# file3

FAUNA:
Noted during the site visit were: robin, nuthatch, blue tit, green woodpecker, wren.

VEG:
This common lies on a narrow north-facing ridge to the east of Bletchingley (Tandridge district). As there is no public access onto the site, it was viewed only from the adjoining road and public footpath.

The major part of the common comprises secondary broadleaved woodland, generally rather open and scrubby in character. The canopy includes {\it Betula pendula, Quercus robur, Acer pseudoplatanus} and rarely, {\it Fagus sylvatica, Fraxinus excelsior, Aesculus hippocastanum, Taxus baccata} and {\it Sorbus aria}. Several large mature trees of {\it Quercus robur} lie along the western boundary. The shrub layer includes {\it Ilex aquifolium, Sambucus nigra, Corylus avellana, Ulmus procera, Crataegus monogyna} and rare saplings of {\it Castanea sativa}. The field layer includes {\it Rubus fruticosus} agg., {\it Impatiens glandulifera, Pteridium aquilinum, Hyacinthoides non-scripta, Silene dioica, Dryopteris filix-mas, Urtica dioica} and {\it Lonicera periclymenum}.

Within this area of the woodland, strecthing southwards from the road lies a private house, with quite an area of the common which appears to have been adopted as part of its private gardens. The relationship of this to the registration of the land as Common is not apparent, although the construction of the house appears to be post - 1965.

MANAGE:
The main part of the common (i.e. the wooded area) appears to be unmanaged. This portion, although small, appears to have some potential value to a variety of birds and other local wildlife.


FAUNA:
Noted during the site visit were: green woodpecker, wren, wood pigeon, greenfinch, carrion crow, blue tit, magpie, plus large white and meadow brown butterflies.

VEG:
The common lies on a small hill within the Lower Greensand to the west of Reigate (Reigate and Banstead district). The sandy acidic soils support areas of heath/acidic grassland and secondary broadleaved woodland. A significant part of the common is managed as a golf course.

The greater part of the site is coincident with the Reigate Heath SSSI. Three further small areas have been surveyed by the Surrey Wildlife Trust as part of the SNCI project, although none were subsequently selected as SNCI. These surveys include a general description and these have been consulted for the purposes of the common land survey. Some areas of grassland have been covered by an English Nature Phase 2 survey of unimproved and neutral grasslands in the county. Additional brief notes were made during a visit to the site, concentrating largely upon peripheral areas not included within the above sources.

The woodland of the common is largely dry and has a canopy dominated by {\it Quercus robur} with some {\it Betula pendula}. Occasional large, multi-stemmed {\it Quercus} sp. trees noted during present survey - ? old pollards. Locally there are mixed stands with {\it Pinus sylvestris} (possibly original planting with natural regeneration). The shrub layer includes {\it Frangula alnus, Sorbus aucuparia, Salix capraea, Ilex aquifolium} and {\it Ulex europaeus}. The field layer is characterised by {\it Hyacinthoides non-scripta} and {\it Rubus fruticosus} agg., with some {\it Impatiens parviflora} and {\it Lonicera periclymenum}. This grades into a more open {\it Q. robur/Betula pendula} canopy, plus areas of {\it Ulex europaeus} scrub adjoining the golf course.

To the south-east, there are also areas of wet woodland with {\it Alnus glutinosa}, where the field layer includes {\it Viola palustris, Molinia caerulea, Juncus acutiflorus, Sphagnum} spp., {\it Sparganium erectum, Hydrocotyle vulgaris} and {\it Carex curta} (the latter species being regarded as "rare" in the county).

The open heath has, to a significant extent, been converted into the amenity grassland fairways of the golf course. However, approximately 50 per cent of this area retains a heathland/acidic grassland flora, essentially the areas fringing the fairways and greens. This is composed of {\it Calluna vulgaris, Erica cinerea} and {\it Deschampsia flexuosa}. Other associates include {\it Galium saxatile, Potentilla erecta, Rumex acetosella, Festuca ovina, Dicranum scoparium, Hypnum cupressiforme, Pleurozium schreberi, Aira praecox, Luzula multiflora} and {\it Rhytidiadelphus squarrosus} with some {\it Campanula rotundifolia}. A number of plants are also present which are characteristic of sandy soils such as {\it Genista anglica, Trifolium striatum, T. ornithopodioides, Myosotis discolor, M. hispidus, Sedum telephium, Hypochaeris glabra, Botrychum lunaria} and {\it Ophioglossum} vulgatum.

The Phase 2 grassland survey also notes earlier records for {\it Spergularia rubra, Moenchia erecta, Cerastium semidecandrum, Aira praecox, Scleranthus annuus, Cynodon dactylon} (NR) and {\it Silene gallica} (NS).

N.B. NR = nationally rare - recorded from 15 or fewer ten km squares of the Ordnance Survey Grid (Perring and Farrell, 1983). 

NS = nationally scarce - recorded from between 16 - 100 ten km squares of the Ordnance Survey Grid (JNCC, 1994).

Within the main body of the common lies an area to the south-west which was been surveyed by SWT (Heathfield Farm area). Here a secondary woodland is dominated by {\it Betula pendula} with some planted trees of {\it Pinus sylvestris} and {\it Picea abies}. Some natural regeneration of {\it Sorbus aucuparia, Ulmus procera} and {\it Acer pseudoplatanus}. Species-poor field layer dominated by {\it Pteridium aquilinum} with occasional {\it Rubus fruticosus} agg.

Target notes from present survey:

(1). Bare ground car park with {\it Erodium cicutarium} and {\it Carex ?arenaria}.

(2). Amenity grassland area, mown and rabbit-grazed. Short, open, dry (parched) sandy grassland dominated by {\it Agrostis capillaris} with locally frequent {\it Rumex acetosella, Spergularia rubra, Rhytidiadelphus squarrosus, Polytrichum} sp., {\it Plantago cornopus, Achillea millefolium, Plantago lanceolata} and {\it Leontodon saxatilis}, plus locally occasional {\it Crepis capillaris, Hypochaeris radicata} and {\it Lotus corniculatus}.

Additional species noted locally here from areas of thin turf by the Phase 2 grassland survey were: {\it Apahes arvensis, Erophila verna} and {\it  Bellis perennis}, plus seedlings of {Trifolium striatum}. Bryophytes: {\it Polytrichum piliferum, Brachythecium albicans} and {\it Ceratodon purpureus}. 

Alongside adjoining roads is a strip of coarse unmanaged grassland with {\it Arrhenatherum elatius, Cirsium vulgare, Papaver} sp., {\it Polygonum aviculare, Crepis capillaris, Malva sylvestris, Sisymbrium officinale, Senecio jacobaea, Rumex crispus} etc. 

Taller grassland etc. to the west of this area includes {\it A. elatius, Senecio jacobaea, Armoracia rusticana, Tanacetum vulgare, Urtica dioica, Calystegia sepium} and {\it Vinca} sp.

(3). Small colony of {\it Convallaria majalis} noted in woodland to the SW of the main common.

Trumpets Hill:

This is a small, separate portion of the common, lying a few hundred metres to the SW. Much of this area has been covered by SWT surveys.

(4). Small area of secodary broadleaved woodland on steep, west-facing bank. The canopy comprises {\it Quercus robur} and {\it Fraxinus excelsior} with younger {\it Acer pseudoplatanus}. Dense stands of {\it Pteridium aquilinum} in areas where the canopy is open. Understorey species include {\it Ilex aquifolium, Sambucus nigra, Corylus avellana, Ulmus procera, Acer platanoides} and {\it Prunus spinosa}. Field layer sparse with {\it Circaea lutetiana, Geranium robertianum, Silene dioica, Glechoma hederacea, Hedera helix} and {\it Urtica dioica}.

(5). Along the northern edge of Trumpets Hill Road is a narrow strip of land. To the east this comprises amenity grassland and various drives. However, most comprises a narrow grassy verge with species such as {\it Dactylis glomerata, Holcus lanatus, H. mollis, Achillea millefolium, Urtica dioica, Lolium perenne, Trifolium repens} and {\it Cerastium fontanum}. The western portion also includes a dry ditch containing {\it Urtica dioica, Cirsium arvense, Scrophularia aquatica, Rumex obtusifolius, Rubus fruticosus} agg. and {\it Aegopodium podagraria}.

(6). To the south of Trumpets Hill Road is a mixture of tall herbs/ruderals, scattered scrub and trees: {\it Urtica dioica, C. arvense, Senecio jacobaea, R. fruticosus} agg., {\it Salix cinerea, S. alba, S. fragilis, Corylus avellana, Acer pseudoplatanus, Sambucus nigra} and {\it Crataegus monogyna}. 

A small pond in this area includes {\it Iris pseudacorus, Juncus effusus, Ranunculus flammula, Persicaria maculosa, Myosotis} sp., {\it Galium palustre, Glyceria} sp., plus {\it Lemna} sp. noted in the open water.

MANAGE:
The common is of significant nature conservation importance, in particular because it encompasses an area of lowland dry heath. This is a habitat which formerly covered extensive parts of southern England, including Surrey. There have been many accounts of the decline of the habitat, with the suggestion that some 85 per cent of Surrey's Heathlands have disappeared over the last two hundred years. In addition, a further 16 per cent decline has taken place between 1975 and 1985 (NCC/Surrey County Council, 1988). In addition, it is estimated that the UK contains around one fifth of Europe's remaining lowland heathland. The causes of this decline include a cessation of traditional grazing (leading to scrub, bracken and ultimately, succession to woodland), plus intensification of agriculture, forestry, land enclosures and, more recently, building, especially of housing.

These heaths support a distinctive assemblage of flora and fauna which is severely at risk due to the decline in the extent of the habitat. The importance of the habitat has been widely recognised, with the preparation of an inventory of remaining heathland sites in the county and the preparation by English Nature of a strategy for the conservation of the habitat in the county (English Nature/SCC, 1988). More recently, "Lowland heathland" (and "Lowland dry acidic grassland") have been highlighted among the "Priority Habitats" of the UK Biodiversity Action Plan.

Note that despite the overall importance of the habitat, the areas of heath occurring within the SSSI as a whole are not regarded on their own as being of sufficient value to warrant SSSI status. However, additional features, not lying within the boundary of the common itself, enhance the nature conservation value of the site as a whole. These include and area af ancient alder woodland to the west and an area of marshy meadows to the south-east.  

Ideal management of these heaths would be the reintroduction of traditional grazing. Current management of the heathland on this particular common is facilitated through its use as a golf course. The greens, fairways and associated fringes of acidic grassland roughs are mown. As long as the roughs are not mown too frequently, this may be maintaining the botanical diversity of the acidic grassland and preventing tree and scrub colonisation. However, the areas of heath are generally unmanaged and there is some evidence of tree invasion. Small-scale cutting by hand would be sufficient to control this. Signs have been erected asking people to avoid trampling the heather.

The secondary woodland is unmanaged, although there has been some dumping of grass clippings from the golf course (preferable to dumping elswehere on the site, as the woodland is already fairly disturbed and eutrophicated). Some thinning of the secondary woodland would be beneficial, especially in areas that have seen dense regeneration follwing storm damage.

The cricket pitch to the east of the main common is also intensively mown. However this sparse sward retains a number of species characteristic of well-drained, sandy, acidic soils.

Additional UK BAP "Priority Habitats": "Wet woodland", plus meso/eutrophic standing waters.


FAUNA:
Noted during the site visit were: green woodpecker, chiff chaff, blue tit and meadow brown butterfly.

VEG:
The common lies along the course of "Rectory Green Lane" in the hamlet of Buckland, approximately mid-way between Reigate and Dorking (i.e. Mole Valley district). The lane itself is excluded from the registration.

The site comprises a complex of scrub/broadleaved woodland grading at the edge of the road into neutral grassland/tall ruderal vegetation (surveyed from along the road). 

The predominant tree of the woodland canopy is {\it Fraxinus excelsior}, with occasional individuals of {\it Quercus robur} and {\it Acer pseudoplatanus}. The undershrub element includes {\it Prunus spinosa, Prunus} sp., {\it Crataegus monogyna, Rosa canina, Corylus avellana, Sambucus nigra, Ulmus procera, Acer campestre, Salix cinerea} plus, rarely, small trees of {\it Aesculus hippocastanum}. In areas where a true woodland field layer has developed, this is characterised by {\it Glechoma hederacea, Geranium robertianum, Rubus fruticosus} agg., {\it Rumex sanguineus, Galium aparine, Hedera helix, Geum urbanum, Dryopteris filix-mas, Stellaria holostea, Silene dioica, Mercurialis perennis, Bromus ramosus} and {\it Urtica dioica}. 

The areas of grassland are coarse and unmanaged and generally co-dominated by tall ruderal species. These habitats include {\it Dactylis glomerata, Arrhenatherum elatius, Torilis japonica, Potentilla reptans, Heracleum sphondylium, Phleum pratense, Elytrigia repens, Plantago major, P. lanceolata, Senecio jacobaea, Hypericum perforatum, Urtica dioica, Rumex obtusifolius, Vicia cracca, V. sepium, Calystegia sepium, Epilobium hirsutum, Cirsium arvense, Stachys sylvatica, Galium aparine, Filipendula ulmaria, Geranium dissectum, Trifolium pratense, Holcus lanatus, Festuca gigantea} and {\it Aegopodium podagraria}.

There are localised areas of closely-mown amenity grassland, with occasional trees noted - {\it F. excelsior}, plus one of {\it Salix} sp. ("weeping" variety).

MANAGE:
The larger portion of the common appears unmanaged, although the vegetation may be mown/trimmed occasionally at the edge of the road. Two areas appear to be regularly mown as amenity grassland by adjacent property owners.

The common may be of importance to some local wildlife and appears to form a short "wildlife corridor".


FAUNA:
Noted during the site visit were: green woodpecker, nuthatch, yellowhammer, robin, woodpigeon, magpie, plus gatekeeper, common blue and large white butterflies.

The extensive areas of broadleaved woodland have a diverse structure with open grassland clearings and rides, small streams, ponds, open and closed canopy areas. It is therefore a good site for commoner invertebrates and birds. However, the lack of large old trees and their associated dead wood places limits the diversity of the invertebrate fauna. For a full listing please see the relevant National Trust Biological Survey Reports.

Woodland birds not noted above include great spotted woodpecker, jay, long-tailed tit, nuthatch, tawny owl, little owl and treecreeper. Other fauna recorded include mammals: roe deer, fox, rabbit and grey squirrel; Reptiles: grass snake and possibly adder.

The site also has an outstanding butterfly fauna with records for brown hairstreak (old record) and purple emperor (both "rare"), white admiral, purple hairstreak and white-letter hairstreak (all "uncommon") plus small skipper, Essex skipper, large skipper, silver-washed fritillary, white letter hairstreak (old record), purple hairstreak, ringlet, small heath, peacock, comma, brimstone, green-veined white, orange tip, small copper, holly blue, speckled wood, red admiral, painted lady, small tortoisesell and speckled wood (in addition to those above).

N.B. Invertebrate Site Register - Grade D (poor sites/or insufficient information for evaluation). Present understanding would suggest a higher grading.

A survey of ponds on the common by Julia Wycherley in 1992 provides the following information about amphibians. A total of 14 out of 34 "pond sites" provided amphibian records. The most commonly occurring species was the common frog {\it Rana temporaria} (9 localities), followed by toad {\it Bufo bufo} (4 localities), common newt {\it Triturus vulgaris} (2 localities) and palmate newt {\it Triturus helveticus} (2 localities).

The larger, Fourwents Pond is a popular locality for angling and is stocked with carp. This area has in the past has also been heavily utilised by domestic waterfowl (this feature not investigated during present site visit).

VEG:
The common lies immediately to the south of Dorking (Mole Valley district). The area is underlain by the Lower Cretaceous Wealden Clay with an altitudinal range of between c.65-120m asl. Soils are largely poorly-drained and clayey, but locally, as at the southern part of the common, they are more sandy and better drained.

The common was covered by a National Trust Biological Survey in 1983. Various other specific surveys have been commissioned by the National Trust since this date (see references). In addition, the site was re-surveyed by the National Trust Biological Survey Team during the summer of 1997, who kindly allowed the surveyor on this project to visit the site at the same time (NT report for this survey still in prep.).

The common supports extensive areas of secondary broadleaved woodland and scrub, with dense bracken. There are a number of small grassland clearings, small ponds and a range of small streams.

Woodland:

Most is a secondary, open scrub-woodland dominated by {\it Quercus robur} and {\it Betula} spp., with locally frequent {\it Fraxinus excelsior} and/or {\it Acer pseudoplatanus} plus locally occasional {\it Sorbus aucuparia} and {\it Taxus baccata}. The shrub element includes {\it Prunus spinosa, Salix cinerea, S. capraea, Sambucus nigra, Ilex aquifolium, Prunus avium, Fragnula alnus} and {\it Crataegus monogyna}. The field layer is generally dominated by {\it Pteridium aquilinum} and {\it Rubus fruticosus} agg., with acidic grassland species also present in more open areas. Other occasional associates include {\it Dryopteris dilatata, D. filix-mas, Lonicera periclymenum} and {\it Hedera helix}.

Locally there are more mature-canopy {\it Q. robur} woodlands. These generally comprise standard trees with a closed canopy, but with a good structure including younger trees. Other trees include {\it Fagus sylvatica, A. pseudoplatanus, Carpinus betulus, F. excelsior, Prunus avium, Populus tremula} and {\it Betula} sp. The shrub layer includes {\it Ilex aquifolium, Corylus avellana, Malus sylvestris, Sorbus aucuparia, Sambucus nigra} and {\it C. monogyna}. In addition, five trees of {\it Sorbus torminalis} have been found scattered on the common, two of which are considered to be of planted origin, whilst the others are native.

Field layer similar to above type with other occasional associates such as {\it Hyacinthoides non-scripta, Oxalis acetosella, Anemone nemorosa, Lamiastrum galeobdolon, Melica uniflora, Oxalis acetosella, Geum urbanum, Circaea lutetiana} and {\it Viola riviniana}. Rare associates include {\it Dactylorhiza fuchsii} and {\it Epipactis helleborine}. Quite a lot of "die-back" noted within the crowns of the larger oak trees.

Within the woodland are localised small pockets of heath-type vegetation with {\it Calluna vulgaris} and rare {\it Erica cinerea}. Other species present in these areas include {\it P. aquilinum, Ulex europaeus, Teucrium scorodonia} and {\it Ulex europaeus}.

An area of woodland to the south of the common on well-drained sandy soils, may be of more ancient origin. This has large mature trees of {\it Q. robur} forming an open canopy with a diverse range of shrubs, plus mown acidic grassland rides giving it a well-developed structure.

Grassland clearings and rides:

The larger areas of open grassland habitat were surveyed by Mary Scruby during 1993. The majority was found to be fairly rank, species poor and neutral in character, but with a few areas of more diverse composition. There are also areas of regularly mown amenity grassland of limited species diversity.

The coarse grassland is dominated by {\it Dactylis glomerata, Poa trivialis, Holcus lanatus} and {\it Arrhenetherum elatius}. Characteristic herbs include {\it Ranunculus repens, Rumex acetosa, Heracleum sphondylium, Rumex} spp. and {\it Cirsium} spp., with {\it Urtica dioica} locally abundant. Less common additional species include {\it Centaurea nigra} and {\it Stellaria graminea}. This vegetation belongs to NVC type MG1.

The more diverse neutral grasslands have a shorter, less coarse sward dominated by species such as {\it Agrostis capillaris, Holcus lanatus} and {\it Festuca rubra}. A range of common herbs includes {\it Centaurea nigra, Lotus pedunculatus, Ranunculus} spp., {\it R. acetosa} and in damp areas, {\it Succisa pratensis}.

Some areas have an acidic sward type dominated by {\it Festuca rubra} and {\it Agrostis capillaris}, with locally, {\it Deschampsia flexuosa}. Associated herbs include {\it Galium saxatile} and {\it Potentilla erecta} - probably NVC type U1.

Grassland near to Fourwents pond is described as "mostly species-poor, heavily trampled". However, there are records for {\it Stachys officinalis} and {\it Equisetum sylvaticum} from this part of the common.

Wetland habitats:

There are a number of ponds on the common although many are silted-up or overshadowed by trees. 

A detailed pond survey was undertaken by Julia Wycherley during 1992. This identified a total of 34 ponds. Many have apparently been created deliberately, for example to provide a water supply for a dwelling, as fish ponds and for watering livestock. However, in recent decades, the majority of these have fallen into disuse and, without continued maintenance, will eventually undergo a natural succession to woodland and disappear. The survey found that all stages of seral change were represented. Some ponds are regularly managed and have good communities of wetland plants, while at the other extreme, they have been totally re-absorbed into the surrounding woodland.

The survey found that out of the 34 identified sites, only six could be considered to have extant ponds in "reasonable" condition: Hall Spring (TQ 169 474); Church Pond (TQ 169 472); Bonds Lane (TQ 167 464); Fourwents Pond (TQ 184 454); Gowan Lodge (TQ 172 466) and Pylons (TQ 181 457). A further two sites were described as "marshes" - Redlands Bank Pond (TQ 168 458) and Marsh Thistle Pond (TQ 184 455).

The more interesting ones include species such as {\it Iris pseudacorus, Sparganium erectum, Typha latifolia, Eleocharis palustris, Alisma plantago-aquatica, Ceratophyllum demersum, Apium nodiflorum, Ranunculus flammula, Lycopus europaeus, Hydrocotyle vulgaris, Potamogeton natans, Nymphaea alba, Stachys palustris, Glyceria fluitans} and {\it Bidens tripartita}.

Fourwents Pond also has previous records for {\it Pilularia globulifera} and {\it Zannichellia palustris} (the former species being "nationally scarce" i.e. occurring in between 16 - 100 ten km squares of the Ordnance Survey Grid - JNCC, 1994). However, this pond is now an extremely popular angling facility and the quality of the marginal/aquatic vegetation appears to have declined somewhat.

Additional habitat diversity is provided by the presence also of several streams and ditches, providing a drainage system which is associated with some of the ponds. Species include {\it Athyrium filix-femina, Carex remota, C. pendula, Scrophularia aquatica, Epilobium hirsutum, Lotus pedunculatus, Pulicaria dysenterica, Iris pseudacorus, Bidens tripartita, Mentha piperita, Rorippa sylvestris} and {\it Scutellaria minor}.

Target notes from present survey......

(1). {\it Stachys officinalis} on roadside/wood verges.

(2). Pond currently being cleared/dredged. Dense adjacent area of {\it Salix} spp. scrub ({\it S. fragilis} and {\it S. cinerea}).
 
