without the mature trees.  Gorse is abundant around grassland areas.  3) Bll. Unimproved acid grassland is patchy north of the road, but has old anthills.  It is extensive to the south, and is dominated by short-grazed fine grasses with Deschampsia caespitoba and Succisa pratensis, Galium saxatile, Potentilla erecta, Rumex acetosella and patchy Calluna vulgaris, Genista anclica and lichens.  4) B21.  Coarser grassland, with some Achillea ptarmica, Pulicaria dysenterica and other tall herbs.  5) D5  A mosaic of heath and acid grassland, similar to 3), but with more heath and Ulex minor.  6) B5.  A damp area with Filipendula ulmaria, A. ptarmica, Angelica sylvestris, Scutellaria minor and Mentha aquatica.

MANAGE:
The area under the pylons is cut regularly, but there is no other management apparent.  Recent lack of management means the site is reverting to woodland, and the more interesting grassland and heath in being shaded out.  Ideally, scattered trees and scrub should be removed and the cleared areas kept free of invasive species by cutting or grazing, to encourage the regeneration of grassland and heath.


FAUNA:
On visit, the following species were noted: Robin, Great Tit and Magpie.  Speckled Wood.  Aeshna cyanea (Odonata).

VEG:
Target notes as follows: (A) is a 3m wide grass verge between the road and a privet hedge.  It is mown B12 grassland, dominated by Agrostis cadillaris, Festuca sp. and Anthoxanthum odoratum, with Rubus fruticosus, Centaurea nigra, Hypochaeris radicata, Pimpinella saxifraga, Potentilla anserina and some bracken.  (B) is a small triangle of bracken with elder, oak and Salix scrub, Rubus and a mown verge.  (C) consists of lm of mown MG1 Arrhenatherum elatius grassland with privet hedge and bracken.  There is some elm and hawthorn in the hedge.  Towards the A road, there is a small area of unimproved acidic grassland on a 2m wide bank.  At (D) there is a large dense patch of Rubus, with beech trees and a hawthorn hedge.  (E) is mown MG1 Arrhenatherum grassland with bracken, some hawthorn and oak scrub, with planted yew and weeping willow.  (F) is mown unimproved acidic grassland (2m wide), with bracken, oak scrub and Rubus patches.  (G) is mown MG1 Arrhenatherum and MG7 Lolium perenne grassland around 5m wide, with planted ornamental trees.

MANAGE:
Most of the verges are mown, with cuttings left to decay.  Litter has been dumped in places.  Present management should continue, with collection and removal of grass cuttings if possible.  The area appears to form the edge of the Chailey Common nature reserve.


FAUNA:
Birds:- Blue Tit, House Sparrow, Wood Pigeon, Domestic ducks.  Mammals: - Rabbit

VEG:
The common consists of grass verges alongside a busy road.  There is an area of scrub at the north end.  The grassland is a mixture of Arrhenatherum elatius, Holcus lanatus and Dactylis glomerata, with abundant Cirsium arvense,  Heracleum sphondylium, Achillea millefolium, Centaurea nigra, Convolvulus arvensis and Urtica dioica in uncut areas.  Epilobium hirsutum occurs along the hedge boundaries.  The verges vary from approximately lm to 8m in width.  The mown grassland outside houses and farms has occasionally been reseeded or improved.  The verges are overhung by scrub in places, and there is an area of dense scrub and tall Oak and Ash at the northern end.

MANAGE:
Approximately 1.5m of verge is mown either side of the road, but the verge is often much wider than this, so some areas are never mown and are becoming rank.  The verges outside farms and some houses are often mown short, like lawns, and some have scrubs planted.  Drives have been made, and access tracks cut to adjoining fields.  There is a strtch of pavement at the southern end.  The rank vegetation should be cut occassionally, and the cutting removed from the site.


FAUNA:
The following species were noted during the site visit.  Birds:- Wren, Swift, Blackbird, Starling, Woodpigeon, Rook.  Invertebrates:- Speckled Wood butterfly.

VEG:
The common consists of a strip of bracken, scrub, tall herb and woodland.  1) Alll.  Semi-natural broadleaved woodland occurs on the periphery of the site, and dominates the southern part of the common.  It is mostly Oak, with occasional Birch and Pine, over a patchy shrub layer of Holly, Hawthorn and young Sycamore.  Pteridium aquilinum dominates the ground flora.  The woodland is more scrubby on the southern part of the site.  2) Cll.  Tall, dense P. aquilinum occurs in unwooded areas, with Molinia caerulea and some Rubus fruticosus beneath.  Small amounts of Erica cinerea and Ulex minor occur along path edges.  Young Oak, Birch and Pine are scattered.  3) R22.  Scrub of old Hawthorn, Blackthorn, Gorse and Willow is scattered over all open areas.  4) C31.  An area of dense, impenetrable R. fruticosus, tall herbs and coarse grasses.  5) J5. Tracks and drives to the houses.  6) B4.  A small, reseeded area.

MANAGE:
The majority of the common is unmanaged and is reverting to woodland and scrub.  The residents along the eastern boundary have  'adopted' small areas, by thinning the woodland to occasional trees over grass, cutting paths, planting exotic trees and shrubs and mowing areas to form lawns.  Stakes have been put in the ground to prevent parking.  The edges of tracks and areas which have been cleared and mown support acid grassland and occasional patches of Calluna vulgaris, E. Cinerea and U. minor.  It would therefore be worth cutting and raking, or spraying areas of P. aquilinum, to see if heathland plants become establised.  These areas should not be used by horse-riders, as the plants are sensitive to trampling.  Even though the common is small, heathland has become so much diminished, and is so important to some that restoring even a small area would be worthwhile.


FAUNA:
Recorded during visit: Speckled Wood, Wren, Wood Pigeon

VEG:
The green lane is narrow in parts, with only a thin strip of hedge with elder, hazel, field maple.  In the centre it becomes wider with woodland of oak, ash, blackthorn, Hedera helix, Tamus communis, Clematis vitalba, Mercurialis perrenis, Primula vulgaris, Circaea lutetiana and a strip of MG1 grassland with Arrhenatherum elatius, Heracleum sphondylium, Epilobium hirsutum, Bromus ramosus, Silene dioica, Carex remota, Urtica dioica, Arum maculatum, Stachya sylvatica, Dipsacus fullonum, and Rubus.

MANAGE:
The common is virtually unmanaged apart from some surfacing of the track.  Present management should continue.


VEG:
Most of the common is wooodland of oak, birch and scots pine with holly, hazel and dense Rubus.  The wood had suffered storm damage.  The centre of the common is dense bracken with scattered oak, birch, pine, hawthorn, sycamore, crab apple, elder, cherry, beech with MG1 grassland along the tracks with Chaemenerion angustifolium, Heracleum sphondylium, Urtica dioica, Rumex obtusifolia and Digitalis purpurea.  A stream crossing the common is lined with alder and sallow.

MANAGE:
There appears to be no management and non-intervention is probably the best policy as the storm has served to open up the canopy.


FAUNA:
Nuthatch, Robin, Golcrest, Coal Tit, Stock Dove, Wood Pigeon, Blackbird, Jay, Treecreeper, Hedge Brown, Common Blue, Speckled Wood, Rabbit

VEG:
The central part is mature oak woodland with large hornbeam, beech and birch.  Some damage had occurred after the storm.  There is little ground flora apart from Hyacynthoides non-scripta, Ruscus aculeatus, Lonicera pericylmenum are scattered and yew is occassional.  The edges of the woodland grade into scrub with ash, field maple, hawthorn admidst bracken.  The southern glade is notable for its remnant acid grassland along tracks of Molinia with Serratula tinctoria, Holcus lanatus, Agrostis capillaris, Galium saxatile, Potentilla erecta with scattered Ulex europaeus.  The north east area is dense bracken with scattered scrub.  The 2 N.W ponds 1) are muddy hollows shaded by alder and sallow.  The southern pond 2) has Deschamspia caespitosa, Juncus effusus and Cirsium palustre and a small open area neraby has Achillea ptarmica, Lycopus europaeus, Centaurea nigra, Pulicaria dysenterica, Potentilla anserina and Rubus.

MANAGE:
The common does not appear to be managed.  A priority should be to restore the ponds by cutting back overhanging scrub and deepening them.  The remaining acid grassland is likely to be lost to bracken and scrub and some scrub clearance would be beneficial to maintain open areas.  In particular the area around the pond 2) is of value to butterflies and other invertebrates and should be maintained.


FAUNA:
The following species were recorded during the brief site visit.  Birds:- Wren, Goldfinch, Swallow.  Mammals:- Mole.  Invertebrates:- Common Sympetrum, Large White butterfly, speckled Wood butterfly.

VEG:
The common is predominately grassland which is locally species-rich.  There is also a pond.  1) B22.  Semi-improved neutral grassland.  Although the grassland just north of the road appears to be improved, with abundant Lolium perenne and Agrostis sp. and only a few common herbs, the rest of the site has areas of richer grassland.  These tend to be dominated by Dactylis glomerata, Holcus lanatus and Deschampsia caespitosa, with Silaum silaus.  Lathyrus pratensis, Pulicaria dysenterica, Lotus corniculatus, Centaurea nigra, and Picris echioides.  The area south of the road is dominated by Festuca arundinacea.  The site is crossed by a series of steep-sided dykes.  These have patches of Iris pseudacorus, Veronica beccabunca, Apium nodiflorum and Glyceria sp. with some Epilobium hirsutum and Alisma plantago-aquatica.  There is very little water in them.  2) J5.  The common is crossed by surfaced drives and a parking area.  3) G1.  The pond is overgrown by tall Willows and is surrounded by Elm.  It is full of Juncus inflexus, so must be dry.  The common is surrounded by hedges of Elm, Ash, Hawthorn, Oak, Field Maple and Blackthorn, with some large trees.  These are of value as cover, nesting sites and a food source for a variety of fauna.

MANAGE:
The grassland is mown, presumably for hay.  It is also managed for recreation, with seats and bins provided.  The verges are used for parking by people visiting the site.  Some trees have been planted, and several boundary trees have been felled and burnt.  There is some tipping, and this should be discouraged.  Fertilizers and herbicides should not be used on the grassland, and the present management should continue, to retain the diversity of species.  The pond could be restored by cutting back trees and dredging.


FAUNA:
The following species were seen during the site visit; Birds:- Wren, Blackbird, Jackdaw.  Mammals:- Rabbit.  Invertebrates:- Common Blue, Holly Blue, Meadow Brown, Large White and Green-veined White butterflies.

VEG:
The common consits of species-rich grassland, which displays a suprising variation of types, possibily due to soil.  1) B21.  Unimproved neutral grassland.  The grassland appears to be unimproved, but does not fit the neutral category well, as it is very variable.  The area north of the road is the most typically neutral, with Agrostis sp. dominant, and herbs such as Centaurea nigra, Anchillea millefolium, Lotus corniculatus and Leontodon sp..  However, species more typical of chalk grassland, such as Euphrasia sp. and Sanguisorba minor also occur.  The area south of the road is similar, but with Galium verum, Lathyrus pratensis, Agrimonia eupatoria, Potentilla reptans and Pimpinella saxifraga.  The grassland slopes down towrads the southern boundary, and the lower parts of the slope are more diverse, with Ulex europaeus, P. erecta, Betonica officinalis, Leontodon hispidus, Thymus pulegioides, Viola sp., A. millefolium, Carex hirta and mosses.  Overall, the grassland appears to be neutral, with areas of both calcareous and acidic influences, which make it difficult to classify.  2) A21.  The south-west corner has dense scrub of Blackthorn, with Hawthorn, Elder and mature Ash.  Rubus fruticosus is abundant in clearings and on margins.  3) C31.  Tall or runderal herbs occur on disturbed ground.

MANAGE:
The common does not appear to be used for grazing or cut for hay.  Part is used for storing bales.  The grassland is herb-rich, representing a scarce habitat, and its management is important.  Ideally, fertilisers and herbicides should not be applied, and the site should be grazed or cut for hay, to maintain the diversity of species, and prevent further spread of scrub and ruderal or opportunist species.


VEG:
Wide verges of neutral grassland alongside a main road.  1) B22.  The majority of the grassland appears to be only slightly improved.  It is dominated by Arrhenatherum elatius and Festuca arundinacea, with frequent Silaum silsus, Lathyrus pratensis, Vicia cracca, some Pulicaria dysenterica, Heraceleum sphondylium and Picria echioides.  Deschampsia caespitosa is occasional.  The grassland appears to be more improved towards the south, but is still fairly herb-rich.  Areas have been mown short opposite houses.  2) C31.  Tall herbs dominate the uncut areas of the verge, and include species such as Urtica dioica, Senecio jacobaea, H. sphondylium, Cirsium arvense, with rough grasses.  3) A21.  Scrub of Hawthorn and Blackthorn occurs on the eastern boundary, with dense clumps of Rubus fruticosus.  Field Maple, Goat Willow, Ash and Elder occur along the stream, with a margin of Phalaris arundinacea.  There is also an area of Oak and Willow scrub.

MANAGE:
The main area of grassland is cut for hay, and the road verges are cut.  The grassland outside houses is often mown very short, and is crossed by paths and drives.  The verges are also used for parking.  Some of the scrub has been cleared and burnt and the ground is very disturbed, but this appears to be due to drain or cable maintenance, and is therefore of temporary nature.  The grassland should not be treated with fertilisers or herbicides, and the present regime of cutting for hay should be continued, as unimproved or herb-rich semi-improved grassland is now a scarce habitat.


FAUNA:
Casual records of bluetit, Green tit, Robin.  Signs of Woodpecker on dead standing trees.

VEG:
The site includes road verges, a track and a small area of woodland which borders a stream.  1) A111.  The largest area occurs on a steep slope leading down to the stream.  The northern end consists of Beech, Oak, Holly and Yew woodland.  Mosses, such as Mnium hornum and Hypnum cupressiforme, and clumps of Blechnum spicant grow on the steep banks of a sunken track, and on flatter ground.  Ranunculus ficaria, Conopodium majus, Hyacinthoides non-scripta,  Mercurialis perennis and Arum maculatum are common, with patches of Rubus fruticosus and Pteridium aqulinum.  The flatter area by the stream supports well-spaced Oak and some Beech, over short grasses and carpets of moss.  The road verges have strips of Beech and Oak woodland with Holly.  2) B22. The mown verges support semi-improved grassland.  3) J5.  The private track was unsurveyed.  The other tracks are steep-sided and muddy.  4)  The stream contains shallow, running water but has no aquatic plants.

MANAGE:
The verges are mown, presumably by the Local Authority.  The area outside the house appears to be managed by the resident also, and has small conifers planted along the garden boundary.  The woodland on the main part of the common has been managed in the past by coppicing, as several of the trees are multi-stemmed.  However, the only recent management has been the logging of wind-thrown trees.  Dead standing wood and root plates have been left.  The footpath is clear and signed, but use by horse-riders has resulted in it being churned up and difficult to cross on foot in places.


FAUNA:
On visit, the following species were recorded: Wren, Robin, Blue Tit, Blackbird, Great Tit, Song Thrush, Starling.

VEG:
Most of the site is bracken with scrub, though there is one area of woodland.  The roadside verge is mown, and consists of a broad area of MG1 Arrhenatherum elatius grassland in the south, grading to a thin strip of acidic grassland further north.  The open areas are bracken dominated, with rank MG1 grassland, Urtica dioica, Chamaenerion angustifolium, Rubus fruticosus, with patches of acidic grassland, including Agrostis capillaris, Teucrim scorondia, Festuca rubra, some Ulex europaeus, Holcus lanatus and Digitalis purpurea; the grassland is mainly along paths.  Area (X) is very dense Rubus and Urtica with bracken, and has scattered oak and birch trees, and much fallen, storm-damaged timber.  Scrub on the common covers around 10% of the bracken areas, and consists of blackthorn, Salix cinerea, hawthorn, ash, oak and hazel.  There is one block of secondary oak woodland, with hazel and holly; the ground flora is either bracken or Rubus, with some Hyacinthoides non-scripta, patches of bare ground and much tree leaf litter.  There is a hazel hedge at the west side.

MANAGE:
Road verges are mown, and the paths seem to be kept open by mowing.  There is some storm damage in the woodland areas, and there has been litter dumping in places.  Car parking also occurs.  The area is popular with dogwalkers and children.  Bracken clearance from the areas of acidic grassland is necessary, and some scrub control would be beneficial, in order to maintain the present mosaic of habitats.


FAUNA:
Wood pigeon, Jay, Grey Wagtail by stream, Rabbit, Mole.

VEG:
The woodland is of birch, beech, oak, scots pine, sweet chestnut, yew, hazel, cherry, holly with a bracken understorey with Hyacinthoides non-scripta and Lonicera periclymenum.  More open areas have Digitalis purpurea, Chaemenerion angustifolium, Prunella vulgaris, Geranium robertianum, Circaea lutetiana, Blechnum spicant, Rub us.  A Scots pine plantation to the west has scattered oak and a bracken understorey.  A seepage line 1) has Carex pendula, Ranunculus flammula, Juncus bufonis, J.effusus, Sphagnum palustre, Lysimachia nemorum, Cirsium palustre.  The stream forming the northern boundary is incised and has alder, liverworts and Oxalis acetosella.

MANAGE:
The trees felled by the storm have been cleared and some planting has taken place.  Opening the canopy should increase the ground flora, unless bracken spreads.


FAUNA:
On visit, the following species were noted: Robin, Wren.  Aeshna cyanea (Odonata).

VEG:
Area (1) is storm-damaged, open deciduous woodland, with much bracken.  The woodland is dominated by beech, elder, hawthorn and holly, and the open bracken areas have much Chamaenerion angustifolium, Holcus lanatus and many birch seedlings.  Area (2) is a mixed beech and scots pine plantation, with Rubus fruticosus and Ulex europaeus at east side.  There is some oak and sweet chestnut, and oak and willow along the lower eastern edge.  Bracken is scattered, and the plantation is very dry underfoot.  Area (3) is a scots pine plantation, with some holly and hazel.  The understory is either bare ground or dense bracken.  Area (4) is dense hazel and sweet chestnut woodland, with much storm damage.  Alder is growing along the stream course.  The eastern ditch by the footbridge was dry, and held Juncus effusus, Polygonum persicaria and Ranunculus repens.  A new pond has been excavated adjacent to the wood.

MANAGE:
The area is unmanaged.  There has been extensive storm damage, much of which has not been dealt with.  Some additional thinning is necessary in the scots pine and beech plantations, and the conifers need growing on to become a widely-spaced mature crop.  Storm damaged timber should be left to decay in-situ.  A fence runs along the eastern boundary.


FAUNA:
The following species were seen during the site visit: Birds:- House Sparrow, Yellowhammer, Swift, Blackbird, Woodpigeon, Magpie.  Mammals:- Mole.  Invertebrates:- Speckled Wood, Common Blue.  The diversity of habitats on this site means it is of value to birds and invertebrates, and this could be enhanced with appropriate management.

VEG:
The common consists of the verges of a minor road, which support herb-rich grassland, tall herbs and scrub.  1) A21.  There are numerous areas of scrub on wider parts of the verge.  The main species are Hawthorn and Blackthorn, with Rosa canina and Rubus fruticocus on the edges.  Boundary Oak and Ash occur, but these are the only trees.  2) C31.  Uncut areas have tall herbs, such as Urtica dioica, Epilobium hirsutum, Pulicaria dysenterica, Centaurea nigra, Dipsacus fullonum, R. fruticosus and coarse grasses.  The vegetation is generally becoming rank.  3) B21.  The grassland appears unimproved.  It is dominated by Deschampsia caespitosa, Arrhenatherum elatius, Holcus lanatus, Dactylis glomerata and Agrostis sp. and is moderately herb-rich, including Silaum silaus, C. nigra, Ranunculus acris, Lotus corniculatus and Agrimonia eupatoria.  4) B4.  A small area of reseeded grassland.  5) J5.  A garage and drive.

MANAGE:
Management of the site varies, depending on the proximity of houses.  The verge edges are cut by the Local Authority, but have been mown to lawn, or even reseeded and mown, outside houses.  A small area has been reseeded and is used to park caravans and horse-boxes belonging to the stables.  The more herb-rich grassland has been mown: if uncut, it reverts to rank tall herbs and coarse grasses, and ultimately to scrub.  However, these areas are good for birds and invertebrates, and could be managed by cutting parts in rotation, with all cuttings being removed.  Some scrub is beneficial, but its spread should be controlled by occasional removal of bushes.  Some management of the site would also indicate that it is of value, and not just waste ground to be used for fly-tipping, as has happened on many similar sites.


FAUNA:
On visit, Wood Pigeon and Blackbird noted.  Pholidoptera griseoaptera (Orthoplera) also present.  Fox and Rabbit occur on the common.

VEG:
Much of the common is now arable land, but there are three small areas of secondary woodland.  A house and garden is also present on the common.  Target notes as follows: (A) oak/ash woodland with hazel understory, some hawthorn.  The ground layer is shady, with Rubus fruticosus, and the ground is dry.  Other shrubs include elder, willow (Salix cinerea), blackthorn and holly.  There is a thin mown road verge along the road, and an old fence next to this.  (B) has a steep wooded road bank, with a hawthorn and hazel hedge; behind and up the bank is a large garden and house, with a thick wooded fringe all around.  (C) consists of the bulk of the common, and is a large barley field, on several levels, probably due to past gravel digging.  Parts have a fringe of Urtica dioica.  Area (D) is another wooded section, with quite tall ash and oak, with elder and holly beneath.  There are some fallen trees.  The ground layer consists of Urtica dioica, Rubus fruticosus, Pteridium aquilinum, Ulex europaeus, and.Digitalis purnurea, Hyacinthoides non-scripta, Silene dioica.  Primula vulgaris has been recorded.  (E) is a thin strip of oak and ash woodland developed along an old trackway.

MANAGE:
The road verges are mown, probably by the Local Authority.  The main part of the site is under arable management, presumably by the owner (farmer).  The woodlands are unmanaged; there is some fallen storm-damaged timber which has not been cleared.  Grass cuttings have been dumped in places.  Little can be recommended for the arable parts of the common or the garden.  The wooded areas have been thinned by the storm - damaged timber should be left to decay.  No further dumping should occur.


FAUNA:
Birds:- Mallard, domestic ducks and hybrids, Moorhen, Black-headed Gull.  Reptiles:- Terrapin.

VEG:
The common consists of a pond and amenity grassland.  1) Gl.  The pond is formal, with brick sides.  The water appears to be eutrophic, no doubt due to the ducks, and has no obvious submerged vegetation.  There are two rafts of Water-lily (possibly Nuphar lutea), but the sides are too steep to allow for the development of marginal vegetation.  The small island has scrub of Grey Willow, Crack Willow and Hawthorn and provides cover for the ducks.  The pond has rubbish in it.  2) J12/A3.  The area surrounding the pond is reseeded amenity grassland, with clumps of Birch, Crab Apple, Holm Oak, Cherry, Willow, Lombardy Poplar and an exotic species of Beech planted.

MANAGE:
The site is managed solely for recreation.  The grass is mown short, and seats and bins provided.  The site is of little value to wildlife at present, but its potential is considerable, since it is located in a large urban area.  Ideally, the pond should be cleared of rubbish, and oxygenating species introduced, to make the water less stagnant.  More floating species could be introduced as well.  Marginal vegetation could only develop if the sides were graded.  The grassland would be of more value if areas were left longer, as this would provide some structural diversity.  Planting native berry and nectar producing shrubs, and exotic species, such as Firethorn, Buddlia and Cotoneaster would benefit birds and insects.


FAUNA:
Casual records of Wren, Great-tit, Bullfinch, Magpie and Jay

VEG:
The common consists of the wooded verges of a minor road.  A111. Semi-natural broadleaved woodland.  The woodland is dominated by Ash and Birch standards.  The area north of the road has a shrub layer of Hazel, Blackthorn, young Birch and young Ash.  The ground flora is confined to Rubus fruticosus and Hedera helix, due to dense shade.  The eastern end is very dense, scrubby woodland of Oak and Birch over young Willow, R. frutlcosus and Rosa canina, with Goat Willow and Aspen on the margins.  Some Birch and Willow are multi-stemmed.  A21.  Scrub of Hazel, Hawthorn, Blackthorn and young trees occurs on the margins of the woodland and on unwooded parts of the verge.  Open areas of verge support rough grasses and tall herbs.

MANAGE:
The verges are cut, presumably by the Local Authority, and a small area has been surfaced to store materials for BT.  An area has been cleared in the wood at the southern end and is used for tipping.  The verge on the west side of the road has been disturbed to put in pipes, but the effects of this disturbance will be only temporary.


FAUNA:
The following species were recorded during the site visit: Birds:- Great Tit, Blue Tit, Blackbird, Woodpigeon, domestic ducks and geese.  Mammals: - Mole.  Invertebrates:- Wall Brown.

VEG:
The common is predominately woodland, with a small area of grassland.  A111. Semi-natural broadleaved woodland.  The verges are generally wooded with Oak and Ash.  Birch and Beech also occur, but are more localised.  The shrub layer consists of Field Maple, Elder, Blackthorn, Holly, Wild Privet, Hawthorn and Hazel, with Young Ash and some very old Hawthorn.  Rosa canina, Rubus fruticosus, Urtica dioica, Heracleum sphondylium and Solanum dulcamara dominate the ground flora, and Oeanthe crocata occurs by the stream, which is dry at present.  There are some unwooded areas.  Opposite the farm is a small area of grassland, which is grazed short by poultry, and the entrances to fields are kept open.  There are occasional patches of tall herb and Pteridium aquilinum.

MANAGE:
The woodland is unmanaged.  A chicken run and bee hives, have been constructed in the wood, and the verge by the farm is grazed by ducks and geese.  Rubble and waste has been dumped by the farm.  Some shrubs have been planted on the verge.


FAUNA:
Robin, Long tailed tit, Wood pigeon, Nuthatch, 2 Mallard on pond, Speckled Wood.

VEG:
Much of the common is dense secondary woodland of even-aged oak with hazel and Rubus.  Some storm damage has occurred.  The northern part has blackthorn and cherry.  Along the road edge there is a strip of bracken and a patch of Humulus lupulus.  The old pond in the SE corner has some open water but is heavily shaded by overhanging oak and Salix.  It is covered in Lemna and the edge has Rosa canina, Carex remota, Equisetum, field maple and ash.  The western side of the common has an interesting area of tall damp grassland dominated by Deschampsia caespitosa with Achillea ptarmica, Centaurea nigra, Cirsium palustre, Juncus effusus, Potentilla erecta, Anthoxanthum odoratum, Carex hirta, Rumex acetosa, Holcus lanatus, Ranunculus repens and Lotus corniculatus.

MANAGE:
There appears to be no current management.  The wood needs thinning and the pond should be restored by cutting back surrounding trees and deepening.  The grassland is a valuable habitat for invertebrates and should be conserved.  Some scrub clearance may be needed.  Dumping of garden refuse occurs along the edge.


FAUNA:
On-visit, the following species were recorded: Nuthatch, Robin, Blue Tit, Wren, Goldcrest, Tree Creeper, Coal Tit, Spotted Flycatcher, Marsh Tit, Willow Warbler, Dunnock, Wood Pigeon, House Martin, Great-spotted Woodpecker, Chaffinch, Magpie, Rabbits, Speckled Wood, Green-veined White, Large White, Gatekeeper.  Chorthippus bruneus, C. parallelus and Omocestus viridulus (Orthoptera).

VEG:
Most of the woodland on the site has around 20% bracken, and is very open due to storm damage.  (A) is oak with old hazel coppice.  The ground layer is shady, dry, much leaf litter, Hedera helix, Rubus fruticosus, with occasional clearings.  Other trees here include ash, beech, rowan, birch and Salix cinerea.  At (B), birch is dominant, with bracken and Rubus.  (C) is similar to (A), but very open due to storm damage.  Scots pine are present near the nursing home.  (D) is beech woodland with Rubus.  (E) is oak and birch woodland with Scots pine and bracken.  Areas (F) are well-thinned oak and birch woodland, with hazel, holly and oak regenerating.  Much bracken and Rubus; becomes more open northwards.  (G) is very open; bracken, with scrub and scattered trees.  (H) is similar to (E), but no Scots pine and more hawthorn.  Area (I) is a mown verge of acid grassland, with scattered Ulex.  (J) is similar to (G), but clearings in bracken with Ulex europaeus, U. minor, acidic grassland and Calluna vulgaris heath (5%).  (K) is an area of scattered then dense bracken with Rubus, rank acidic grassland and planted trees.  Area (L) is the largest section of Calluna heath, with Molinia caerulea, U..minor, Erica tetralix and scattered birch and Ulex.  Track has Juncus tenuis.  Area (M) is woodland similar to (E), but Molinia underneath, some Vaccinium myrtillus, Deschampsia flexuosa and scattered holly.

MANAGE:
Road verges are mown.  Storm damage to the woodland is frequent, and there has been some clearance of this.  Paths are kept down by trampling and have the best acidic grassland.  Tree planting has occurred in (K) to replace damaged trees.  There is some patchy rabbit grazing, localised litter dumping, and one area (J4) is used as a vehicle park.  Little management is needed, but bracken clearance from the heath areas would be helpful.


FAUNA:
On visit, Blue Tit, Wood pigeon and Wren noted.

VEG:
Almost all of the site is A111 broad-leaved semi-natural woodland, mostly hazel coppice with scattered dead wood and fallen trees.  Old outgrown hazel coppice is dominant, with standard ash, oak, beech and birch, and alder in wetter areas.  Towards the north of the site (x) the woodland becomes taller and mainly dominated by birch and alder.  There are several clearings where large trees such as beech have fallen due to storm damage.  Other shrubs present include Salix cinerea.  The ground layer is shaded, with rank growth of Rubus fruticosus, much Hedera helix, Lonicera periclymenum; and also Lapsana communis, Brachypondium sylvaticum, Rannunculus repens, Calystegia sepium, Geum urbanum, Stachys sylvatics,  Bromus ramsus, Juncus effusus, Pteridium aqulilinum, Cirmcaea lutetiana, Angelica syvestris, Urtica dioica, Oxalis acetosella, Stachys officinalis, Molinia caerulea, Agrostis canina, Hyacinthoides non-scripta, Succisa pratensis, Alliaria petiolata, Fragaria vesca and Deschampsia cespitosa.  The wood is damp underfoot in places, but in the north there are drier areas with dense brambles.

MANAGE:
The area is unmanaged.  Some storm damage has been cleared from near the road, but elsewhere it has been left.  Some additional thinning is still needed however.  There is one old internal fence.


FAUNA:
Bullfinch. Speckled Wood, Common Blue. Wood Ants nest.

VEG:
The northern part has been largely felled, probably after the storm, leaving sprouting sweet chestnut stumps. Scattered bracken, Chaemenerion angustifolium and Deschampsia flexuosa are frequent and Molinia is scattered. There is a lot of bare ground. Rhododendron, Vaccinium myrtillus, Galium saxatile, Juncus squarrosus, Ulex europaeus and Calluna are scattered. There are numerous birch seedlings. The eastern border has not been felled and has Rhododendron, birch and Sweet chestnut with bushy Calluna. An old pond in the NE corner is dry, with Juncus effusus.

The southern section is storm damaged oak woodland with some mature trees. A lot of glades have been created, these have Rubus, Guelder Rose, hazel, bracken, Carex pendula, Euphorbia amygdaloides, Cirsium palustre, Holcus lanatus, Clematis vitalba, Buddleja, Angelica sylvestris, Digitalis purpurea, Geum urbanum. Rhododendron is scattered. At the base of the slope the wood is damp with birch over Molinia, Lotus uliginosus and Sphagnum palustre.

MANAGE:
The northern section has been virtually clear felled but as it is mainly sweet chestnut it should re-coppice, providing a valuable wildlife habitat. Some burning of the brashings has occurred and the wood has been removed. The pond could be restored.

The southern section does not appear to be managed and the storm has probably helped to open up the canopy. Non-intervention is probably the best policy, but the Rhododendron should be cleared.


FAUNA:
On visit, the following species were noted: Swallow, House Martin, Moorhen (one family party plus 8 other birds), Pied Wagtail, Starling, Mallard, Black-headed Gull, House Sparrow, Song Thrush, Collared Dove, Greenfinch. Numerous hybrid ducks and geese, and one family party of Muscovy Ducks. Chorthippus parallelus (Orthoptera).

VEG:
The pond: water level low (c.40cm down) exposing mud and sand. The island in the centre is artificial and dominated by scrub and Rubus fruticosus, weeping willows, and has duck roosts. The pond has a raised bank all round, and dead branches in the water. There is little other vegetation.
Pond surrounds: mostly close-mown B4 improved grassland (MG7 Lolium perenne community), with scattered oak, ash and sycamore trees. Part of the bank is C31 dense Urtica dioica and Rumex obtusifolius. There is one clump of beech and oak, with some suckering elm. Fringing species to pond include Lycopus europaeus, U. dioica, R. obtusifolius, Salix cinerea, Phalaris arundinacea, Cirsium vulgare, Mentha aquatica, Cirsium arvense, Tripleurospermum maritimum, Achillea millefolium and Matricaria matricarioides, but all are very scattered.

MANAGE:
The grassland is close-mown, and there has been some tree planting. Benches have been provided. Little can be recommended for the area; leaving more less-frequently mown grass immediately next to the pond would create a better structure for riparian invertebrates and foraging birds, but this would be ineffective if the water levels fluctuate greatly.


FAUNA:
Casual records were made of the following during the site visit: Birds:- Wren, Robin, Great tit, Chaffinch, Chiffchaff, Nuthatch Starling and Blackbird.  Mammals:- Rabbit.  Signs of Badger.  Invertebrates: Common Sympetrum.

VEG:
The common consists of grassy verges with some woodland and scrub.  1) B22.  The verges are dominated by grasses such as - Lolium peranne, Agrostis stolonifera, Dactylis glomerata, Festuca rubra and Arrhenatherum elatius, although the proportions of each vary, especially as a result of mowing.  Typical herbs include Heracleum sphondylium, Taraxacum officinale, Ranunculus repens, Trifolium repens and Achillea millefolium, with some Pimpinella saxfraga, Centaurea nigra and Lathyrus pratensis.  Urtica dioica and Pteridium aquilinum are found in uncut areas.  The verges have often been reseeded opposite houses.  2) Alll.  Thin strips of woodland occur.  These include Oak over Hazel, and multi-stemmed Ash, Beech, Sweet Chestnut and Sycamore over Hazel, Field Maple, Elder and Holly.  2) A22.  Areas of scrub include species such as Field Maple, Hazel, Elder and Blackthorn often associated with Rubus fruticosus.  U. dioica and P. aquilinum.

MANAGE:
The verges are mown, presumably by the Local Authority.  Where the verges are narrow, the whole area is cut, but wider parts may be cut only along the road edge.  Uncut areas tend to support ranker grasses and tall herbs, and P. aquilinum is locally abundant.  Where the verges are adjacent to houses, they are often reseeded and managed as lawns by the residents.  Some have annuals planted.  The common is crossed by numerous surfaced paths and drives and has a layby for parking.  The present management is suitable for the site, although grass cuttings should be removed.


FAUNA:
On visit, the following species were noted: Tree Creeper, Goldcrest, Chaffinch, Wren, Marsh Tit, Magpie, Spotted Flycatcher, Mistle Thrush, Blue Tit, Great Tit, Blackcap, Nuthatch, Wood Pigeon, Goldfinch.  Rabbits.  Aeshna cyanea (Odonata).  Common Blue.  Chorthippus brunneus, Omocestus viridulus, (Orthoptera).

VEG:
Stream at bottom of (A) runs on sandstone, and has Blechnum spicant and Molinia caerulea along incised shady banks.  Area (A) is oak and birch woodland, thinned by storm, with much bracken and Rubus fruticosus underneath.  There is some holly and beech along the stream.  Rowan, Salix cinerea and alders are also present.  Juncus tenuis occurs on the paths, and Calluna vulgaris and Carex remota are present on path sides.  (B) is a windthrown larch plantation, with some scots pine, mostly fallen.  Parts have been burned.  (C) is a young scots pine plantation, mostly still standing.  (D) is improved Lolium perenne-dominated grassland, used for horse jumping.  (E) is a thin strip of C31 tall herbs (docks, nettles), with some oak scrub and bare, disturbed ground.  A post and rail fence is present, and part is absorbed in a garden.  (F) is woodland similar to (A), but has fewer trees, much regenerating hazel, and more bracken with rank tall herb vegetation such as nettles, Chamaenerion angustifolium and rank grassland.  (G) is also similar woodland to (A), but has patches of marshy grassland with Juncus effusus., Angelica sylvestris, Holcus lanatus, Lotus uliginosus, Epilobium hirsutum, Ranunculus repens and Cirsium palustre along stream.  It is generally very rank.  Area (H) is an improved reseeded field, now planted with trees in tubes, and ungrazed.  (I) is also improved grassland.  (J) is open, storm-thinned woodland.  Very few oak or beech are still standing, but there is much regeneration.  Very rank grass and tall herb is growing between trees.

MANAGE:
The woodland areas have been storm-damaged, some of which has been cleared, but there is much fallen timber.  Larch has been felled and logged.  Area (D) is horse grazed.  Road verges are mown.  There has been some tree planting in the west of the common.  There are no urgent management needs.


VEG:
Part of the site appears to consist of houses and gardens, fenced off from the surrounding areas.  A line of tall trees is present on the south-east side of the common.  The eastern area is dense bracken, and scattered birch and beech, grading into dense birch, Scots pine and oak.  The main part of the site (A) is a large private field, mostly fenced off and mainly improved; Agrostis capillaris is dominant.  There is a large fringe of tall oak and birch all round.  The main part was not surveyed properly due to it being private land.

MANAGE:
Most of the common is close-mown.  Internal fences are present.  There are several private land signs over the area, and the site probably belongs to Silver Pines.  No recommendations can be made.


FAUNA:
On visit, the following species were noted: Blue Tit, Wren, Linnet, Robin, Jay, Mistle Thrush, Great Tit, Magpie, Wood Pigeon, Moorhen, Longtailed Tit, Tree Creeper, Starling, Willow Warbler, Green Woodpecker.  Grey Squirrel, Rabbit.  Speckled Wood.  Aeshna cyanea (Odonata).

VEG:
The common is in 3 parts: A to J, K, and L to P in notes below.  (A) is dense blackthorn and Willow scrub, c. 10m wide with tall herb vegetation such as Rubus fruticosus, Urtica dioica and some larger ash and oak trees.  An old elm hedge borders.  There are a few more open areas with elder.  (B) is oak woodland with a dry understory with much leaf litter, c.20m wide.  Some old coppiced hornbeam is present.  It is shady in places, with a bare, churned-up track.  Other species present here include ash, hawthorn, field maple, Hyacinthoides non-scripta, Brachypodium sylvaticum, Urtica dioica, R. fruticosus, Juncus effusus and Carex sylvatica.  (C) is open, thinned, oak woodland with bare ground and much leaf litter.  Hornbeam is scattered.  Pond (X) is dry, with elder and nettles and Scrophularia aquatica.  Pond (Y) has open water, some muddy banks and 6 big clumps of Carex pseudocyperus.  There is much Potamogeton sp. (natans?), Juncus effusus, Epilobium hirsutum, Salix cinerea, Solanum dulcamara, Alisma plantago-aquatica, Mentha sp., Lythrum portula and Callitriche sp..  To the north of this, area (D) is dry oak and hornbeam woodland with much leaf litter.  The hornbeam is mostly old coppice.  A dry earth bank forms the eastern boundary of the common here, which is c.15m wide at this point.  Area (E) is similar to (B) but has little ground flora.  Pond (F) is just outside the common, and has little vegetation apart from some ornamental species and water lilies.  (G) is similar to (B) but Impatiens glandulifera is frequent.  It is c.15m wide with earth banks on both sides.  (H) is more open, with mature oaks and bracken.  It is fenced.  (I) is c.10m wide, hazel fringed, with oak and nettles.  Occasional Festuca gigantea.  (J) is a 5m wide track, lined with hawthorn and elder, with scattered oak, leading into dense tall herb vegetation before it joins the road.  Overall, this wide linear part of the common is of some interest.  The small outlying part of the common (K), just north of Chailey, is around 5m wide.  It is close-mown MG1 Arrhenatherum elatius grassland grading into rough MG1 up a bank, with bracken and backed by a tall elm and hawthorn hedge.  Sections L to P: (L) is a thin (6m) strip of oak and ash with willow and blackthorn scrub beneath.  There are some open areas with bracken.  The scrub is dense and shady, and in places becomes hazel coppice with bramble.  (M) is a thin strip of MG1 grassland, with a hawthorn and willow hedge, much Pulicaria dysenterica and Epilobium hirsutum, Deschampsia cespitosa and Juncus effusus.  Area (N) is dense blackthorn and hawthorn-scrub, around 6m wide with small patches of damp grassland.  (0) is oak-hornbeam woodland, quite shady, with brambles and much leaf litter.  The long section (P) is 10-20m width of oak woodland with hornbeam, hawthorn, holly, field maple, hazel, ash, Rosa sp. and bramble.  Some of the woodland is quite mature in places.  Some has been felled, and there are small scattered patches of mashy grassland with nettles, Juncus effusus, Cirsium palustre, Deschampsia cespitosa.

MANAGE:
Much of the stretch (A) to (J) is unmanaged, though there has been some scrub clearance from the track, and storm damage has been tidied.  It is used by horse riders, but parts are quite overgrown.  The pond (Y) should be kept open from scrub growth, and other parts should be thinned occasionally.  Sections (K) to (P) are mown along the verges periodically, and some tipping occurs.  Parts of area (P) have been thinned.  Present management should continue.


VEG:
Improved grasslands. This common is contiguous with CL338 - see grassland species for that common.

MANAGE:
Reduction of grazing and fertilizer may enhance species diversity.


VEG:
This common has no evident boundary and is a small pit/hollow that contains dumped waste and some disturbed areas of earth (covering old rubbish?) that supports {\it Urtica dioica, Rubus fruticosus, Dipsacus fullonum}. Southern edges of the common have some scrub species such as {\it Sambucus nigra, Crataegus monogyna, Prunus spinosa}.

MANAGE:
No management other than as a rubbish dump.


FAUNA:
Birds seen during survey: Magpie, Green woodpecker, Robin, Thrush, Chaffinch.

VEG:
Much of the common north of The Avenue is {\it Quercus robur, Betula pendula} wood with some {\it Acer pseudoplatanus}. Ground flora here is limited (at time of survey) to {\it R. fruticosus, Pteridium aquilinum, Lonicera periclymenum}.  An old pond near Hartswood Rd. has almost no open water but supports much {\it Juncus effusus} and {\it Salix} sp. There pools of standing water nearer the road and some bryophyte-rich banks.