(3). Pond with open water. Emergent/marginal vegetation includes: {\it Glyceria} sp., {\it Sparganium erectum, Mentha} sp., {\it Iris pseudacorus, Nymphaea alba, Lemna minor} and {\it Elodea} sp. Adjacent woodland with canopy of {\it Q. robur} and {\it F. excelsior}, plus occasional {\it A. pseudoplatanus}. Shrub layer of {\it C. avellana, Sambucus nigra} and {\it C. monogyna} plus field layer of {\it Rubus fruticosus} agg., {\it Mercurialis perennis} and {\it P. aquilinum}.

(4). Mixture of coarse neutral grassland/tall ruderal species, crossed by a well-used path: {\it A. elatius, F. rubra, Artemisia vulgaris, Rumex obtusifolius, Achillea millefolium, Urtica dioica, Heracleum sphondylium, Solanum dulcamara, P. aquilinum, Calystegia sepium} and {\it Cirsium arvense}. Small stand of {\it Impatiens glandulifera} along stream.

(5). To north is amenity grassland, heavily trampled in parts. Ditch at edge with trees of {\it Salix} sp. ("weeping" variety), {\it Salix fragilis, S. capraea} and {\it S. alba}. Within ditch itself: {\it Apium nodiflorum, Sparganium erectum, Aegopodium podagraria, Lotus pedunculatus} and {\it Epilobium hirsutum}. Grassland grading into rank neutral type at margins, with abundant {\it Urtica dioica}.

To south the grassland is generally taller/unmanaged and species-poor. Dominated by {\it A. elatius} and {\it D. glomerata} with frequent/abundant {\it Lolium perenne} and {\it Trifolium repens}, locally occasional {\it Lotus corniculatus, Centaurea nigra, Stellaria graminea} and {\it Achillea millefolium}. Several small trees of {\it Salix alba} recently pollarded.

(6). Coarse neutral grassland (but mown next to dual carriageway) again dominated by {\it A. elatius}. Frequent/abundant {\it Achillea millefolium, Leontodon autumnalis} and {\it Trifolium pratense}. Pond shaded by tall tree of {\it Salix fragilis}.

(7). Area of cleared grassland to create open view northwards. This has a closely rabbit-grazed acidic grassland sward dominated by {\it Agrostis capillaris} with abundant {\it Festuca rubra} and {\it F. ovina}, locally frequent {\it Potentilla erecta, Luzula campestris, Hypnum cupressiforme} and {\it Rumex acetosella}, locally occasional {\it Danthonia decumbens}, plus rare {\it Galium saxatile}. Encroaching {\it P. aquilinum} at margins with locally abundant {\it Holcus mollis} beneath.

(8). Old football ground. Again closely rabbit-grazed acidic grassland dominated by {\it A. capillaris}. Locally abundant {\it Rhytidiadelphus squarrosus}, locally frequent {\it Rumex acetosella, Galium saxatile} and {\it Holcus mollis}, plus locally occasional {\it Cerastium fontanum, Stellaria graminea} and {\it Cirsium arvense}. Margins fringed with stands of {\it Ulex europaeus} and {\it P. aquilinum}. Also noted by Mary Scruby: damp in western corner with {\it Carex ovalis}.

(9). Fairly diverse neutral grassland dominated by {\it Holcus lanatus, Festuca rubra} and {\it A. capillaris} with locally frequent {\it Stellaria graminea, Centaurea nigra, Achillea millefolium, A. ptarmica} and {\it Rumex acetosa}, locally occasional {\it Lotus corniculatus} and {\it Potentilla reptans}, plus rare {\it Succisa pratensis}. Also recorded by Mary Scruby: {\it Luzula campestris, Galium saxatile, Potentilla erecta} and {\it Pilosella officinarum} plus, to the north, {\it Conopodium majus}.

(10). Further rank neutral grassland similar to that already described. In desperate need of some form of management - cutting and raking. Also recorded here: {\it Angelica sylvestris} and {\it Lathyrus pratensis} and, by Mary Scuby: {\it Ajuga reptans} and {\it Lysimachia nemorum}.

(11). Large ancient boundary oak tree (150cm DBH), plus several smaller trees. Possibly pollards.

(12). Area of quite diverse damp neutral grassland. Abundant {\it A. capillaris}, locally abundant {\it Festuca rubra}, locally frequent {\it Deschampsia cespitosa, Anthoxanthum odoratum, Holcus lanatus, Centaurea nigra, Stellaria graminea, Ranunculus acris, Rumex acetosa, Achillea ptarmica} plus locally occasional {\it Lotus pedunculatus} and {\it Juncus conglomeratus}. Also recorded by Mary Scruby: {\it Juncus effusus} and {\it J. acutiflorus}.

MANAGE:
The site is owned and managed by the National Trust. 

Woodland/scrub habitats.......

For the more mature woodland areas a policy of "non-intervention" has been generally adopted. The majority of the more notable butterflies are associated with the wooded habitats and this will require continued maintenance of rides and clearings. The only thinning of trees to be done will be to open-up areas around car parks and along rides, plus the pruning of "dangerous" trees near paths - both for reasons of public safety. 

Areas of scrub are also important for a number of the butterfly species. For example, the brown hairstreak resides in thickets of blackthorn. Such features will require small-scale cutting on rotation to prevent succession to other species woodland. Similarly, the purple emperor is dependent upon willow scrub at the edge of wet grassland clearings and along rides, which should be managed by periodic coppicing.

It may be worth some experimental clearance of vegetation and leaf litter adjacent to the small patches of heath-type vegetation within the woodland to see whether establishment of further ericoid plants can be encouraged. Some areas of dense bracken have been treated with herbicide (Asulox/Asulam). 

Grassland habitats.....

Ideal management for the open grassland would be the reintroduction of traditional grazing (and would also help to control bracken). However, this is impractical due to the need for extensive fencing, although the possibility has been investigated for a few areas. If left unmanaged the grassland would eventually develop into scrub-woodland.

In the absence of grazing, a carefully planned mowing regime is the preferred option. For the less diverse swards, the timing of a cut is not that critical and these are generally only cut once a year. For the more species-rich swards, the first cut should be delayed until late summer to allow the herbs to flower and set seed. A second cut of some of this vegetation in early autumn may also be beneficial. 

For invertebrate populations, it is also important in general terms to encourage a structural diversity of habitat and this can be created by varying the timing and frequency of cutting. This may include delaying also the cutting of coarse grassland until late summer which would provide taller habitat in these areas, a continuing supply of nectar sources and also cover for small mammals. In addition, cutting on a rotational basis will also help to retain a continuity the various microhabitat conditions.

If possible the cut grass ideally be removed to prevent eutrophication of the sward and build-up of a dense litter layer. 

Scrubby margins to the grassland areas provide yet further structral diversity to the mosaic of habitats. The aim should be to encourage a gradual transition from open grassland, through low scrub, taller scrub with trees and eventually into the adjacent woodland. This will require periodic coppicing/thinning of the scrub. Ideally a "scalloped" interface should be encourage to maximise the edge habitat. Importance of scrub habitat for butterflies outlined above.

Ponds....

As outlined above, many of the ponds have become overgrown with vegetation over recent decades and there is continuing management of these to restore open water. Particular consideration has been given to the habitat requirements for the various amphibian populations present on the common:

In addition to the obvious requirement of a suitable pond for breeding and development of tadpoles, amphibians are also dependent upon the availability of suitable terrestrial habitat in which they forage after breeding and also hibernate. Features such as rank grassland, hedgerows, damp ditches and woodland may all be important.

The most obvious management requirement is to restore/maintain areas of open water of sufficient depth. This involves dredging of accumulated silt and clearance of encroaching vegetation. Where breeding amphibians are present, this should take place only between October and March. Maintenance of suitable terrestrial habitat needs also to be considered and it will be beneficial to deposit dredged silt on the adjacent pond margins to encourage germination of any available seed of wetland species. Dead trees removed from the water should also be left near to the pond to provide dead-wood habitat. Fish will need to be removed from such ponds as they will eat the tadpoles of all but toads (whose tissue contains a chemical which fish find extremely unpalatable).

As already discussed, the common was visited by the National Trust Biological Survey Team on 29.07.97. The report of this and the site management plan will contain a more comprehensive and up-to-date discussion of management and nature conservation issues relating to the site.

UK Biodiversity Action Plan "Priority Habitats": Lowland dry acidic grassland, Meso/eutrophic standing waters.


FAUNA:
Noted during the site visit were: song thrush (UK BAP "Priority Species"), plus wren, chiff chaff, green woodpecker, robin, blue tit and magpie.

VEG:
The common lies to the east of Dorking (Mole Valley District). The majority of the site has been covered under two separate surveys undertaken by the Surrey Wildlife Trust as part of the SNCI project. This includes a general description, which has been consulted for the purposes of this project. However, none of the surveyed area was subsequently selected as SNCI. Additional notes were made during the course of the present survey.

1. Southern Portion. 

Almost all lies within the area surveyed by SWT. Most comprises a secondary broadleaved woodland which has developed over former heathland/acidic grassland. The woodland is generally of a fairly open and scrubby character, dominated by a sub-mature canopy of {\it Quercus robur} and {\it Betula pendula}, plus occasional individuals of {\it Acer pseudoplatanus, Fagus sylvatica, Castanea sativa} and {\it Sorbus aucuparia} (as both saplings and small trees). 

The shrub layer includes {\it Ilex aquifolium} and {\it Crataegus monogyna} plus, occasionally, {\it Ulex europaeus}. The field layer contains {\it Pteridium aquilinum, Rubus fruticosus} agg., {\it Urtica dioica} and {\it Lonicera periclymenum}. Less frequent associates include {\it Veronica chamaedrys, Holcus lanatus, Glechoma hederacea, Heracleum sphondylium, Rumex sanguineus, Geum urbanum, Galium aparine, Hypericum perforatum, Torilis japonica} and {\it Cirsium arvense}. Locally beneath the {\it P. aquilinum} are remnants of an acidic grassland sward of {\it Deschampsia flexuosa} and {\it Galium saxatile}. Toward the A25, several tall trees of {\it Pinus sylvestris} were noted (including one fallen dead individual). 

In the south-western corner the woodland appears to be somewhat more diverse, with undershrubs of {\it Corylus avellana, Ulmus} sp., {\it Prunus} sp., plus occasional small (planted?) trees of {\it Fagus sylvatica} (incl. 'copper' variety). 

In the central portion of the common is a broad clearing which forms a car park. This comprises an oval track of bare ground adjoined by closely rabbit-grazed improved grassland. There is abundant {\it Urtica dioica} growing along the edges of the minor road running across this part of the common.

2. Northern Portion.

Once again, the greater part of this area was covered by a SWT survey (excludes the narrow strip running eastwards along the A25). This area occupies the site of a tumulus and comprises a scrubby mix of dense bracken, mixed deciduous/coniferous trees and scattered scrub. The taller trees are {\it Pinus sylvestris} and {\it Betula pendula}, plus young {\it Quercus robur}. The shrub element contains {\it Crataegus monogyna, Ulex europaeus} and {\it Ilex aquifolium}. Other associates include {\it Deschampsia flexuosa, Hedera helix, Alliaria petiolata, Urtica dioica, Teucrium scorodonia} and {\it Rubus fruticosus} agg.

MANAGE:
The common appears to be largely unmanaged. A small car park is maintained by the local authority, with an information sign provided. There has been some tipping of rubbish here.

Although recorded as former heath/acidic grassland, there appears to be no dwarf shrub vegetation surviving in the field layer. Therefore the optimal management option appears to be one of non-intervention, which will probably see a gradual succession to secondary woodland over most of the site. There may be some benefit in clearing occasional patches of scrub to try and optimise the variety of structural elements within the habitats present.

The site is probably important to wildlife in a local context, for birds of woodland/scrub, small mammals and possibly some invertebrates. However, the overall botanical diversity appears limited.


FAUNA:
Noted during the site visit were: blue tit, blackbird, large white butterfly.

VEG:
The common lies on the Greensand Ridge to the south-west of Dorking (Mole Valley district).

The site comprises secondary broadleaved woodland. In the central portion is a canopy of mature {it Fagus sylvatica} - tall and multi-stemmed trees, presumably coppiced when they were at an early stage of growth and subsequently left to grow to mature trees. Also present are very occasional tall individuals of {\it Pinus sylvestris} (plus some standing and one fallen dead tree). Large {\it F. sylvatica} tree split, apparently by a lightning strike.  There is very little else beneath this canopy, just locally occasional fronds of {\it Pteridium aquilinum}. However, there is a well-developed litter layer of leaf litter, small twigs and seed husks etc.

Surrounding this is a more open canopy comprising well-spaced trees of {\it Betula pendula} with shrubs/smaller trees of {\it Quercus} sp., {\it Sorbus aucuparia} and {\it Ilex aquifolium}. Occasional fallen trees of {\it Betula} sp. noted. The field layer includes {\it P. aquilinum, Holcus mollis, Teucrium scorodonia, Deschampsia flexuosa, Galium saxatile, Rubus fruticosus} agg., {\it Lonicera periclymenum} and {\it Impatiens parviflora}.

Alongside the road the canopy and shrub layer are more varied with individuals of {\it Acer pseudoplatanus, Quercus} sp., {\it Betula pendula, F. sylvatica, Populus tremula, S. aucuparia, Frangula alnus} and {\it I. aquifolium}.

Also adjoining the road is a small bare ground lay-by. Here there is a band of tall ruderal-type species which includes {\it Urtica dioica, Senecio jacobaea, Arctium} sp. ? {\it A. lappa} and {\it I. parviflora}.

MANAGE:
The common appears unmamaged at present. The western boundary of the common appears to lie along an old wood bank, with large {\it Fagus sylvatica} trees growing along it.


FAUNA:
Noted during the site visit were: wren, blackbird, chiff chaff, wood pigeon, fox.

The SSSI contains large areas of woodland which support a diverse community of breedlng birds. All three species of British woodpecker breed as do two summer visitors of limited distribution in the south east: wood-warbler and redstart. Some species associated with heathland habitats are known to breed sporadically.

The SSSI as a whole supports outstanding invertebrate populations including numerous nationally rare and nationally scarce species, most associated with ancient semi-natural woodland. 

Several nationally rare beetles have been recorded including the yellowish-brown and black {\it Notolaemus unifasciatus} (RDB:Rare), dependent upon deadwood and {\it Silvanus bidentatus} (RDB:Rare) which is found on decayed fungus on birch trees. The nationally scarce water-beetle {\it Agabus metanarius} is found in shallow, leafy pools and ditches often in places where {\it Sphagnum} mosses are abundant. The nationally scarce {\it Walckenaeria corniculans} is a money spider associated with dry heathland and woodland litter. Two nationally rare moths hare been recorded at the site, the orange underwing {\it Jodia croceago} (also a UK BAP "Priority Species") and the balsam carpet {\it Xanthorhoe biriviata}. The rare cranefly {\it Scleroprocta sororcula} is associated with wet {\it A. glutinosa} "seepage woodland" around Leith Hill itself.

Grade A entry in Invertebrate Site Register - the highest category of rating.

Nationally Rare: Occurs in 1-15 of 10 x lOkm squares in Britain.
Nationally Scarce: Occurs in 16-100 of 10 x lOkm squares in Britain.

RDB: Nationally rare species are listed in the relevant Red Data Book (RDB), in this case: "British Red Data Book 2: Insects". The three RDB categories: Rare, Vulnerable and Endangered indicate increasing degrees of threat of extinction in Britain.

VEG:
The common lies on the Lower Greensand Ridge to the south-west of Dorking (Mole Valley district). A small portion of the common is coincident with the Leith Hill SSSI (see map). Much of the SSSI as a whole is underlain by the Hythe Beds of the Lower Greensand, with exposures of Atherfield Clay present in the dip-slope stream valleys. Consequently, the soils are characteristically acidic. However, south of a major land slip scar is the gentle southerly slope of the Weald Clay, giving rise to more neutral soils.

The following decscription has been based on target notes made during a visit to the site, with reference to the 1982 Phase 1 survey and the SSSI citation.

Wotton Common as a whole displays a complex variety of woodland types, most of which are of secondary origin over an area of former grazing heath. This is generally mixed in character with a canopy which includes frequent/abundant {\it Pinus sylvestris} and {\it Betula pendula}, occasional {\it Quercus robur, Q. petraea} and {\it Sorbus aucuparia}, locally occasional {\it Fagus sylvatica} and {\it Sorbus aria}, plus rare {\it Castanea sativa}. Occasional pure broadleaved stands occur locally. 

The shrub layer includes {\it Ilex aquifolium, Corylus avellana} and {\it Crataegus monogyna}, whilst the field layer is dominated by {\it Rubus fruticosus} agg. and {\it Pteridium aquilinum} with other associates including {\it Calluna vulgaris, Vaccinium myrtillus, Deschampsia flexuosa, Teucrium scorodonia} and {\it Hedera helix}. In additon, the introduced shrub {\it Gualtheria shallon} is locally abundant, especially alongside the path from the car park at Starveall Corner (GR TQ 131 433) to the summit of Leith Hill (see Map 2).

In addition, there is a large central area of what appears to be planted coniferous woodland. This is mostly of {\it P. sylvestris}, but with at least one small block of {\it }Larix sp. noted. 

In parts of the woodland there appears to have been some deliberate thinning of trees, for example, to the west of Leith Hill summit and west of Whiteberry Hill.

Several small patches of remnant heath vegetation were noted which appear to have been cleared of encroaching trees. This vegetation is dominated by {\it Calluna vulgaris} and {\it Erica cinerea} with some {\it Erica tetralix}. Scattered fronds of {\it P. aquilinum} throughout. Locally occasional small trees/saplings of {\it Betula pendula/Larix} sp./{\it Pinus sylvestris} and bushes of {\it G. shallon} and {\it Ulex europaeus}. 

Note single specimen tree of {\it Araucaria araucana} at GR TQ 133 434. 

The southern edge of the common lies along the scarp slope of the ridge and this area has seen extensive damage as a result of the storms of 1987 and 1990. Wind-thrown trees appear largely to have been left {\it in-situ}. Again, {\it Gualtheria shallon} is locally abundant, with {\it Rhododendron ponticum} also present on the slope below Leith Hill summit.

In the northerly part of the common, which includes several parcels of land within the SSSI, there is a mosaic of pure broadleaved and mixed secondary woodlands. The latter is similar to that occurring elsewhere on the common, whilst the former is similar in composition to that present on the adjacent Abinger Common (CL 48). This is one of the few woodland stands in the Weald where {\it Quercus petraea}, more common in the North and West of Britain, is the dominant species. The shrub layer comprises {\it I. aquifolium}, in places over a ground flora of {\it V. myrtillus, P. aquilinum} and {\it Melampyrum pratense}. Calcifuge bryophytes such as {\it Dicranum majus} and {\it Leucobryum glaucum} are present in this woodland which displays the "Oceanic" characteristics more usually found in the Atlantic areas of Britain. Along Broadmoor Bottom (GR TQ 138 445) there are also mature canopy trees of {\it F. sylvatica} present.

Peaty soils along the Tillingbourne valley support a woodland type of restricted distribution dominated by {\it B. pubescens} with some {\it A. glutinosa} and {\it Frangula alnus}. Tussocks of {\it Molinia caerulea} and cushions of {\it Sphagnum} spp. moss dominate the ground flora, where the single flower-spikes of {\it Eriophorum vaginatum} and tufts of {\it Carex paniculata} (both described as "rare" in Surrey) are of interest. {\it Erica tetralix} and herbs {\it Scutellaria minor} and {\it Galium palustre} occur with several species of fern including {\it Dryopteris carthusiana} and {\it D. dilatata}.

MANAGE:
No specific information relating to the management of this particular common has been located, although the site appears to be managed largely for commercial forestry purposes by the Wotton Estate.

Stands of pure {\it P. sylvestris} appear to be of planted origin. In addition, there has been some thinning of mature {\it P. sylvestris} in places - for example, to the west of Leith Hill summit and west of Whiteberry Hill. 

Storm damage has also resulted in considerable thinning of the woodland along the southerly section lying along the top of the scarp slope. Generally, fallen timber appears to have been left in-situ.

As noted, several small remnants of lowland heathland are present on the common. Some tree colonisation of these areas was evident, although there may be active management aimed at maintaining the heathland vegetation of these parts of the site.

A notable feature are the oakwoods dominated by {\it Quercus petraea}, a habitat which appears to be extremely uncommon in the county (being more typical of northern and western Britain). Management should therefore be aimed at maintaining this community, probably through a policy of minimal intervention.

As a former heathland site, most of the common is coincident with areas highlighted in the Surrey Lowland Heathland Inventory. This includes the major area of Wotton Common, with the smaller portion within the SSSI being part of a separate site in the inventory (see references). 

UK Biodiversity Action Plan "Priority Habitats": "Wet woodland" (along eastern boundary), "Lowland heathland" (along rides and in field layer etc.). In addition, woodlands in the "uplands" dominated by {\it Q. petraea} are also included in the UK BAP. The community occurring on this common is compatible in composition with this habitat, although, strictly speaking, at an altitude of around 170-180m, it cannot be classified as an upland habitat.


FAUNA:
Noted during the site visit were: willow warbler, blue tit, nuthatch, green woodpecker, grey squirrel plus gatekeeper and large white butterflies.

The SSSI contains large areas of woodland which support a diverse community of breedlng birds. All three species of British woodpecker breed as do two summer visitors of limited distribution in the south east: wood-warbler and redstart. Some species associated with heathland habitats are known to breed sporadically.

The site supports outstanding invertebrate populations including numerous nationally rare and nationally scarce species, most associated with ancient semi-natural woodland. 

Several nationally rare beetles have been recorded including the yellowish-brown and black {\it Notolaemus unifasciatus} (RDB:Rare), dependent upon deadwood and {\it Silvanus bidentatus} (RDB:Rare) which is found on decayed fungus on birch trees. The nationally scarce water-beetle {\it Agabus metanarius} is found in shallow, leafy pools and ditches often in places where {\it Sphagnum} mosses are abundant. The nationally scarce {\it Walckenaeria corniculans} is a money spider associated with dry heathland and woodland litter. Two nationally rare moths hare been recorded at the site, the orange underwing {\it Jodia croceago} (also a UK BAP "Priority Species") and the balsam carpet {\it Xanthorhoe biriviata}. The rare cranefly {\it Scleroprocta sororcula} is associated with wet {\it A. glutinosa} "seepage woodland" around Leith Hill itself.

Grade A entry in Invertebrate Site Register - the highest category of rating.

Nationally Rare: Occurs in 1-15 of 10 x lOkm squares in Britain
Nationally Scarce: Occurs in 16-100 of 10 x lOkm squares in Britain

RDB: Nationally rare species are listed in the relevant Red Data Book (RDB), in this case: "British Red Data Book 2: Insects". The three RDB categories: Rare, Vulnerable and Endangered indicate increasing degrees of threat of extinction in Britain.

VEG:
The common lies on the Lower Greensand Ridge to the south-west of Dorking (Mole Valley district). The northern part of the common forms one element of the Leith Hill SSSI (see map). Much of the SSSI as a whole is underlain by the Hythe Beds of the Lower Greensand, with exposures of Atherfield Clay present in the dip-slope stream valleys. Consequently, the soils are characteristically acidic. However, south of a major land slip scar lies the gentle southerly slope of the Weald Clay, giving rise to more neutral soils.

The following decscription has been based on information given within the SSSI citation and the NCC Phase 1 survey of 1982, in addition to field notes from the present survey.

The SSSI as a whole consists of a wide variety of woodland habitats, some of restricted distribution, which have developed under the influence of underlying geology and past management. 

Abinger Common (SSSI portion) is a former grazing heath partially enclosed and coppiced and one of the few woods in the Weald where {\it Quercus petraea}, more common in the North and West of Britain, is the dominant species. The shrub layer comprises {\it Ilex aquifolium}, in places over a ground flora of {\it Vaccinium myrtillus} and {\it Melampyrum pratense}. Calcifuge bryophytes such as {\it Dicranum majus} and {\it Leucobryum glaucum} are present in this woodland which displays the "Oceanic" characteristics more usually found in the Atlantic areas of Britain. 

Woodland of this type was noted to the south of the car park at GR TQ 126 458 during the present survey. The community appears out of place in Surrey, having more of the visual character of an upland Welsh oakwood, with a canopy comprising mature, but stunted trees of {\it Q. petraea}. The shrub layer comprises locally occasional {\it Ilex aquifolium} and the field layer has abundant {\it Vaccinium myrtillus}, locally frequent {\it Deschampsia flexuosa}, locally occasional {\it Pteridium aquilinum} and abundant leaf litter. Woodland bryophytes noted: {\it Dicranum scoparium, Mnium hornum, Hypnum jutlandicum, Pleurozium schreberi, Pseudoscleropodium purum} and {\it Plagiothecium undulatum}.

Elsewhere the woodland is of a mixed/more varied composition with a canopy  that includes {\it Q. petraea, Pinus sylvestris, Betula} spp., {\it Sorbus aucuparia, Fagus sylvatica} and {\it Fraxinus excelsior}. Occasional trees of {\it Taxus baccata} and {\it Sorbus aria}, plus rarely, {\it Quercus rubra} - (GR TQ 121 457). Shrub layer includes {\it Ilex aquifolium, Crataegus monogyna, Corylus avellena} and {\it Salix capraea}. Field layer with {\it P. aquilinum, Agrostis capillaris, Teucrium scorodonia, V. myrtillus, Lonicera periclymenum, Deschampsia flexuosa, Galium saxatile, Melampyrum pratense, Holcus lanatus, Oxalis acetosella, Urtica dioica, Impatiens parviflora} and {\it Rubus fruticosus} agg.

Particular features noted include several large open-grown oaks and some large trees of {\it I. aquifolium} (15-20m tall).

A wide ride crosses Abinger Common along the route of a power supply line. This is extensively colonised by {\it P. aquilinum} and sapling trees, with localised heathy patches dominated by {\it V. myrtillus}.

The stream valley marking the eastern edge of Abinger Common supports a woodland type more typical of moist mineral soils in the wetter parts of the country. {\it Alnus glutinosa} and {\it Betula pubescens} dominate the canopy with {\it Chrysosplenium oppositifolium} and {\it Lysimachia nemorum} frequent on the valley floor.

Woodland to the extreme south of the common lies close to the top of the scarp slope and saw significant damage from the storms of 1987 and 1990. Open parts of this woodland now have dense growth of {\it P. aquilinum} and regenerating trees of {\it Betula} sp., whilst occasional undamaged mature {\it Quercus} sp. trees remain. Elsewhere there are relatively un-affected areas of woodland with a canopy of {\it Pinus sylvestris} and {\it Betula pendula} plus occasional individuals of {\it Fagus sylvatica, Acer pseudoplatanus} and several large, multi-stemmed trees of {\it Ilex aquifolium} (to 15m tall). The shrub layer of this woodland includes {\it I. aquifolium, Sorbus aucuparia} and locally, {\it Ulex europaeus}, whilst the field layer is dominated by {\it P. aquilinum, Rubus fruticosus} agg. and {\it Lonicera periclymenum}. Occasional planted sapling {\it Quercus robur} noted.

A second large car park just north of Starveall Corner (GR TQ 131 433) is notable for several mature specimen trees: {\it Sorbus aria, S. aucuparia, Ilex aquifolium, Fagus sylvatica, Quercus} sp., and {\it Malus sylvestris}. Compaction by vehicles may pose a threat to the long-term survival of these trees and it may be appropriate to site the car park elsewhere, perhaps in the area of wind-thrown woodland outlined in the above paragraph.

Rare individual of {\it Gualtheria shallon} noted adjacent to Leith Hill Road.

MANAGE:
No specific information relating to the management of this particular common has been located. The most notable feature are the oakwoods dominated by {\it Quercus petraea}, a habitat which appears to be extremely uncommon in the county (being more typical of northern and western Britain). Management should therefore be aimed at maintaining this community, probably through a policy of minimal intervention. 

Several large open-grown oak trees may relate to a former wood pasture system, as may the large (pollarded?) holly trees. 

Lying largely on the dip slope of the ridge, the woodlands on the common appear to have escaped significant storm damage. However, there has been some storm damage, as noted, at the southernmost tip of the common which lies close to the top of the scarp slope. There appear to be few fallen trees present here, suggesting that this area was cleared following the storm. In addition, several planted oak saplings are also present in this area.

The SSSI as a whole is highlighted in the Surrey Lowland Heathland Inventory as a former heathland site, with elements of a heathland flora persisting in the secondary woodland field layer. Land outside the SSSI largely lies within a second site shown in the Inventory ('Wotton Common' - see references).

UK Biodiversity Action Plan "Priority Habitats": "Wet woodland" (along eastern boundary), "Lowland heathland" (along rides and in field layer etc.), "Lowland wood pasture and parkland" (includes former wood pasture sites). In addition, woodlands in the "uplands" dominated by {\it Q. petraea} are also included. The community present at Abinger Common is compatible in composition with this habitat, although, strictly speaking, at an altitude of around 170-180m, it cannot be classified as an upland habitat. 

An area beneath an electricity supply line is maintained as an open ride.


FAUNA:
No fauna noted specifically on any part of this common during the site visit.

Invertebrates noted in grassland at Leith Hill during the National Trust Biological Survey: 7-spot ladybird {\it Coccinella 7-punctata}, a weevil {\it Sitona lepidua}, common field grasshopper {\it Chorthippus brunneus}, soldier beetles (Cantharidae), bumble bees {\it Bombus} sp. and white admiral butterfly {\it Lagoda camilla}.

VEG:
The common forms several small peripheral elements to the Abinger/Wotton complex (i.e. CL 48), lying on the Lower Greensand Ridge to the south-west of Dorking (Mole Valley district). A significant portion of the common land associated with this complex lies within the Leith Hill SSSI, although none of this particular common is coincident (see maps under CLs 48 and 49).

Map 1. 

This shows two compartments. The first of these is the area immediately to the south-west of the summit of Leith Hill itself (this portion being National Trust property). Adjacent to the tower itself is an area of trampled acidic grassland. The National Trust Biological Survey Report notes {\it Festuca ovina, Anthoxanthum odoratum} and {\it Agrostis capillaris} with occasional {\it Plantago lanceolata, P. coronopus} and {\it Rumex acetosella}. To the south is an area of scrubby mixed woodland comprising {\it Quercus robur, Prunus} sp., {\it Crataegus monogyna, Pinus sylvestris, Betula pendula, Castanea sativa, Sorbus aucuparia} and {\it Ilex aquifolium}. 

The remainder of this portion comprises an area of thinned mixed woodland, now consisting of widely-spaced mature trees of {\it P. sylvestris} plus locally occasional smaller trees of {\it Q. robur}. This area has probably been thinned to maintain the view across the Weald from the summit area. The field and shrub layer in between the standard trees comprises abundant {\it Pteridium aquilinum} with frequent {\it Rubus fruticosus} agg. and saplings of {\it B. pendula}. There is around 25 per cent bare ground at present, locally with some seedling plants of {\it Calluna vulgaris} in evidence. 

The second portion lies at the foot of the scarp slope below Leith Hill Summit, alongside Abinger Road. This steeply sloping site has a mixed woodland canopy comprising approximately 50/50 {\it P. sylvestris} as mature trees and secondary growth of {\it Betula pendula}. Locally occasional trees of {\it Castanea sativa}. The shrub layer includes locally occasional {\it Corylus avellana, Ilex aquifolium, Sorbus aucuparia, Fagus sylvatica, Rhododendron ponticum} and {\it Gualtheria shallon}. The field layer is sparse, mainly comprising bare ground and leaf litter, plus locally occasional {\it Rubus fruticosus} agg., {\it Teucrium scorodonia} and {\it Hedera helix}. 

Map 2.

This encompasses several much smaller parcels of land, one comprising a narrow strip of broadleaved woodland, one of mixed woodland, a small area of mown amenity grassland and two tiny areas which were overlooked during the field visit.

MANAGE:
The area around Leith Hill summit was described as being of "low biological interest" in the National Trust report. Management here has concentrated on maintaining open views from the summit area across the Weald. For a discussion of the larger area of Abinger/Wotton Commons, of which the common forms a small part, please refer to CLs 48/49. 

Note that the common lies partially within a site highlighted in the Surrey Lowland Heathland Inventory ('Wotton Common' - see references). UK BAP "Priority Habitat": "Lowland acidic grassland".


FAUNA:
No fauna noted specifically on this common during the site visit. For a discussion of the fauna of the Leith Hill SSSI as a whole, please refer to CL 49.

VEG:
The common lies on the Lower Greensand escarpment forming a minor part of the eastern element of the Abinger/Wotton/Leith Hill complex of commons. Most of the common lies within the Leith Hill SSSI (i.e. the cricket pitch is excluded) and is apparently under National Trust ownership/management. A major source of information is the National Trust Biological Survey of 1983. This was reinforced with additional target notes made during the course of the current project.

The common is situated on the Hythe Beds of the Lower Greensand and is situated on the dip slope. Following cessation of grazing many years ago the former heathland of Coldharbour Common has become invaded to a large extent with acidic secondary woodlands. Most of the common now comprises secondary woodland dominated by {\it Pinus sylvestris} (around 75 per cent or more of the tree composition, as mature and medium age trees c. 15m high). Canopy gaps have frequent {\it Betula} spp. (mainly {\it B. pubescens}), with occasional {\it Quercus robur, Fagus sylvatica, Castanea sativa, Sorbus aria, S. aucuparia} and {\it Ilex aquifolium}.

The shrub layer contains locally frequent {\it Rhododendron ponticum}, whilst the field layer is dominated by {\it Pteridium aquilinum} in more open areas, with elswehere, {\it Deschampsia flexuosa, Vaccinium myrtillus, Hypnum jutlandicum, Pseudoscleropodium purum} and much leaf litter.

In addition, there are quite a number of fallen dead trees of {\it P. sylvestris} and locally abundant fallen dead branches of various sizes on the woodland floor. 

Across the central portion of the common is a clear area dominated by {\it Pteridium aquilinum} with scattered trees of {\it P. sylvestris} and {\it Betula} spp. etc.

The cricket pitch itself is fenced to exclude rabbits. There are remnants of a heathland flora in the surrounding unmown vegetation with {\it Calluna vulgaris, Erica cinerea, Vaccinium myrtillus} and occasionally, {\it Erica tetralix}.

MANAGE:
The cricket pitch is regularly mown and is fenced to keep rabbits out. A small shed has been provided. Please refer to the contiguous CL 429 for the management of the surrounding area. Note that the Leith Hill SSSI is highlighted in the Surrey Lowland Heathland Inventory (see references and surrounding commons).

UK BAP "Priority Habitats": "Lowland dry acidic grassland", "Lowland heathland".


FAUNA:
Noted during the site visit were: songthrush (UK BAP "Priority Species"), plus green woodpecker, nuthatch, magpie, wood pigeon, blue tit, housemartin, chiff chaff, jay and meadow brown butterfly

The large areas of woodland of the SSSI support a diverse community of breeding birds. All three species of British woodpecker breed as do two summer visitors of limited distribution in the south east: wood-warbler and redstart. Some species associated with heathland habitats are known to breed sporadically.

The SSSI as a whole supports outstanding invertebrate populations including numerous nationally rare and nationally scarce species, most associated with ancient semi-natural woodland. Please refer to CLs 48/49 for this information which relates to the SSSI as a whole. Note grade A entry in Invertebrate Site Register - the highest category of rating.

The National Trust Biological Survey notes from the woodland: the common ant {\it Myrmica ruginodis}, plus a few common beetles - eyed ladybird {\it Anatis ocellata}, 10-spot ladybird {\it Adalia 10-punctata}, plus {\it Notiophilus biguttatus} (a ground beetle) and {\it Malthinus flaveolus} (a soldier beetle). In addition, two 'local' woodland butterflies have also been reported: purple hairstreak {\it Quercusia quercus} (associated with oak) and white admiral {\it Lagoda camilla} (associated with {\it Lonicera periclymenum}).

VEG:
The common lies on the Lower Greensand escarpment forming the eastern element of the Abinger/Wotton/Leith Hill complex of commons. Most of the site lies within the Leith Hill SSSI and most also comes under National Trust ownership. A major source of information is the National Trust Biological Survey of 1983. This was reinforced with additional target notes made during the course of the current project.

The common is situated on the Hythe Beds of the Lower Greensand and lies largely on the dip slope. The eastern edge of the site forms an east-facing section of the main scarp slope, with characteristic landslip terrain and clayey strata below, creating a spring-line.

Following cessation of grazing many years ago the former heathland of Coldharbour Common has become invaded to a large extent with acidic secondary woodlands. Over most of the ridge top the woodland is dominated by {\it Pinus sylvestris} (around 75 per cent or more of the tree composition, as mature and medium age trees c. 15m high). This is believed to be originally of plantation origin, with subsequent natural regeneration. Canopy gaps have frequent {\it Betula} spp. (mainly {\it B. pubescens}), with occasional {\it Quercus robur, Fagus sylvatica, Castanea sativa, Sorbus aria, S. aucuparia} and {\it Ilex aquifolium}.

The shrub layer contains locally frequent {\it Rhododendron ponticum}, whilst the field layer is dominated in more open areas by {\it Pteridium aquilinum}, with elswehere, {\it Deschampsia flexuosa, Vaccinium myrtillus, Hypnum jutlandicum, Pseudoscleropodium purum} and much leaf litter.

In addition, there are quite a number of fallen dead trees of {\it P. sylvestris} and locally abundant fallen dead branches of various sizes on the woodland floor.

To the south of the ridge (1), the frequency of {\it P. sylvestris} appears to fall to only around 50 per cent cover, with {\it Q. robur} more generally frequent. To the north (2) there is one stand of dense {\it P. sylvestris} plantation, whilst to the south (3) was also noted a smaller stand of {\it Larix} sp.

Adjacent to the cricket pitch (4) (i.e. CL 495) lies an area cleared of trees to create an open vantage point from the hilltop. This area is now largely dominated by dense {\it P. aquilinum}. Scattered mature trees remain of {\it P. sylvestris}, whilst there are also frequent-abundant seedlings of {\it Betula} spp. In addition, the {\it P. aquilinum} has a heathy understorey comprising {\it Vaccinium myrtillus} and {\it Deschampsia flexuosa}. Locally occasional seedling plants of {\it Calluna vulgaris} noted on areas of bare, open ground.

Along the western edge of the common (5), an area of the woodland has been recently felled, leaving only locally occasional standing trees of {\it P. sylvestris, Q. robur} and {\it S. aucuparia}. The boundary bank of the common along this side is marked by large, multi-stemmed trees of {\it F. sylvatica}.

The woodland on the steep, landslipped slope of the eastern edge (6) is largely of broadleaved character with {\it F. sylvatica, Q. robur, Fraxinus excelsior, Acer pseudoplatanus, Castanea sativa, Betula} spp., {\it Crataegus monogyna, I. aquifolium, S. aucuparia} and {\it R. ponticum}. Also noted were locally occasional small trees of {\it Taxus baccata}.  Open areas are dominated by {\it P. aquilinum} with elsewhere, {\it Rubus fruticosus} agg. and {\it Lonicera periclymenum}, plus acidic grass species.

At the base of the slope is a small area of open acidic grassland (7) - heavily rabbit-grazed. This vegetation has a short sward dominated by {\it Agrostis capillaris, Deschampsia flexuosa} and {\it Holcus mollis} with locally abundant {\it Rumex acetosella, Galium saxatile, Potentilla erecta, Rhytidiadelphus squarrosus}, locally frequent {\it Teucrium scorodonia, Anthoxanthum odoratum} and {\it Holcus lanatus}, plus some wet areas as indicated by the presence of {\it Molinia caerulea, Cirsium palustre} and {\it Juncus acutiflorus}.

(8) is an area of broadleaved woodland adjacent to the foot of the scarp slope (not NT land). This has a canopy dominated by mature trees of {\it A. pseudoplatanus} (some multi-stemmed) with occasional {\it Q. robur} and {\it F. excelsior}, plus locally occasional smallish trees of {\it F. sylvatica}. The shrub layer includes {\it C. monogyna, Salix cinerea, Corylus avellana} (some as overgrown coppice stools), {\it I. aquifolium} and {\it Sambucus nigra}, plus locally abundant {\it Prunus laurocerasus} and locally occasional {\it Taxus baccata}. The field layer contains {\it Dryopteris dilatata, D. filix-mas, Stellaria holostea, Circaea lutetiana, Urtica dioica, R. fruticosus} agg., {\it Impatiens parviflora, L. periclymenum, Geranium robertianum, Hyacinthoides non-scripta, Hedera helix}, plus occasional clumps of {\it Fallopia japonica}.  Mosses: locally abundant {\it Mnium hornum} and {\it Atrichum undulatum}.

MANAGE:
The greater part of the common is under National Trust management. The {\it Pinus sylvestris}-dominated woodlands are considered to be of limited ecological interest. One such area was noted to have been recently felled/cleared. The small clearing at (4) contains some elements of a heathland flora.

Being a former heathland site, the Leith Hill SSSI is a site highlighted in the Surrey Inventory of Lowland Heathland.

Note that part of the common outside NT ownership is managed as part of a private garden.

UK BAP "Priority Habitats": "Lowland dry acidic grassland", "Lowland heathland".


FAUNA:
Noted during site visit: various Odonata active around the pond. 

The National Trust survey revealed a range of invertebrates from the area of damp grassland. Of particular interest is {\it Ligidium hypnorum}, a very local woodlouse of the south-east. Other species from the ground fauna include the centipede {\it Lithobius variegatus}, smooth glass snail {\it Aegopinella nitidula} and round snail {\it Discus rotundatus}.

Noted from the taller grassland were: {\it Capsus ater}, a common bug of grasslands, common green grasshopper {\it Omocestus viridulus}, dark bush cricket {\it Pholidoptera griseoaptera} and the horse fly {\it Haematopoda crassicornis}. Beetles recorded included two local leaf beetles: {\it Lochmaea capreae} and {\it Altica oleracea}, plus two common ladybirds {\it Coccinella 7-punctata} and {\it Propylea 14-punctata}, plus a number of weevils, including {\it Apion sicardi}, a relatively recent addition to the British list (feeding exclusively on {\it Lotus pedunculatus}). Also noted was the Essex skipper {\it Thymelicus lineola} (described as a 'local' south-eastern butterfly).

VEG:
The common lies at the foot of the Greensand Ridge escarpment and forms a part of the National Trust Leith Hill property. 

Adjacent to the road is an area of rather rank, unmanaged damp neutral grassland. This is dominated by {\it Holcus lanatus, Agrostis capillaris} and {\it Juncus effusus}. Other associates include occasional/frequent {\it Arrhenatherum elatius, Holcus mollis, Cirsium palustre, Rumex acetosa, Lotus pedunculatus, Ranunculus repens, Stellaria graminea, Juncus acutiflorus} and {\it Carex ovalis}, plus locally frequent {\it Rumex obtusifolius, Carex nigra, Odontites vernus, Lysimachia nummularia, Pteridium aquilinum, Urtica dioica} and {\it Anthoxanthum odoratum}. The National Trust Biological Survey also notes {\it Equisetum arvense} and one plant of {\it Dactylorhiza ? praetermissa}.

Area of shorter vegetation with locally frequent {\it Persicaria maculosa} and {\it P. hydropiper} plus locally occasional {\it Gnaphalium uliginosum}. Also noted was a large former bonfire site, now grassed over.

At the edge is a small pond, with the grassland appearing to be at its tallest in this part of the site. In addition, there are also several large coppiced/pollarded bushes of {\it Salix} sp. ({\it S. cinerea} and {\it S. capraea}) adjacent to the pond. 

The open water of the pond provides records for {\it Glyceria fluitans, G. plicata, Potamogeton natans} and {\it Eleogiton fluitans}. 

Marginal vegetation surrounding the pond and in a marshy area at its southern edge includes {\it Typha latifolia, Cardamine pratensis, Juncus acutiflorus, J. articulatus, J. bulbosus, J. inflexus, Lychnis flos-cuculi, Potentilla reptans, Stellaria alsine, Callitriche stagnalis, Equisetum palustre, Iris pseudacorus, Athyrium filix-femina, Ranunculus flammula, Lotus pedunculatus, Holcus lanatus, Angelica sylvestris, Lathyrus pratensis, Hydrocotyle vulgaris, Cirsium palustre, Carex viridula} subsp. {\it oedocarpa, Galium palustre} and {\it Epilobium palustre}. Bryophytes noted here during present survey: {\it Calliergon cuspidatum} and {\it Eurynchium striatum}.

The pond survey also noted some seedlings of {\it Fallopia japonica} in this area.

Away from the open grassland the vegetation grades into an area of scrub/woodland of {\it Crataegus monogyna, Quercus} sp., {\it Betula} sp. and {\it Ilex aquifolium}, plus some {\it Pteridium aquilinum}. A narrow stream runs along the eastern edge of the common and the NT here recorded {\it Viola palustris, Sphagnum} sp., {\it Hypericum androssaemum} (single plant noted), {\it Lamiastrum galeobdolon, Galium palustre, Glyceria fluitans, Cirsium palustre} and {\it Impatiens parviflora} - described as "a mixture of open flush and woodland species".

MANAGE:
The pond appears to have been created only a few years ago. Surrounding willow bushes have been recently cut-back.

For its small size, the common has a considerable diversity of habitat type, structure and species composition. This includes: the pond and marginal habitats, the adjacent damp neutral grassland and the transition to scrub/woodland.