Scrub Hill is all {\it Quercus} sp.,{\it Betula} sp. woodland. Old {\it Carpinus betulus} coppice is found in the southern parts. A small pond (artificial?) is perched above the stream that flows through the wood this supports {\it Glyceria fluitans} and is overshaded. Ground flora of the wood includes {\it Ranunculus ficaria, Anemone nemorosa, Circaea lutetiana, Hyacinthoides non-scripta, Dryopteris dilitata, Rubus fruticosus, Holcus mollis, Galium saxatile}. {\it Convallaria majus} is recorded here. 

The triangle of common between Childerditch Lane and Magpie Lane is grassland with islands of scrub. The grasslands are fairly acidic with {\it Rumex acetosella, Deschampsia flexuosa, Potentilla erecta, Ranunculus} spp. {\it Cardamine pratensis, Cirsium} sp. {\it Achillea ptarmica, Luzula campestris, Anthoxanthum odoratum, Danthonia decumbens}. Scrub areas include {\it Betula} sp. {\it Crataegus monogyna, Prunus spinosa}.    

South of Magpie Lane lies neutral grassland with access tracks to housing. The small area section leading to Childerditch pond is ( at the time of survey) very wet and boggy grassland, much churned up by horses and edged by wood/scrub of {\it Quercus robur, Crataegus monogyna}.

MANAGE:
Scrub is encroaching on the grasslands. A regular mowing regime would enhance species diversity.


FAUNA:
Birds seen during survey: Blackbird, Chaffinches, Magpie, Green woodpecker, Tits.  Rabbits, Grey squirrel.

VEG:
At the northern end of the common the woodland is of {\it Quercus robur} and {\it Acer pseudoplatanus} with understorey of {\it Ilex aquifolium, Sambucus nigra, Fagus sylvatica}. Further south the {\it Fagus} and {\it Quercus robur} predominate with some quite big specimens. There are pockets of {\it Betula pendula} and understorey of {\it Ilex aquifolium} with occasional {\it Castanea sativa, Sorbus aucuparia}. There are old gravel digging areas and banks with good bryophyte growth. Near Thorndon corner there are more openings in the canopy and some planted trees in tubes. A large old {\it Q.robur} is found near a crossing of paths and ground flora here includes {\it Circaea lutetiana, Chamerion angustifolium, Urtica dioica, Rubus fruticosus, Pteridium aquilinum, Galium aparine, Silene dioica, Digitalis purpurea}.

A large area in the south of the common has much {\it Betula} sp. regeneration where {\it Q. robur} is reduced. Damper areas support {\it Alnus glutinosa} and understorey of {\it Ilex aquifolium, Sorbus aucuparia} and ground flora of {\it P. aquilinum}. The southernmost end of the common by Magpie Lane is {\it Q. robur, Betula} sp. woodland with some big {\it Q. robur} specimens. 

A triangle of neutral-acidic grassland lies across Magpie Lane with a small area of scrub, {\it Urtica dioica} and {\it Phragmites australis}.

The woodland edge along Warley gap road on the west side of the common includes some {\it Carpinus betulus}, some large {\it Castanea sativa} with {\it Ulex europaeus, Teucrium scorodonia, Lonicera periclymenum} and some areas of profuse {\it Hedera helix}.

MANAGE:
EECOS survey (1993) recommends encouragement of woodland development and regular cutting of grassland triangle. There is much use of undulating parts of the wood for mountain-biking.


FAUNA:
Birds seen during survey:  Bullfinch, Chaffinch,
Jay, Magpie, Blue tits, Blackbird.

VEG:
This Common is a relic of the ancient Forest of Waltham of varying soil conditions of valley gravels and alluvium


The track/green lane passing southeastwards from the main Common has rough grassland edged with scrub. Species present include {\it Cirsium} sp. ,{\it Centaurea nigra, Salix} sp. {\it Dactylis glomerata, Holcus lanatus, Juncus effusus}. The scrub species include {\it Prunus spinosa, Crataegus monogyna, Sambucus nigra, Quercus robur}. Near Curtis Mill Cottage a lawn-edged pond supports {\it Iris pseudocorus, Typha latifolia} plus a plastic heron !

The main body of Curtismill Green has woodland of {\it Quercus robur, Carpinus betulus} with understorey species such as {\it Ulmus procera, Sambucus nigra, Crataegus monogyna, Fraxinus excelsior, Acer campestre}. Ground flora appeared limited at the time of survey due to shading. Rides in the wood are frequently used by horses. Species such as {\it Circaea lutetiana, Urtica dioica, Ranunculus} sp. {\it Carex sylvatica, Stellaria dioica, Potentilla anserina, Mercuralis perennis, Hedera helix, Silene dioica, Cornus sanguinea, Digitalis purpurea, Phyllitis scolopendrium, Deschampsia cespitosa, Cynocurus cristatus, Galium verum, Stachys sylvatica} are evident. Rare species (for the area) are recorded for the site including {\it Rhinanthus minor, Achillea ptarmica, Trifolium fragiferum, Stachys officinalis, Alopecurus aequalis, Silaum silaus, Ranunculus flammula, Eleocharis palustris} ssp. {\it Palustris}.  

The Common land includes an area of rough grass, old ponds and gardened land on the eastern side.  South of Green Farm lies rough grassland (with 4 horses at the time of survey).  

The northern part of the common supports wet grasslands with {\it Brachypodium sylvaticum, Holcus lanatus, Ranunculus} spp. {\it Stellaria graminea, Potentilla anserina, Rumex acetosa} edged with scrub of {\it Crataegus monogyna, Prunus spinosa, Rubus fruticosus, Sambucus nigra, Quercus robur}.

MANAGE:
EECOS survey 'Retain unimproved grassland and wet, marshy grassland and allow mosaic nature of site to continue'. Essex Wildlife Trust has been involved with management and local group may still be involved.


FAUNA:
Birds seen during survey:

Blackbird, Magpie, Wood pigeon, Green Woodpecker.
Blue Tit.

Recorded: Red-backed Shrike.

VEG:
Layer Breton Heath is rapidly becoming invaded by scrub and woodland which is colonising the former open area. Currently the common is a mosaic of grassland, woodland and marshy rides. The woodland is of {\it Betula pendula, Quercus robur} with understorey of {\it Betula pendula, Ilex aquifolium, Populus tremula, Ulex europaeus}. Near the N-S road lies an area of pure {\it Betula} sp. wood.

The neutral grasslands of the common support{\it Alopecurus pratensis, Holcus lanatus, Dactylis glomerata, Lolium perenne, Poa annua, Stellaria holostea, Chamerion angustifolium, Rumex acetosella, Rumex obtusifolius, Galium saxatile, Trifolium pratense, Teucrium scorodonia, Medicago lupulina, Silene alba, Achillea millefolium}. The ride areas support {\it Juncus effusus, Anthoxanthum odoratum, Cirsium} sp. Of interest are records for the site of {\it Achillea ptarmica, Nardus stricta, Danthonia decumbens}.

On the west side of the N - S road are some areas of more acidic grassland with {\it Galium saxatile, Achillea millefolium, Rumex acetosella}. There are large patches of {\it Rubus fruticosus} and, by Farthing Garden, more {\it Betula/Quercus} woodland.

MANAGE:
The scrub/wood is cut back under power lines but needs further restriction to preserve the mosaic of habitats of the site. Rides are mown for recreation. Essex Wildlife Trust involved with local committee for management. 1.5 acres burnt in 1996. Suggested re-introduction of heath species.


FAUNA:
Birds seen during survey: Black-headed Gulls. Sandpiper.
Recorded: Reed bunting, Yellow wagtail, Meadow Pipit, Kingfishers, Teal, Common Snipe, Jack Snipe, Rock Pipit, Barn Owls.

Notable mammals: Harvest Mouse, Short-tailed Voles.

Bush crickets, Saltmarsh moths, Essex Skipper.

VEG:
The northernmost point of the common includes planted {\it Aesculus hippocastanum, Fraxinus excelsior, Salix} sp., {\it Acer campestre, Populus} sp. on amenity grassland. An open culvert supports {\it Phragmites australis, Plantago alisma-aquatica, Epilobium hirsutum}. South of Wickford Road lies neutral grassland with {\it Arrhenatherum elatius, Agrostis} sp.,{\it Dactylis glomerata, Daucus carota, Achillea millefolium} with scrub near the railway line of {\it Crataegus monogyna, Salix} sp.,{\it Rosa canina} and planted trees. The salt-affected pond near the railway supports {\it Juncus} spp. and many fish but is damaged by litter/rubbish. Its banks support {\it Atriplex hastata, Cirsium vulgare, Halimione portulacoides, Aster tripolium, Salicornia} sp.

The main saltmarsh area south of the railway includes much {\it Halimione porticuloides,  Salicornia} sp.,{\it Sueda maritima, Elymus pycanthus, Artemesia maritima, Daucus carota, Koeleria macrantha, Lathyrus nissolia, Plantago maritima, Lotus angustissimus}. 

There are some patches of {\it Phragmites} and, near the railway, scrub areas of {\it Crataegus monogyna, Prunus spinosa}.

MANAGE:
Managed by S. Woodham Ferrers Town Council and Essex Wildlife Trust. 'Annual cutting of flower-rich grassland and rotational cutting of rough grassland to retain good conditions for invertebrates'. In Countryside Stewardship Scheme.
EWT recommends fencing and grazing - conflict with amenity role for walking of dogs.


FAUNA:
Birds seen during survey: Starling, Great Tit, Blackbird, Robin, Sparrows, Chaffinch, Greenfinch, Green Woodpecker.

VEG:
The north-eastern end of the common is heath and acidic grassland with {\it Calluna vulgaris, Erica cinerea} and substantial {\it Ulex europaeus}. Also found are {\it Luzula multiflora, Galium saxatile, Melampyrum pratense, Potentilla erecta, Teucrium scorodonia}. Scrub {\it Betula} sp. is invading this area fast as is {\it Pteridium aquilinum} in some areas. There is a small area of B5 marshy grassland with {\it Molinia caerulea} and other grass species present include {\it Danthonia decumbens, Deschampsia flexuosa, Aira praecox, Anthoxanthum odoratum, Festuca ovina, Festuca rubra}. Sedges develop where drainage is impeded ({\it C. binervis, C. demissa, C. panica, C. pilulifera}). {\it Anemone nemorosa} was noted under some isolated trees.  The side of this area (near The Nursery)  supports {\it Q. robur} woodland with {\it Corylus avellana, Ulex europaeus, Rubus fruticosus, Prunus spinosa, Ilex aquifolium} and some {\it Carpinus betulus}. A {\it Sorbus torminalis} tree is is found on the western edge of this area (according to notice board). 

The central wooded area is of secondary {\it Q. robur} and {\it Carpinus betulus} (sometimes coppiced) while further south the wood is more pure {\it Q. robur} with some {\it Betula} sp. and {\it Populus tremula, Sorbus aucuparia}. 

The south western end of the common is acidic grassland ( see above species) with some heathy areas and with interesting marshy pools which include {\it Bidens tripartita, Glyceria declinata, Ranunculus flammula, Potentilla erecta, Juncus} spp.     

Amenity grasslands are found on the south side of the site with a new strip of planted trees ({\it Corylus avellana, Quercus} sp.)

MANAGE:
Actively managed by Castle Point District Council to enhance scarce heathland and acidic grassland/marshy pools habitat. Much scrub management and piling of brash though main heath area still much scrub invaded. Amenity areas mown regularly. Active litter collection (at time of survey). Small strip of recently planted trees which will need aftercare. Wooden bollards erected to keep cars off the common. A Management Plan exists, Essex Wildlife Trust involved. There is pressure to develop this site.


FAUNA:
Butterflies recorded:  Large White, Green-veined White, Small White, Small Tortoiseshell, Red Admiral, Holly Blue, Common Blue, Small Heath, Meadow Brown, Gatekeeper, Speckled Wood, Small Skipper, Brown Argus, Peacock, Large Skipper, Essex Skipper. 

Cinnebar moths, 6-spot burnet.

Rabbits, Grey squirrel.

Common Lizard, Slow worms, Adders are recorded.

Grasshoppers/Crickets:  Common Field Grasshopper, Lesser Marsh Grasshopper, Meadow Grasshopper. Roesel's Bush Cricket.

Birds seen during survey: Wood pigeon, Blackbird, Starlings, Yellowhammer, Great Tit, Chaffinch, Magpie, Mallards, Moorhen. Homing pigeons released during survey !                             

Invertebrate recording programme started by Essex Field Club in 1995. Records: Chelmsford Museums Service.

VEG:
North of Margaretting Road lies a large area of acidic/amenity grassland which was once heathland. Species present include {\it Rumex acetosella, Achillea millefolium, Potentilla rupestris}. Clumps of {\it Sambucus nigra} and {\it Prunus spinosa} are found in the grassland. A pond to the east of this area was dry at the time of survey but includes {\it Ranunculus flammula, Glyceria fluitans, Holcus lanatus} with scrub {\it Crataegus monogyna, Salix} sp.,{\it Betula} sp.,{\it Quercus robur} and {\it Pteridium aquilinum}. North-west of the above grassland area there is another small pond (within birch scrub/woodland) which dries up sometimes. The banks support a few {\it Calluna vulgaris} plants. 

The woodland in this area (bounded by the old race course) is mostly young {\it Betula pendula} and {\it Quercus robur} with understorey of {\it Ilex aquifolium, Sorbus aucuparia}. Grasses here indicate a previous heath vegetation. The management proposals include opening of glades and encouragement of invertebrates by deadwood. The western side of this area (still within the old racecourse) is earmarked for heathland restoration and parts have recently been descrubbed but the regeneration of scrub and invasion of {\it P. aquilinum} is in progress.

The old racecourse surrounding the above area is amenity grassland used by walkers (outer ring) and horse-riders (inner ring).

North of the old racecourse lie areas of land swapped for common that was taken up by new roads. This is acidic/ amenity grassland with {\it Lolium perenne, Alopecurus pratensis, Dactylis glomerata, Rumex acetosella, Poa annua, Platago lanceolata} edged by {\it Quercus robur, Crataegus monogyna, Prunus spinosa, Rubus fruticosus, Smabucus nigra, Urtica dioica}.

West of Bekeswell Lane the common rises on London Hill and has mostly young {\it Betula/Quercus} woodland with some older {\it Quercus robur}, especially in the SW corner . The main area of interest is the wood-surrounded bog which supports {\it Sphagna}, Scutellaria minor, Carex echinata, Hydrocotle vulgaris, Lychnis flos-cuculi, Typha latifolia}. The western end of this section has a {\it P. aquilinum} invaded heath with some tree cover.

South of London Hill lies further older woodland wih some damp areas that remain from previous bogs. West of the Council Yard lies a former car park that has 'developing heath vegetation' and designated a 'heather-reseeding area'. Another re-seeding area lies east of the yard by a current car park.

The peninsula of common passing south towards The Chase (called The Gallops) has grassland used for amenity with some {\it Crataegus monogyna} hedge and isolated {\it Q.robur} on the western side. The southern point of the common which nears Templeton Park has {\it Quercus} woodland. Similar habitat across the Stock Rd. includes a strip managed as summer meadow. North of Glebe Farm lies an area of {\it Ulmus} scrub with a small old pond.

Aa artificial pond in the woodland at about GR 704 024 has been opened up recently and has much {\it Juncus effusus, Ranunculus flammula, Iris pseudocorus} some algal bloom and Mallards and a Moorhen in residence. The woodland in this area is mostly young woodland of {\it Betula pendula, Quercus robur, Crataegus monogyna}. An old tip was recently rediscovered near the pond.

The southern end of this woodland has a marshy area which has been invaded by {\it Salix} sp. Management plans require this area to be restored as marsh.

A limb of common land along Margaretting Road is {\it Quercus robur} woodland with understorey trees such as {\it Acer campestre, Crataegus monogyna, Prunus spinosa, Ilex aquifolium, Coryllus avellana}.

MANAGE:
Scrub invasion needs control. Boggy grassland and old acid grassland needs protection and enhancement. Maintainance by Chelmsford Borough Council with much local interest. A Galleywood Common Liaison Group set up in 1992. Management to conserve a small fragment of lowland heath, unimproved grassland and also the spring-fed acidic bogs are important issues. Woodland much affected by storm damage from 1986.


FAUNA:
Grey Wagtail and blue damsel flies seen by stream during survey.

VEG:
Most of this common is improved grassland for grazing. Patches of {\it Crataegus monogyna} found by the stream. The stream and its banks support {\it Nuphea lutea, Dipsacus fullonum, Anthriscus sylvestris, Ranunculus acris, Rorippa} sp. {\it Sparganum erectum, Rumex} sp.,{\it Mentha aquatica, Myosotis} sp., {\it Cirsium} sp. {\it Epilobium hirsutum} and tall rushes.

MANAGE:
Stream habitat could be enhanced. The fields are all improved grassland.


FAUNA:
Birds seen during survey: Blackbird, Mallards, House Martins, Skylarks, Coot, Swallows.

VEG:
The west end of this common includes amenity grassland with scattered {\it Aesculus hippocastanum} trees. Between a drain and the artificial pond lies an area of rougher grassland that includes {\it Holcus lanatus, Lolium perenne, Rumex} sp.,{\it Bromus} sp.,{\it Lotus corniculatus}. The pond includes {\it Typha latifolia, Myosotis} sp. {\it Juncus inflexus, Glyceria fluitans, Epilobium} sp.,{\it Eleocharis palustris} tall sedges and exotic lilies. Around the SE side of the pond lies thick planted scrub of {\it Quercus robur, Acer pseudoplatanus, Salix, Alnus glutinosa}.

The main body of the common supports semi-improved grasslands used for recreation. Species include {\it Plantago lanceolata, Brachypodium sylvaticum, Sonchus asper, Achillea millefolium, Centaurea nigra, Alliaria petiolata, Ranunculus} spp.,{\it Vicia cracca, Cynosurus cristatus, Potentilla anserina, Geranium dissectum, Chrysanthemum leucanthemum, Rumex} sp.,{\it Anthriscus sylvestris, Dactylis glomerata, Holcus lanatus}. 

The common land along Mill St. includes neutral grassland with a small pond that supports {\it Iris pseudocorus, Juncus inflexus} tall emergent sedges, non-native Iris and is edged by {\it Crataegus monogyna, Salix} sp.

MANAGE:
Managed for amenity. Ponds need ongoing after-care.


VEG:
Braintree Green lies either side of Queensborough Lane. The eastern side has some mown verge with {\it Ranunculus} sp. {\it Lolium perenne, Potentilla rupestris, Dactylis glomerata, Achillea millefolium, Taraxacum officinale} and to the northern end some scrub. The western side of Queensborough Lane has some unmown grassland of {\it Lolium perenne, Dactylis glomerata, Geranium dissectum, Plantago lanceolata, Trifolium campestre, Ranunculus acris, Alopecurus pratensis, Brachypodium sylvaticum, Holcus lanatus, Agrostis} sp. edged with scrub species such as {\it Crataegus monogyna, Rosa} sp. {\it Quercus robur}.


FAUNA:
Birds observed during survey: Mallard, Magpie, Chaffinch.

VEG:
Most of Nazingwood Common is now arable land. Near Harknett's Gate is a cricket ground and the common includes road verges and a pond near the road to Nazeing. The pond supports {\it Typha latifolia, Nymphea alba, Nuphar lutea, Juncus inflexus, Iris pseudocorus, Ranunculus lingua, Mentha aquatica, Lycopus europaeus} with many fish. Poplar wood and areas of scrub lie along the Nazeing Common Rd. A small valley with a recently installed track lies on the SE side of the Nazeing Common Rd. with an enhanced pond that supports {\it Typha latifolia, Phragmites australis, Urtica dioica, Heracleum sphondylium, Epilobium hirsutum} with planted {\it Populus} trees.

MANAGE:
Most of the common is managed as arable land. Some planted trees and maintained ponds. EECOS survey suggests detailed survey of stream valley grassland. The common is close to (and at some points contiguous with?) Epping Long Green which is owned and administered by The City of London Corporation.


FAUNA:
Birds seen during survey: Crows, Thrush, Wood pigeon.

VEG:
Survey restricted to viewing from the footpath near 'Hobletts' and from the road at the eastern point. The eastern point is grass and scrub-edged track ({\it C. monogyna, R. fruticosus, Salix} sp.) leading to the main part of the common which is all arable land.  The fields appear to be mostly edged by scrub. Drains along the footpath on the southern side support {\it Glyceria fluitans, G. maxima, Phragmites australis}.


VEG:
This common is a species rich grassland that supports species such as {\it Anthoxanthum odoratum, Festuca rubra, Festuca pratensis, Poa pratensis, Alopecurus pratensis, Dactylis glomerata, Centaurea nigra, Agrimonia eupatoria, Primula veris, Rumex} sp.,{\it Cirsium vulgare, Phleum pratense} The common is well-known for extensive {\it Primula veris} and {\it Galium verum} is found. {\it Ophrys apifera} has been reported.

The western side is fringed with scrub with species such as {\it Quercus robur, Populus} sp.,{\it Salix} sp.,{\it Crataegus monogyna, Fraxinus excelsior}, and {\it Rubus fruticosus}.

The common boundary just excludes the small ponds on the western edge.

MANAGE:
Traditional hay meadow management would enhance diversity of species. Parts are mown at present.


FAUNA:
Birds seen during survey: Mallards, Chaffinch, Blackbird, Wood pigeon.

VEG:
South of the Colchester Rd. is rabbit-grazed grassland with scrub surrounding the pond of {\it Ulex europaeus, Sambucus nigra, Prunus spinosa, Urtuca dioica, Silene dioica}. The pond includes substantial {\it Glyceria fluitans} and the banks {\it Cirsium} sp.,{\it Solanum dulcamara, Polygonum hydropiper, Juncus} spp.,{\it Alopecurus geniculatus, Ranunculus flammula, Myosotis} sp. {\it Galium palustre}.
North of the Colchester Rd. is patchy acidic grassland with {\it Rumex acetosella, Agrostis} sp. {\it Achillea millefolium} and isolated planted trees such as {\it Quercus robur, Tilia} sp. with some recent amenity planting. Further acidic grass areas are found the northern parts of the common.

The pond on the NW side of the common is choked with {\it Typha latifolia} and includes {\it Iris pseudocorus, Salix} sp.

A depression in the middle of the common is damp (former pond?) with {\it Urtica dioica, Ranunculus acris, Polygonum hydropiper, Holcus lanatus}.

The northernmost point of this common has another choked pond with {\it Typha latifolia, Solanum dulcamara, Iris pseudocorus, Mentha aquatica} and a variegated introduction, fringed with {\it Crataegus monogyna, Prunus spinosa, Lonicera periclymenum, Urtica dioica, Rubus fruticosus, Symphytum officinale}. A smaller, drier pond nearby is shaded but includes {\it Ranunculus flammula, Silene dioica, Juncus effusus}.

MANAGE:
Parts of the common mown. Ponds are in need of aftercare. EECOS survey (and the present surveyor) suggests that this common is designated a County Wildlife Site.


FAUNA:
Birds seen during survey: Lesser Whitethroat, Cuckoos, Linnet, Wood pigeon, Dunnock, Chaffinch, Mallard and brood.

VEG:
North of the metalled road lie tall ruderal species such as {\it Urtica dioica, Anthriscus sylvestris, Rubus fruticosus, Chamerion angustifolium} and scrub {\it Sambucus nigra, Salix} sp. Coppiced {\it Salix} sp. trees by the road. Species-rich neutral grassland covers most of the common with rank grasses, {\it Aegopodium podograria, Agrostis stolonifera, Alopecurus geniculatus, Arctium minus, Arrhenatherum elatius, Carex divisa, Capsella bursa-pastoris, Bellis perennis, Dactylis glomerata, Dipsacus fullonum, Epilolobium hirsutum, Eupatorium cannabinum, Festuca arundinacea, Festuca rubra, Galium mollugo, Geranium dissectum,Heracleum sphondylium, Holcus lanatus, Lolium perenne, Lemna minor, Iris pseudocorus, Odontites verna, Phleum pratense, Plantago lanceolata, Plantago major, Poa annua, Nasturtium officinale, Malus domestica, Potentilla anserina, Potentilla rupestris, Pulicaria dysenterica, Ranunculus repens, Rosa canina, Rumex crispus, Rumex obtusifolius,Solanum dulcamara, Anthriscus sylvestris, Juncus} sp. and some rare species such as {\it Poa subcaerulea, Lathyrus nissolia, Apium graveolens}. A drain along the northern side supports much {\it Phragmites australis}.

MANAGE:
Grassland mown annually. Scrub encroachment needs control.


VEG:
Near the Manor House there is mown grass with scrub {\it Crataegus monogyna, Rosa canina}. East of this is other, less mown, amenity grassland with an old pond surrounded by {\it Rubus fruticosus, Epilobium hirsutum, Torilis japonica, Cirsium} sp. Near here is a large {\it Aesculus hippocastanum} and several 'topiaried' trees.
By Rose Cottage is rough grassland surrounded by {\it Acer pseudoplatanus, Malus sylvestris, Fraxinus excelsior, Quercus robur}. 

Two ponds are found on the south side of the common. The western one is scrub covered. The eastern most was almost dry at the time of survey but included {\it Glyceria maxima, Polygonum persicaria, Epilobium hirsutum, Potamogeton polygonifolius, Plantago alisma-aquatica}. Drier parts support {\it Sonchus asper, Solanum dulcamara, Scrophularia nodosa} and some bryophytes (e.g. {\it Rhytidiadelphus} sp. Nearby are trees such as {\it Acer campestre, Fraxinus excelsior, Crataegus monogyna, Salix x chrysosoma}.


FAUNA:
Birds seen during survey: Green Woodpecker, Wood pigeon, Chaffinches, Jay.

Some birds recorded: All 3 species of Woodpecker. Tree pipit, Tree Creeper, Jay, Garden Warbler, Blackcap, Whitethroat, Lesser Whitethroat, Dunnock, Willow Warbler, Chiffchaff, Spotted Flycatcher, Goldfinch, Linnet, Yellowhammer, Short-eared Owl, Nightingale (returned after 10 years). Red-backed Shrike and Stonechat formerly bred here. 45 species recorded in all.

Lepidoptera: Purple Hairstreak, Lesser Lutestring, Poplar Lutestring,Autumnal rustic moth, Triple-spotted Clay Moth, Lead-cloured Drab, Mottled Grey Moth, July Belle, Silver Bars   Four-dotted Footman, Green hairstreak, Small Skipper, Essex Skipper, Rosy Marbled Moth.

Muntjac deer. Dormouse,  Rabbits, Yellow-necked mouse, Water Shrew, Dormouse, Grey squirrel, Water Vole, Fox, Hedgehog, Common Shrew, Mole.

Adders and Grass snakes. Slow worm, Viviparous Lizard.

Common Toad, Common Frog.

See Genera '93, A species recording report for Danbury Common West

VEG:
The NW section of Danbury Common is secondary woodland with some areas of grassland. The woodland is of {\it Quercus/Betula} spp. with {\it Fraxinus excelsior} and an understorey of {\it Prunus spinosa, Ulex europaeus, Crataegus monogyna, Cytisus scoparius}. Ground flora includes {\it Hyacinthoides non-scripta, Anemone nemorosa, Sanicula europea}. There are records for {\it Adoxa moschatellina,  Scutellaria minor, Dactylorhiza fuchsii, Anagallis tenella, Ononis spinosa} in this area. Marshy grassland supports {\it Molinia caerulea} and {\it Salix} sp. A pond on the northern edge supports {\it Glyceria maxima, Juncus} spp.,{\it Typha latifolia, Polygonum persicaria} with an island of {\it Crataegus monogyna, Salix} sp.,{\it Equisetum} sp.,and {\it Ribes sylvestre}. Grasslands in this area include species such as {\it Centaurea nigra, Achillea millefolium, Deschampsia flexuosa, Cirsium} sp.,{\it Senecio jacobaea, Lotus corniculatus, Rubus fruticosus, Festuca rubra, Plantago lanceolata, Phleum Pratense, Arrhenatherum elatius, Holcus lanatus, Linaria} sp.,{\it Pulicaria dysenterica, Trifolium repens, Vicia cracca, Heracleum sphondylium, Juncus inflexus, Artemesia vulgaris, Rumex acetosella, Campanula rotundifolia, Galium saxatile, Potentilla rupestris}.

Most of the southern area of Danbury Common was open as heath, rough grassland or 'furze' in a map of 1873. It is now largely woodland of {\it Quercus/Betula} but including {\it Carpinus betulus} coppice on the eastern side. {\it Sorbus torminalis} at the SE corner. Central to this area is open acid grassland and heath with some large stands of {\it Ulex europaeus}. The area is grazed by (at time of survey 8) Hebridean sheep.

The Backwarden area of the common lies west of the Danbury-Bicknacre road
and includes woodland, scrub, ponds, bracken stands and remnant heath.   Species present include {\it Ranunculus flammula, Molinia caerulea, Potentilla erecta, Polygala serpyllifolia}. {\it Iris pseudocorus, Scutellaria minor, Epilobium palustre, Oenanthe aquatica, Hydrocotyle vulgaris} and {\it Sphagnum} spp. 

North and North-East of the large car park lie large areas of scrub with intervening grassland/bracken. By the car park itself is close-cropped grassland with {\it Trifolium ornithopodioides} recorded. The NE side of the common has older woodland of {\it Carpinus betulus} coppice.

MANAGE:
A Danbury Management Group exists to implement scrub control and pond maintainance. Grazing instigated to promote health of acidic grasslands/heath habitats. Essex Wildlife Trust runs the Backwarden section of the Common under licence from the National Trust.Active management here is evident in the form of de-scrubbed areas and pond restoration.  A Woodland Grant Scheme is in operation for The Backwarden.


FAUNA:
Scarce moths: Rosy marbled and Silver barred moths.                            
Butterflies: Speckled Wood, Large White   

Birds recorded: Hawfinch, Nightingale.
Birds seen during survey: Chaffinch, Great Tit, Treecreeper, Wood pigeon, Great-spotted woodpecker.

Rabbits.

VEG:
Most of Lingwood Common is ancient woodland with both {\it Quercus robur} and {\it Q. petraea} with {\it Betula pendula}. 

A car park by Little Baddow Rd at the east end of the site leads to an area of scrub/wood of {\it Corylus avellana, Betula pendula, Acer campestre, Ulmus procera} with ground flora that includes {\it Equisetum} sp. {\it Urtica dioica, Glechoma hederacea, Torilis japonica, Rubus fruticosus}. A newly pollarded oak is found in this area. 

Entering the main body of the common one finds tall {\it Quercus} spp. over scrub that is of varied age (due to storms or thinning} with {\it Corylus avellana, Betula} spp. {\it Prunus spinosa, Sambucus nigra, Urtica dioica, Rubus fruticosus, Chamerion angustifolium, Hercleum sphondylium}. Some areas have even-aged {\it Quercus} spp. with {\it P. aquilinum} as the substantial ground flora species. There are areas of old coppice {\it Castanea sativa}. 

Less common trees such as {\it Sorbus torminalis} and {\it Euonymus europaeus} are recorded.

Near OS 780 058 is a small area of heath with {\it Calluna vulgaris, Deschampsia flexuosa, Galium saxatile, Rumex acetosella}. {\it Betula pendula} and {\it Pteridum aquilinum} are invading the area.

A larger area of heath lies further west with {\it Calluna vulgaris, Molinia caerulea, Hydrocotyle vulgaris, Scutellaria minor, Sphagna} spp. Peripheral areas of acid grassland include {\it Deschampsia flexuosa, R. acetosella, G. saxatile, Agrostis capillaris, Festuca rubra, Potentilla erecta}.

MANAGE:
Management input by Danbury Management Group. A NT warden covers the common. Heath remnants need protection from scrub invasion. Woodland management could include re-coppicing of {\it Castanea sativa}.


FAUNA:
Birds seen during survey: Wood pigeon, Robin.

VEG:
The southern small triangle of land supports {\it Quercus robur} with {\it Betula pendula, Crataegus monogyna, Prunus spinosa, Cornus sanguinea} with ground flora of {\it Hedera helix, Alliaria petiolata, Rubus fruticosus, Ulex europaeus}.

The long northern section is also {\it Quercus robur} woodland with a small {\it Castanea sativa} with {\it Aesculus hippocastanum} and {\it Sorbus aucuparia} trees. Rough grasses form the ground flora including {\it Deschampsia flexuosa, Dactylis glomerata, Arrhenatherum elatius, Rubus fruticosus, Teucrium scorodonia, Cytisus scoparius} and {\it Spirea} sp. (a garden escape).

MANAGE:
Potential danger from storm damage near road and tracks. Grassland mown.


FAUNA:
Birds seen at time of survey: Crows, Chaffinches.

VEG:
The woodland on the north and western sides of the common is of {\it Quercus robur, Sorbus aucuparia, Ilex aquilfolium, Acer pseudoplatanus, Crataegus monogyna, Sambucus nigra}. Ground flora includes {\it Hyacinthoides non-scripta, Rubus fruticosus, Pteridium aquilinum, Anthriscus sylvestris, Galium aparine, Lamium album}. The grassland is for amenity and is regularly mown.

MANAGE:
Grassland managed for amenity. Horse exercise circle.


FAUNA:
Birds seen during survey: Chaffinch, Wood Pigeon.

Sign Board records: Butterflies: Common Blue, Essex Skipper, Meadow Brown. Crickets and Grasshoppers.

VEG:
Chalks Green is an ancient grassland of over 80 species - managed as a traditional hay meadow. Species of note include {\it Ophioglossum vulgatum, Cardamine pratensis, Galium verum, Lysimachia nummularia} as well as {\it Agrimonia eupatoria, Agrostis capillaris, Agrostis stolonifera Alopecurus pratensis, Anthiscus sylvestris, Arrhenatherum elatius, Dactylis glomerata, Epilobium hirsutum, Equisetum arvense, Juncus inflexus, Lolium perenne, Heracleum sphondylium, Phleum pratense, Poa pratensis, Prunella vulgaris}. The High Easter Rd is edged in places with {\it Salix} sp.,{\it Fraxinus excelsior, Crataegus monogyna} bushes.

The thin strip of land between Chalks Green and Cloghams Green includes a very {\it Salix} overshaded pond with {\it Iris pseudocorus} and {\it Typha latifolia}. Cloghams Green is all amenity grassland with scrub at the edge and some planted trees.

MANAGE:
Chalks Green is mown in July/August, hay removed.
Cloghams Green is all mown amenity grassland. The small pond could be restored.


FAUNA:
Birds: Blackcap, Great Spotted Woodpecker, Chiffchaff, Hawfinch, Sparrowhawk.

Wood Ants.

Butterflies: Peacock, Brimstone, Speckled Wood.

VEG:
Most of Woodham Walter Common is {\it Quercus robur/ Quercus petraea/ Carpinus betulus, Betula pendula} woodland with understorey of {\it Ilex aquifolium, Crataegus monogyna, Sorbus aucuparia} and occasionally {\it Sorbus torminalis} and {\it Frangula alnus}. The {\it Quercus} trees are often old and gnarled. The ground flora generally includes {\it Pteridium aquilinum, Rubus fruticosus, Corydalis claviculata, Euphorbia amygdaloides, Polygonum persicaria, Geranium robertianum, Bromus ramosus, Glechoma hederacea, Silene dioica, Rosa arvensis, Clematis vitalba, Conopodium majus, Arum maculatum, Ajuga reptans, Hyacinthoides non-scripta, Veronica chamaedrys, Solanum dulcamara, Digitalis purpurea, Lonicera periclymenum}. Scarce species recorded include {\it Galeobdolon luteum, Sanicula europaea, Convallaria majalis, Platanthera chlorantha}. There are several bryophyte-rich banks. 

The central area of restored heath supports {\it Calluna vulgaris, Deschampsia flexuosa} with regenerating {\it Betula pendula}.   

A valley bog area to the north of the site includes {\it Sphagnum} spp. {\it Carex laevigata, Thelypteris thelypteroides, Blechnum spicant, Scutellaria minor, Scutellaria galericulata}.

MANAGE:
Open areas have been created to encourage restoration of heath. The bog on the northern edge has been restored. A Woodland Management Scheme operates via Essex Wildlife Trust. This refers to the felling of {\it Fagus sylvatica}, clearance of storm damage and restoration of coppice rotation for {\it Carpinus betulus}. A Management Plan is in operation.


VEG:
By 'Rye Hill' lies mown amenity grassland with some {\it Populus} sp. and a {\it Quercus robur} tree.

Across the road tall grasses abound with {\it Arrhenatherum elatius, Dactylis glomerata, Malva sylvestris, Urtica dioica, Cirsium} sp.,{\it Achillea millefolium}. and a few trees such as {\it Populus tremula, Quercus robur}.

The section east of the above includes large {\it Rubus fruticosus} patches with {\it Rosa canina} and one {\it Malus domestica}.

The easternmost section supports scrub of {\it Populus tremula, Crataegus monogyna, Quercus robur} with {\it Rubus fruticosus, Urtica dioica, Tussilago farfara, Heracleum sphondylium, Rumex} sp.,{\it Torilis japonica, Dactylis glomerata, Lotus corniculatus, Agrimonia eupatoria, Filipendula ulmaria}.


FAUNA:
Birds seen during the survey: Wood pigeon, Blackbird.

VEG:
The common is mostly {\it Quercus robur} woodland with {\it Prunus spinosa, Betula pendula, Carpinus betulus, Crataegus monogyna, Populus tremula}. There is much {\it P. aquilinum} within the wood. Ground flora also includes {\it Rubus fruticosus, Lonicera periclymenum, Holcus mollis, Urtica dioica, Deschampsia caespitosa}.                               

The northern end of the common has more of a scrub vegetation with {\it Ulmus procera, Carpinus betulus, Crataegus monogyna, Quercus robur, Prunus spinosa} which is very thick, thus reducing ground flora. By the road, verge species include {\it Anthriscus sylvestris, Achillea millefolium, Plantago lanceolata, Dactylis glomerata, Arrhenatherum elatius, Convolvulus arvensis, Plantago major, Ranunculus} sp.

MANAGE:
Thought be former heathland. No active management.


FAUNA:
Birds seen during survey: Skylark, Great Tit, Magpie, Chaffinch.

Small Tortoiseshell, Common Blue Butterfly.

Moles. Anthills.

VEG:
The southern part of the common near Bateman's Farm includes amenity grassland. The side of the common parallel to The Street is {\it Quercus robur} woodland with scrub of {\it Prunus spinosa, Rosa canina, Crataegus monogyna, Betula pendula} within some open grassland and an area of fenced, planted trees. Species planted include {\it Quercus} sp., {\it Carpinus betulus, Betula pendula, Acer campestre, Sorbus aucuparia, Acer platanoides} 'Royal Red'.

The main body of rough grazing called Totham Plains includes {\it Lolium perenne, Vicia sativa, Lotus corniculatus, Agrostis} sp. {\it Stellaria graminea, Rumex acetosa, Trifolium repens, Plantago lanceolata, Bellis perennis, Holcus lanatus, Ranunculus repens, Cirsium vulgare, Potentilla rupestris, Deschampsia cespitosa}. A thicket of {\it Rubus fruticosus} is found in the NW corner of this section.

The triangle of common along Penny's Brook has some rabbit-grazed rough grassland at the west end but the rest is thick scrub of {\it Prunus spinosa, Crataegus monogyna, Sambucus nigra}. The scrub was removed from under power lines but is regenerating fast

MANAGE:
The grasslands are grazed by horses. A large area of planted broadleaf trees was planted to commemorate VE day in 1995. This will need aftercare. Scrub is cut back under power lines.


FAUNA:
Birds seen during survey:  Great Tit, Wood pigeon, Chaffinches, Song Thrush, Jay, Moorhen.

VEG:
This common is an even-aged {\it Quercus robur} woodland with some {\it Betula pendula}.Trees also present include {\it Acer pseudoplatanus, Salix caprea, Populus tremula, Salix fragilis}.  Ground flora is restricted by shading in many parts, but {\it Rubus fruticosus, Urtica dioica, Cirsium arvense, Juncus effusus, Pteridium aquilinum} present. The edges of the woodland also support {\it Sambucus nigra, Corylus avellana, Crataegus monogyna, Acer pseudoplatanus, Dryopteris dilitata}. The ponds/waterlogged depressions that are fairly central to the common were water filled but lifeless at time of survey whereas those near the northern edge of the common were dry.

MANAGE:
Restoration of ponds possible in conjunction with woodland management.


VEG:
The section of the common surveyed was a heavily used track with high hedge/scrub of {\it Ulmus procera, Crataegus monogyna, Prunus spinosa, Acer campestre} with verge grasses, {\it Cirsium} spp.,{\it Rubus fruticosus, Urtica dioica}. The Long Green section 'has thinner hedges, but is narrower and hence less used by vehicles and has a better ground flora' (Essex Ecology Services Ltd survey 1993.)

MANAGE:
The track is heavily used for farm traffic. The hedge may form a valuable wildlife corridor.
The beekeeping garden is a beautiful 'oasis' on a hot day.


FAUNA:
Seen during survey: Great Tits, Starlings, Magpie, Wood pigeon, Mallards (and brood), Moorhen. Moles evident.

VEG:
The area of grassland is mostly neutral with appropriate species such as {\it Holcus lanatus, Dactylis glomerata, Alopecurus pratensis, Ranunculus acris, Achillea millefolium, Anthriscus sylvestris, Cirsium} spp.{\it Heracleum sphondylium, Rumex acetosa, Glechoma hederacea, Viola} sp. ,{\it Vicia sativa}. There are patches of acidic grassland with {\it Rumex acetosella, Deschampsia flexuosa, Luzula campestris}. The edge away from the main road supports scrub of {\it Crataegus monogyna, Aesculus hippocastanum, Prunus spinosa, Sambucus nigra, Rubus fruticosus}. There are planted {\it Aesculus hippocastanum} trees along the A128 road. A large bonfire site can be found in the centre of the grassland.

The pond near the pub supports {\it Typha latifolia, Iris pseudocorus} with some overhanging, and some coppiced {\it Salix} sp.

MANAGE:
The grasslands would benefit from grazing or hay cutting. The pond appears well-maintained.


FAUNA:
Birds seen during survey: Wood pigeon, Starlings, Great tits, Sparrows.