The management recommendations of the pond survey stress the importance of continued maintenance, through periodic clearance of {\it Glyceria} spp. and other vegetation to maintain some open water (approx. every 2-3 years). 

The failure to note the presence of {\it Fallopia japonica} at the time of the present survey would suggest that there has been successful treatment of this. 

Comparison with the NT Biological Survey Report suggests that spread of {\it P. aquilinum} may have occurred. To maintain the open grassland area and scrub habitat, some cutting of the vegetation will also be needed, although this should be done on a rotational basis to maintain the structural diversity of the habitat.


FAUNA:
The site supports a diverse breeding bird community, which includes nightjar (UK BAP "Priority Species"), plus sparrowhawk, woodcock, tree pipit, green woodpecker, great spotted woodpecker, nuthatch, tawny owl, marsh tit, jay, redstart and hawfinch.

A good range of nationally scarce or local invertebrates have been recorded from Ranmore Common (see the National Trust 1996 Biological Survey Report). However, the overall list is described as "surprisingly unimpressive for such a large area of semi-natural woodland in south-eastern England".

The butterfly fauna appears to have been poorly studied. The most notable species is purple emperor {\it Apatura iris}, first noted in the 1970s, and is probably still present. The 1983 Biological Survey found white admiral {\it Ladoga camilla} and dark green fritillary {\it Argynnis aglaja} and noted records for purple hairstreak {\it Quercusia quercua} and silver-washed fritillary {\it Argynnis paphia}.

A good variety of deadwood insects is present, although no rarities have been reported. The most interesting species is the jewel beetle {\it Agrilus pannonicus}, which breeds beneath the bark of dying oak boughs and trunks. Other species of note include the black-headed cardinal beetle {\it Pyrochroa coccinea}, the shining fungus beetle {\it Scaphisoma boleti} and the fungus beetle {\it Triplax aenea}. Found outside the SSSI was the nationally scarce hawthorn jewel beetle {\it Agrilus sinuatus}, breeding beneath the bark on dying main stems of hawthorn.

The richer ground flora of the more calcareous soils likewise has a more diverse invertebrate fauna. This includes the nationally scarce moths {\it Lobesia occidentis} and {\it Mompha langiella}, the larvae feeding on {\it Euphorbia amygdaloides} and {\it Circaea lutetiana} respectively. {\it E. amygdaloides} also supports the uncommon leaf-mining fly {\it Liriomyza pascuum}, while the foliage of {\it Campanula trachelium} is mined by another fly {\it Phytomyza campanulae}. Other characteristic species include the St. John's-wort beetle {\it Chrysolina varians} and the dog's mercury flea beetle {\it Hermaeophaga mercurialis}.

A variety of moths have been identified from the tree canopy following light-trapping sessions. Tall flower-rich ride sides provide excellent nectar sources for flying insects as well as foodplants for a variety of specialist insects. Small damp hollows provide additional invertebrate habitat. Finally, a recently recorded species, the nationally scarce downland grasshopper, {\it Gomphocerippus rufus} appears to have spread onto the site from nearby downs following the opening-up of so much of the canopy by severe storms in 1987 and 1990.

In the western (non-SSSI) portion, a small area of relict heath supports a surprisingly diverse heathland invertebrate fauna. This would suggest that the extent of heathland has been much more extensive in the recent past. This includes the nationally scarce heathland ground bug {\it Rhyparochromus pini}, a species which favours heathy woodland clearings over extensive open heaths.

NB. This site has a Grade C entry in the Invertebrate Site Register. These are defined as sites of potential importance on habitat or structural grounds where information on invertebrates is only preliminary.
 
An exceptional bat fauna has been recorded; twelve of the fifteen native British species are known to forage on the common, with some also roosting here, including three national rarities. These are: greater horseshoe, Bechstein's and both species of pipistrelle (45 and 55 kHz), all of which are UK BAP "Priority Species", plus Natterer's whiskered, Brandt's, brown long-eared, Daubenton's, Leisler's noctule and serotine. In particular, the woods are of considerable importance as feeding habitat and summer roosts for the internationally rare Bechstein's bat.

The SSSI also contains a good variety of mammals and reptiles. Badger and roe deer are plentiful, while adder, grass snake and slow worm are all present.

VEG:
The common is situated on the North Downs immediately north-west of Dorking (Mole Valley district). The area occupied by the common extends northwards from the crest of the escarpment onto the dip slope, forming a series of spurs and north-south dry valleys. The escarpment is formed from Cretaceous Chalk, although the summit ridge is capped by clay-with-flints, which also extends down onto the spurs. This has given rise to well-drained acidic brown earth soils. 

1. SSSI PORTION....

Approximately the eastern two thirds of the common lies within an SSSI of the same name (see map). The whole of this common is under National Trust ownership, and the site was surveyed by the NT Biological Survey Team in 1996. In view of this recent survey, together with the large volume of other relevant survey information, it was not considered necessary to visit the site during the course of the present project.

The SSSI constitutes a large and continuous block of woodland. Some parts, mainly along the northern fringes of the SSSI, are considered to be ancient in origin (i.e. have been continuously wooded since at least 1600 AD). In the main, these areas of ancient woodland do not lie on common land (i.e. Dorking Wood and Bagden Wood). The only area on the common highlighted by the Surrey Ancient Woodland Inventory, occupies around 12ha and runs southwards from Belcham's Copse (see map). These ancient woodlands contain some large old coppice stools. Much of the remaining woodland is of secondary origin, established on open ground apparently during the last 130 years.  

N.B. The Ranmore Common SSSI is also listed in the Surrey Heathland Inventory. This includes any sites that may have heathland vegetation, suggesting that some of the secondary woods may be considered to have developed on heathland habitats.

A few old pollards of {\it Fagus sylvatica} and large individuals of {\it Taxus baccata} suggest that the former open common land may once have been wood pasture. Ancient woodland flora appears to have spread relatively quickly into the developing secondary woodland, so that it is not always possible, on the basis of species composition, to separate ancient and secondary woodland types.

The upper parts of the common support an acidic woodland flora, grading downslope within valleys on the northern dip slope into calcareous types. This gradation of woodland types is one of the main features of nature conservation interest of the site.

In the south-western corner, outside the SSSI boundary, are small patches of dry heath vegetation.  

The acidic woodlands of the ridge crest and spurs have a canopy dominated mainly by {\it Quercus robur} (with some {\it Q. petraea}) with {\it Betula pendula, Fagus sylvatica} and {\it Taxus baccata}, plus planted {\it Larix decidua} locally. The shrub layer mainly comprises {\it Ilex aquifolium, Corylus avellana} plus smaller amounts of {\it Crataegus monogyna} and {\it Sambucus nigra}. The shrub layer is often dense, giving rise to a sparse field layer. Where this develops, it includes {\it Rubus fruticosus} agg., sometimes also with {\it Hyacinthoides non-scripta, Holcus lanatus, Pteridium aquilinum} and various tree seedlings. Open glades within the woodland tend to be dominated by {\it P. aquilinum, R. fruticosus} agg., {\it Deschampsia flexuosa} and occasionally, {\it Calluna vulgaris}. Other acidophilous plants occurring include {\it Campanula rotundifolia, Ulex europaeus} and {\it Galium saxatile}. 

Parts of the wood dominated by {\it F. sylvatica} belong the NVC type W14. Where {\it Quercus} spp. are dominant, this marks a change to NVC type W10a, although much of the woodland is transitional between the two types.

On the dip slope of the Downs and in several small, north-facing valleys, where the chalk is close to the surface, the thinner soil supports a canopy with {\it Quercus robur, Fagus sylvatica, Fraxinus excelsior, Acer pseudoplatanus, Betula pendula} and {\it Taxus baccata}. The shrub layer tends to be dominated by {\it Corylus avellana}, with a wide range of other generally calcicolous associates: {\it Acer campestre, Viburnum opulus, V. lantana, Ligustrum vulgare, Sorbus aria, Euonymus europaeus, Cornus sanguinea, Rhamnus catharticus} and {\it Crataegus laevigata}.

The field layer of these stands includes a number of species typical of ancient woodlands on base-rich soils. These include {\it Mercurialis perennis, Galium odoratum, Melica uniflora, Viola odorata, Euphorbia amygdaloides, Festuca gigantea, Campanula trachelium} and {\it Hypericum androssaemum}, while occurring more locally is {\it Ruscus aculeatus}. These areas of woodland belong to NVC type W12. 

The bottoms of the dry valleys contain a canopy dominated by {\it F. excelsior}, accompanied by {\it Q. robur, Acer campestre, C. avellana} and {\it C. monogyna}. The field layer in less-heavily shaded areas contains {\it Mercurialis perennis, Brachypodium sylvaticum, Dryopteris filix-mas, Lamiastrum galeobdolon, Circaea lutetiana, Galium odoratum} and other species typical of long-established woodland on base-rich soils present more locally.

The woods are dissected by an extensive series of rides. These contain a diversity of grassland and tall herb species and are at their most species-rich on the northern, calcareous substrates. Such areas support species such as {\it Eupatorium cannabinum, Origanum vulgare, Campanula trachelium, Centaurea nigra, Hypericum perforatum, Blackstonia perforata, Reseda lutea, Clinopodium vulgare} and {\it Ajuga reptans}. There is also a record from a 1983 National Trust Biological Survey for {\it Atropa bellandonna}, although this was not found during the 1996 survey.

Rides on more acidic substrates support species-poor vegetation which mainly comprises {\it Holcus lanatus} with few associates. 

A number of rare/uncommon plants have also been recorded from within the Ranmore Common SSSI: {\it Bromopsis benekenii} (nationally scarce - NS), Cephalanthera damasonium, Wahlenbergia hederacea, Neottia nidus-avis, Daphne laureola} and {\it Lathraea squamaria}. 

N.B. Nationally Scarce: defined as those occurring in between 16 - 100 ten km squares of the Ordnance Survey grid (source, JNCC, 1994).

In addition, Ranmore common is an important bryological site (Surrey Bryophyte Register, NCC, 1986). The site is second in Surrey only to Box Hill in terms of the number of species, with 120 recent records from the SSSI. Species of particular interest are: {\it Heterocladium heteropterum} var. {\it flaccidum} (one of only 3 Surrey sites) {\it Tortella inflexa} (NS), {\it Thuidium abietinium} subsp. {\it hystricosum} (NS) and {\it Diplophyllum obtusifolium} - this species probably also NS; record from 1973, not not necessarily from within the SSSI. Other notable records include: {\it Aloina aloides} var. {\it aloides, Bartramia pomiformis, Bryum pallens, Campylium chrysophyllum, Encalypta streptocarpa, Fissidens cristatus, Seligeria paucifolia, Trichostomum crispulum, Nowellia curvifolia, Leiocolea turbinata}. There is also a record for {\it Riccardia palmata}, but this is from Dorking Wood - i.e. not on the common. 

2. NON SSSI portion.....

This accounts for approximately the westernmost third of the common. Here there is more recently-eatablished woodland/scrub woodland of lesser biological interest, with areas of grassland, dense bracken and a small amount of relict lowland dwarf shrub heath. The grasslands are mainly semi-natural, but mainly species-poor communities of relatively limited biological interest.

This part of the common has a broadly similar distribution of vegetation communities to those occurring within the SSSI, with acidic habitats on the scarp ridge, grading to calcicolous ones on the dip slope. The small areas of lowland heathland are especially important as they have been identified as one of the "Priority Habitats" of the UK Biodiversity Action Plan. Interestingly this area does not appear in the Surrey heathland inventory, although they may have been considered individually too small for inclusion. 

These heathy areas have a number of distinct communities present: small areas with "closed canopy" {\it Calluna vulgaris}, around 50cm tall, often with {\it Hypnum jutlandicum} beneath; mixtures of young {\it Calluna} bushes within an acidic grassland sward dominated by {\it Deschampsia flexuosa} and other characteristic acidic grassland plants; an area recently scraped clear of vegetation, currently with tufts of young {\it Ulex minor} and very occasional seedling {\it Calluna} amongst an open cover of {\it D. flexuosa, Agrostis capillaris} and {\it Galium saxatile}. These communities encompass elements of NVC types H12 and U1e.

Further areas of acidic grassland occur to the east of the road toward Effingham, with some bracken {\it P. aquilinum}, which has been swiped. This grassland is dominated mainly by {\it Festuca ovina, Agrostis capillaris, Rumex acetosella} and {\it Galium saxatile} (NVC type U1e). There do not appear to be any dwarf shrubs in this area and this grassland is not particularly species-rich. Its main value appears to lie in its lack of any agricultural improvement. Rides across parts of this area contain a similar acidic grassland flora grading elsewhere into a neutral grassland community dominated by {\it Holcus lanatus} with herbs such as {\it Veronica chamaedrys} and {\it Leontodon autumnalis}. Locally there are elements of a calcicolous grassland flora with {\it Origanum vulgare, Clinopodium vulgare, Agrimonia eupatoria} and {\it Hypericum perforatum}.

There is a dry pond at GR TQ 131 509. This has steep banks dominated by {\it R. fruticosus} agg. and {\it P. aquilinum}. The pond itself contains species such as {\it Nymphaea alba, Callitriche} sp., {\it Ranunculus peltatus, Potamogeton natans, Montia fontana} and {\it Eleocharis palustris}. Noted in the 1983 survey, but not in 1996, was {\it Ceratophyllum demersum}. This species, together with {\it R. peltatus}, although being fairly common in nutrient-rich water bodies in south-east Britain, are described as 'scarce' in Surrey, due to a lack of suitable habitat.

MANAGE:
It is not clear the extent to which the composition and frequency of tree types present has been influenced by the past management. Areas dominated by {\it F. sylvatica} could originate through planting or selection. Older plantings also include a number of stands of {\it Larix decidua} and smaller quantities of other non-native species such as {\it Pinus}spp. and {\it Castanea sativa}. More recently, during the 1970s, a large number of {\it F.sylvatica}/conifer mixtures were planted in blocks, mainly across the eastern half of the woodland.

Further modification to the tree composition has arisen from re-stocking after severe storms in 1987 and 1990. Many areas comprise a mixture of these recent plantings (mostly native broadleaved species) which are accompanied by natural regeneration. Some large windthrown {\it T. baccata} were cut-up and poor quality timber was, in places, bulldozed into piles just off the rides. Of note amongst the post 1987 plantings are large amounts of {\it Prunus avium} (which occurs at low frequency within some of the NVC types identified on the site) and also trees which are not components of these woodlands, namely various conifers plus {\it Tilia vulgaris}.

The major storms of 1987 and 1990 were beneficial in that they opened-up large areas within the woodlands, especially along rides, thereby engouraging growth of tall herb and grassland species. However, mush of this growth is now being shaded-out by trees planted following the storms, coupled with natural regeneration.

The 1996 Biological Survey report includes a comprehensive discussion of management issues relating to the site. This recognises the very high biological interest of Ranmore Common and stresses the need to make nature conservation one of the prime management considerations.

There is an immediate need to try and reverse the negative effects which have resulted from forestry management on the site in recent decades. In the longer term, a much less interventionist form of management is hopefully envisaged. A brief summary of some of the main recommended management tasks is given here.....

(1). {\it F. sylvatica}-dominated and other plantation areas should be thinned to favour natural regeneration of native species.

(2). Conifers should be removed before canopy closure to prevent damage to shrub and field layers.

(3). Other non-native species should be removed as soon as possible, or during thinning operations (i.e. {\it Tilia x vulgaris, Castanea sativa, Quercus cerris} and {\it Buddleja} spp.).

(4). Most trees should be allowed to die {\it in situ}, except where public safety is an issue (eg. near roads, car parks, rides etc.).

(5). Standing fallen deadwood should be retained throughout, once again, confining any cutting to areas where public safety could be an issue.

(6). Ride management should be aimed at maintaining significant open habitat, plus widening of some rides, especially in areas with a calcareous grassland flora (to as much as 30m wide in some places). These rides should be managed with a rotational cutting regime to create a diverse mosaic of sward heights grading into areas of scrub and woodland margin.

(7). Continued periodic creation of new temporary glades which should then be allowed to colonise naturally with new trees and shrubs.

(8). Monitor the area of relict heath, with the possible option of careful scraping further areas of adjacent vegetation to encourage heathland regeneration. Monitor and, if necessary, control bracken.

N.B. Other possible UK BAP "Priority Habitats": "Lowland wood pasture and parkland", "Lowland beech and yew woodlands", "Lowland dry acidic grassland", meso/eutrophic standing waters.


VEG:
This common lies on the northern edge of Winterfold Hill (Guildford/Waverley districts). It forms a tiny part of an extensive block of common land running east-west along the top of a ridge formed from the Lower Greensand. This stretches from Winterfold Heath in the west to Holmbury Hill in the east. As this is a minor contiguous common with the much larger CL 216 and the nearby CL 196, please refer to these sites for a more detailed discussion of the ecological characteristics of this locality.

CL 537 itself, in similar fashion to much of the surrounding habitat, supports a secondary mixed woodland. The canopy comprises a mixture of {\it Quercus petraea} and {\it Betula pendula} with locally occasional individuals of {\it Pinus sylvestris} (constituting around ten per cent of the canopy). The field layer is dominated locally by {\it Pteridium aquilinum}. Elsewhere there are abundant well-developed plants of {\it Vaccinium myrtillus} with only scattered fronds of {\it P. aquilinum}, plus some {\it Lonicera periclymenum}. The shrub layer is represented by scattered bushes of {\it Ilex aquifolium}.

The road crossing the common descends northwards from the ridge and now lies in a gully cut into the hillside. The sides have well-developed bryophyte communities which include {\it Dicranum majus, D. scoparium, Mnium hornum, Diplophyllum albicans, Lepidozia reptans, Isothecium myurum, Thuidium tamariscinum, Hypnum cupressiforme, Poyltrichum formosum} and {\it Pseudoscleropodium purum}. Also present here: locally frequent {\it Melampyrum pratense}.

MANAGE:
The woodland of the common appears to be of secondary origin, having developed on former open heathland. No signs of active management. Please see site description for the contiguous CL 216 and the nearby CL 196 for a more detailed discussion of common land in this part of the county.


FAUNA:
Noted during the site visit were: songthrush (UK BAP "Priority Species") plus blue tit, wren, blackbird, robin, chiff chaff, nuthatch, blackcap, jay, carrion crow, pheasant, tree pipit, tawny owl, grey squirrel, common lizard, wood ant {\it Formica} sp., meadow brown butterfly {\it Maniola jurtina} and broad bodied chaser {\it Libellula depressa}.

The Hurtwood Common area in general has a Grade C entry in the Invertebrate Site Register (Site 35). As yet there is little invertebrate information, with old records for a range of Diptera and Hemiptera and highlighted as an area with a high priority for further survey.

VEG:
This is the largest single common in the county, occupying a significant portion of a range of hills on the Lower Greensand which run across the northern part of the Wealden Basin. The site stretches from Winterfold Heath in the west to Holmbury St. Mary in the east (Waverley and Guildford districts). These hills represent the highest land in the south-east of England, with the highest point itself occurring at Leith Hill (294m), situated on the nearby CL 48. The highest point on CL 196 occurs at Pitch Hill (257m).

The common largely comprises a range of woodland types which include secondary broadleaved and mixed woodland, with extensive areas converted to conifer plantation. The site also includes small remnants of dry heath, a habitat type which was once extensive across this range of hills.

Most of the common has been covered by various surveys undertaken by Surrey Wildlife Trust as part of the SNCI project and the vast majority of this area has been subsequently selected as SNCI. The survey reports include general descriptions which have been consulted for the purposes of the current project. Various target notes were made during visits to the site. Some habitat mapping has been undertaken with the aid of the Surrey Phase 1 (aerial photograph) survey.

All woodlands are of fairly recent origin and succession is on-going. The most extensive type is now managed {\it Pinus sylvestris} plantation, often having originated from former {\it Quercus petraea} woodland. In the most densely planted areas the deep shade of the canopy has created a woodland floor devoid of any other vegetation and comprising only a deep litter layer of pine needles. However, where the canopy is more open, colonisation by {\it Q. robur, Q. petraea, Sorbus aucuparia, Betula pendula} and locally, {\it Ilex aquifolium} and {\it Sorbus aria} has taken place (and many of the {\it Q. petraea} have grown from old coppice stools). These open areas often have a field layer of either {\it Vaccinium myrtillus} or {\it Pteridium aquilinum}. In addition, sunlit localities such as rides/fire breaks and other open clearings often have {\it Calluna vulgaris} and {\it Erica cinerea}, plus {\it Erica tetralix} in damp areas. Some rides also include species characteristic of acidic grassland communities such as {\it Agrostis capillaris, Anthoxanthum odoratum, Potentilla erecta} and {\it Galium saxatile}.  

Elsewhere the woods are mainly mixed, comprising varying proportions of {\it Quercus robur, Betula pendula} and {\it Pinus sylvestris}. Pure broadleaved woods are characterised by {\it Quercus petraea, Betula pendula, Fagus sylvatica} and occasionally, {\it Castanea sativa}, again having developed to some extent from former {\it Q. petraea coppice}. This habitat is still fairly extensive and often associated with {\it F. sylvatica} hangers, for example at Reynards Hill, Mill Bottom and Plain. Both the broadleaved and mixed woodlands include, {\it Ilex aquifolium} and {\it Corylus avellana} in the shrub layer, plus locally, a number of introduced species such as {\it Gaultheria shallon, Rhododendron ponticum} and {\it Amelanchier lamarckii}.

The field layer of many stands is dominated by {\it Pteridium aquilinum}. The remaining overstood {\it Q. petraea} coppice tends to have a field layer with abundant {\it Vaccinium myrtillus} grading into {\it Deschampsia flexuosa/P. aquilinum} where natural succession to {\it B. pendula/Quercus} sp. high forest is taking place. Damp areas with locally occasional {\it Molinia caerulea}. Other field layer associates include {\it Holcus lanatus, Lonicera periclymenum, Oxalis acetosella} and, rarely, {\it Impatiens parviflora}. One small infestation of {\it Fallopia japonica} noted.

Storm damage (1987/90) was severe on southern parts of the hill. Unfortunately the majority of mature trees were situated on this part of the site. For example, {\it F. sylvatica} on Pitch Hill were particularly affected. Here much of the fallen trees have been cleared and at present this area has a dense cover of {\it P. aquilinum} with scattered re-colonising trees of {\it B. pendula, P. sylvestris, Sorbus aucuparia, Quercus} sp., {\it Castanea sativa} and {\it Ilex aquifolium}. Rare small patches of {\it Calluna} etc. noted beneath the {\it P. aquilinum}.  

The most extensive area of open heath appears to be an area of approximately 10ha lying to the north of Reynards Hill (GR TQ 070 428). Active management of this area aimed at increasing the extent of heath vegetation has produced a pattern of strips of slightly contrasting composition. Well-developed stands of mature {\it Calluna} are present, having occasional {\it Erica cinerea} and rare {\it Vaccinium myrtillus}. However, even these areas tend to have occasional/frequent {\it P. aquilinum} present. Smaller areas have an almost complete cover of {\it P. aquilinum}, whilst across the whole area are scattered occsional smallish trees of {\it P. sylvestris} and locally frequent sapling {\it B. pendula}. In addition, several strips have had dense {\it P. aquilinum} cleared fairly recently. These now tend to have abundant {\it Deschampsia flexuosa} with frequent/abundant small plants of {\it Vaccinium myrtillus} and small amounts of seedling {\it Calluna} at around 20-50 per cent cover. Occasional {\it P. aquilinum} fronds still growing and some dead frond litter evident following this treatment.

Field evidence and other referenced sources indicate that there are further,  smaller remnants of heath vegetation on the common, north of Holmbury Hill (TQ 1043/1044) and and north of Pitch Hill (TQ 0843). 

Further habitat features include the various bare ground car parking areas, one of which, on Pitch Hill, appears to occupy an old sand pit (see below). Note the small pond on the western side of Holmbury Hill (GR TQ 099 432). This contains several clumps of {\it Typha latifolia}, locally occasional {\it Alisma plantago-aquatica} and {\it Glyceria fluitans}, plus rare plants of {\it Carex pendula}. Surrounding is an area of open, species-poor acidic grassland. 

Finally, there are bryophyte records for the Winterfold Forest area (i.e. overlapping the western portion of the common). Over 110 species recorded in recent years, including 3 categorised as "locally rare": {\it Brachydontium trichodes, Nardia geoscyphus} and {\it Riccia warnstorfii}. Other records which could relate to the common include {\it Calliergon stramineum, Aulacomnium palustre, Ulota crispa, Cephalozia lunulifolia, Mylia anomala, Nowellia curvifolia, Scapania irrigua, S. nemorea} and {\it S. undulata}. Note that {\it B. trichodes} is recorded from the sand pit on Pitch Hill, which now appears to be used as a car park!

MANAGE:
The greater part of the common is currently managed for conifer production. However, some planted areas have not been thinned and have become derelict. The mixed and broadleaved woods originate in part at least from former sessile oak coppice, with further stands having developed over former heathland.

The structure of the woodlands has been further modified through storm damage along the southern margin of the hills. There may be some value in selective felling of {\it P. sylvestris} which are colonising into the broadleaved stands.

As already discussed, several small remnants of heathland vegetation remain on the site. Some of these, including that to the north of Reynards Hill, are being actively managed to encourage the expansion of dwarf shrub vegetation. This has included control of bracken and removal of encroaching trees. This work being undertaken as part of the Surrey Heathland Project.

The habitat of "lowland heathland" is one of the "Priority Habitats" of the UK Biodiversity Action Plan. For the purposes of the Common Land Survey, all of Surrey's heaths have been taken to fall into this category, given that they all occur at an altitude of less than 300m. Such heathland was formerly extensive over the Surrey Hills, but has undergone a rapid decline in recent decades. In addition to the UK BAP, extensive other work has also been done on conserving Surrey Heathlands, with relevant sites being documented in the the county's Lowland Heathland Inventory. Those parts of the common with remnants of lowland heathland have been highlighted in this source.


FAUNA:
Noted during site visit were: wren, blue tit, robin, wood pigeon, swallow, housemartin, carrion crow, nuthatch, magpie. Butterflies: common blue, and gatekeeper. Also seen: grey squirrel and a dragonfly, probably southern hawker {\it Aeshna cyanea}, plus a species of {\it Sympetrum}. Family of mallard on pond.

VEG:
The common comprises a widely-dispersed series of roadside verges stretching across a quite wide area running from just near Holmbury Hill in the north as far southwards as the county boundary, near Oakwoodhill (Mole Valley district). The site generally includes a mixture of neutral grassland verges, often accompanied by tall herbs/ruderals, while elsewhere there are narrow strips of scrub/broadleaved woodland. Several areas of grassland are mown regularly for amenity purposes. The whole of the site was walked, and the following target notes are listed in the order in which the site was surveyed.

1. Coarse neutral grassland, possibly partially cut (and the hay removed?) this year. Has abundant {\it Holcus lanatus}, frequent/abundant {\it Agrostis capillaris} and {\it Festuca rubra}, frequent {\it Anthoxanthum odoratum}, locally frequent {\it Ranunculus acris} and {\it Stellaria graminea}, plus locally occasional {\it Trifolium pratense, Plantago lanceolata} and {\it Lotus pedunculatus}. Towards the road the sward is tending to become dominated by coarse grasses such as {\it Arrhenatherum elatius}. There is a wide flattened track across this area apparently caused by farm vehicles.

2. Small pond with adjacent scrub dominated by {\it Salix cinerea} plus some {\it Sambucus nigra} and {\it Rubus fruticosus} agg. The pond itself is largely overtopped by the scrub. Marginal plants include: {\it Epilobium hirsutum, Oenanthe crocata, Iris pseudacorus, Urtica dioica, Juncus effusus} and {\it Solanum dulcamara}. The pond still has open water remaining, but it is very much shaded by tall vegetation. 

3. Species-poor neutral grassland, cut recently, with clippings left {\it in-situ}. Frequent associates include {\it Rumex obtusifolius, Urtica dioica, Dactylis glomerata} and {\it Taraxacum} sp. Hedge to rear, mainly {\it Crataegus monogyna} with some {\it Prunus spinosa, Sambucus nigra} and {\it Acer campestre}, plus occasional mature boundary trees of {\it Quercus robur}, including one large specimen tree with some dead branches evident.

4. Generally species-poor verge, cut alongside road. Elsewhere becoming dominated by species such as {\it A. elatius} and {\it R. fruticosus} agg. Occasional trees of {\it Quercus robur} present, mainly along boundary.

5. Overgrown corner with mosaic of rank neutral grassland/tall ruderals plus scattered scrub and broadleaved trees. This vegetation is characterised by {\it A. elatius, Dactylis glomerata, Urtica dioica, R. fruticosus} agg., {\it Calystegia sepium, Glechoma hederacea} and {\it Heracleum sphondylium}. Occasional trees of {\it Q. robur} and {\it Fraxinus excelsior}, plus bushes of {\it Salix cinerea}. Adjacent to road were noted: {\it Tripleurospermum} sp., {\it Polygonum aviculare, Persicaria maculosa, Chenopodium} spp., {\it Potentilla anserina, Sonchus arvensis} and {\it Cirsium arvense}. 

Additional species noted in general along this first stretch of verge include {\it Deschampsia cespitosa, Pulicaria dysenterica, Centaurea nigra, Ranunculus acris}. Generally much-colonised by {\it Urtica dioica} and {\it Cirsium} spp. etc.

6. Small corner of broadleaved woodland with canopy of {\it Quercus robur}. Almost totally lacking a field and shrub layer. Locally occasional {\it Corylus avellana} and {\it Prunus laurocerasus} making up very sparse shrub layer.

7. Narrow strip of broadleaved woodland with canopy of {\it Fraxinus excelsior} and {\it Q. robur}. Shrub layer includes {\it Corlyus avellana, Ilex aquifolium, F. excelsior} (saplings) and {\it Crataegus monogyna}. The field layer includes {\it R. fruticosus} agg. and {\it Hedera helix} with locally occasional {\it Hyacinthoides non-scripta, Pteridium aquilinum} and {\it Lonicera periclymenum}.

8. Small block of broadleaved woodland. Canopy again of {\it Q. robur} and {\it F. excelsior}. Shrub layer: {\it Ilex aquifolium, C. avellena, Fagus sylvatica} (sapling), {\it C. monogyna, P. spinosa} and {\it A. campestre}. Field layer includes locally abundant {\it Mercurialis perennis, Silene dioica, Hedera helix, Glechoma hederacea, Circaea lutetiana, Urtica dioica}, plus locally occasional {\it Dryopteris filix-mas} and {\it Rubus fruticosus} agg. However, elsewhere the woodland floor is fairly bare with abundant leaf litter. Understorey hazels are spindly re-growth from past coppice. Some dumping of lawn clippings noted.

9. Sloping area of broadleaved woodland, here with canopy dominated by {\it Fagus sylvatica}. One fallen dead tree noted, cut into lengths and left {\it in-situ}. Again the field layer is sparse and mainly comprises leaf litter. Clay banks noted with the mosses {\it Mnium hornum} and {\it Hypnum cupressiforme} locally abundant. A deep ditch runs along the eastern edge and several moderate-sized trees of {\it Taxus baccata} are present in this part of the wood (occurring rarely elsewhere also).

10. Small verge of mown amenity grassland. Ornamental trees include {\it Aesculus hippocastanum, Quercus rubra} and {\it Populus nigra} var. {\it italica}.

11. Again, regularly-mown amenity grassland - appears to be managed as part of the garden to the adjacent house. Three mature trees of {\it Quercus robur} and several large trees of {\it Populus} sp. These trees also form the canopy in the adjacent narrow strip of woodland (i.e. planted?). The shrub layer of this feature includes {\it Salix cinerea, S . capraea} and {\it C. avellana}. A small pond appears to be an enlargement of an older-established feature, having a very irregular shape and steep edges with grass cut right down to the water's edge. Sparse marginal vegetation in pond (suggesting regular clearance): occasional/frequent {\it Alisma plantago-aquatica, Typha latifolia, Juncus effusus, Nymphaea alba, Solanum dulcamara, Iris pseudacorus, Mentha} sp. and {\it Scrophularia aquatica}.

12. Broadleaved woodland with canopy of {\it Q. robur} plus some {\it F. excelsior} and {\it F. sylvatica}. Shrub layer includes {\it C. avellana, C. monogyna, Ilex aquifolium} and  {\it A. campestre}.

13. Broadleaved woodland with canopy of {\it F. excelsior} and {\it Acer pseudoplatanus}, plus occasional trees of {\it Q. robur, Taxus baccata, F. sylvatica} and {\it Aesculus hippocastanum}. Shrub layer has abundant {\it Prunus laurocerasus} plus {\it Ilex aquifolium, C. avellana} and {\it Acer campestre}. Field layer has locally abundant {\it Mercurialis perennis, Hedera helix} and {\it Circaea lutetiana}, locally frequent {\it Geranium robertianum} and {\it Brachypodium sylvaticum}, plus locally occasional {\it Carex sylvatica}.

14. Strips of broadleaved woodland with canopy of {\it F. excelsior} plus some {\it Q. robur} and an occasional tree of {\it A. pseudoplatanus}. Dense shrub layer of {\it C. avellana} (spindly, multi-stemmed), {\it Ilex aquifolium} and {\it Sambucus nigra}. Field layer includes {\it Urtica dioica, Hedera helix, Heracleum sphondylium, Geranium robertianum, Rubus fruticosus} agg., {\it Glechoma hederacea, Melica uniflora, Geum urbanum, Silene dioica, Impatiens parviflora, Stellaria holostea, Viola riviniana, Dryopteris filix-mas} and {\it Deschampsia cespitosa}. Several large boundary trees of {\it Q. robur}, some with dead branches evident.

MANAGE:
The majority of the common appears to be largely unmanaged. In places the grassland verges are regularly cut for amenity purposes and in one area, has the appearance of a private garden. The area of grassland at (1) appears to be cut less-frequently. Vegetation immediately next to the roadside is generally regularly cut. On the whole, the grassland communities on the common are rather rank and species-poor. Local evidence of infrequent past coppicing of some hazels in the wooded areas. Localised tipping of grass clippings etc. noted.

Although the individual components of the common are of relatively limited extent, they do form a representative selection typical of the roadside verges in this part of the county. As such they constitute elements in a local complex of wildlife corridors.


FAUNA:
Noted during the site visit were: jackdaw, robin, blue tit, woodpigeon, plus a gatekeeper butterfly.

VEG:
The common lies along the B2126 just north of Jayes Park (Mole Valley district), mainly comprising narrow, wooded verges adjacent to the road.

These secondary broadleaved woodlands have a canopy mainly dominated by trees of {\it Quercus robur}, plus occasional individuals of {\it Fraxinus excelsior, Sorbus aucuparia} and locally, occsional (planted?) conifers (? {\it Tsuga heterophylla}). The shrub layer is generally well-developed and includes {\it Corylus avellana} (with some multi-stemmed), {\it F. excelsior} (sapling), {\it Carpinus betulus, Ulmus procera, Aesculus hippocastanum} (sapling), {\it Ilex aquifolium, Crataegus monogyna, Sambucus nigra, Acer pseudoplatanus} (sapling), {\it Acer campestre, Taxus baccata} (sapling) and {\it Prunus spinosa}. The field layer is similarly diverse, with locally frequent/abundant {\it Hedera helix} and {\it Rubus fruticosus} agg., locally frequent {\it Mercurialis perennis, Circaea lutetiana, Lonicera periclymenum, Viola riviniana, Teucrium scorodonia, Stachys sylvatica, Geranium robertianum, Glechoma hederacea, Alliaria petiolata}, locally occasional {\it Dryopteris filix-mas, Stellaria holostea, Pteridium aquilinum, Hyacinthoides non-scripta, Heracleum sphondylium, Rumex sanguineus} and {\it Silene dioica}. Quite abundant leaf litter in places.

At one point near to the road there is a patch of wet woodland along a drain. This has {\it Salix cinerea, Urtica dioica, Oenanthe crocata} and {\it Mentha} sp. 

The westernmost strip of woodland gives way next to the road to a grassy verge about 5.0m wide which comprises a mix of coarse neutral grassland plus tall ruderal species etc. - {\it Arrhenetherum elatius, Dactylis glomerata, Glechoma hederacea, Heracleum sphondylium, Holcus lanatus, Cirsium arvense, Viola} sp. and {\it Rubus fruticosus} agg. Locally the grassland is slightly more diverse with locally frequent {\it Achillea millefolium} and {\it Pulicaria dysenterica}.

At the eastern end of the common, a track runs to the north. This is adjoined at both sides by recently cut grassland verges. Impossible to survey accurately as these verges had just been cut, although there appears to be an element of tall ruderal species present: {\it Heracleum sphondylium, Urtica dioica} and {\it Rumex obtusifolius}. Occasional small planted trees of {\it Quercus} sp. noted along here. 

Both sides of this strip have well-maintained hedges: these include {\it Quercus robur, Prunus spinosa, R. fruticosus} agg., {\it Corylus avellana, Ilex aquifolium, Rosa canina, Acer campestre, Lonicera periclymenum}. One large {\it Q. robur} tree with die-back of the crown noted. A ditch runs along the base of this hedge (W. side) and includes {\it Oenanthe crocata, Urtica dioica, Cirsium arvense} and {\it Heracleum sphondylium}.

MANAGE:
The majority of the common appears to be un-managed, although there is evidence of infrequent coppicing of hazels in the shrub layer of the woodland. The grassland along the lane appears to be quite species-poor. This vegetation just cut at time of site visit - not clear if a hay crop will be gathered or if cut material will be just left to decompose. Adjacent hedges are well-managed. Occasional oak trees planted along these grass verges.

The wooded portion has quite a diverse species composition. A policy of non-intervention is probably the most appropriate form of management, although occasional coppicing/thinning should do no harm.


FAUNA:
Noted during the site visit were: blue tit, robin, wood pigeon, greenfinch, 7-spot ladybird, large white and speckled butterflies. Grey squirrel.

VEG:
The common comprises sevefal narrow roadside verges generally in proximity to the A29 close to the southern border of the county (Mole Valley district).

A. Friday Street: Portion east of A29 in hamlet of Ockley.

1. Small block of broadleaved woodland with a canopy of maturing {\it Quercus robur}, plus occasional trees of {\it Acer pseudoplatanus} and {\it Ilex aquifolium}. Beneath this is a shrub layer of smaller {\it Q. robur} trees, plus {\it Acer campestre, Carpinus betulus, Crataegus monogyna} and {\it Fraxinus excelsior}. One large clump of {\it Prunus laurocerasus} noted, plus, next to the road, one large tree of {\it Malus} sp. The field layer mainly comprises {\it Rubus fruticosus} agg. with abundant leaf litter. Also noted: locally frequent {\it Brachpodium sylvaticum, Hedera helix} and locally occasional {\it Festuca gigantea, Viola} sp., {\it Geranium robertianum, Rumex sanguineus} and {\it Stachys sylvatica}.

On the southern side of the minor road from here runs a grass verge cut by adjacent householders, with bare ground tracks to the houses.

2. Species-poor neutral grassland with what appear to be canopy trees from a former area of woodland. These trees are of {\it Quercus robur} and {\it F. excelsior}. Locally small remnants of a woodland field layer persist.

3. Narrow roadside verge/row of (mostly broadleaved) trees: {\it Tilia} sp., {\it Fraxinus excelsior, Ilex aquifolium, Prunus laurocerasus, Ulmus} sp., {\it Aesculus hippocastanum} and {\it Taxus baccata}. 

B. Portions in vicinity of Paynes Green.

4. Small strip of broadleaved woodland; canopy comprising {\it Quercus robur}. Shrub layer includes {\it Fraxinus excelsior} (saplings/small trees), {\it Crataegus monogyna, Prunus spinosa, Acer campestre} and {\it Rosa canina}. Field layer: {\it Hedera helix, Glechoma hederacea, Urtica dioica, Mercurialis perennis, Stellaria holostea, Dactylis glomerata} and {\it Rumex sanguineus}.

5. Small plot with dense scrub/broadleaved trees: {\it Q. robur, P. spinosa, Ulmus} sp. One bush of {\it Euonymus europaeus} noted. Field layer includes locally abundant {\it Glechoma hederacea, Rubus fruticosus} agg., locally frequent {\it Stellaria holostea, Dactylis glomerata}, locally occasional {\it Arum maculatum, Bromus ramosus, Dryopteris filix-mas} and {\it Stachys sylvatica}. Small pond shaded by large trees of {\it Salix cinerea}. Deep layer of leaf litter across pond. Some marginal vegetation includes {\it Iris pseudacorus, Ranunculus flammula, Urtica dioica, Lysimachia vulgaris, Glyceria fluitans} and {\it Solanum dulcamara}.

6. Narrow roadside strip of broadleaved woodland. Canopy dominated by {\it Q. robur} with occasional trees of {\it F. excelsior} and {\it A. campestre}. The shrub layer is fairly diverse with {\it Corylus avellana} (past coppice?), {\it C. monogyna, A. campestre, P. spinosa, Euonymus europaeus, Ilex aquifolium, Malus sylvestris, Cornus sanguinea, Lonicera periclymenum} and {\it Tamus communis}. Field layer includes locally abundant {\it Mercurialis perennis, Hedera helix, Stellaria holostea, Glechoma hederacea}, locally frequent {\it Urtica dioica, Melica uniflora, Brachypodium sylvaticum} plus locally occasional {\it Geum urbanum, Hyacinthoides non-scripta, Dryopteris filix-mas} and {\it Viola} sp. A stepped-bank runs the entire length of this section. Mosses noted along here: {\it Eurynchium praelongum, Hypnum cupressiforme} and {\it Mnium hornum}. This woodland appears to lie within NVC type W8.

MANAGE:
A. Friday Street: Portion east of A29 in hamlet of Ockley: cutting of grassland (mostly by adjacent residents).

B. Paynes Green sections: No management of these areas. Some evidence of past coppicing of hazels. Wooded strip at (6) displays a fairly diverse and somewhat base-rich species composition. Would be worth a more detailed survey in the spring.

Although widely dispersed and of relatively limited extent, the habitats on the common form a part of a local resource of roadside verges, which may be important 'wildlife corridors'.


FAUNA:
Noted during the site visit were: wren, blackbird, blue tit, nuthatch, speckled wood butterfly.

VEG:
The common comprises a series of roadside verges, mainly along the edges of the A24, between the village of Capel and the southern boundary of the county (Mole Valley district).

1. Block of broadleaved woodland; canopy dominated by {\it Quercus robur}, with occasional {\it Betula pendula}, plus locally occasional {\it Fagus sylvatica} and {\it Sorbus aria}. One tree of {\it Pinus sylvestris} noted. Shrub layer includes {\it Corylus avellana, Carpinus betulus, Crataegus monogyna, Ilex aquifolium} and {\it Lonicera periclymenum}, plus locally occasional individuals of {\it Acer pseudoplatanus} (saplings/small trees), {\it Malus sylvestris, Sorbus aria, Prunus laurocerasus, Prunus} sp. and {\it Frangula alnus}. Field layer: locally abundant {\it Rubus fruticosus} agg., {\it Hedera helix}, locally frequent {\it Circaea lutetiana}, {\it Brachypodium sylvaticum, Pteridium aquilinum, Teucrium scorodonia}, locally occasional {\it Dryopteris filix-mas} and {\it Hyacinthoides non-scripta}. Abundant leaf litter present, plus an occasional fallen tree of {\it B. pendula}.

2. Clark's Green comprises a fairly coarse sward of species-poor semi-improved grassland (unmanaged). Thus is dominated by {\it Holcus lanatus}, with locally abundant {\it Arrhenetherum elatius}, frequent/abundant {\it Cirsium arvense} and {\it Stellaria media}, locally frequent {\it Lolium perenne} and {\it Sonchus arvensis}, plus locally occasional {\it Rumex obtusifolius} and {\it Senecio jacobaea}. At the edges of the roads were noted frequent/abundant {\it Urtica dioica, Cirsium arvense, Pulicaria dysenterica}, occasional-frequent {\it Lotus pedunculatus, Deschampsia cespitosa, Juncus inflexus, Epilobium hirsutum} and {\it R. fruticosus} agg. There are also occasional trees of {\it Fraxinus excelsior} (and {\it A. pseudoplatanus}) alongside the A24 here.

3. The southern part of Clark's Green is fringed by a mix of coarse grassland/tall ruderals plus scattered trees, merging into a broadleaved woodland. Noted here were: {\it Q. robur, C. monogyna, Epilobium hirsutum, Cirsium palustre, Heracleum sphondylium, R. fruticosus} agg., {\it Cirsium arvense, Pulicaria dysenterica, Sambucus nigra}. The true woodland areas have a canopy of {\it Q. robur}. Locally the field layer has frequent/abundant {\it Mercurialis perennis} and {\it Hedera helix}.

4. Verge of broadleaved woodland; canopy comprising {\it Q. robur}. Shrub layer includes {\it C. monogyna, Sambucus nigra} and {\it Corylus avellana}. Field layer mainly {\it R. fruticosus} agg. Locally occasional {\it Dryopteris filix-mas} and {\it D. dilatata}. There is also one area of dense scrub present, dominated by {\it Salix cinerea/S. capraea}. In addition, the woodland is also becoming scrubby next to the road. A ditch alongside the edge of the road includes locally frequent {\it Iris pseudacorus, Carex otrubae, Mentha} sp., {\it Lotus pedunculatus, Juncus effusus}, plus locally occasional {\it Typha latifolia, Pulicaria dysenterica} and {\it Angelica sylvestris}.