VEG:
The eastern end of Park Green common is road verge with appropriate rank grassland species. There are recently planted trees at one point including {\it Alnus glutinosa, Larix decidua} and conifers. The grasslands of the common include {\it Glechoma hederacea, Urtica dioica, Chamerion angustifolium, Taraxacorum} sp.,{\it Lamium album, Potentilla anserina, Anthiscus sylvestris, Galium aparine, Achillea millefolium, Mercuralis perennis} (near scrub at edges) {\it Rumex acetosa, Allaria petiolata, Cirsium} sp. {\it Stellaria holostea}. The edges have scrub at most points including {\it Crataegus monogyna, Prunus spinosa, Rubus fruticosus}.  The ground was very wet at the time of field survey. From a distance the SW end of the common appeared to be scrub of {\it Prunus spinosa, Acer campestre, Ulmus procera, Prunus avium}.

MANAGE:
Park Green would benefit from management as hay meadows. Active interest/assistance from local teacher/warden.


FAUNA:
Birds seen during survey: Thrush, Starlings.

VEG:
The common is in 5 small sections. The 2 eastern sections lie either side of Mallows Green Road, and include small road verges and woodland of {\it Aesculus hippocastanum, Ilex aquifolium, Sambucus nigra} and ground flora species such as {\it Anthriscus sylvestris, Urtica dioica, Chamerion angustifolium}. The other sections of the common are semi-improved and amenity grasslands with a few planted {\it Aesculus hippocastanum}. An old pond at the southern point of the largest section is overwhelmed with {\it Salix} sp.

MANAGE:
Essex survey suggests management as hay meadows with late summer cutting.


FAUNA:
Birds seen during survey: Chaffinch, Magpies, Sparrows.

VEG:
South of the Chatter End Road a thin section of common is road verge with some {\it Fraxinus excelsior} trees and scrub of {\it Crataegus monogyna}.

Most of the common is species-rich grassland edged with hedge/scrub of {\it C. monogyna, Prunus spinosa, Sambucus nigra}. The grassland includes {\it Centaurea nigra, Convolvulus arvensis, Rubus fruticosus, Arrhenatherum elatius, Heracleum sphondylium, Hypochoeris radicata, Phleum pratense, Dactylis glomerata, Trifolium pratense, Holcus lanatus, Rumex acetosa, Epilobium hirsutum, Achillea millefolium,  Cirsium acaule, Cardamine pratensis, Galium verum, Agrimonia eupatoria, Briza media, Silaum silaus, Bromus erectus}. The eastern edge of the largest section includes scrub (running parallel to a road and a dry drain) of {\it Crataegus monogyna, Prunus spinosa, Malva sylvestris, Rosa canina, Fraxinus excelsior, Acer campestre}.


FAUNA:
Birds seen during survey: Blackbird, Wood pigeon, Great Spotted Woodpecker. Also Speckled Wood Butterfly.

VEG:
Near Woodside Cottages scrub of {\it Betula pendula, Salix} sp. is found with {\it P. aquilinum} and {\it Chamerion angustifolium}. The SW facing side of the common includes acidic grassland with {\it Rumex acetosella, Cerastium fontanum, Galium saxatile, Holcus lanatus, Achillea millefolium, Artmesia vulgaris, Deschampsia cespitosa, Dactylis glomerata, Hypochoeris radicata} with areas of {\it Calluna vulgaris}.

Central areas of the common support {\it Betula/Quercus} woodland with {\it Sorbus aucuparia, Carpinus betulus, Ulex europaeus, Lonicera periclymenum, Pteridium aquilinum, Populus tremula}. The woodland becomes more {\it Quercus} dominated further north. The common is bounded on the west side by a bank with good bryophyte growth.

MANAGE:
Heath and acid grassland habitat need conservation by preventing scrub invasion. EECOS survey promotes thinning of birch to encourage acid grassland restoration.


FAUNA:
Birds seen during survey: Blackbird, Sparrows, Wood pigeons.

VEG:
The common is all road verge sometimes backed by scrub. The grassland includes common species such as {\it Lolium perenne, Potentilla rupestris, Taxacorum, Achillea millefolium, Dactylis glomerata, Anthriscus sylvestris, Bryonia dioica, Heracleum sphondylium, Alliaria petiolata, Cirsium} sp. {\it Tussilago farfara, Tripleurospermum maritimum, Equisetum} so.,{\it Artemesia vulgaris, Malva sylvestris, Solanum dulcamara, Urtica dioica}.

Scrub/hedge species include {\it Acer campestre, Sambucus nigra, Rubus fruticosus, Prunus spinosa, Fraxinus excelsior, Ulmus procera}.

MANAGE:
Annual cutting of verges (in summer) would enhance diversity.


FAUNA:
Grey Squirrel.

Birds seen during survey: Wood pigeon, Jay, Blue tits.

VEG:
Near Stonyhills Farm {\it Quercus robur, Betula} sp. woodland is found with substantial {\it P. aquilinum} with pure {\it Quercus} in some areas.
There are some openings in the canopy south of the road in which {\it P. aquilinum} thrives. Upslope near the small exclusions from the common large {\it Acer pseudoplatanus} is found with much deadwood which will benefit invertebrate species. There are some {\it Rhododendron ponticum} and banks with good bryophyte growth.
The eastern side of the common has even-aged tall {\it Q.robur} with some {\it Betula} sp. that have been felled and left. Understorey species in this area include {\it Ilex aquifolium, Acer pseudoplatanus, Fagus sylvatica}. In the NE corner there is an old {\it Q.robur} pollard.

MANAGE:
Maintain variety of canopy. Prevent {\it Rhododendron} from spreading.


FAUNA:
Seen during survey: Starlings, Green woodpecker, Wood pigeon.

VEG:
The pond (near 'Hatches') had little open water despite recent wet weather but still supports some {\it Iris pseudocorus, Juncus inflexus, Typha latifolia, Glyceria fluitans}.It has had litter dumped and is in need of attention. Moving north the grassland around the pond supports advancing scrub and then becomes {\it Quercus robur} woodland. Alongside Hatches Farm Road lies ancient grassland with some areas of {\it Pteridium aquilinum} amongst tall grasses and {\it Anthriscus sylvestris, Urtica dioica, Stellaria holostea, Galium aparine, Lamium album, Plantago lanceolata}. Islands of scrub include {\it Salix} sp. {\it Prunus spinosa, Crataegus monogyna} which becomes {\it Quercus robur} woodland again nearer Botney Hill Road.

MANAGE:
Scrub control needed to prevent gradual reduction of grassland. Pond needs maintainance.


FAUNA:
Birds seen during survey:   Magpie, Sparrows, Starlings, Chaffinch.

VEG:
Most of the common is semi-improved neutral grassland with species such as {\it Cardamine pratensis, Glechoma hederacea, Holcus lanatus, Dactylis glomerata, Poa annua, Centaurea nigra, Bellis perennis, Taraxacum spp.,Anthriscus sylvestris, Primula veris, Lamium album} present. The pond supports {\it Glyceria fluitans, Iris pseudocorus, Typha latifolia}. Scrub species are found adjacent to the pond with some tall {\it Aesculus hippocastanum}.

MANAGE:
Late mowing of the more open grasslands (with removal of cuttings) may enhance species diversity.


FAUNA:
Birds seen during survey: Magpie, Crow, Starlings.

VEG:
Almost all of this common is unimproved neutral grassland with tall grasses such as {\it Holcus lanatus, Dactylis glomerata, Alopecurus pratensis}. Small ponds towards the southern end of the common support {\it Glyceria fluitans, Glyceria maxima, Typha latifolia, Iris pseudocorus}, algae.  The ponds are overhung by trees.

MANAGE:
Some parts of the common are mown regularly.


VEG:
Most of the common is roadside verge which is mown. There are occasional amenity trees such as a {\it Salix x chrysocoma} near the western end.
At the eastern end the verges are backed and overhung by {\it Fraxinus excelsior, Crataegus monogyna, Aesculus hippocastanum, Quercus robur}.
A small pond near the junction with Common Lane supports {\it Plantago alisma-aquatica, Typha latifolia, Chelidonium majus, Lemna minor, Menyanthes trifoliata, Myosotis} sp. {\it Sagittaria sagittifolia} and variegated introductions. There is an 'island' of {\it Salix} sp.

MANAGE:
Verges mown. The pond is of interest and will need maintainance.


FAUNA:
Birds recorded: In winter: up to 1000 lapwings, 500 Fieldfare, 500 Golden Plover. Common Tern, Cormorant. Blackcaps, Coots, Yellow wagtail, Mallard, Song Thrush, Wren, Spotted flycatcher,Magpie, Heron, House Sparrow, Blackbird, Greenfinch, Long-tailed Tit, Skylark, Cuckoo, Sedge Warbler, Pied Wgtail, Grey Wagtail, Willow Warbler, Chiffchaff, Starling, Linnet, Carrion Crow, Bullfinch, Turtle Dove, Whitethroat, Goldcrest.

Mammals: Mole, Water Vole, 

Invertebrates (ISR 89/24):

RBD2 Succineidae {\it Oxyloma sarsi} (1970)
Na	 Vertiginidae {\it Vertigo moulinsiana}(1970)

Notable/Nb 
Chrysomelidea {\it Chrysolina oricalcia} (1984)
Elateridea {\it Selatosomus nigricornis} (1984)

Local	
Noctuidae  {\it Panemeria tenebrata} (Small Yellow Underwing).

Butterflies 1986:  Meadow Brown, Gatekeeper, Small Heath, Red Admiral, Small Tortoiseshell, Peacock, Comma, Common Blue, Holly Blue, Small Copper, Large White, Smll White, Green-veined White, Orange Tip, Small Skipper, Large Skipper, Painted Lady.

Dragonflies: {\it Agrion splendens, Aeshna grandis, Aeshna juncea.

VEG:
Most of Hunsdon Mead is unimproved grassland with species such as {\it Anthoxanthum odoratum, Cynosurus cristatus, Bromus commutatus, Briza media, Carex disticha, Carex riparia, Carex nigra, Carex panicea}. Herbs include {\it Leucanthemum vulgare, Primula veris, Lotus corniculatus, Filipendula ulmaria, Linum catharticum, Lathyrus pratensis, Cardamine pratensis, Caltha palustris, Juncus articulatus, , Ajuga reptans, Sanguisorba minor, Silaum silaus, Orchis morio, Ophiopglossum vulgatum, Rhinanthus minor, Centaurea nigra}.  {\it Carex nigra, Carex panicea} and {\it Carex acuta} are scarce in Essex and Herts.

MANAGE:
The grasslands are managed under the ancient Lammas system of hay cutting followed by winter grazing. In this the site is unique in Essex.
A management plan is in operation for site (1994).

The site is regularly flooded in winter. Two angling clubs use the banks of the canal.


FAUNA:
Birds seen during survey:  Cuckoo, Lesser Whitethroat, Great Spotted Woodpecker, Jay.

Birds recorded: 36 species 'presumed to breed' and 25 species 'either winter or have been seen occasionally'. Species known include: Yellowhammer, Linnet, Skylarks, Lapwing, Snipe, Woodcock, Willow warbler, Whitethroat, Lesser Whitethroat, Blackcap, Chiffchaff, Magpie, Nightingales, Goldfinches, Red-legged partridges, Robin.

Mammals recorded:  Rabbit, Fox, Stoat, Wood Mouse, Yellow-necked mouse, Pygmy Shrew, Common Shrew, Water Shrew, Harvest Mouse, Mole, Hedgehog.

Invertebrates:  The 1978 publication records several rare species though more recent surveys must have occurred but were not found by the present survey. 

Holly Blue Butterfly

VEG:
The heath areas are dominated by {\it Calluna vulgaris} with some areas of {\it Calluna/Agrostis} mosaic. The area of heath in the centre of the main part of the common has had gorse cut back recently but {\it Pteridium aquilinum} is advancing. The heath around the track that passes through the eastern end of the common has recently had scrub removed. {\it Radiola linoides, Vulpia myuros} and {\it Dactylorhiza maculata} are recorded from the heaths.

The section North of Maldon Rd. has scrub of {\it Ulex europaeus, Populus tremula, Betula pendula, Rosa canina, Crataegus monogyna}. There are patches of substantial {\it P. aquilinum}. Around the drain that runs across the common here has an area of tall grassland of {\it Arrhenatherum elatius, Dactylis glomerata, Silene dioica, Stellaria graminea, Linaria} sp.,and scrub species. Across Maldon Road lies area that has been 'de-scrubbed' with {\it R. fruticosus} regenerating. There are clumps of{\it Juncus inflexus} in a mosaic of wet grassland that includes {\it Juncus effusus, Epilobium hirsutum, Rubus fruticosus, Silene dioica, Cirsium} sp.,{\it Potentilla sterilis, Hypericum perforatum}. Further east is more acidic grassland with {\it Rumex acetosella, Galium saxatile}. Between this area and the heath lies thick {\it Ulex europaeus and P. aquilinum}.

By the road near the junction with Stone Road lies a pond with {\it Iris pseudocorus}, islands of {\it Juncus effusus} and edged with tall grasses and {\it R. fruticosus}. A good pond for amphibians. Opposite Manor House Farm lies scrub of {\it Ulex europaeus, Sambucus nigra, Urtica dioica, Rubus fruticosus} with a more open area that supports {\it Glechoma hederacea, Reseda luteola, Potentilla rupestris, Senecio jacobaea, Cirsium vulgare, Bryonia dioica, P. aquilinum, Urtica dioica}.

The stream that passes through the centre of the common supports small numbers of {\it Osmunda regalis, Thelypteris limbosperma, Blechnum spicant}.

MANAGE:
Heather is maintained by mowing and scrub invasion is limited to conserve unimproved acid grassland and heather areas.  Essex Wildlife Trust is represented on a Management Committee which involves local residents, Parish Councillors and Colchester Borough Council. A Management Plan is in operation.


VEG:
The southern point of the common includes tall grasses with {\it Urtica dioica, Heracleum sphondylium, Silene dioica, Galium aparine, Alliaria petiolata, Rumex acetosa}. Moving North the grassland the grass is semi-improved with some {\it Lolium perenne, Vicia cracca, Lotus corniculatus, Plantago lanceolata, Trifolium campestre, Holcus lanatus, Dactylis glomerata}.

Central areas are more acidic with a few {\it Potentilla erecta, Galium saxatile, Deschampsia flexuosa} patches.  By  the 'Drain' species such as {\it Galium verum, Potentilla rupestris, Galium palustre, Rumex acetosa, Myosotis} sp. {\it Stellaria graminea, Juncus inflexus} occur.

There a few {\it Salix} sp. at the northern end with two planted and protected {\it Quercus} sp.

MANAGE:
Species diversity would be enhanced by a summer mowing regime or some grazing.


FAUNA:
Birds seen during survey: Blackbird, Wood pigeon.

VEG:
The common lies either side of a minor road. The verges may once have supported a rich flora as at Molehill Green but are now scrub invaded with species such as {\it Fraxinus excelsior, Acer pseudoplatanus, Prunus spinosa, Crataegus monogyna, Acer campestre, Rosa canina}. Verge species include {\it Lamium album, Vicia cracca, Urtica dioica, Arrhenatherum elatius, Heracleum sphondylium, Artemesia vulgaris, Malva sylvestris, Agrimonia eupatoria, Lapsana communis, Sonchus asper, Senecio jacobaea, Convolvulus arvensis, Rubus fruticosus, Arctium minus, Taraxacum officinale, Potentilla rupestris}.


FAUNA:
Birds seen during survey: Black-headed Gulls, Yellowhammer, Chaffinch, Sparrows.

Anthills. Adders recorded. Rabbits.

VEG:
Pete Tye Common is largely semi-improved grassland with some scrub and an old pond.   East of Colchester Rd. lies an old pond that has silted up and supports {\it Urtica dioica, Cirsium} sp. {\it Galium aparine, Juncus} spp. and is surrounded by {\it Rubus fruticosus} and scrub of {\it C. monogyna, R. canina, S.nigra, Solanum dulcamara, Achillea millefolium}. Wet rank grassland lies parallel to the road.

The semi-improved grasslands of the middle of the common include {\it Lolium perenne, Agrostis canina, Achillea millefolium, Arrhenatherum elatius, Arabidopsis taliana, Centaurea nigra, Lathyrus pratensis, Plantago lanceolata, Cynosurus cristatus, Anthoxanthum odoratum, Alopecurus pratensis, Rumex acetosa, Vicia sativa, Trifolium repens, Ranunculus acris, Holcus lanatus}. Peripheral hedges include {\it C. monogyna, Rubus fruticosus, Rosa canina, Ulmus procera}. An old pond on the southern edge includes {\it Elodea canadensis, Nymphea alba, Iris pseudocorus, Glyceria fluitans, Typha latifolia}. 

A large area of planted and 'tree-tubed' {\it Quercus} sp. {\it Carpinus betulus, Corylus avellana, Fraxinus excelsior}. lies on the southern side of the common opposite 'Pantiles'. The western arm of the common has roadside verge grasses (with {\it Agrimonia eupatoria} and {\it Malva sylvestris}) backed by scrub.

MANAGE:
'Central area is cut annually for hay.' Recent tree planting scheme in place. Limiting any addition of fertilizer would enhance species diversity.


VEG:
North of the road is a wide mown road verge backed by a hedge of {\it Prunus spinosa, Populus} sp. {\it Rosa canina, Ulmus procera}.

South of the road is a narrower verge with a triangle of {\it Dactylis glomerata, Urtica dioica, Cirsium} sp., {\it Stellaria holostea, Rubus fruticosus, Galium aparine, Glechoma hederacea}.


VEG:
Chaureth Green is all amenity grassland and road verge with species such as {\it Lolium perenne, Achillea millefolium, Heracleum sphondylium, Hypochoeris radicata, Dactylis glomerata, Rumex acetosa}.

One area of grassland is gardened with some fruit trees planted.


FAUNA:
Birds seen during survey: Yellowhammer, Chaffinches, Wood pigeon.

VEG:
Woodside Green is an extensive open grassland. It resembles parkland due to a few old pollards, that may represent a former wood pasture management, and newly planted trees. The grassland is improved for cattle grazing and includes {\it Lolium perenne, Phleum pratense, Hordelium} sp.,{\it Alopecurus pratensis, Stellaria media, Dactylis glomerata, Agrostis} sp. An old pond near Monkswood is neglected and is mostly covered with {\it Urtica dioica} with some {\it Iris pseudocorus}.

Veteran trees on the site include {\it Quercus robur}, {\it Aesculus hippocastanum} with dead standing trees and fallen trees. There are two small clumps of {\it Carpinus betulus}.  New {\it Quercus trees} have been planted in timber guards. Opposite Lodge Farm a small triangle of woodland of {\it Aesculus hippocastanum} and {\it Quercus robur} trees has understorey of {\it Crataegus monogyna, Sambucus nigra}.

MANAGE:
Managed for grazing (between April and October) and recreation, picnicking etc.


FAUNA:
Birds seen during survey: Crow, Magpie, Oystercatcher.

VEG:
Hallhill Common and Fort Road Common appear to be arable fields with much {\it Cirsium} sp. and {\it Urtica dioica}. A small area north of Cooper Shaw road supports scrub of {\it Crataegus monogyna, Prunus spinosa}. The edge along Fort Road is neutral grassland but with substantial {\it Phragmites australis} in some places. Parsonage Common and Walton Common are all neutral improved grasslands with some {\it Cirsium} sp. {\it Dipsacus fullonum, Vicia sativa, Ranunculus} spp. and broad beans escaped from nearby fields. Drains at the side of Parsonage Common support {\it Phragmites australis} in abundance.  

The section SE of Tilbury is heavily horse-grazed poor grassland with some 'islands' of {\it Rubus fruticosus}.

MANAGE:
The grasslands of Parsonage Common and Walton Common are mown annually. The un-named southern part of the common is intensively horse-grazed.
There is pressure to develop parts of the site (Rail transfer facility). Essex Wildlife Trust has objected to aspects of planned developments which have not yet been effected.


FAUNA:
Birds seen during survey: Great Tit, Blackbird, Chaffinch, Jay, Green woodpecker.

Grey squirrels.

VEG:
Laindon Common includes small areas of grassland and planted trees opposite the pub (formerly the Duke's Head). However the main part of the common is {\it Quercus robur} secondary woodland with much {\it Betula pendula} and occasional understorey species such as {\it Malus sylvestris, Acer pseudoplatanus, Sambucus nigra, Crataegus monogyna}. Ground flora species present include {\it Hyacinthoides non-scripta, Urtica dioica, Rubus fruticosus, Pteridium aquilinum, Stellaria holostea, Glechoma hederacea, Chamerion angustifolium, Aegopodium podograria, Galium aparine, Rumex acetosa, Silene dioica, Heracleum sphondylium, Anemone nemorosa}. Near the right-angle in the common boundary are {\it Carpinus betulus}. Some areas (at time of survey) were very wet with some shaded, leaf-filled old ponds. The eastern end of the common has more mixed woodland with {\it Q. robur, Betula pendula, Aesculus hippocastanum, Ulex europaeus}. Due to pressure of time and weather not all the common was walked. Essex Ecology Services survey (1993) mentions areas of ancient acidic grassland.

MANAGE:
Managed by Laindon Common Wood Conservators. Some active tree planting (openings in canopy would stimulate ground flora).


FAUNA:
Birds seen during survey: Black-headed Gulls, Yellowhammer, Sparrows, Jay.

Slow worm on path.