5. Area of tall-herb grassland. Includes {\it Deschampsia cespitosa, Arrhenatherum elatius, Angelica sylvestris, Centaurea nigra, Rumex obtusifolius, Pulicaria dysenterica, Cirsium arvense} and {\it C. palustre}. A small pond to the edge, shown on the O.S. map, is no longer present.

The remainder of the common mainly comprises further small strips of woodland and also mown grassland verges and in places includes metalled pavements alongside the A24. Adjacent to the new roundabout on the A24, a section of the common appears to have become part of the new road.

NB. Several small fragments of the common, all individually much less than a hectare (in fact the largest only approaching 0.1ha) were widely dispersed and it was not considered a valuable use of limited time to locate and survey them.

MANAGE:
Many of the narrower strips of roadside verge are mown by the local authority for visibility and amenity purposes. Often there is a metalled pavement. A small plot in the village of Capel forms a metalled car parking area.

The grassland at Clark's Green is generally very species-poor and appears to be unmanaged at present although it may be cut occasionally. 

However, there is a further area of tall grassland along Rusper Road (5), which has a much greater species diversity. This has a well-developed structural diversity of habitats and may be important for certain groups of invertebrates (e.g. some butterflies). This area appears to be in urgent need of appropriate management (i.e. mowing) if its nature conservation value is to be retained. It appears to have formerly been grazed by stock from the adjacent farm, but this has probably now ceased. Ideally, such a sward should be cut once or possibly twice a year, after mid-summer (to allow seed-setting to take place). In view of the valuable three dimensional element to the sward {of possible invertebrate interest), a rotational cut would be recommended, in order to maintain a continuity of this feature. Cut material should be removed to prevent eutrophication. More detailed survey and monitoring of this area is recommended.

Taken as a whole, the wooded elements of the common and some of the uncut grassland habitats appear to form local 'wildlife corridors'.

Other management noted: clearance of roadside drains.


FAUNA:
Noted during the site visit were: blue tit and nuthatch.

VEG:
This common lies close to the enlarged A24/A29 junction in the vicinity of the hamlet of Beare Green (Mole Valley district). The site comprises a series of roadside verges with a number of habitats present. Note that a section originally registered as part of the common has since been removed from the register.

1. Small block of broadleaved woodland adjacent to the modified road layout. The canopy is dominated by {\it Quercus robur}. There is a dense undershrub layer which includes: {\it Fraxinus excelsior, Prunus spinosa, Rubus fruticosus} agg., {\it Corylus avellana} and {\it Ulmus} sp.

Along the minor road to the south of here are a series of narrow amenity grassland verges, locally forming a part of a private garden and also frequently crossed by drives to adjacent properties.

2. A small but complex plot of land opposite a school. Central area has a stand of dense scrub/trees: {\it Salix cinerea, Quercus robur, Crataegus monogyna, Sambucus nigra} and {\it R. fruticosus} agg. This is bounded by a band of coarse neutral grassland/tall ruderal species. The dominant species are {\it Arrhenetherum elatius} and {\it Dactylis glomerata}. Locally frequent associates include {\it Torilis japonica, Pulicaria dysenterica, Epilobium hirsutum, Cirsium arvense} and {\it Senecio jacobaea}, plus locally occasional plants of {\it Dipsacus fullonum}. Along the main road and also following the school drive is a 6-7m wide strip of mown amenity grassland.

3. On the other side of the school drive is more amenity grassland with occasional planted ornamental trees: {\it Malus} sp., {\it Rosa} sp., {\it Corylus avellana, Prunus} sp., {\it Betula} sp. and a species of conifer. There is also a small area opposite an adjoining house which has been planted with ornamental shrubs.

To the southern edge of this plot, the boundary of the common appears to include a double garage!

4. Mostly dense scrub with some broadleaved trees (incl. two {\it Malus} sp.). Also one small clump of {\it Fallopia japonica}.

To the south of here lies an area of bare ground comprising a drive to some houses, plus an area used as car parking.

5. A very complex little area, which includes a small pond. This is fringed by {\it Typha latifolia, Glyceria fluitans, Juncus effusus, J. articulatus} and {\it Carex} sp. (? {\it C. acutiformis}) plus locally frequent {\it Crassula helmsii}. The open water contains {\it Myriophyllum} sp. (? {\it M. aquaticum}) and {\it Elodea} sp. Habitats adjacent to the pond include coarse grassland/tall ruderals and scattered broadleaved trees. Species noted include a large bush of {\it Buddleja} sp., small infestations of {\it Fallopia japonica} and locally frequent {\it Rumex obtusifolius}.

6. Small strip of scrubby broadleaved woodland. Canopy mainly {\it Q. robur} with locally frequent small trees of {\it Acer pseudoplatanus}. The shrub layer includes previously cut-back/coppiced {\it C. avellana} and occasional {\it Salix cinerea}. The field layer includes {\it R. fruticosus} agg., {\it Pteridium aquilinum} and {\it Hedera helix}, plus locally occasional {\it Hyacinthoides non-scripta} and {\it Arum maculatum}. Abundant re-growth of sapling {\it A. pseudoplatanus} along strip of woodland cleared beneath power supply lines.

The lane to the south of here is mainly again flanked with narrow mown strips of amenity grassland. Note than a small outlying portion forms part of a private garden to the adjacent house.

MANAGE:
Much of the grassland of the common is managed by fairly frequent mowing (local authority/adjacent householders) and appears to have no species interest. A variety of trees (and some non-native shrubs) planted on these areas. Some infestations of {\it Reynoutria japonica.} Occurrence of {\it Buddleja} sp. probably due to being discarded from garden. 

A grassland verge to the south-east, opposite a farm, appears to be less-frequently cut. It had been cut a week or so prior to the site visit and the grass cuttings had been left {\it in situ}. It may be worth looking at this area when the sward is in a suitable condition for survey. If it were botanically interesting, an appropriate management regime would be two annual cuts from mid/late-summer onwards, with subsequent removal of the cut grass to prevent eutrophication.

Woodland areas appear generally unmanaged and are also of little conservation value, but may be used by garden birds etc.

Small area of the common constitutes the garden of an adoining private residence and is accordingly managed by the owner of this property.


FAUNA:
Noted during the site visit were: blue tit, jay, robin.

VEG:
This common lies within Tandridge district, just to the east of Horley. The unit comprises three separate parcels of land. 

The major portions of the site (1) comprise a mosaic of dense scrub with broadleaved trees. This consists of: {\it Crataegus monogyna, Salix cinerea, S. capraea, Prunus spinosa, Corylus avellana, Sambucus nigra, Fraxinus excelsior} and occasional {\it Quercus robur}. The field layer is quite varied, with some wet areas noted. Species present include {\it Rubus fruticosus} agg., {\it Circaea lutetiana, Lotus pedunculatus, Scrophularia aquatica, Carex remota, Urtica dioica, Hedera helix, Mentha} sp., {\it Silene dioica, Festuca gigantea, Dryopteris filix-mas, D. dilatata, Prunella vulgaris} and {\it Geum urbanum}. Mosses noted: {\it Atrichum undulatum} and {\it Eurynchium praelongum}.

Along the narrow strip running eastwards (2) there is a drain which has recently been cleared-out. This leads to a small eastern arm (3) which has a mixture of scrub and tall ruderals: {\it Salix cinerea, R. fruticosus} agg., {\it Rosa canina, Calystegia sepium, Salix capraea, C. monogyna, Urtica dioica, Arrhenatherum elatius, Heracleum sphondylium, Epilobium hirsutum, Pulicaria dysenterica} and {\it Senecio jacobaea}. Also present in a ditch at the edge of the road: {\it Typha latifolia} and {\it Mentha} sp. To the north of here lies a bare earth drive with a pull-in/parking area at the side.

The portion to the east of the M23 (4) has a mosaic of coarse neutral grassland, tall ruderal species and scattered scrub. Noted here were: {\it A. elatius, Dactylis glomerata, Rubus fruticosus} agg., {\it Salix capraea, C. monogyna, Achillea millefolium, Cirsium arvense, Calystegia sepium, Ranunculus repens, Senecio jacobaea, Urtica dioica, Rosa canina, H. sphondylium, Stellaria graminea, Epilobium hirsutum, Solidago} sp. (? {\it S. canadensis}), {\it Mentha} sp., {\it Artemisia vulgaris, Elytrigia repens, Polygonum aviculare} and {\it Matricaria matricarioides}.

MANAGE:
The common is unmanaged. Due to its small size, the site is unlikely to have any siginficant nature conservation value, although it may form a refuge for local wildlife. There has been extensive dumping of garden rubbish and some rubble on various parts of the site. This, together with eutrophication from dogs, may pose a threat to the site.


FAUNA:
No information available in relation to the fauna present on this common. However, a small part overlaps with a site which has an entry in the Invertebrate Site Register (Grade C) - see CL 91.

VEG:
The common is situated on the North Downs immediately north-west of Dorking (Mole Valley district). The area occupied by the site lies to the eastern side of Ranmore Common and is situated on the plateau and dip slope of the escarpment. The North Downs are formed from Cretaceous Chalk, although the summit ridge is capped by clay-with-flints, which also extends down onto the spurs of the dip slope. This has given rise to well-drained acidic brown earth soils. 

Most of the common lies within the Ranmore Common SSSI (see map). In view of this and the fact that there was much other existing biological information, including recent Phase 2 vegetation surveys, this common was not visited during the course of the present project.

The SSSI as a whole constitutes a large and continuous block of woodland. Some stands, mainly along the northern fringes of the SSSI, are considered to be ancient in origin (i.e. have been continuously wooded since at least 1600 AD). In the main, these woods do not occur on common land (i.e. Dorking Wood and Bagden Wood). In fact the Surrey Ancient Woodland Inventory does not highlight any areas of ancient woodland on this particular common and most of the woods here appear to be of secondary origin. 

The common has two main woodland associations:

(1). Long-established (but non-ancient) woodland. 

This lies on the dip slope along the north-western portion of the site. This has a mixed canopy which includes trees of {\it Taxus baccata, Fagus sylvatica} and {\it Fraxinus excelsior}. The shrub layer comprises and {\it Corylus avellana} (with some old coppice present), plus {\it Ilex aquifolium}. The field layer is strongly calcicolous, being dominated by {\it Mercurialis perennis} and {\it Brachypodium sylvaticum}, with occasional {\it Rubus fruticosus} agg. and {\it Ruscus aculeatus}. Bryophtyes are well-represented, with {\it Eurynchium striatum, E. praelongum, Thuidium tamariscinum, Mnium hornum} and {\it Atrichum undulatum}. This woodland primarily belongs to NVC type W12c, but with smaller areas more closely associated either with W8a or W13a.

On the ground there is much evidence, in the form of soil workings and small pits etc. that this area of the wood could have been cleared in the past.  N.B. The Ranmore Common SSSI is also highlighted in the Surrey Lowland Heathland Inventory. This includes any sites that may have heathland vegetation, suggesting that some of the secondary woods may be considered to have developed on heathland habitats.

(2). More recent woodland has arisen on the plateau by colonisation of former acidic grassland and bracken {\it Pteridium aquilinum} by {\it Betula} sp. and {\it Acer pseudoplatanus}. This equates to NVC type W16a.

Moving to the southern side of the common, the plateau here still retains some open habitat, comprising a mosaic of dense bracken, being colonised to varying a extent by the advancing trees. There are some areas of dense {\it Ulex europaeus} scrub, while locally, there are small remaining fragments of open acidic grassland. The most open swards are dominated by {\it Deschampsia flexuosa} with, between the tussocks, {\it Agrostis capillaris, A. stolonifera, Rumex acetosella, Galium saxatile} and {\it Potentilla erecta} (NVC type U2a). Areas of grassland next to the main track are becoming very coarse with {\it Dactylis glomerata, Arrhenatherum elatius} and {\it Rumex acetosa}.

MANAGE:
There appears to be a relatively low level of management on this site. Some areas which were affected by the 1987 and 1990 storms have been cleared, although at the time of the Phase 2 survey there was still a lot of wind-thrown timber remaining. Some limited tree planting has taken place in affected areas. The woodlands on this common form an interesting contrast with their larger contiguous neighbour, CL 91 - in that they have not been strongly influenced by the earlier planting of non-native species.

The grassland/bracken areas are unmanaged, this being the reason for the colonisation by birch and gorse. In the absence of grazing, the long-term outlook for this habitat is poor. This is significant, as "Lowland dry acidic grassland" is one of the "Priority Habitats" of the UK Biodiversity Action Plan. There appears to have been some chemical clearance of bracken on this part of the common in recent years, together with some thinning of birch scrub. Invasion by gorse is reported to now be a problem.

NB. The portion of the Ranmore Common SSSI which comprises this common is being considered for denotification.


FAUNA:
Noted during the site visit were: robin, jay, swallow, housemartin, wood pigeon, blue tit, nuthatch, rabbit, grey squirrel.

VEG:
The common lies in Tandridge district close to the eastern boundary of the county, immediately north of the M25 motorway. 

The common effectively comprises a series of road verges along the course of a minor road. The largest area comprises broadleaved semi-natural woodland. The canopy conists mainly of mature trees of {\it Quercus robur} and {\it Fraxinus excelsior}. The wood is quite scrubby in places, with a diverse shrub layer which includes {\it Crataegus monogyna, C. laevigata, Rosa canina, Cornus sanguinea, Fraxinus excelsior, Corylus avellana, Prunus spinosa, Acer campestre, Rubus fruticosus} agg. and {\it Salix cinerea}. The field layer is also quite species-rich and includes locally abundant {\it Glechoma hederacea, Mercurialis perennis, Hedera helix} and {\it Urtica dioica}, locally frequent {\it Ranunculus repens, Filipendula ulmaria, Brachypodium sylvaticum} and occasional {\it Lamiastrum galeobdolon, Festuca gigantea, Silene dioica, Geum urbanum, Vicia sepium, Bromus ramosus, Angelica sylvestris, Hyacinthoides non-scripta, Lonicera periclymenum} and {\it Circaea lutetiana}. The woodland floor has abundant leaf litter and the moss {\it Eurynchium praelongum} is also locally abundant. {\it Tamus communis} noted growing on trees; abundant leaf litter; small quantities of fallen dead timber. The woodland appears to belong within NVC type W8.

Further northwards the woodland passes into dense scrub and broadleaved trees. Species present include {\it Salix capraea, S. cinerea, Corylus avellana, Quercus robur, Fraxinus excelsior, Crataegus monogyna, Viburnum opulus, Rubus fruticosus} agg., {\it Acer campestre} and {\it Rosa} sp. Field layer species include: {\it Cirsium arvense, Pulicaria dysenterica, Holcus lanatus, Odontites vernus, Phleum pratense, Urtica dioica, Carex pendula, Epilobium hirsutum, Calystegia sepium, Solidago} sp. (? {\it S. canadensis}), {\it Mercurialis perennis, Hedera helix, Glechoma hederacea, Lamiastrum galeobdolon} and {\it Aegopodium podagraria}. 

To the extreme north of the common is a small triangular plot of land which lies unfenced from an adjacent arable field. This area has been planted-up with trees of {\it Castanea sativa} (some have died), beneath which is a mix of tall ruderal and other species which have colonised what was possibly ploughed ground. Noted here were: {\it Cirsium arvense, Sonchus} spp., {\it Urtica dioica, Picris echioides, Lapsana communis, Calystegia sepium, Heracleum sphondylium, Rumex obtusifolius, Lamium album, Epilobium hirsutum, Stachys sylvatica, Glechoma hederacea, Circaea lutetiana, Dactylis glomerata, Malva moschata} and {\it Elytrigia repens}. Some trees of {\it Betula} sp. appear to have been cut within this area prior to the planting of the {\it C. sativa}.

To the south of the common the verges are narrower and support a mixture of coarse neutral grassland and tall ruderal species. There are also bare-ground lay-bys at both edges of the road. Species recorded: {\it Juncus inflexus, Artemisia vulgaris, Holcus lanatus, Angelica sylvestris, Pulicaria dysenterica, Arrhenatherum elatius, Dactylis glomerata, Lathyrus pratensis, Epilobium hirsutum, Vicia cracca, Filipendula ulmaria, Picris hieracioides, P. echioides, Rumex obtusifolius, Hypericum hirsutum, Cirsium arvense} and {\it Phleum pratense}.

MANAGE:
The greater part of the common appears unmanaged at present. Some of the hazels in the woodland shrub layer appear to have been infrequently coppiced in the past. 

The common supports a fairly species-rich and structurally varied assemblage of scrub and woodland habitats. Taken with the additional species and structural diversity introduced by the grassland/ruderal and other habitats, the site, despite its small size, appears to be of nature conservation importance at a local level (eg. birds of woodland edge, invertebrates such as butterflies and also small mammals). Although the site is of a relatively small extent, it lies adjacent to, and partly contiguous with, several other local blocks of woodland and therefore forms a small part of this complex. The small size probably limits the potential for any form of management, and non-intervention is probably the best option.

The small northern triangle is effectively part of a larger adjoining arable field. It is unfenced from the latter, but is fenced from the remainder of the common (barbed-wire). The planting of sweet chestnut trees here may have been undertaken as part of a Countryside Stewardship agreement or non-rotational Set-aside for arable land. There has been some dumping of waste silage in this area and also some tipping of rubble next to the lay-bys at the southern tip.


FAUNA:
There are no records of fauna relating specifically to this common. However, the site lies within a larger area which has a Grade C entry in the Invertebrate Site Register (South Hawke). This is a top national site for Opiliones (Diptera).

VEG:
The common lies on the dip slope of the North Downs, to the south of Woldingham (Tandridge district). The site lies partly within the Woldingham and Oxted Downs SSSI and there is survey information available for the whole common from a variety of sources. Due to time constraints, this site was therefore not visited during the course of the present survey.  

The portion of the common which lies within the SSSI is that shown on the habitat map as 'A111' - semi-natural broadleaved woodland. A narrow strip of this, lying along the western edge of the common is highlighted as "Ancient Semi-natural Woodland" (ASNW) in the Surrey Ancient Woodland Inventory.

The larger portion of the woodland (i.e. Chaldon's Farm Wood) comprises woodland of NVC type W10a (typical community). Here the canopy is dominated by {\it Quercus robur}, with some {\it Fraxinus excelsior, Sorbus aucuparia, Betula pendula, Acer campestre} and {\it Corylus avellana}. The shrub layer contains {\it Cornus sanguinea, Crataegus monogyna} and coppiced {\it Corylus avellana}. The field layer comprises {\it Pteridium aquilinum, R. fruticosus} agg. and {\it Hyacinthoides non-scripta}. There are localised areas of sandy acidic soil which have an increased frequency of {\it B. pendula} and a field layer with {\it Aira praecox, Sagina procumbens, Aphanes arvensis} and {\it Rumex acetosa}. These areas are transitional with NVC type W16 (typical community). Recorded from such an area is {\it Anagallis arvensis} subsp. {\it caerulea}: GR TQ 368 537 (described as "scarce", but not actually recorded as a nationally scarce species - source JNCC, 1994).

The narrow eastern arm of the common has woodland of NVC type W8a. The canopy is dominated by {\it Fraxinus excelsior}, both as mature and young trees. Other associates include {\it Sorbus aria, Fagus sylvatica, Acer campestre} and {\it A. pseudoplatanus}. The shrub layer is generally well-developed, especially where gaps have occurred following storm damage, and contains {\it Crataegus monogyna, Cornus sanguinea, Viburnum lantana} and {\it Euonymus europaeus}. The field layer is diverse and is generally characterised by {\it Mercurialis perennis, Ajuga reptans, Viola riviniana, Primula vulgaris} and {\it Glechoma hederacea}. Other associates include {\it Listera ovata, Orchis mascula, Ribes rubrum, Carex sylvatica} and {\it Veronica montana}.

To the south of the main block of woodland lies a small area of planted coniferous woodland. This lies outside the boundary of the SSSI.

A small area of enclosed grassland lies within the boundary of the common. This also lies outside the SSSI boundary. The old Phase 1 survey shows this to be unimproved neutral grassland. Notes from English Nature's monitoring file (1996) mention that this "paddock" is overgrown with {\it Cirsium} spp. and {\it Senecio jacobaea} and is also being invaded by scrub (ungrazed at this time).

MANAGE:
The woodland of the common is recorded to be occasionally coppiced by local people, who also collect some firewood. Despite this, there is an abundance of dead wood, both fallen and standing dead trees. Material generated from the 1987 storm has been made safe and left {\it in situ}. The woodland also has some rabbit-grazed glades. Throughout the site in general, paths and rides are maintained at 2-3 metres wide, providing a refuge for grassland species.

Within the SSSI as a whole, the areas of W8 woodland are considered to be  of secondary origin, regenerating mainly on areas of severe storm damage, where beech had been lost from the canopy. These areas tend to have a species-rich ground flora, especially in the many glades.

The two W10 areas within the SSSI (including that within this common), although differing in character, are both floristically rich and contain many of the recorded woodland/ancient woodland species. These areas appear to have suffered relatively little storm damage.

The paddock is somewhat overgrown and becoming invaded by scrub. Ideally this scrub should be cleared and grazing reintroduced.


FAUNA:
No specific information on fauna relating to this particular common, which was not visited during the course of the present survey. However, part of the common is coincident with a wetland nature reserve which is located within the South-West London Reservoirs and Gravel Pits proposed Special Protection Area (pSPA)/RAMSAR site.

VEG:
The common comprises three parcels of land lying at the extreme northern edge of the county (Spelthorne district) and forming part of a larger mosaic of common land with the contiguous CL 31. There was originally confusion over the allocation of the various parcels of land within the complex to either of the two unit numbers.

The two common land units as a whole have a large amount of information available (see references for this common and also CL 31) and it appeared at first sight that land lying outside the Staines Moor SSSI was all covered by surveys done by Surrey Wildlife Trust as part of the SNCI project (note that only part of this area has been subsequently selected as SNCI - see below). 

The project brief specifies that sites with sufficient amounts of existing information are not re-surveyed. In addition, severe constraints on fieldwork time led to the decision not to visit this particular common. However, many months later, at the time of compiling this report, it was subsequently realised that a significant part of CL 10 was not in fact covered by the SWT surveys. At this time, with the "Completion Phase" of the common land survey already several months beyond the original, and even extended deadlines for completion, it was not possible to visit this area to survey it, although ideally this should be done.

The northern portion of Lammas Court has been visited by SWT surveyors twice in the last 5 years. It is described as a "former unimproved alluvial meadow, which has recently been affected by flood relief works. Banks have been created around the centre of the site, and these and other areas reseeded with a wildflower meadow-ryegrass mix. Three small areas of the original grassland remain. One in the centre now contains few species of interest, at the east is an area which was formerly quite wet but now drier, though it still supports the indicator species {\it Trifolium fragiferum}. The final area is at the south-west of the site, and supports {\it Hordeum secalinum, Centaurea nigra} and {\it Lotus corniculatus} as well as more common grasses and herbs. Unfortunately the remnant areas of the gassland are too small for the site to retain its former importance".

The southern portion of Church Lammas also appears to be former alluvial meadow, and still shown as open grassland habitat by the aerial photograph survey. This area does not appear to have been surveyed by SWT and so may have been considered to be of limited nature conservation potential. However, the area should ideally be fully surveyed.

The remaining portion lies along the course of what was, before the construction of the M25, the A30(T) Staines By-pass. The eastern portion was surveyed by SWT and was found to comprise dry grassland dominated by {\it Poa annua, Festuca rubra} and {\it Cynosurus cristatus}, with frequent {\it Plantago lanceolata} and occasional {\it Brassica napus}.

The remainder of the site lies along the course of the former road, although there is no detailed habitat information available. Oddly, this area lies within the boundary of a nature reserve which centers upon the adjacent "Hilda May Lake", occupying a former gravel pit and relates to the area selected as SNCI.

MANAGE:
The Lammas Court portion is cut for hay and grazed by horses. No information about the Church Lammas portion. The small area of grassland adjacent to the old A30(T) is described as heavily grazed by horses. The remainder of this portion appears to fall within the boundary of a nature reserve.

UK Biodiversity Action Plan "Priority Habitat": "Lowland meadows".


FAUNA:
The SSSI forms one of a suite of water bodies which collectively are known as the "South-West London Water Bodies". This group of sites have been proposed for classification as a wetland of international importance under the Ramsar Convention and also, in terms of its ornithological importance, for classification as a Special Protection Area under the EC Directive 79/409 on the Conservation of Wild Birds.

The reservoirs carry over 1 per cent of the total British wintering populations of tufted duck, pochard, goosander and shoveler; the numbers of shoveler are also internationally significant. Other birds which winter on the reservoirs in large numbers include wigeon, teal, garganey, goldeneye and great crested grebe. 

Wintering wildfowl and wading birds also use Staines Moor as an alternative feeding ground to the reservoirs. These include a large flock of wintering golden plover plus redshank, ruff, snipe and dunlin., 

In recent years Staines Moor has carried up to six wintering short-eared owls and other raptors, such as buzzard and hen harrier, have been recorded on passage.  

Birds which regularly breed on Staines Moor include yellow wagtail, lapwing and meadow pipit. In all 130 species of bird have been recorded from the site in recent years. This includes records of snipe feeding around seasonal ponds on Staines Moor in 1995. Formerly this part of the common was also a breeding locality for this species, in addition to redshank.

Although Staines Moor has not been well studied for invertebrates it does support the oldest known anthills of yellow meadow ant {\it Lasius flavus} in Britain: some of these anthills are estimated to be 180 years old and they have considerable research value. In addition, over sixty species of mollusc have been recorded from the meadows and ditches, while the areas of open water and fen support several species of Odonata including the variable damselfly {\it Coenagrion pulchellum}.

Butterflies recorded from non-SSSI portion: meadow brown, red admiral, small copper and small skipper.

Notable invertebrates, mainly recorded from Butts Pond are: {\it Odontomyia argentata} (a soldier fly) - RDB2, plus a number of nationally notable waterbeetles: {\it Anacaena bipustulata, Enochrus melanocephalus, Helochares lividus, Hydroglyphus pusillus, H. geminus, Peltodytes caesius, Rhantus suturalis} and {\it Noterus crassicornis}.

VEG:
The common comprises several parcels of land lying at the extreme northern edge of the county (Spelthorne district). A major part of the common lies within the Staines Moor SSSI, this area being covered by an English Nature Phase 2 survey of unimproved neutral and acidic grasslands within the county. Much of the non-SSSI land has been surveyed by Surrey Wildlife Trust as part of the SNCI project. Of this land, only the southern part of the northern section of Shortwood Common, an area totalling 5.0 hectares, has been selected as SNCI (GR TQ 050 717 - small map).

The following description has been prepared from the quoted information sources. There is a large amount of available information relating to this site, and the project brief specifies that such areas are not re-surveyed. This, in addition, severe constraints on fieldwork time, led to the decision not to visit this particular common.

Staines Moor, the major portion of the common, together with the smaller area of Shortwood Common, represent the largest area of alluvial meadows in Surrey. Situated upon river sands and gravels, with great variation in terrain and drainage, the area has a wide range of grassland types. These grasslands support a rich flora, including several species which have a restricted distribution in Surrey.

Staines Moor is also crossed by a stretch of the River Colne and there are a variety of open ditches and ponds, the largest of which is to be found on Shortwood Common. In addition, one of the smaller parcels of the common, known as the Poyle Meadows (GR TQ 027 728) includes a short stretch of the Wraysbury River. Three large reserviors within the SSSI do not overlap with common land.

The alluvial meadows have a long history of common grazing, a situaton which has resisted a more intensive agricultural use. They support grasslands of high conservation value due in part to their large extent and also because of their overall high botanical diversity. These grassland communities display a complex distribution, reflecting the influence of soils, drainage, surface topography and past management.

These grassland communities range from dry grassland dominated by {\it Agrostis capillaris} to wet communities with {\it Alopecurus geniculatus, Deschampsia cespitosa, Juncus inflexus} and {\it Glyceria fluitans}. Other associates of the dry grassland include {\it Festuca rubra, F. ovina, Anthoxanthum odoratum, Lolium perenne, Luzula campestris, Lotus corniculatus, Achillea millefolium, Plantago lanceolata} and {\it Rumex acetosella. Galium verum} is locally frequent, whilst {\it Leontodon saxatilis} is frequent on dry banks.

"The low-lying sward is perhaps more typical of river valley grassland. Here {\it L. perenne} is much more prominent and often the most abundant grass with {\it Holcus lanatus, A. capillaris, Festuca rubra} and locally, {\it Deschampsia cespitosa}. Often this has quite high forb cover though the range of species tends to be poor. Species typical of this community are {\it Hypochaeris radicata, Leontodon autumnalis, Ranunculus repens, R. acris, Plantago lanceolata, Rumex acetosa, Centaurea nigra} and {\it Trifolium pratense}. There are occasional patches of {\it Cirsium arvense} and {\it Ononis spinosa}, together with scattered individuals of {\it Senecio jacobaea}". 

Depressions with a permanently high water table occur throughout the meadows and support a fen-type flora with {\it Glyceria maxima, Phalaris arundinacea} and {\it Iris pseudacorus}. Notable species are {\it Polygonum minus, Carex disticha, Dactylorhiza praetermissa, Stellaria palustris, Trifolium fragiferum, Triglochin palustris, Thalictrum flavum} and {\it Moenchia erecta}. In addition, Shortwood Common provides records for {\it Artemisia absinthium, Salvia verbenaca} and the nationally rare (NR) {\it Cynodon dactylon}.

N.B. Nationally rare species - recorded from 15 or fewer ten km squares of the Ordnance Survey grid (Perring and Farrell, 1983).
 
The areas of open water support a rich and varied flora. The rivers (i.e. Colne and Wraysbury) carry stands of tall fen vegetation with {\it Phragmites australis, Juncus} spp. and {\it Iris pseudacorus}. This stretch of the River Colne supports {\it Ranunculus peltatus}, described as an "uncommon plant" in Surrey. The ditch flora includes stands of tall fen vegetation and small aquatic plants such as {\it Sagittaria sagittifolia, Rorippa nasturtium-aquaticum} and {\it Ranunculus trichophyllus}.

The ponds carry a tall fen flora which includes {\it Phragmites australis, Juncus} spp., {\it I. pseudacorus, Bidens tripartita} and {\it Typha latifolia}. Plants of open water include {\it Nymphaea alba, Azolla filiculoides} and {\it Callitriche} spp. 

A variety of notable plants occur in association with the ponds at this site. These are {\it Cyperus fuscus} (NR), which occurs in Shortwood Common Pond, plus {\it Alopecurus aequalis, Eleocharis acicularis, Potamogeton acutifolius, Butomus umbellatus, Bidens cernua, Oenanthe fistulosa, Acorus calamus, Myriophyllum alterniflorum} and {\it Utricularia vulgaris}. 

The most species-rich pond in botanical terms appears to be Butts Pond (GR TQ 029 736), with a total of 53 plant species recorded. It appears that the water level has dropped in recent years. There is occasional flooding with water from the river Wraysbury, but the frequency of this is said to be around only one in every 70 years. There is also concern over the water levels in Shortwood Common Pond and there has been a detailed evaluation of the hydrology of the site in association with management plan preparation.

In addition, there are a number of seasonal ponds in the eastern part of Staines Moor, due in part to frequent winter flooding of the river Colne.

NON-SSSI Portions........

Most of the non-SSSI portions of the common are also areas of old alluvial pasture which orignially formed part of Staines Moor. These have been cut-off, firstly by the railway line and more recently by the Staines by-pass (A308). Much of this grassland is now rather neglected and dominated by species such as {\it Arrhenatherum elatius, Holcus lanatus} and {\it Dactylis glomerata}. However other areas are still grazed by cattle and horses, where {\it A. capillaris} and {\it Festuca rubra} tend to dominate. Other associates include {\it Senecio jacobaea, Achillea millefolium, Potentilla reptans, Glechoma hederacea, Heracleum sphondylium} and {\it Cirsium vulgare}, plus {\it Vulpia bromoides} and {\it Rumex acetosella}, which are particularly associated with anthills and rabbit-scrapings.

Species suggestive of a more diverse grassland flora are more patchily distributed and include {\it Lotus corniculatus, Centaurea nigra, Trisetum flavescens, Hordeum secalinum, Ranunculus bulbosus, Agrimonia eupatoria, Plantago media, Pulicaria dysenterica, Senecio erucifolius, Odontites vernus} subsp. {\it serotina} and {\it Galium verum}. Locally there are damp areas with {\it Iris pseudacorus, Deschampsia cespitosa, Carex hirta} and {\it Festuca arundinacea}. Elsewhere there are transitions to a swamp flora typical of the SSSI, with {\it Phragmites australis, Alopecurus geniculatus, Impatiens capensis} and {\it Persicaria hydropiper}.

Disturbed areas have stands of {\it Urtica dioica} and {\it Rumex obtusifolius}.

Scattered trees (and scrub) occur locally (along boundaries and elsewhere) and include {\it Sambucus nigra, Crataegus monogyna, Salix fragilis, S. alba, S. purpurea, S. x rubens, S. viminalis, Populus alba, Fraxinus excelsior, Ulmus procera, Fagus sylvatica, Aesculus hippocastanum, Rosa canina} and {\it Rosa obtusifolia}. 

Other notable native species from the non-SSSI parts of the common include {\it Aira praecox, Cornus sanguinea, Clematis vitalba, Myosoton aquaticum, Cotoneaster hjelmqvistii} and {\it Elymus canina}. 

There are also areas of formally mown amenity grassland. These support a variety of planted trees which include {\it Acer saccharinum, Populus nigra} var. {\it italica, Salix sepulcralis} notovar. {\it chrysocoma} and {\it Tilia} spp. 

The small pond at GR TQ 026 727 contains {\it Ranunculus lingua}, but as at 1995 was heavily choked with vegetation.

There are also several small areas of land outside the SSSI which were not covered by SWT surveys, a fact which was overlooked when the decision not to visit the common was made. This omission was realised several months later, at the time of writing this report, and it was not possible to visit the site at this time. Ideally these areas should be fully surveyed.

The first such area lies at GR TQ 027 728 and appears to represent a further area of old alluvial pasture forming part of the Poyle Meadows. The second areas lie adjacent to the Shortwood Common complex (Map 1) and the aerial photograph survey suggests that these are largely amenity grassland verges with planted broadleaved trees.

MANAGE:
The common is ecologically important in that it represents the most extensive area of unimproved common pasture in Surrey. The sward has never been ploughed or received other "improvements" such as seeding or applications of lime. This grassland appears to belong to one of the "Priority Habitat" categories of the UK Biodiversity Action Plan, namely: "Lowland meadows".

The major portion of Staines Moor is grazed in summer by cattle and horses. This activity is regulated by a commoners committee known as the "Staines Moormasters". Grazing rights, known as "farrens" can be bought and sold amongst commoners. There is also a management committee, charied by the Borough Council.

In recent years there has been concern over a gradual decline of the botanical diversity of the grassland sward. This has been attributed to a variety of sources which include gravel extraction, the construction of the M25, a run of drought years, high levels of grazing and disturbance due to recreational pressures. 

Work towards a formal management plan commenced with a specialist survey commissioned from Southampton University in the late 1980s, which identified a number of ideal management objectives. Foremost of these was the need to restore, monitor and maintain groundwater levels across the site. In addition, an evaluation of grazing levels suggested that they were near the upper acceptable limit with respect to the conservation interest of the site. Addressing this issue will need the co-operation of the commoners and a careful monitoring of both the grazing regime and the vegetation of the common in order to establish the optimum levels of grazing. One way of helping this situation may be the reintroduction of grazing to portions of the common that have not been grazed in recent years, such as the Poyle Meadows.

The removal of stock between January and April is seen as important for the nature conservation interest of the site.

Monitoring of the vegetation has been taking place since 1993 by members of the Spelthorne Natural History Society. This uses a series of permanent transects, based on the PlantLife "Strategy Theory", developed by the Unit of Comparative Ecology at Sheffield University. After the first two year period it was suggested that the condition of the grassland had improved. This was in part due to a change in the frequency of indicator species (such as a reduction in the frequency of {\it Cirsium arvense}) and also due to changes in sward height and a reduction in the area of bare ground.

Other management on the main common includes harrowing to control scrub invasion. Important in this regard is the need to prevent such activity occurring in the season for ground nesting birds and also to avoid the use of tractor-drawn machinery in the area with ant mounds. Such areas may for example require hand-pulling of ragwort by volunteers.

Shortwood Common is also grazed by horses and the pond is fished. 

The main area of hydrological concern appears to be Staines Moor itself (due to drying out) and the formulation of an appropriate management regime is being geared to a more detailed evaluation of the hydrological conditions of the site.


FAUNA:
Noted during the site visit were: blue tit, wood pigeon, large white butterfly.

VEG:
This small common lies in Esher (Elmbridge district). The site is crossed by a variety of minor roads which form a junction roughly in the middle. The remainder of the site effectively forms road verges, these being closely mown amenity grassland with a variety of ornamental broadleaved (and occasional coniferous) trees. These include, from various parts of the common, {\it Quercus robur, Q. rubra, Acer pseudoplatanus, A. saccharinum, A. platanoides, Acer} sp. (red-leaved variety), {\it Aesculus hippocastanum, Tilia} sp., {\it Taxus baccata, Ilex aquifolium, Fraxinus} sp., {\it Syringa vulgaris, Carpinus betulus, Salix} sp. ('weeping' variety) {\it Prunus} sp., {\it Pinus} sp. and {\it Larix decidua}.

Grassland appears to be mainly dominated by {\it Agrostis capillaris},  locally with {\it Holcus lanatus} or {\it Lolium perenne}. Herbs noted locally include {\it Lotus corniculatus, Trifolium pratense, Leontodon autumnalis, Hypochaeris radicata} and {\it Plantago lanceolata}. 

To either side of the northern part of the common lie ditches. Taller vegetation associated with these includes {\it Rubus fruticosus} agg., {\it Cirsium arvense, Urtica dioica, Aegopodium podagraria, Heracleum sphondylium, Impatiens glandulifera, Apium nodiflorum, Calystegia sepium} and {\it Lycopus europaeus}.

MANAGE:
The main form of management is mowing of the amenity grassland, probably through a combination of the local authortiy and adjacent property owners.


FAUNA:
There is no information on fauna specific to this particular common. The Esher and Oxshott Heaths as a whole have a Grade B entry in the Invertebrate Site Register, with over 2000 species of insects recorded, a great number of which are nationally scarce or rare. The site lies in close proximity to London and has been well-studied by entomologists for many years, with a good range of characteristic invertebrates being noted. However, it is likely that some species have disappeared recently due to the loss in the area of open heathland. For an account of the entomological importance of the SSSI as a whole, please refer to CL 278.

VEG:
The common forms a part of the Esher Commons complex, an SSSI lying within the Elmbridge district. The site lies partly on the acidic soils of the Bagshot Beds and Plateau Gravels locally overlain by peat, and partly on the damp, clay soils of the Claygate Beds. 

A diverse mosaic of habitats includes heathland, grassland, scrub, woodland and several small water bodies with associated swamp and mire habitats. Most of the site was formerly open heath used as common grazing land. Like many lowland heaths in Britain, it has not been grazed for many years and has now become very overgrown with scrub and secondary woodland. Scattered areas of heath survive, and are dominated by {\it Calluna vulgaris} where the soil is dry. This is often mixed with {\it Erica cinerea} or bracken {\it Pteridium aquilinum}.

Fringing most of the site is a secondary broadleaved woodland with a canopy co-dominated by {\it Quercus robur} and {\it Betula} spp. with local {\it Fagus sylvatica, Ulmus} spp., and {\it Acer campestre} with a shrub layer including {\it Crataegus monogyna, Ilex aquifolium} and {\it Prunus spinosa}. Along the stream marking the western boundary with the contiguous CL 278, {\it Alnus glutinosa} and {\it Salix} spp. are abundant. Field layer includes {\it Hedera helix, Circaea lutetiana} and in wet areas, {\it Viola palustris} and {\it Isolepis setacea}.

The central part of the common appears to have a rather scrubby broadleaved woodland of young {\it Betula} spp., {\it Salix} spp. and some {\it Ulex europaeus} over former wet {\it Molinia caerulea} grassland. Some open areas of {\it Molinia} grassland extant at time of Phase 1 survey, but scattered trees/scrub also developing. Adjacent area of dense bracken {\it Pteridium aquilinum} with scattered trees of {\it Betula} spp. 

Remnants of a heathland flora appear to be lacking on this particular site, although it lies within a portion of the SSSI that is shown in the Surrey Lowland Heathland Inventory.

MANAGE:
Available information sources do not include any information about the management of this particular common. For a fuller account of the management and nature conservation importance of the SSSI as a whole, please refer to CL 278. 

Note that "Lowland heathland" and certain types of {\it Molinia} grasslands are listed among the "Priority Habitats" of the UK Biodiversity Action Plan.


FAUNA:
Noted during the site visit: green woodpecker.

VEG:
The common lies at the north-eastern edge of Esher (Elmbridge district). Almost all of the common has been surveyed by Surrey Wildlife Trust as part of the SNCI project and this area has subsequently been designated as SNCI. The survey report includes a general description which has been consulted for the purposes of the common land survey. Additional brief target notes were made during a walk across the site. Most of the common comprises secondary broadleaved woodland. Habitat mapping done with reference to Surrey Phase 1 (aerial photograph) survey.

SWT/SNCI general description....

"The main species in the canopy are oak, ash, sycamore and silver birch with hawthorn, hazel and holly in the understorey. Bordering the stream to the east of the site is a stand of alder and aspen. 

The ground flora throughout the site includes bluebell, wood avens, herb robert, red campion, hedge woundwort and broadleaved willowherb". 

Target notes from present survey....

(1). Main block of woodland as per SWT description. Canopy generally an immature stand of {\it Quercus robur} and {\it Betula pendula}. Locally occasional {\it Populus tremula} and {\it Sorbus aucuparia} noted. Sparse shrub layer associates include {\it Ilex aquifolium, Salix cinerea} and {\it Crataegus monogyna}. Fallen birch trees quite frequent. Leaf litter generally abundant. Some areas of young, thin trees of {\it B. pendula/B. pubescens}. Field layer througout generally of {\it Pteridium aquilinum} and {\it Rubus fruticosus} agg. with locally frequent {\it Hedera helix} and {\it Molinia caerulea}. One area noted of more mature {\it Q. robur}, from which the birch trees had been thinned. 

(2). Marginal area of dense scrub dominated by {\it Salix cinerea}. Open edge associated with drain near to main road includes: {\it Iris pseudacorus, Lycopus europaeus, Solidago canadensis, Arrhenatherum elatius, Deschampsia cespitosa} and {\it Dactylis glomerata}.

(3). This strip runs into an area of coarse neutral grassland with some tall ruderal species: dominant {\it A. elatius}, frequent {\it D. glomerata}, locally abundant {\it Agrostis capillaris} and {\it Festuca rubra}, locally frequent {\it Plantago lanceolata}, locally occasional {\it Achillea millefolium, Centaurea nigra} and {\it Hieracium umbellatum}. Occasional small stands of scrub/trees still present.

MANAGE:
There appears to be little management of the woodland, although one area was noted where birch had been thinned beneath a more mature oak canopy. Brash piles created. Some areas of grassland alongside the A307 and associated roads are kept open by regular mowing, as is the narrow, detatched strip lying just to the south of the main common.

SWT comment: "It has a great local nature conservation interest in that it covers such a large area and supports a mosaic of habitats. It supports fourteen ancient woodland vascular plants and provides habitats suitable for woodland birds, mammals, invertebrates and fungi".


FAUNA:
Noted during site visit were: house sparrow, carrion crow, jay, blue tit, plus large white and painted lady butterflies.

VEG:
The common comprises several parcels of land lying at the southern edge of Thames Ditton (Elmbridge district). Most of the common has been covered by surveys undertaken by Surrey Wildlife Trust as part of the SNCI project and all such areas have been subsequently designated as SNCI. These surveys include general descriptions which have been consulted for the purposes of the common land survey. Additional target notes were made during the present survey. Habitat mapping done with reference to Surrey Phase 1 (aerial photograph) survey.

The western portions of the common are mainly occupied by a small golf course - mostly taking the form of amenity grassland with scattered broadleaved trees, plus areas of coarse grassland. To the north of the railway line (1) the rough was noted locally to contain elements of a heath/acidic grassland flora with {\it Calluna vulgaris, Deschampsia flexuosa} and {\it Rumex acetosella} with locally, {\it Galium saxatile, Potentilla erecta, Molinia caerulea, Holcus lanatus, Agrostis capillaris, Festuca rubra} and {\it Ulex minor}. In addition, SWT general description also notes {\it Stellaria graminea}.

To the north of Weston Green Road (2) the golf course appears to lack the heathy element. Noted however, were marginal areas of taller neutral grassland containing {\it Agrostis capillaris, Phleum pratense, Achillea millefolium, Hypochaeris radicata, Leontodon autumnalis} and {\it Rumex acetosa}. One large patch of {\it Lathyrus latifolius}.