VEG:
The northern tip of the common is a convoluted salt marsh/mudflat with species such as {\it Limonium vulgare, Sueda maritima, Salicornia} sp. Banks below the path support {\it Dactylis glomerata, Tamarix gallica, Lolium perenne, Malva sylvestris, Arrhenatherum alatius} and scrub of {\it Quercus elatius, Crataegus monogyna, Ligistrum vulgare, Rosa} sp. {\it Lepidium latifolium} is found further south and {\it Cytisus scoparius} appears in the scrub species.  {\it Spergularia media, Halimione porticuloides, Armeria maritima} are evident}.

Marshy areas nearer the centre of the common inclide {\it Phragmites australis, Carex} sp. ({\it divisa} ?) {\it Solanum dulcamara, Deschampsia cespitosa}. In places ditches are choked with tide-borne litter and detritus  and are fringed with {\it Ulex europaeus} and rank grasses. 

The raised artificial bank supports wood of {\it Quercus robur} and scrub of {\it Quercus robur, Rosa canina, Prunus spinosa, Cytisus scoparius}. Other scrub patches near here include {\it Ulmus procera}. 

The eastern end of the common also supports slt-marsh but includes grassier banks and a species-rich ditch of {\it Iris pseudocorus, Phragmites australis, Urtica dioica, Solanum dulcamara, Typha latifolia, Carex} spp. {\it Ballota nigra, Rumex obtusifolius}.

MANAGE:
Minimise disturbance. Jet-skiing on estuary unhelpful. Some evidence of burnt scrub.


VEG:
This common is all secondary broad-leaved woodland with {\it Quercus robur, Fraxinus excelsior} and {\it Populus} hybrids, {\it Betula pendula, Salix fragilis, Carpinus betulus, Acer campestre, Crataegus monogyna}. Ground flora species include {\it Urtica dioica, Carex pendula, Typha latifolia, Rubus fruticosus, Rosa arvense, Glechoma hederacea, Hedera helix, Equisetum fluviatile, Mercuralis perennis}.


VEG:
The northern end of this small common and the area by Upton House includes scrub of {\it Prunus spinosa, C. monogyna, Corylus avellana} with {\it R. fruticosus}. The SW facing side has a small pond with {\it Ulmus procera} scrub, 2 {\it Quercus robur} trees around it. Ground flora species nearby include {\it Solanum dulcamara, Fraxinus excelsior, Sorbus sucuparia, Lapsana communis, Convolvulus arvensis, Torilis japonica}. The rest of the land is rough grassland/road verge.

MANAGE:
Mown verges, some pond management evident.


FAUNA:
Birds seen during survey: Skylarks, Great Tit, Chaffinches, Dunnock.

VEG:
The broad-leaved woodland east of the A11(T) is {\it Quercus robur} dominated with large {\it Crataegus monogyna, Sambucus nigra, Ulmus procera, Salix} sp. Near to the main road lies scrub/wood of {\it Ulmus procera,  Aesculus hippocastanum, Rosa canina}. Adjacent to the road are planted {\it Populus} spp. Small section of common land either side of the A11(T) support {\it Quercus robur} trees with some {\it Ulmus procera}. 

North of Commonside Road lie strips of neutral grassland. The NW corner of the main body of the common includes a play area. A pond lies near the southern (upslope) side. It is fairly healthy with {\it Iris pseudocorus, Elodea canadensis, Glyceria fluitans, Potamogeton polygonifolius} and non-native lilies. Some broken chestnut paling surrounds part of the pond into which litter is dumped. Close by the pond is a model-aircraft flying area and a mown playing field. Some small areas of scrub are found on the upslope parts of the common ({\it Crataegus monogyna}) and also in the small westernmost section of the common. The grasslands that make up the major area of common are semi-improved neutral grasslands that support species such as {\it Lotus uliginosus, Galium verum, Anthoxanthum odoratum, Hordelium secalium}.

The southern, highest part of the common includes old {\it Quercus robur} trees, some pollards with large {\it Fraxinus excelsior} and {\it Carpinus betulus}. The SE corner is {\it Quercus robur} woodland with some understorey of {\it Crataegus monogyna} and a ground flora of substantial {\it Rubus fruticosus} and {\it Urtica dioica}.  Downslope the wood is more mixed with {\it Betula pendula, Salix x chrysocoma, Fraxinus excelsior, Aesculus hippocastanum} and some planted exotics.

MANAGE:
Grasslands regularly mown. EECOS survey suggests suspended mowing in summer to allow full seeding of flowering plants.


FAUNA:
Birds seen during survey: Jay, Goldfinch, Starlings, Wood pigeon.

VEG:
A group of damp meadows that are unimproved and grazed by cattle and horses. The meadows are seperated by drains/dykes. MG7 (NVC).

The western section of the common is poor grazing with scrub. The grass species include {\it Agrostis} sp. {\it Alopecurus pratensis, Trifolium repens, Trifolium pratense, Sonchus asper, Taxacorum officinale} agg. {\it Cirsium} spp. {\it Rumex} sp. The Scrub includes tall trees of {\it Salix} sp. with {\it Rosa canina}.

The wetter grasslands of the middle and east end of the common includes {\it Potentilla rupestris, Achillea millefolium, Cynosurus cristatus, Anthoxanthum odoratum, Rhinanthus minor, Bromus commutatus}.

The area around a river inlet is overhung by tall {\it Salix} sp. and the wet grassland supports {\it Rumex crispus, Rorippa islandica, Iris pseudocorus, Arctium minus, Geranium molle, Dipsacus fullonum, Filipendula ulmaris, Caltha palustris}.

MANAGE:
Regular grazing would enhance species diversity.
Common land rights in 'strips'. The site is in Countryside Stewardship Scheme.


FAUNA:
Birds seen during survey: Yellowhammer, Wood pigeon, Song Thrush, Great Tit.

Damselflies and dragonflies by pond.

Butterflies: Small tortoiseshell, Ringlet.

VEG:
The pond near Monk's Farm supports {\it Potamogeton polygonifolius, Ranunculus aquatilis, Lemna minor, Typha latifolia}. Scrub species bordering the track near the Farm include {\it Acer campestre, Prunus spinosa, Ligistrum vulgare} while the grassland by the track includes {\it Tripleurospermum maritimum, Lolium perenne, Malva sylvestris, Convolvulus arvensis, Potentilla rupestris}. {\it Acer campestre} forms a substantial element of the scrub sides of the trackway at the eastern end of the common.

{\it Ulmus procera} appears more frequently at the western end of the common with species such as {\it Mercuralis perennis, Glechoma hederacea, Anthriscus sylvestris, Centaurea nigra, Plantago major, Dipsacus fullonum, Sonchus asper, Arctium minus, Stachys sylvatica, Veronica} sp. {\it Hyacinthoides non-scripta, Silene alba, Lonicera periclymenum, Brachypodium sylvaticum, Galium verum, Bryonia dioica, Hypericum} sp.  {\it Daphne laureola} appears midway along the track (introduced). An old pond on the northern side is dry with much {\it Urtica dioica} evident.

MANAGE:
'Some value as wildlife corridor'. Pond will need maintainance.


FAUNA:
Birds seen during survey: Chaffinch, Jay, Wood pigeon.

VEG:
The common is woodland of {\it Quercus robur} and {\it Fraxinus excelsior} with {\it Carpinus betulus}. Understorey species include {\it Sambucus nigra, Crataegus monogyna, Fraxinus excelsior}. Ground flora species seen include {\it Arctium minus, Alliaria petiolata, Anthriscus sylvestris, Urtica dioica, Hedera helix, Geranium robertianum, Lamium album, Rumex acetosa, Lapsana communis, Geum urbanum, Arum maculatum, Tamus communis, Ballota nigra}. {\it Melampyrum pratense} is present, hence the 'special roadside verge' status of the grassland.

MANAGE:
The common may be good wildlife corridor. The verge is a 'Special roadside verge' due to {\it Melampyrum pratense}.


VEG:
All of this common is old semi-natural grassland with hedge and some overhanging garden trees.

Species present include {\it Galium verum, Cardamine pratensis, Arrhenatherum elatius, Anthoxanthum odoratum, Bromus mollis, Achillea millefolium, Agrostis stolonifera, Alopecurus pratense, Anthriscus sylvestris, Bellis perennis, Cerastium fontanum, Centaurea nigra, Dactylis glomerata, Festuca rubra, Heracleum sphondylium, Holcus lanatus, Poa annua, Plantago major, Medicago lupina, Veronica chamaedrys, Ranunculus repens, Tragopodium pratensis} agg. {\it Urtica dioica, Rumex obtusifolius}.

MANAGE:
Late mowing of the common would enhance species diversity.


FAUNA:
Birds seen during survey: Kestrel, Sedge Warbler, Coot, Moorhen, Black-headed gulls.

VEG:
The fields are improved grazing fields with species present such as {\it Lolium perenne, Dactylis glomerata, Holcus lanatus, Ranunculus} sp. {\it Trifolium pratense, Poa annua, Cirsium} spp. {\it Agrostis} spp. {\it Festuca} spp.

The field south of the railway was uncut or grazed at time of survey with a full sward of {\it Dactylis glomerata, Achillea millefolium, Papaver} spp. {\it Hordeum} sp. {\it Trifolium pratense, Plantago major, Geranium dissectum, Agrostis} sp.,{\it Rumex} sp. {\it Holcus lanatus}, {\it Alopecurus pratensis, Hypochoeris radicata}. The field is fringed with scrub and trees of {\it Quercus robur, Sambucus nigra, Crataegus monogyna}.

A pond where cattle drink includes {\it Phragmites australis, Sparganum} sp. {\it Mentha aquatica, Juncus inflexus, Juncus bufonius, Rumex} sp.,{\it Polygonum hydropiper} and tall sedges. The ditch nearby supports similar species.

The western end of the common includes scrub of {\it Crataegus monogyna} and pollarded trees ({\it Salix}). The stream side of Canons Brook includes species such as {\it Urtica dioica, Dipsacus fullonum, Alliaria petiolata, Anthriscus sylvestris}.

MANAGE:
A reduction in fertilizers may increase plant diversity. The pond is worth maintaining for use of cattle and diversity of plant species.


VEG:
This common is in two parts. The larger section is convoluted saltmarsh and mudflat. Species included (viewed from bank on north side) are {\it Halimione porticuloides, Sueda maritima, Limonium vulgare}.

The second section is rabbit-grazed grassland with substantial {\it Reseda lutea} and bushes of {\it Rubus fruticosus, Salix} sp. There are some planted trees in tubes.


FAUNA:
None seen on site due to lack of permitted access.

VEG:
From New Park Road, an area of planted trees ( {\it Quercus, Prunus}) has some sheds and dumped material evident, backed by secondary woodland of {\it Quercus} sp. and {\it Fraxinus excelsior}. Scrub species such as {\it Crataegus monogyna, Prunus spinosa} occur along New Park Road.

MANAGE:
Minimise disturbance to developing woodland.


FAUNA:
Birds seen during survey: Wood pigeon, Sparrows, Cuckoos.

VEG:
This main part of this common lies to the east of Great Wakering Common. This is a wide track with some neutral grassland including {\it Arctium minus, Anthriscus sylvestris, Lamium album} and tall grasses. Wetter areas and the drain along the northern edge support {\it Phragmites australis}. Scrub either side of the track includes {\it Sambucus nigra, Crataegus monogyna, Corylus avellana, Ulmus procera}. The eastern end appears separated off and, from a distance, the track is edged by solid scrub. 

The ponds on Great Wakering Common are also part of CL 416 and is eutrophic with algae, {\it Iris pseudocorus, Glyceria maxima}. Disturbed areas aound the pond support substantial {\it Urtica dioica} and scrub species.

MANAGE:
Ponds appear eutrophic. Scrub encroachment needs attention.


FAUNA:
Birds seen during survey: Jay, Chaffinch, Great Spotted Woodpecker. The site is noted for Hawfinch and Sparrowhawk.

VEG:
Most of the common is of pollard {\it Carpinus betulus} with {\it Quercus robur} and {\it Betula pendula}. Occasional conifers exist such as {\it Pinus sylvestris} on the eastern edge of the common. Understorey species present include {\it Ilex aquifolium, Sorbus aucuparia, Populus tremula, Sambucus nigra, Acer campestre}. Ground flora is frequently sparse due to over-shading but includes {\it Teucrium scorodonia, Circaea lutetiana, Lonicera periclymenum, Urtica dioica}. Rides through the woodland support tall grasses and {\it Pteridium aquilinum, Geum urbanum, Rubus fruticosus, Chamerion angustifolium}. Recent areas of re-pollarding and coppicing are found in the centre of the common. Some ponds have formed from old gravel pits. For example near the bridge over the M11 one pond supports {\it Glyceria fluitans, Juncus} spp. {\it Ranunculus flammula} but, as with other ponds, needs active management.

Springs on the plateau give rise to small valleys with marshes that support quite rare species such as {\it Menyanthes trifoliata, Lychnis flos-cuculi, Thelypteris palustris, Valeriana dioica, Athyrium felix-femina, Sphagna} spp.

MANAGE:
Managed (and owned) by Essex Wildlife Trust. Hornbeam pollard management to be maintained. Marshy areas need protection from scrub invasion. Ponds need active management. Misuse of common by trial bikes controlled by gated access. Possible threat from widening of the M11.


FAUNA:
Birds seen during survey: Wren, Wood pigeon, Jay, Blackbirds.  

Grey squirrel.

VEG:
The eastern end of Mapletree Lane is edged with woodland species of {\it Quercus robur, Sorbus sucuparia,Crataegus monogyna, Carpinus betulus, Acer campestre, Corylus avellana} with occasional {\it Castanea sativa} and  ground flora of substantial {\it P. aquilinum, Rubus fruticosus}. Banks support a good bryophyte growth. {\it Quercus petraea} recorded.

The track turns left (SE) beyond Maple Tree Farm and a {\it Carpinus betulus} avenue is found. Some coppicing evident here and wetter areas that support {\it Iris pseudocorus, Polygonum persicaria, Carex pendula}. Near Fryerning House scrub of {\it Ulex europaeus, Cytisus scoparius, Rubus fruticosus} is evident with grassland and wetter areas of {\it Juncus} spp.

Opposite Bell Grove lies shadier woodland of {\it Quercus robur/Carpinus betulus} and substantial {\it R. fruticosus}. Further pollarded {\it C. betulus} are found on banks nearer Blackmore Road.  

On the north side of Blackmore Road, the common becomes a narrow strip of road verge grass backed by scrub/wood of {\it Q.robur, Corylus avellana, Carpinus betulus, Castanea sativa}.

MANAGE:
A valuable wildlife corridor. EECOS survey suggests coppicing in some areas which has been initiated. Minimise disturbance.


VEG:
Most of the common is roadside verge with neutral grassland. A small pond (with {\it Salix x chrysocoma}) lies by a road corner. A small arable field is included.


FAUNA:
Rabbits.

Birds seen during survey: Crows, Chaffinches, Great Tit, Dunnock.

VEG:
The two areas of rough grassland are divided by scrub that has grown up along a drain. This includes {\it C. monogyna, Sambucus nigra} and some tall {\it Fraxinus excelsior}.  A hedge on the eastern side of the site includes {\it Acer campestre, Populus tremula, Corylus avellana, Ulmus procera, Salix} sp. The grasslands include substantial patches of {\it Urtica dioica, Rubus fruticosus, Cirsium} spp. {\it Geranium dissectum, Glechoma hederacea}.

MANAGE:
Dumping should be prevented. Summer hay cutting may enhance species diversity.


FAUNA:
Wood pigeon, Chaffinches, Speckled wood butterfly, Rabbits.

VEG:
A brief survey from adjacent path. The wood is dominated by {\it Quercus robur} and {\it Carpinus betulus} with several old specimens of each species. An old hedge of {\it Crataegus monogyna} and brypohyte-rich banks are found by the track on the southern edge of the common.{\it Hyacinthoides non-scripta} present.

There are small 'groves' of {\it Betula pendula} and areas of {\it Rubus fruticosus} and/or {\it P. aquilinum} as ground flora.

MANAGE:
Further survey with full access may yield interesting results. Management necessary to maintain older trees and their conservation value and ensure future of the woodland. A management plan and clarification of access desireable.


FAUNA:
House sparrow and small white butterfly were recorded during the site visit. The common supports breeding curlew, redshank, snipe and occasional lapwing (one of a few breeding sites in Gloucestershire). In addition, kestrel, reed bunting, sedge warbler, jay and corn bunting were recorded in 1985. Marsh warbler (1985?) and corncrake (1984) have also been recorded from this common. Two rare ground beetles have been recorded from the common - {\it Bombidion punctatum} (the best area in Great Britain for it) and {\it Trectuus secalis}.

VEG:
Severn Ham is one of the last remaining traditionally managed ham meadows overlying the alluvium of the Severn Vale. It is subject to annual winter flooding. The vegetation is predominantly semi-improved neutral grassland and had unfortunately been recently cut for hay when visited. The grassland in the north of the common supports a wide range of grasses including {\it Dactylis glomerata, Alopecurus pratensis, A. geniculatus, Holcus lanatus, Lolium perenne, Cynosurus cristatus, Agrostis capillaris, Hordeum secalinum} and {\it Bromus racemosus}. Herbs are fewer and include {\it Viccia cracca, Ranunculus repens, R. acris, Rumex acetosa, Cardamine pratensis, Potentilla reptans, Lathyrus pratensis, Cirsium arvense, Polygonum persicaria} and {\it Taraxacum officinale} agg. The nationally scarce* {\it Oenanthe silaifolia} occurs in this area. The southern part of the common is less diverse with more frequent {\it Lolium perenne}. {\it Elytrigia repens} was also present in this area.

A new sluice had recently been constructed at the Abbey Mill and the ground had been disturbed around this area and also along the raised bank on the riverside north from here continuing along in front of Borough Mills. Here an ephemeral flora had developed of {\it Tripleurospermum inodorum, Cardaria draba, Elytrigia repens, Plantago major, Papaver rhoeas, Rumex obtusifolius, Cirsium arvense, Malva sylvestris, Convolvulus arvensis, Equisetum arvense, Heracleum sphondylium, Chamerion angustifolium, Capsella bursa-pastoris, Arrhenatherum elatius, Silybum marianum} and {\it Sisymbrium} sp.
A small area on the raised bank has been planted with the mixed broadleaved species {\it Crataegus monogyna, Fraxinus excelsior, Corylus avellana, Cornus sanguinea} and {\it Rosa} sp. This area has been fenced off.

The river banks support a tall herb community with abundant {\it Urtica dioica} and {\it Anthriscus sylvestris, Arrhenatherum elatius, Cirsium arvense, Equisetum arvense, Chamerion angustifolium} and {\it Epilobium hirsutum}. {\it Thalictrum flavum} and the nationally scarce* {\it Cuscuta europaea} have been recorded around the periphery of the common.

{\it Alnus glutinosa, Cratagus monogyna} and {\it Salix} spp. occur along the bank of the River Severn.

* A nationally scarce plant is one which occurs in between 16 and 100 10km squares in Britain ("Scarce Plants in Britain, A. Steuart {\it et al} (1994) JNCC).

MANAGE:
The common is managed as a traditional ham meadow. A hay cut is taken and the aftermath grazed. Grazing rights exist from 12th August to 13th February for cattle, horses and sheep (see general notes). The common was not being grazed at the time of the visit but had been cut. Herbicides have been used on the common in the past accounting for the low diversity of herbs. Fertilizers are applied to the southern part (which accounts for the lower diversity) but fertilizers and herbicides are excluded from the northern part of the common to maintain the typical flora.


FAUNA:
Mallard, moorhen, mute swan, trout, blue agrion damselfly and a peacock butterfly were recorded during the site visit. In addition sedge warbler, reed bunting, redshank and banded agrion damselflies were recorded during the 1992 survey of the Mill Avon and grey wagtail and snipe during the 1978 survey of the River Swilgate.

VEG:
The common consists of the length of the Mill Avon adjoining CL21 to the confluence with the River Severn and 4km of the lower reaches of the River Swilgate which feeds into the Mill Avon stretch of the common. 

The Mill Avon is an artificial channel created to serve the mills of Tewkesbury although almost half of the length follows the former channel of the River Swilgate. The stretch of the Mill Avon north of the confluence with the River Swilgate assumes a straight uniform channel with vertical artificial banks. North of the Abbey Mill the river is navigable and used by various pleasure craft with some provision of moorings. The river is largely unshaded with only scattered trees and shrubs (largely {\it Alnus glutinosa, Fraxinus excelsior} and {\it Salix} spp.) along the river banks. There is a small area of {\it Fraxinus excelsior} woodland along the eastern bank immediately south of the confluence of the River Swilgate. 

The diversity and cover of vegetation varies along the Mill Avon. The vegetation of the navigable section is limited and mainly restricted to sheltered areas around the moorings. Species recorded include {\it Sparganium erectum, Glyceria maxima, Phalaris arundinacea, Nuphar lutea, Polygonum amphibium, Butomus umbellatus} and {\it Sparganium emersum}. Around the weir by the Abbey Mill and to the south of it the vegetation is richer with {\it Sparganium erectum, Scirpus lacustris, Phalaris arundinacaea, Alisma plantago-aquatica, Saggitaria saggitifolia, Nuphar lutea, Polygonum amphibium, Potomogeton pectinatus} and {\it Lemna} spp. Downstream of the confluence with the River Swilgate the vegetation is again limited (probably due to increased flow) but as the river starts to meander the cover of vegetation increases with {\it Glyceria maxima, Sparganium erectum, Scirpus lacustris, Nuphar lutea} and {\it Polygonum amphibium}. Close to the confluence with the River Severn there is a sewage outfall and vegetation is once again limited downstream of this point (Barker, 1992). 

Within the time constraints of the survey it was not possible to survey the entire length of the River Swilgate. The length of the river from the Swilgate Bridge where the river is crossed by the A38 upstream to where the river turns south was walked and accessed again from the public footpath at grid reference SO 899310. 

West of the Swilgate Bridge the water course is overshadowed with {\it Salix} spp. along the banks. From the Swilgate Bridge to where Gander Lane crosses the river the vegetation is quite rich with {\it Nuphar lutea, Lythrum salicaria, Phalaris arundinacea, Sparganium erectum, Sagittaria sagittifolia, Callitriche} sp. and {\it Glyceria maxima}. Along Swilgate Road the river was shaded by {\it Salix} sp. and {\it Tilia} sp. trees and had little vegetation. 

Continuing upstream, at the point where the river turns south, the channel was choked with {\it Sparganium erectum, Glyceria maxima} and {\it Phalaris arundinacea}. Rejoining the river at SO 899310 the channel was still very overgrown with {\it Impatiens glandulifera} in addition to the above species. {\it Myosoton aquaticum} was also recorded here. The banks were heavily overgrown with {\it Arctium lappa, Conium maculatum, Rumex obtusifolius, Urtica dioica, Anthriscus sylvestris} and the occasional pollarded {\it Salix alba}. 

A similar pattern was observed during the 1978 survey of the river, the richest vegetation occurring in the lower reaches of the river becoming poorer heading upstream where the river turns south. Additional species recorded in the richer lower stretches during the 1978 survey were {\it Alisma plantago-aquatica, Apium nodiflorum, Barbarea vulgaris, Rorripa amphibia, R. nasturtium-aquaticum, Mentha aquatica, Scutellaria galericulata, Potomogeton crispus} and {\it Zannichellia palustris}. {\it Rorripa nasturtium-aquaticum} was also recorded from the upper reaches of the River Swilgate part of the common.

MANAGE:
As previously mentioned the Mill Avon is an artificial channel created to serve the mills of Tewkesbury, utilizing part of the course of the River Swilgate before feeding into the River Severn. 

The stretch of the Mill Avon (at least the navigable part) is assumed to be managed by the Environment Agency (formerly the National Rivers Authority). Recent work on the weir at the Abbey Mill had been carried out by them and the 1992 survey of the Mill Avon commissioned by them. The navigable parts at least are probably dredged to keep them open to boats and possibly some work is carried out downstream as flood control although the river banks are fairly high. It is not known whether the sparseness of vegetation recorded downstream of the sewage outfall near to the confluence with the River Severn is due to a change in water quality or flow. 

Part of the River Swilgate has been canalized near the car park at Rails Meadow presumably as a flood prevention measure or to realign the course. During the 1978 survey, vegetation was being cut and cleared from this region which I assume is an ongoing precaution against flooding. Some dumping of supermarket trollies and traffic cones in the river was noted near the Link Road bridge. 

The abundant vegetation choking the river course further upstream suggests that this section is unmanaged and may also reflect the surrounding land use (largely arable and improved grassland) with probable runoff of chemicals, such as artificial fertilizers, into the watercourse. This may also be reflected in the apparent loss of such species as {\it Rorippa amphibia} and {\it R. nasturtium-aquaticum} since 1978 which are sensitive to such inputs. However it should be noted that the current survey was less comprehensive than the 1978 survey. 

The fishing rights on the Mill Avon are auctioned.


FAUNA:
Green woodpecker, lapwing, swallow, wood pigeon, magpie and the butterflies painted lady, red admiral and small tortoiseshell were recorded during the site visit.

VEG:
The common comprises an area of low-lying land adjacent to the River Avon, and a section of the river Avon adjoining CL323.

The vegetation is predominantly improved grassland dominated by {\it Lolium perenne} with occasional {\it Rumex obtusifolius, Polygonum persicaria, Cirsium arvense} and {\it Ranunculus repens}. At the southern end of the area of improved grassland are small marshy areas with {\it Deschampsia cespitosa}. 

The area of semi-improved neutral grassland consists of frequent {\it Lolium perenne} with {\it Hordeum secalinum, Trifolium repens, Ranunculus repens, Urtica dioica, Taraxacum officinale} agg. and {\it Rumex obtusifolius}.
There is a small area of tall ruderal vegetation on the western side of the common of {\it Filipendula ulmaria, Phragmites australis, Urtica dioica} and {\it Heracleum sphondylium} with scattered {\it Salix alba}. Tall ruderal vegetation is also found along the riverbank and several of the ditches. Species recorded include {\it Urtica dioica, Epilobium hirsutum, Sonchus arvensis, Anthriscus sylvestris, Conium maculatum} and {\it Solanum dulcamara}.

{\it Glyceria maxima, Urtica dioica, Iris pseudacorus} and {\it Phalaris arundinacea} were recorded from the stream which crosses the common which is also bordered by a line of {\it Salix alba}. 

The hedgerows are species-poor with {\it Crataegus monogyna, Prunus spinosa} and occasional {\it Salix alba}.

The stretch of the River Avon adjoining CL323 was unfortunately omitted from the 1996 survey. The stretch of the River Avon adjoining CL323 was surveyed on 28.07.97. There was limited marginal vegetation due to boating activity (there are a number of moorings on the Worcestershire side of the river off the common). Species recorded include {\it Glyceria maxima, Scirpus lacustris, Polygonum amphibium, Nymphaea lutea} and {\it Sparganium erectum} with occasional {\it Salix alba} and {\it Crataegus monogyna} on the banks. {\it Typha latifolia} occurred locally.

MANAGE:
The area immediately south of the stream crossing the common had been cut for hay in blocks apparently marked with wooden marker posts as on lammas meadows. The remainder of the common had been grazed and sheep were grazing part of the southern end at the time of the site visit. Despite being of limited botanical interest, such a large area of grassland (probably subject to annual winter flooding) may be used in the winter by overwintering wildfowl (the nationally important overwintering site CL323 is located close to this common). The limited marginal vegetation on the section of the River Avon to the north is no doubt as a result of the boating activity here.


FAUNA:
A painted lady butterfly was recorded during the very brief site visit. The SSSI is notified primarily for breeding waders (supporting nationally important numbers) and over-wintering populations of waders and wildfowl. Breeding waders include redshank, curlew and snipe. Lapwing, skylark and corn bunting are also known to breed on the common. Reed warbler, sedge warbler, reed bunting and mallard breed in the wetter areas and ditches. 

Large numbers of wintering waders and wildfowl use the common for feeding and roosting including lapwing (2,000-4,000 between 1984 and 1989), dunlin (273-1000, 1984-1989), golden plover (800-1,400, 1984-1989) and sometimes nationally important numbers of Bewick's Swan (0-112, 1984-1989).

VEG:
Upham Meadow and Summer Leasow form a large low-lying common adjacent to the River Avon supporting semi-improved neutral grassland. It is subject to annual winter flooding. The common was only viewed from the north-western end where a track passes under the motorway to the edge of the common. The majority of this description is based on existing data. Upham meadow forms the majority of the common, Summer Leasow being the area west of the ditch which crosses the common.
Botanically the grassland is quite species-poor and dominated by a few species of grass {\it Bromus commutatus, Cynosurus cristatus, Lolium perenne} and {\it Hordeum secalinum}. The dominance of each of the species varies across the common. Other common grass species include {\it Alopecurus pratensis, Agrostis stolonifera} with occasional {\it Festuca pratensis} and locally {\it Alopecurus geniculatus, Poa trivialis, Dactylis glomerata} and {\it Phleum pratense}. Associated herbs are rare and include {\it Rumex crispus, Anthriscus sylvestris, Heracleum sphondylium, Ranunculus acris} and a few patches of {\it Sanguisorba officinalis} with {\it Lathyrus pratensis} and {\it Trifolium repens}. The common supports one of the largest populations of the nationally scarce* {\it Oenanthe silaifolia} and one of three locations in Gloucestershire for the nationally scarce* {\it Myosurus minimus} (J. Bingham, 1991). West of the ditch crossing the common {\it Cirsium arvense} is quite frequent in the sward. 

The ditches on and around the common are lined with {\it Salix fragilis} and {\it S. alba} and support species such as {\it Phalaris arundinacea, Glyceria maxima, Myosotis palustris, Ranunculus sceleratus} and {\it Butomus umbellatus}.

*Nationally scarce species are only known to occur in between 16 and 100 10km squares in Britain (Steuart, A, Pearman, D.A., and Preston, C.D., (1994) "Scarce plants in Britain", JNCC).

MANAGE:
The majority of the common is managed as a hay meadow divided into unenclosed strips each managed by different owners. The area west of the ditch crossing the common is managed as pasture. The common has been treated with herbicides and inorganic fertilisers which would account for the low species diversity. The frequent occurrence of {\it Cirsium arvense} on the pasture would suggest that is has been over-grazed. It is unclear from the commons register whether the motorway forms part of the common or not but it has been assumed not to. The main botanical interest of the common is the presence of the nationally scarce species the populations of which should be monitored and remedial action taken should they start to decline.


FAUNA:
No fauna was recorded during the site visit. The butterflies small white, small copper, speckled wood and ringlet were recorded from the common during 1989 (Gloucestershire Butterfly Conservation Society records).

VEG:
A low-lying common between the Rivers Avon and Severn. The vegetation predominantly consists of the tall ruderal species {\it Cirsium arvense, Chamerion angustifolium} and {\it Urtica dioica} with occasional {\it Cirsium palustre, Juncus inflexus} and {\it Senecio jacobaea} with scattered scrub of {\it Ulex europaeus, Acer pseudoplatanus, Betula pendula, Rubus fruticosus} agg. and {\it Salix alba}. There is an area of continuous {\it Ulex europaeus} scrub with occasional {\it Salix capraea}. 

Other habitats on the common include an area of tarmac in the centre with patches of {\it Carex hirta, Hordeum murinum, Agrostis capillaris} and {\it Matricaria discoidea}, a small pond at the southern end with {\it Iris pseudacorus} and a small area of coarse semi-improved neutral grassland with {\it Dactylis glomerata, Holcus lanatus} and {\it Glechoma hederacea}. 

The common is bordered by a tall unmanaged hedgerow of {\it Quercus robur, Populus tremula, Acer pseudoplatanus} and {\it Prunus spinosa} to the east and of {\it Crataegus monogyna} and {\it Sambucus nigra} to the north. There are a few mature {\it Quercus robur} west of the road.

MANAGE:
The common is apparently unmanaged except for the small area of coarse mown grassland at the southern end of the common. A large proportion of the {\it Ulex europaeus} scrub had been burnt, probably accidentally. It would not be worthwhile to reintroduce grazing to the common.


FAUNA:
Skylark, wood pigeon and green woodpecker were recorded during the site visit. Large areas of {\it Carduus nutans} attracted large numbers of butterflies and moths. Species recorded were marbled white, clouded yellow, large and small whites, peacock, red admiral, painted lady, small tortoiseshell, gatekeeper, meadow brown, small skipper, small copper and common blue. Additional species recorded from the common since 1989 are large skipper, green-veined white, white-letter hairstreak, speckled wood and small heath (Gloucestershire Butterfly Conservation Society records). Extensive bird ringing was carried out between 21.05.83 and 21.12.83. 29 species were recorded. Breeding birds on the common include kestrel, lapwing, tawny owl, little owl, lesser whitethroat, whitethroat, garden warbler, blackcap, chiffchaff, willow warbler, long-tailed tit, marsh and willow tit, linnet, yellowhammer and cuckoo. The site provided a winter roost for redwings, linnets, yellow buntings, brambling and chaffinches. Up to three nightingales were heard singing on the common.

VEG:
Most of Brockeridge common lies on a gentle north-west facing slope, the remainder on level low-lying ground between the rivers Avon and Severn. The majority of the common supports heavily grazed semi-improved neutral grassland of {\it Cynosurus cristatus, Lolium perenne, Lotus corniculatus, Trifolium repens, Leontodon hispidus, L. saxatilis, Bellis perennis, Potentilla reptans, Prunella vulgaris, Carex flacca, Festuca ovina, Agrostis stolonifera, Dactylis glomerata, Deschampsia cespitosa} and {\it Trisetum flavescens}. To the east of the bank crossing the northern end of the common and extending south along the side of the A38 {\it Descampsia cespitosa} is more frequent with occasional {\it Juncus inflexus}. {\it Carduus nutans} is locally dominant over quite large areas and mixed scrub, mostly in scattered blocks, of {\it Crataegus monogyna, Prunus spinosa} and {\it Ulex europaeus} also occurs. 
The area of grassland between the block of woodland west of the A38 and the wet ditch was heavily grazed with {\it Senecio jacobaea, Rytidiadelphus squarrosus, Cirsium arvense, Holcus lanatus, Galium verum, Lotus corniculatus, Trifolium repens, Carex flacca, C. hirta, Cerastium fontanum, Agrimonia eupatorium, Veronica chamaedrys, Rumex acetosella, Potentilla erecta, Stellaria graminea, Festuca} sp. and {\it Luzula} sp. with scattered {\it Ulex europaeus}. {\it Campanula rotundifolia} was recorded from this area during a visit in 1989 and the dominant grass recorded here in 1981 was {\it Agrostis canina} (Gloucestershire Naturalists' Society).
To the west of the ditch the vegetation was much taller (possibly unimproved) with frequent {\it Arrhenatherum elatius} and occasional {\it Galium verum, Achillea millefolium, Dactylis glomerata, Ranunculus acris, R. repens, Phleum pratense, Trisetum flavescens, Holcus lanatus, Agrostis capillaris, Anthoxanthum odoratum, Trifolium pratense, Lotus corniculatus, Agrimonia eupatorium, Lathyrus pratensis} and {\it Veronica chamaedrys} (near the road) again with some {\it Ulex europaeus} scrub.

The wet ditch itself had frequent {\it Deschampsia cespitosa, Juncus inflexus} and {\it J. effusus} with {\it Nasturtium officinale, Apium nodiflorum, Veronica anagallis-aquatica, Ranunculus flammula} and {\it Glyceria fluitans}.
West of the bank crossing the northern end of the common is an area of unimproved but species-poor calcareous grassland with frequent {\it Brachypodium pinnatum} and {\it Trisetum flavescens} with some {\it Briza media}. {\it Deschampsia cespitosa} occurs between the frequent anthills and {\it Crataegus monogyna} is scattered throughout with some of the bushes severely topiarised by sheep.

The area of woodland and scrub west of the A38 consists of predominantly {\it Crataegus monogyna} with {\it Clematis vitalba, Ulex europaeus, Sambucus nigra, Quercus robur, Fraxinus excelsior, Betula pendula, Rubus fruticosus} agg. and {\it Salix capraea}. {\it Fraxinus excelsior} is the predominant tree in the canopy of the woodland areas with occasional {\it Quercus robur} and locally frequent {\it Betula pendula}. Understorey species include {\it Sambucus nigra, Crataegus monogyna, Rubus fruticosus} agg. and {\it Lonicera periclymenum} and the groundflora {\it Circaea lutetiana, Mercurialis perennis} and {\it Polytrichum} sp. There is a small grassy clearing at (1) with {\it Fragaria vesca, Galium saxatile, Brachythecium rutabulum, Juncus articulatus, Potentilla erecta, Agrostis canina, Viola} sp. and {\it Veronica scutellata}. {\it Calluna vulgaris, Achillea ptarmica, Ranunculus repens, Juncus acutiflorus, Hydrocotyle vulgaris, Genista tinctoria, Mentha. x verticillata, Senecio erucifolius, Silaum silaus, Lotus pedunculatus, Myosotis laxa, Lythrum portula} and {\it Carex viridula} ssp. {\it oedocarpa} were recorded from the woodland ride during the 1989 field visit by the Gloucestershire Naturalist Society.

There is a small area of rank {\it Arrhenatherum elatius} and tall ruderal vegetation of {\it Chamerion angustifolium} and {\it Urtica dioica} with {\it Rubus fruticosus} agg. scrub on the western side of the A38, south of the motorway.

MANAGE:
The majority of the common is heavily grazed by sheep and a few goats. Part of the area to the south of the motorway was heavily grazed by horses. The westernmost part of the common (west of the wet ditch) is probably cut for hay. The small area of rank grassland, tall ruderal vegetation and scattered scrub at the southern end of the common is apparently unmanaged. 
The common used to support dry heath vegetation but the eastern part was ploughed up during 1944 and improved except for the old quarry workings at the northern end which now support a calcicolous flora. The latter area also appears to escape the heavy grazing which much of the common is subjected to possibly due to the numerous ant hills and uneven terrain. Scrub encroachment is not a threat under the current grazing regime. 

Overgrazing of the grassland between the wet ditch and scrub and woodland west of the road has apparently damaged the sward since the early eighties. 

The area of grassland west of the wet ditch nearest the road was quite diverse although with most species occurring at low frequency. This area may be unimproved having lost diversity due to an apparent lack of grazing. Further survey work is required in this area. The reintroduction of grazing following the hay cut which was assumed to take place would be beneficial. 

There has been some tree planting at the southern end of the common. {\it Aesculus hippocastaneum} has been planted as an avenue on either side of the minor road and {\it Fraxinus excelsior} and {\it Fagus sylvatica} have been planted along the eastern edge of the A38. 

There has been some dumping of rubbish in the woodland and scrub area west of the A38 and there is quite a bit of litter along the roadside.


FAUNA:
Rabbits, green woodpecker and the butterflies meadow brown, painted lady and gatekeeper were recorded during the site visit. In addition the butterflies small and large skippers, small white, small copper, common blue, small tortoiseshell, marbled white and ringlet have been recorded from the common since 1989 (Gloucestershire Butterfly Conservation Society records).

VEG:
A low-lying common with a northerly aspect at the foot of a small hill in the valley of the Rivers Avon and Severn. The eastern end of the common consists predominantly of a short semi-improved neutral grassland sward with {\it Lolium perenne, Holcus lanatus, Festuca rubra, Agrostis capillaris, Trifolium repens, Cirsium arvense, C. vulgare} and {\it Ranunculus repens}. A few trees of {\it Prunus dulcis} and {\it Sorbus aucuparia} have been planted along the eastern edge.

There is an interesting area adjacent to the road which I have classified as semi-improved calcareous grassland due to locally frequent {\it Brachypodium pinnatum}. Other species recorded are more mesotrophic to calcareous including {\it Festuca rubra, Potentilla anserina, Plantago lanceolata, Dactylis glomerata, Prunella vulgaris, Trifolium pratense, Holcus lanatus, Veronica chamaedrys, Galium verum, Lotus corniculatus, Pimpinella saxifraga, Cirsium eriophorum, Cynosurus cristatus, Agrostis capillaris, Ranunculus repens, Rumex acetosa, Cirsium arvense} and {\it Juncus conglomeratus}. There are frequent anthills through this area. Conditions on top of the anthills were more acidic with {\it Rumex acetosella} and {\it Pilosella officinarum}. {\it Potentilla erecta} was also recorded from this area at low frequency. Scattered {\it Ulex europaeus} occurs here. The area is probably unimproved but was difficult to classify due to the mixture of species present. Extensive working of the area by the ants has probably led to a mosaic of environmental conditions reflected by the vegetation.

A shallow ditch runs along the southern edge of the road with {\it Pulicaria dysenterica, Carex otrubae, Juncus inflexus, Arrhenatherum elatius, Ranunculus acris, Torilis japonica, Deschampsia cespitosa, Scrophularia nodosa, Hypericum tetrapterum} and {\it Agrimonia eupatoria}.

Moving west there is a damp area of tall ruderal vegetation with {\it Epilobium hirsutum, Urtica dioica} and scattered {\it Rubus fruticosus} agg. scrub. A second area of tall ruderal vegetation with scattered scrub occurs at the eastern end of the common with {\it Urtica dioica, Epilobium hirsutum, Cirsium arvense, Calystegia sepium, Artemisia vulgaris, Crataegus monogyna, Rubus fruticosus} agg. and {\it Sambucus nigra}.

The remaining grassland is a tall semi-improved neutral {\it Arrhenatherum elatius} sward with {\it Torilis japonica, Cirsium arvense, Urtica dioica, Holcus lanatus, Juncus inflexus, Galium aparine, Dipsacus fullonum, Rumex crispus, Potentilla reptans, Achillea millefolium} and {\it Equisetum arvense}.

MANAGE:
The eastern end of the common had been grazed by cattle but was not being grazed at the time of the site visit. Much of the remainder of the common appeared unmanaged although some of the {\it Arrhenatherum elatius} grassland had been cut. A small area of road verge at the western end is regularly mown and the vegetation of another worn away by cars parking on it. The cover of {\it Ulex europaeus} scrub in the area of semi-improved calcareous grassland (the most interesting area of the common) should be carefully monitored and appropriate action taken if required to maintain the grassland. There has been some tree planting along the eastern boundary.


VEG:
Two small additional pieces of Brockeridge Common. 

The western part supports semi-natural broadleaved woodland of {\it Fraxinus excelsior} with occasional {\it Quercus robur} and {\it Acer campestre} with an understorey of {\it Prunus spinosa} and {\it Sambucus nigra}. Species recorded from the sparse groundflora were {\it Mercurialis perennis, Urtica dioica, Glechoma hederacea} and {\it Circaea lutetiana}.

The eastern part supports a thin semi-improved neutral grassland sward probably of similar composition to that on Brockeridge Common although this could not be verified without access to the common.

MANAGE:
The area of semi-natural broadleaved woodland is probably unmanaged whereas the area of semi-improved neutral grassland is very heavily grazed by horses. Both portions are fenced off. There was some litter at the edge of the wooded portion.


FAUNA:
Rabbit, grey squirrel, carrion crow, skylark, magpie, bullfinch and the butterfies painted lady, meadow brown, small skipper, marbled white, ringlet, peacock, dark green fritillary and red admiral were recorded during the site visit. In addition, grayling, marsh fritillary, gatekeeper, chalkhill blue, small tortoiseshell, small, green veined and large whites, small heath and speckled wood butterflies were recorded in 1986 (Philip Hopson). Large skipper, dingy skipper, brimstone, orange tip, green hairstreak, small and common blues, brown argus and wall brown have also been recorded in recent years. During the 1992 Cotwold grassland survey adder, hare, wheatear and breeding stonechat were recorded.

VEG:
Cleeve common is a large area of common land situated on the western side of the cotswolds at the top of the scarp slope. It has been extensively quarried in places, and two deep valleys cut into the common. A detailed National Vegetation Classification (NVC) survey was carried out in 1992 and the site only briefly visited to check the information for this survey. The common is one of the largest expanses of unimproved calcareous grassland in the Cotswolds. 

Most of the grassland has a large amount of {\it Ulex europaeus} scrub (up to 45 percent cover and in places forming quite dense blocks) which is an important habitat for fauna. The Cotswold sand cap remains over part of this common and causes this unusual vegetation type to form here. The grassland itself is a mosaic of NVC communities, predominantly CG4 {\it Brachypodium pinnatum} grassland and CG5 {\it Bromus erectus - Brachypodium pinnatum} grassland. The majority of the plateau area at the south western end of the common is semi-improved with a diverse range of grasses, the most frequent being {\it Brachypodium pinnatum, Bromopsis erecta, Agrostis capillaris, Cynosurus cristatus, Dactylis glomerata, Festuca rubra, Lolium perenne, Deschampsia cespitosa} and locally {\it Festuca pratensis}. There is only a moderate range of herbs with frequent {\it Campanula rotundifolia, Carex flacca, Taraxacum officinale} agg. and {\it Trifolium repens} and occasional {\it Cerastium fontanum, Cirsium acaule, Galium verum, Linum catharticum, Lotus corniculatus, Plantago lanceolata} and {\it Bellis perennis}. {\it Arrhenatherum elatius} is frequent in the ranker areas and {\it Filipendula vulgaris} is locally frequent. The remainder of this area has frequent {\it Anthoxanthum odoratum, Brachypodium pinnatum, Bromopsis erecta, Dactylis glomerata} and {\it Festuca ovina} and occasional {\it Helictotrichon pratense, H. pubescens, Festuca rubra, Holcus lanatus, Koeleria macrantha, Poa trivialis, Campanula rotundifolia, Carex flacca, Cirsium acaule, Helianthemum nummularium, Linum catharticum, Lotus corniculatus, Ranunculus bulbosus} and {\it Sanguisorba minor}. The influence of the sand cap is strong here with a few small areas of {\it Calluna vulgaris} heath with {\it Potentilla erecta} and {\it Galium saxatile}.

The most species rich grassland occurs on the steep bank in the east, the quarried area in the west and the south-east facing slope of the Washbrook valley to the north. The typical community is CG5a. Typical species include frequent {\it Helictotrichon pratensis, Brachypodium pinnatum, Briza media, Bromopsis erecta, Festuca ovina, Asperula cynanchica, Campanula rotundifolia, Carex flacca, Cirsium acaule, Helianthemum nummularium, Pilosella officinarum, Leontodon hispidus, Linum catharticum, Lotus corniculatus, Sanguisorba minor} and locally frequent {\it Blackstonia perfoliata, Carex caryophyllea, Carlina vulgaris, Gentianella amarella, Thesium humifusum} and {\it Thymus polytrichus}. {\it Spiranthes spiralis} and the nationally scarce* orchid {\it Herminium monorchis} occur in this community. A large part of the bank in the east is occupied by mixed scrub of {\it Crataegus monogyna, Ulex europaeus, Corylus avellana, Rosa} sp. and {\it Rubus fruticosus} agg.

The north of the site is occupied by a golf course - the fairways, tees and greens consisting of semi-improved neutral and calcareous grassland. The influence of the sand cap is again evident here with a scattering of limestone heath with {\it Galium saxatile} and {\it Potentilla erecta} an unusual feature of the predominantly calcareous grasslands here. 

The scree areas are largely unvegetated except for large tufts of the nationally scarce* {\it Gymnocarpium robertianum}. The grassland around the quarries is rather rank but was found to support a wide range of herbs at low density. {\it Astragalus danicus} is scattered through this area.

There is a small area of continuous bracken and scattered {\it Crataegus monogyna} scrub on the western side grading into a denser scrub of {\it Crataegus monogyna, Fraxinus excelsior, Prunus spinosa, Rubus fruticosus} agg. and {\it Rosa} sp. towards CL293. A small marsh was recorded in the southern end of this area with {\it Cardamine amara} and {\it Dactylorhiza praetermissa}. 

At the north eastern end of the common is a small area under arable cultivation with remnants of calcareous grassland occurring along the edge of the track.

Additional species mentioned in the SSSI citation include {\it Carex pulicaris}, large numbers of {\it Ophrys apifera} and {\it Coeloglossum viride} and {\it Blysmus compressus, Isolepis setacea} and {\it Catabrosa aquatica} occuring in marshy grassland fringing the spring feeding into the River Isbourne.

A brief visit by the British Bryological Society to the northern end of the common (11.08.88) recorded 65 species. Of particular interest were {\it Weissia longifolia} var. {angustifolia} and {\it Pottia lanceolata} - both southern calcicoles {\it Trichostoma brachydontium, Plagiomnium cuspidatum, Tortula subulata} (an occasional species) and {\it Bryum pseudotriquetrum} recorded from the grassland, {\it Tortella densa} (a rather rare cacicole) and {\it Fissidens cristatus} (a local calcicole) from the limestone scree and rocks and {\it Pellia fabbroniana, Leiocolea turbinata, Cratoneuron commutatum} and {\it C. filicina} by the stream in Washpool valley. {\it Acaulon muticum}, an historical record, was refound in a heathy area and also {\it Bryum subapiculatum} a new vice-county record.

The spur of West Down which falls outside the SSSI consists of semi-improved grassland much used by horse riders with a sand gallop track provided. The south-eastern end consists of a rank mesotrophic grassland of {\it Arrhenatherum elatius} with {\it Heracleum sphondylium} and {\it Cirsium arvense}, scattered tall ruderal vegetation of {\it Chamerion angustifolium} and {\it Galium aparine} and scattered {\it Rubus fruticosus} agg. scrub. A fringe of dense {\it Ulex europaeus} scrub occurs along the northern edge of this area. A large part of the area has recently been planted with mixed broadleaved trees including {\it Fraxinus excelsior, Fagus sylvatica} and {\it Sorbus aria}.

* A nationally scarce plant is one which occurs in between 16 and 100 10km squares in Britain ("Scarce Plants in Britain, A. Steuart {\it et al} (1994) JNCC).

MANAGE:
Both English Nature and the board of conservators are involved in the management of this common. The common falls within the Cotswold Hills Environmentally Sensitive Area (ESA) under which there is an agreement under tiers 1a, b and c. Tier 1a applies to all land within the ESA and requires all walls, hedges and banks to be retained and maintained using traditional methods, broadleaved woodlands to be retained, scrub to be managed, ponds, ditches, watercourses and any archaelogical, historical or geological features to be retained. Tiers 1b and 1c are for improved permanent grassland and extensive permanent grassland respectively. Under tier 1b, in addition to the above, areas of improved grassland must be maintained as such with a restriction on the application of inorganic fertiliser (below 175 kg total nitrogen per hectare per year) a prohibition on the use of fungicides or insecticides and any new drainage work. If the area is managed as a hay meadow it must continue to be cut annually (not for silage and not before 8th July) the crop removed and the aftermath grazed. This section applies to the area of Cleeve Common managed as a golf course. The remainder of the common falls into tier 1c (extensive permanent grassland). The criteria that apply here are that no mechanical operations are to be carried out between the 1st April and 8th July, the grassland must be grazed with cattle or sheep or both (horses can only be grazed with these) and only farmyard manure may be applied at existing rates but not in excess of 12.5 tonnes per hectare in any three year period. 

The site is grazed by cattle and sheep, although only cattle were seen during the site visits. The stock is free to roam over the whole site (except for the strip of grassland along West Down which is fenced off from the rest) and grazing intensity varies across the whole site. Parts are fairly heavily grazed, whilst some others are undergrazed. 

There is great visitor pressure which has probably contibuted to the degradation of the calcareous grassland around the access point at SO 994247. Tracks used by walkers, farm vehicles and horse riders running from this point, down West Down and along the south eastern boundary also support a semi-improved sward probably partially as a result of this. The whole of the flatter plateau area appears to have received some nutrient enrichment. The golf course at the northern end, a fairly recent development, has led to further degradation of the grassland. 

There has been some scrub control on the common. The scrub and grassland mosaic needs to be maintained as an important habitat for fauna, but without management the grassland would soon be lost. The large area of mixed dense scrub along the south-eastern boundary of the common is a serious threat to the species rich grassland there - probably the richest example for the common. A lot of dense {\it Ulex europaeus} scrub has been cleared from the south-eastern end of West Down where some tree planting has also taken place. The cover of {\it Pteridium aquilinum} in the west of the common appears to have increased since 1992 and any spread should be closely monitored.


FAUNA:
No fauna was recorded during the field visit. A pair of lapwings were recorded in 1980.

VEG:
An area of low lying level ground adjacent to Ampney brook. The majority of the common consists of a damp semi-improved neutral grassland with {\it Lolium perenne, Arrhenatherum elatius, Filipendula ulmaria, Dactylis glomerata, Holcus lanatus} and occasional {\it Plantago lanceolata, Trifolium pratense, Ranunculus repens, Phleum pratense, Juncus inflexus, Viccia cracca, Lathyrus pratensis, Heracleum sphondylium, Rumex obtusifolius, Cerastium fontanum} and {\it Prunella vulgaris}. Where the grassland remains uncut {\it Urtica dioica} is frequent. 

Towards Ampney Brook is an area of uncut marshy grassland with abundant {\it Filipendula ulmaria} with {\it Deschampsia cespitosa, Lathyrus pratensis} and {\it Galium aparine}. 

Along the western edge is an intact hedge of {\it Crataegus monogyna} and {\it Corylus avellana} with {\it Fraxinus excelsior} and {\it Salix fragilis} trees. There is a planted {\it Aesculus hippocastaneum} tree and a memorial tree of {\it Quercus robur} along the road edge.

MANAGE:
The common was ploughed up during the war. Most of the area had been cut (probably for hay) but was not being grazed at the time of the field visit. The grassland would probably benefit from grazing. A strip alongside the road is kept mown. The tall unmanaged area adjacent to Ampney Brook is probably an important habitat for fauna. Fishing rights are probably no longer practised as there is no apparent access to the brook through the dense vegetation.


FAUNA:
No fauna was recorded during the site visit. The butterflies gatekeeper and meadow brown were recorded from this locality in 1996.

VEG:
A small area of mature {\it Fagus sylvatica} woodland (much quarried in the past) towards the northern end of the Cotswold hills. In addition to {\it Fagus sylvatica} there are a few {\it Fraxinus excelsior, Acer pseudoplatanus} a few sickly {\it Larix decidua} and one {\it Aesculus hippocastaneum} in the canopy. Understorey species include regenerating {\it Fagus sylvatica} and {\it Fraxinus excelsior}, {\it Sambucus nigra} and {\it Crataegus monogyna}. The groundflora consists of {\it Hedera helix, Sanicula europaea, Aegopodium podagraria, Viola hirta, Geum urbanum, Stellaria media, Stachys sylvatica, Lapsana communis, Dryopteris felix-mas, Galium odoratum, Heracleum sphondylium, Geranium robertianum, Bromopsis ramosus, Anthriscus sylvestris, Rubus fruticosus} agg., {\it Viola} sp. and {\it Fagus sylvatica} seedlings.

MANAGE:
A healthy woodland with good regeneration. The ground flora is eroded in places (particularly where the terrain is uneven), the most likely cause being cycling.


FAUNA:
Moorhen and mallard were recorded during the site visit.

VEG:
This common lies towards the eastern edge of the Cotswold Hills in the valley of the rivers Eye and Dikler. The vegetation mostly consists of coarse semi-improved neutral grassland with species including {\it Lolium perenne, Festuca rubra, Dactylis glomerata, Agrostis capillaris, Holcus lanatus, Hypochoeris radicata, Arrhenatherum elatius, Tragopogon pratensis} and {\it Taraxacum officinale} agg. with occasional {\it Rumex obtusifolius, Cirsium arvense, Carex hirta, Potentilla anserina, Geranium dissectum, Plantago lanceolata, Deschampsia cespitosa, Anthriscus sylvestris} and {\it Phleum pratense}. {\it Trifolium pratense, T. repens, Heracleum sphondylium, Achillea millefolium, Leucanthemum vulgare, Ranunculus repens, Centaurea nigra, Aegopodium podagraria} and {\it Prunella vulgaris} are rare in the sward. Where the sward is mown it is less diverse. 

Several trees have been planted on the common over a number of years including {\it Aesculus hippocastaneum, Quercus robur, Acer pseudoplatanus, Fraxinus excelsior, Tilia x vulgaris} and {\it Fagus sylvatica}.

There is a small pond at the centre of the site with {\it Sparganium erectum, Iris pseudacorus, Carex pendula} and {\it Juncus inflexus}.

MANAGE:
The whole area had been cut at the time of the visit possibly for hay. A few areas outside properties are mown more closely and frequently. It is unlikely that the area is grazed.


FAUNA:
Blackbird and wood warbler were recorded during the site visit. The butterflies large and grizzled skippers, large, small, marbled and green-veined whites, small copper, brown argus, common blue, painted lady, small tortoiseshell, speckled wood, meadow brown, peacock, comma and ringlet have been recorded from the common between 1982 and 1996 (Gloucestershire Butterfly Conservation Society records). For details of the fauna associated with the SSSI which includes this site please refer to the entry for CL12.

VEG:
Bucklewood Common lies on predominantly level ground with an old quarry to the south-western end.

The majority of the common comprises semi-natural broadleaved woodland. The canopy is predominantly {\it Fagus sylvatica} with some old coppice trees at the south-western end and many mature standard trees. {\it Quercus robur} and {\it Fraxinus excelsior} are locally frequent along the southern edge and {\it Fraxinus excelsior} is also frequent in the old quarry. Understorey species include {\it Crataegus monogyna, Acer pseudoplatanus, Sambucus nigra, Cornus sanguinea, Malus sylvestris, Salix capraea, Sorbus aria, Lonicera periclymenum, Ribes uva-crispa, R. rubrum, Rubus fruticosus} agg. and {\it Rosa} sp. The ground flora is very diverse including {\it Deschampsia cespitosa, Arum maculatum, Galium odoratum, Hedera helix, Viola riviniana, Geum urbanum, Poa trivialis, Anemone nemorosa, Hyacinthoides non-scripta, Geranium robertianum, Epipactis helleborine, Viola hirta, Sanicula europaea, Oxalis acetosella, Mercurialis perennis, Circaea lutetiana, Listera ovata, Orchis mascula} and {\it Bryonia dioica}. {\it Aegopodium podagraria} occurs in the old quarry. A number of nationally scarce and rare species occur in the woodlands of the SSSI (in which part of this common lies) which are listed under the entry for CL12.

At the north-eastern end of the common there is a small area of coarse semi-improved neutral grassland of {\it Arrhenatherum elatius} and {\it Dactylis glomerata} with occasional {\it Heracleum sphondylium, Geranium pratense, Rumex acetosa, Ranunculus repens, Trifolium pratense, Vicia sativa, Taraxacum officinale} agg. and {\it Anthriscus sylvestris}. The grassland alongside the track had a finer richer sward with {\it Centaurea nigra, Lotus corniculatus, Plantago lanceolata, Galium cruciata, G. verum} and {\it Primula veris}. Part of this area is fenced off for properties and gardens.

MANAGE:
A healthy woodland with a good age structure. At the time of the site visit some logs, presumably from the common, had been cut for firewood and were stacked on the common. The woodland area is suffering from recreational pressure with a number of tracks cutting through the woodland particularly at the south-western end around the old beech coppice trees where the groundflora was almost entirely worn away.

The area of grassland to the north-east may be an area of unimproved grassland which has been neglected allowing the coarser species to dominate the sward. It does not appear to be grazed and was cut (not closely and with the cuttings having been removed) at the time of the site visit. The grassland alongside the track appears to be mown more regularly and closer and has a richer flora with several species typical of an unimproved grassland sward. The quality of the sward may improve if it is grazed and managed as a hay meadow.

The mixture of grassland and woodland is probably a valuable habitat for invertebrates.


FAUNA:
Gatekeeper and marbled white butterflies were recorded during the site visit. Small skipper, large white, meadow brown and small heath have also been recorded since 1983 (Gloucestershire Butterfly Conservation Society records).

VEG:
Stockwell common lies on very undulating ground on the western scarp of the Cotswolds. The vegetation consists of coarse unimproved and semi-improved calcareous grassland with scattered scrub. 

The unimproved calcareous grassland includes frequent {\it Brachypodium pinnatum} and {\it Arrhenatherum elatius} with {\it Bromopsis erecta, Lotus corniculatus, Pimpinella saxifraga, Galium verum, Achillea millefolium, Trifolium pratense, Knautia arvensis, Convolvulus arvensis, Geranium pratense, Urtica dioica, Festuca rubra} and locally {\it Chamerion angustifolium, Heracleum sphondylium, Anthriscus sylvestris, Cruciata laevipes, Cirsium acaule, Briza media, Centaurea nigra, Rhinanthus minor} and {\it Dactylorhiza} sp. 

The semi-improved calcareous grassland consists of frequent {\it Arrhenatherum elatius} and {\it Brachypodium pinnatum} with occasional {\it Convolvulus arvensis} and {\it Geranium pratense}. The scattered scrub species are {\it Crataegus monogyna, Sambucus nigra, Sorbus aucuparia} and {\it Betula pendula}. There is one {\it Pyrus} sp. tree on the common.

There is an area of dense scrub at the western end of the common of {\it Acer campestre} and {\it Crataegus monogyna} with an understorey of {\it Urtica dioica} and {\it Hedera helix} with some dumped garden waste. 

Near the car park there is an area dominated by {\it Calystegia sepium} with occasional {\it Urtica dioica, Heracleum sphondylium} and {\it Anthriscus sylvestris}.

MANAGE:
The common is managed as a picnic area by the local authority. A small area is mown and benches, tables and rubbish bins provided. Part of the area is used as a car park. The remainder of the site appears unmanaged. Without management the diversity of the unimproved grassland will decrease further with an increase in the abundance of the coarser species and scrub will encroach further. Grazing would be the only feasible option as the terrain is so uneven but some measure would have to be taken to prevent the animals from straying onto the main road.


FAUNA:
Sparrowhawk and meadow brown butterfly were recorded during the site visit.

VEG:
Temple Ham is a low lying alluvial meadow adjacent to the River Dickler in the eastern Cotswolds. It is designated a Gloucestershire Wildlife Key Site particularly as it supports a large population of {\it Sanguisorba major}. At the time of the Wildlife Heritage Survey (1984) recent regular application of fertiliser was reported. During that survey 58 species were recorded including {\it Agrostis stolonifera, Alopecurus pratensis, Anthoxanthum odoratum, Cynosurus cristatus, Deschampsia cespitosa, Holcus lanatus, Lolium perenne, Ajuga reptans, Bellis perennis, Cardamine pratensis, Carex flacca, C. hirta, Centaurea nigra, Leucanthemum vulgare, Conopodium majus, Filipendula ulmaria, Hypochoeris radicata, Lathyrus pratensis, Lotus corniculatus, Plantago lanceolata, Primula veris, Prunella vulgaris, Ranunculus} spp., {\it Cirsium} spp., {\it Juncus} spp., {\it Rumex acetosa, Silaum silaus, Succisa pratensis, Trifolium pratense, Taraxacum officinale} agg. and {\it Urtica dioica}. 

Unfortunately at the time of the site visit this year, the meadow had only just been cut and there was insufficient time for a second visit later in the season. Access was also limited to the single public footpath across the centre of the common. The meadow did have the appearance of a semi-improved grassland but {\it Lolium perenne, Dactylis glomerata, Trifolium repens, Plantago lanceolata, Deschampsia cespitosa, Centaurea nigra, Anthoxanthum odoratum, Cynosurus cristatus} and {\it Phleum pratense} were recorded. {\it Sanguisorba major} was locally frequent. 

A tall hedgerow of {\it Crataegus monogyna, Sambucus nigra} and {\it Prunus spinosa} with occasional {\it Fraxinus excelsior} and {\it Salix fragilis} runs along the edge bordering the River Dickler and along the north eastern edge. The remainder of the common is bordered by a species-poor managed hedgerow.

MANAGE:
Temple Ham had just been cut for hay at the time of the site visit. In 1984 there was also winter grazing. The condition of the sward suggests that the aftermath is still grazed. The sward may have lost some of the diversity that was recorded in 1984 through fertiliser application but this was difficult to assess as the meadow had just been cut.