At the northern edge lies a kidney-shaped pond (3) frequented by ducks. Toward the rear and running around the sides is a stand of {\it Typha latifolia} (pond margins much trampled locally by ducks). Elswhere are marginal stands of {\it Juncus effusus} and {\it Eleocharis palustris}. Other scattered marginal plants include {\it Lycopus europaeus, Alisma plantago-aquatica, Iris pseudacorus, Cyperus longus, Glyceria} sp., {\it Juncus inflexus, Lotus pedunculatus} and {\it Mentha aquatica}. Occasional small bushes of {\it Salix} sp. and {\it Ulmus} sp., plus multi-stemmed trees of {\it Salix fragilis}.

Grassland at the southern margin of this pond contains {\it Melilotus altissima, Senecio jacobaea, Artemisia vulgaris, Daucus carota, Trifolium pratense, Achillea millefolium} and {\it Plantago lanceolata}.

Fringing the golf course and occupying significant portions of the eastern sections of the common are areas of secondary broadleaved woodland. In general this is dominated by {\it Q. robur} with some {\it Acer pseuodoplatanus} and {\it Betula pendula} with, rarely, {\it Quercus cerris}.  The shrub layer includes {\it Ilex aquifolium, Crataegus monogyna, Sambucus nigra} and rarely, {\it Sorbus aucuparia}. The field layer is characterised by {\it Rubus fruticosus} agg., {\it Hedera helix, Geum urbanum, Lonicera periclynemum} and rarely by {\it Brachypodium sylvaticum}.

(4) Unmanaged area with overgrown neutral grassland/ruderals/scrub/trees etc. Abundant {\it Agrostis capillaris}, locally abundant {\it Arrhenatherum elatius}, locally frequent {\it Dactylis glomerata, Centaurea nigra, Chamerion angustifolium, Plantago lanceolata, Hypochaeris radicata, Rumex acetosella, Calystegia sepium} and {\it Armoracia rusticana}. Trees/scrub include {\it Quercus robur, Betula pendula, Ulex europaeus, Crataegus monogyna, Salix cinerea, Rubus fruticosus} agg. and {\it Sambucus nigra}.

(5). Pond with marginal growth of frequent/abundant {\it Agrostis stolonifera} and {\it Crassula helmsii}, locally abundant {\it Eleocharis palustris}, locally frequent {\it Lycopus europaeus, Juncus inflexus} and {\it Persicaria maculosa} plus locally occasional {\it Bidens tripartita, Iris pseudacorus, Mentha aquatica} and {\it Juncus articulatus}. Emergent growth of {\it Myriophyllum} sp. (? {\it M. aquaticum}) plus in open water, locally frequent plants of {\it Nuphar lutea}. Pond with single large adjacent tree of {\it Salix} sp. ('weeping' variety). Lots of ducks on pond. Small island in centre, with bushes of {\it Salix} sp. Adjacent amenity grassland with scattered mature trees of {\it Aesculus hippocastanum}, a single tree of {\it Acer} sp., plus several younger trees of {\it Populus} sp. and {\it Tilia} sp. Noted elsewhere in amenity grassland areas: {\it Populus x canadensis}.

(6). Amenity grassland appears quite botanically diverse with {\it Agrostis capillaris, Lolium perenne, Dactylis glomerata, Hypochaeris radicata, Plantago lanceolata, Centaurea nigra, Taraxacum officinale} agg., {\it Rumex acetosa} and ? {\it Ornithogalum} sp. Scrubby strip alongside road with {\it Crataegus monogyna, Quercus} sp., {\it Ilex aquifolium, Rubus fruticosus} agg., {\it Fraxinus excelsior} and {\it Acer pseudoplatanus}.

(7). SW corner of golf course: coarse neutral grassland. Several trees noted here at edge of wooded strip: {\it Robinia pseudoacacia} plus one large tree of {\it Q. cerris}. Further north along Station Road: One tree of {\it Fagus sylvatica} and three of {\it Quercus rubra}. Adjacent to station: row of {\it Populus nigra} var. {\it italica} trees.

MANAGE:
As outlined above, a significant part of the common is managed as a golf course. The main activity therefore is mowing of the various greens. As golf courses go, however, the intensity of management is relatively low and the roughs in particular include areas of neutral grassland and heath/acidic grassland habitat. The latter mosaic equates to two "Priority Habitat" categories of the UK Biodiversity Action Plan, namely "Lowland dry acidic grassland" and "Lowland heathland". In addition, some of the areas of mown grassland elsewhere on the common also appear to be fairly botanically diverse. 

The associated ponds add further habitat diversity, although these are intensively used by semi-domesticated ducks. The wooded sections of the common appear generally unmanaged.

The site as a whole appears to be of local nature conservation importance and is certainly an important area of open space in what is a southern suburb of London. The present, relatively low levels of management on the golf course appear compatible with retaining the botanical diversity. The more diverse areas of grassland should ideally be cut less frequently and the clippings removed to prevent nutrient enrichment of the sward. The area as a whole has a high level of use by the public, dog-walkers in particular. In the long term, nutrient enrichment from this source may lead to a degradation in the botanical diversity of the site. Excessive use of the ponds by ducks may similarly be causing the water to become eutrophicated and their presence is resulting in some trampling/degradation of the marginal vegetation of the ponds.

Less intensively managed parts of the common have in recent years been used for dumping garden and other rubbish. During the summer of 1997, Elmbridge Borough Council in conjunction with the 'Lower Mole Project' put up signs announcing the "Ditton Common Clean-up" to be undertaken by project staff and volunteers.


FAUNA:
Noted during the site visit were: green woodpecker, robin, blue tit, wood pigeon and grey squirrel.

VEG:
The common lies to the north of the county in Weston Green (Elmbridge district).

(1). Area of mown amenity grassland (just cut), with a single tall specimen tree of {\it Populus} sp. (? {\it P. trichocarpa}).

(2). Further area of amenity grassland/ornamental trees, with a ditch to one side lined by scrub/trees etc. - {\it Quercus robur, Acer pseudoplatanus, Aesculus hippocastanum, Fraxinus excelsior, Ulmus} sp., {\it Corylus avellana, Sambucus nigra, Crataegus monogyna, Galium aparine, Hedera helix, Urtica dioica, Carex remota, Alliaria petiolata} and {\it Persicaria hydropiper}. Alongside road and elsewhere in the open grassland are broadleaved trees: {\it Q. robur, Q. cerris, C. monogyna, Tilia} sp. and {\it Sambucus nigra}.

(3). Further amenity grassland with broadleaved trees: {\it Tilia} sp. and {\it Fagus sylvatica}.

(4). Rather complex mosaic of habitats. Again predominantly mown grassland with trees: mostly {\it Q. robur} with locally occasional {\it Fraxinus excelsior, A. hippocastanum, Populus nigra} var. {\it italica} and rare {\it Betula} sp. Around 30 per cent of the area comprises scrubby unmanaged blocks of vegetation: {\it Q. robur, Rubus frutiosus} agg., {\it Ulmus} sp., {\it Sambucus nigra, Crataegus monogyna, Acer pseudoplatanus, Salix cinerea, F. excelsior, Hedera helix, Alliaria petiolata, Artemisia} sp., {\it Heracleum sphondylium, Arrhenatherum elatius, Dactylis glomerata, Bromus sterilis, Calystegia sepium, Malva sylvestris, Symphitum} sp., {\it Lamium album} and ? {\it Ballota nigra}. Also present here: several dead smallish trees of {\it Ulmus} sp., now suckering from the base.

(5). Further area of mown grassland with trees of {\it Q. robur} and {\it Tilia} sp.

MANAGE:
The only form of observed management was mowing of the grassland for amenity purposes.


FAUNA:
Noted during the site visit were: magpie, wren, blue tit, robin, wood pigeon and small copper butterflies.

Esher and Oxshott Heaths have a Grade B entry in the Invertebrate Site Register, with over 2000 species of insects recorded, a great number of which are nationally scarce or rare. The site lies in close proximity to London and has been well-studied by entomologists for many years, with a good range of characteristic heathland insects recorded. However, it is likely that some species have disappeared recently due to the loss in the area of open heathland. The common is notable in that one remaining area of
heath suppors a colony of the scarce silver-studded blue butterfly {\it Plebejus argus} (UK BAP "Priority Species"). 

For a more detailed accound of the overall entomological importance of the SSSI as a whole, please refer to CL 278.

VEG:
The common forms a part of the Esher Commons complex, an SSSI lying within the Elmbridge district (see map). The relatively recent A3 dual carriageway crosses the common, this being excluded from the SSSI, as are several other small outlying portions. The SSSI lies partly on the acidic soils of the Bagshot Beds and Plateau Gravels locally overlain by peat, and partly on the damp, clay soils of the Claygate Beds. A diverse mosaic of habitats include heathland, grassland, scrub and woodland.

Most of the site was formerly open heath used as common grazing land. Like many lowland heaths in Britain, it has not been grazed for many years and has now become very overgrown with scrub and secondary woodland. Scattered areas of heath survive, and are dominated by {\it Calluna vulgaris} where the soil is dry. This is often mixed with {\it Erica cinerea} or bracken {\it Pteridium aquilinum}.

The following description is based upon the various listed sources, with additional target notes being made during a visit to the site. 

The major part of the common comprises secondary broadleaved woodland over the former heath. The canopy is of {\it Quercus robur} and {\it Betula} spp., with a shrub layer that includes {\it Acer pseudoplatanus} (saplings), {\it Sambucus nigra, Ilex aquifolium} and {\it Crataegus monogyna}. The field layer is characterised by {\it Pteridium aquilinum} and {\it Rubus fruticosus} agg. 

The northerly portion of the common is effectively divided into two halves by the A3, lying within a shallow cutting. Extensive planting of trees along the cutting sides. Within this part of the site are various open, heathy areas:

(1). Complex mosaic of habitats: heath vegetation of {\it Erica cinerea} with locally occasional {\it Ulex minor, Hypericum perforatum} and {\it Centaurium erythraea}. Surrounding this are extensive areas of acidic grassland comprising a closely rabbit-grazed sward of {\it Agrostis capillaris} and {\it Festuca ovina}. Other associates of this vegetation include locally frequent {\it Oenothera erythrosepala, Geranium} sp. (probably {\it G. pusillum}), {\it Anagallis arvensis, Erodium circutaurium} and {\it Rumex acetosella}. In addition, this part of the common also has frequent patches of bare ground, probably due to burning. Scattered bushes of {\it Ulex europaeus}, with a topiary shape due to the effects of rabbit grazing. 

Note the area marked as 'J5', this comprising a metalled area with two semi-circular 'pitches' marked-out on it. 

(2). Open heath/acidic grassland of {\it Deschampsia flexuosa} with locally abundant {\it Calluna vulgaris}, occasional/frequent {\it Betula} sp. (saplings), locally frequent {\it Erica tetralix} and {\it Rumex acetosella}. Parts recently cleared of trees. Very scattered fronds of {\it Pteridium aquilinum}.

(3). Dry heath of {\it Erica cinerea} with dense scrub of {\it Ulex europaeus} and scattered trees of {\it Betula} spp.

(4). Fairmile Common North of A3. This area lies within a site surveyed by Surrey Wildlife Trust as part of the SNCI project, and which has been subsequently selected as SNCI. The survey report includes a general description which has been consulted for the purposes of the common land survey. This comprises a further area of secondary woodland with a canopy that includes {\it Quercus} sp., {\it Castanea sativa, Fagus sylvatica} and {\it Betula pendula}. The shrub layer is mainly of {\it Ilex aquifolium} and the field layer mainly of {\it P. aquilinum}.

MANAGE:
As already outlined, the common is situated largely upon former open heath and encompasses small remnants of this habitat, which formerly covered extensive parts of southern England, including Surrey. There have been many accounts of the decline of the habitat, with the suggestion that some 85 per cent of Surrey's heathlands have disappeared over the last two hundred years. In addition, a further 16 per cent decline has taken place between 1975 and 1985 (NCC/Surrey County Council, 1988). In addition, it is estimated that the UK contains around one fifth of Europe's remaining lowland heathland. The causes of this decline include a cessation of traditional grazing (leading to scrub, bracken and ultimately, succession to woodland), plus intensification of agriculture, forestry, afforestation, land enclosures and, more recently, building, especially of housing.

These heaths support a distinctive assemblage of flora and fauna which is severely at risk due to the decline in the extent of the habitat. The importance of the habitat has been widely recognised, with the preparation of an inventory of remaining heathland sites in the county and the preparation by English Nature of a strategy for the conservation of the habitat in the county (English Nature/SCC, 1988). More recently, "Lowland heathland" (in addition to "Lowland dry acidic grassland") have been highlighted by among the "Priority Habitats" of the UK Biodiversity Action Plan. 

Ideal management of these heaths would be the reintroduction of the traditional grazing. However, for a variety of reasons, this is often infeasible. Recent management work on parts of this site have included thinning of encroaching scrub/trees and bracken in an attempt to increase the area of open heathland. Burnt areas accidental?

On the southern portion of the common, a notice was posted at the car park to note that BTCV in conjunction with the Commons Management Team of Elmbridge Borough Council were to undertake clearance of cherry laurel {\it Prunus laurocerasus} and rhododendron {\it Rhododendron ponticum} from the woods.


VEG:
The common lies to the south of Claygate (Elmbridge district). The site has been covered under a survey undertaken by the Surrey Wildlife Trust as part of the SNCI project (external boundary of surveyed area coincides with that of the common). The survey report includes a general description which has been consulted for the purposes of this project. However, none of the surveyed area was subsequently selected as SNCI.

The site lies on Claygate Beds and London Clay. Most comprises a secondary broadleaved woodland, with the canopy mainly comprising {\it Quercus robur} and {\it Fagus sylvatica}, plus some {\it Acer pseudoplatanus, Taxus baccata, Betula pendula, Aesculus hippocastanum} and {\it Pinus sylvestris}.

The main shrub species are {\it Crataegus monogyna, Ilex aquifolium, Sambucus nigra} and {\it Prunus spinosa}. There are ten ancient woodland vascular plants recorded for the site.

There is an open grassy area towards the centre of the common.

MANAGE:
The common is probably largely unmanaged. It is of great local conservation interest due to its urban location. As well as supporting ten ancient woodland vascular plants it also provides ideal habitats for woodland birds and invertebrates.


FAUNA:
Birds recorded for the SSSI as a whole include nightjar (UK BAP "Priority Species), plus nightingale and crossbill.

Esher and Oxshott Heaths have a Grade B entry in the Invertebrate Site Register, with over 2000 species of insects recorded, a great number of which are nationally scarce or rare. The site lies in close proximity to London and has been well-studied by entomologists for many years. 

Scattered areas of heath support a range of characteristic heathland insects including the scarce silver-studded blue butterfly {\it Plebejus argus} (also a UK BAP "Priority Species"). However, it is likely that some species have disappeared recently due to the decrease in the area of open dry heathland following the development of secondary woodland, in addition to the planting of conifers on wet heath formerly present on the southern part of the site. 

In addition, the feature known as Black Pond is regarded as a top national site for aquatic beetles (Coleoptera). Over 800 species have been recorded; rarities include the water beetles {\it Graphoderus cinereus} and {\it Agonum sexpunctatum}, plus a ladybird {\it Coccinella distincta}, and a bark beetle {\it Platypus cylindrus}. 

The pond also has 14 species of dragonflies and damselflies (Odonata), including scarce species such as the brilliant emerald dragonfly {\it Somatochlora metallica} and the small red damselfly {\it Ceriagrion tenellum} (possibly now lost), and butterflies and moths (Lepidoptera) including the scarce white-letter hairstreak butterfly {\it Strymonidia w-album}. Draining and dredging of the Black Pond during 1960 have resulted in the loss of a further 5 species of Odonata previously also present here.

VEG:
The common forms a part of the Esher Commons complex, an SSSI lying within the Elmbridge district. Most of the common lies within the overall boundary of the SSSI. The site lies partly on the acidic soils of the Bagshot Beds and Plateau Gravels locally overlain by peat, and partly on the damp, clay soils of the Claygate Beds. A diverse mosaic of habitats includes heathland, grassland, scrub, woodland and several small water bodies with associated swamp and mire habitats. 

With the SSSI citation, in addition to extensive other available  information sources, including the NCC Phase 1 survey, it was decided not to visit this particular site, the following description being compiled from the sources listed.

Most of the site was formerly open heath used as common grazing land. Like many lowland heaths in Britain, it has not been grazed for many years and has now become very overgrown with scrub and secondary woodland. Scattered areas of heath survive, and are dominated by {\it Calluna vulgaris} where the soil is dry. This is often mixed with {\it Erica cinerea} or bracken {\it Pteridium aquilinum}.

However, most of the area now supports a mosaic of secondary woodlands compsrsing broadleaved, coniferous and mixed stands of {\it Betula pendula} and {\it Pinus sylvestris}. Note development of mixed secondary woodland under route of electricity supply cables/pylons crossing the site. 

In addition, there are also blocks of coniferous plantation woodland, especially over areas of former wet heath to the south. Some wet heath vegetation survives here in rides and clearings - {\it Erica tetralix, Sphagnum} spp., {\it Molinia caerulea} and {\it Juncus} spp. 

Locally, especially to the east is broadleaved woodland with a canopy having varying proportions of {\it Quercus robur} and {\it Betula} spp., with local {\it Fagus sylvatica} (e.g. to east of Esher Common). Field layer generally characterised by {\it Rubus fruticosus} agg. and {\it P. aquilinum}. 

Broadleaved woodland on Arbrook Common, to the east of the site is similar, but includes locally abundant {\it Ilex aquifolium} in the shrub layer, with a field layer including {\it Hedera helix} and {\it Circaea lutetiana} plus, in damp areas {\it Molinia caerulea, Viola palustris, Isolepis setacea} and, along the route of a gas pipeline, {\it Cyperus longus}. The latter species is defined as nationally scarce (NS) (i.e. occurring in bewteen 16 - 100 ten km squares of the Ordnance Survey Grid) - (JNCC, 1994). The stream that marks the extreme eastern boundary of this common has trees of {\it Alnus glutinosa} and {\it Salix} spp. 

Areas of dense scrub on the former heath are characterised by {\it Ulex europaeus, Betula pubescens, B. pendula} and {\it Salix cinerea}. Active management in some areas is helping the recovery of heathland from woodland and scrub.

To the west of the site lies the important feature of Black Pond. This has a well-developed hydrosere that incorporates a transition from open water, through {\it Phragmites australis} reedswamp to adjoining mire. This latter is very difficult to place into a Phase 1 habitat category. The existing Phase 1 survey classifies it as 'bog'. However, the Phase 1 habitat definitions have been changed since this time and it may equate to valley or basin mire or perhaps acidic flush according to the revised methodology (NCC, 1990). Correct assignation into one of these categories would depend upon the precise topographical characteristics of the area surrounding the pond. The vegetation of this 'bog' is dominated by {\it Sphagnum} spp., {\it Polytrichum commune} and {\it Eriophorum anqustifolium}, with other characteristic plants such as {\it Drosera rotundifolia, D. intermedia, Narthecium ossifragum} and {\it Hypericum elodes} - the latter described as a 'rare' species in Surrey.

In wet areas adjacent to Black Pond, are pockets of wet heath dominated by {\it Erica tetralix} and {\it Molinia caerulea}. 

Bryophytes......

The site is known to have declined bryologically, although 90 species have been recorded recently, including one national rarity, {\it Campylopus pyriformis} var. {\it fallaciosus}, occurring on peaty ground adjacent to Black Pond. This species has only been recorded from Surrey (two sites), Berkshire and Hampshire and, outside the British Isles, only from France.

MANAGE:
As already outlined, the common is situated largely opon former open heath and encompasses small remnants of this habitat, which formerly covered extensive parts of southern England, including Surrey. There have been many accounts of the decline of the habitat, with the suggestion that some 85 per cent of Surrey's heathlands have disappeared over the last two hundred years. In addition, a further 16 per cent decline has taken place between 1975 and 1985 (NCC/Surrey County Council, 1988). In addition, it is estimated that the UK contains around one fifth of Europe's remaining lowland heathland. The causes of this decline include a cessation of traditional grazing (leading to scrub, bracken and ultimately, succession to woodland), plus intensification of agriculture, forestry, afforestation, land enclosures and, more recently, building, especially of housing.

These heaths support a distinctive assemblage of flora and fauna which is severely at risk due to the decline in the extent of the habitat. The importance of the habitat has been widely recognised, with the preparation of an inventory of remaining heathland sites in the county and the preparation by English Nature of a strategy for the conservation of the habitat in the county (English Nature/SCC, 1988). More recently, "Lowland heathland" has been highlighted among the "Priority Habitats" of the UK Biodiversity Action Plan. 

Ideal management of these heaths would be the reintroduction of the traditional grazing. However, for a variety of reasons, this is often infeasible. Recent management work at Esher Common has included thinning of pines and scraping of pine litter in an attempt to increase the area of open heathland.

N.B. The Phase 1 habitat of 'E31' - valley mire appears to belong to the UK BAP "Priority Habitat" category of "Fens".


VEG:
The common lies alongside the A244 at Lower Halliford (Spelthorne district). Almost the entire area of the common lies within a site that has been surveyed by Surrey Wildlife Trust as part of the SNCI project, although none of this land was subsequently selected as SNCI. This includes a general description which has been consulted for the purposes of the common land survey. With such a small site, together with an existing recent survey, time constraints on the present survey precluded a visit to this particular site. This of course meant that the small plot of 0.02ha not included within the area surveyed by SWT, could not be surveyed.

All of the common comprises grassland described as "heavily mown and gardened, and containing very little of interest. As the mowings had not been removed only the more resilient 'lawn-weed' type species remained. Several mature crack willows {\it Salix fragilis} were on and around the two southern-most areas (i.e. this common), where a ditch marked to border with Thames Meadow. Here the most noteworthy species were found, male fern {\it Dryopteris dilatata}, hop {\it Humulus lupulus} and white comfrey {\it Symphitum orientale}".

MANAGE:
Regular mowing of grassland and "gardening".


FAUNA:
Records of fauna for the site may relate specifically to Langham Pond. This feature forms part of an SSSI of the same name, but which does not actually lie on the common. However, two smaller ponds which form part of the same former ox-bow lake, do lie on the common and the faunal records may therefore still be relevant.

This locality has a notable invertebrate fauna and merits a Grade A entry in the Invertebrate Site Register. Amongst the records are five RDB species plus a long list of local and rare flies, beetles and dragonflies.

The most notable insect is the leaf-mining fly {\it Cerodontha ornata}, a species associated with the foodplant {\it Butomus umbellatus} (flowering rush), which is recorded from only one other site in Britain. Other national rarities are the cranefly {\it Erioptera squalida} and the soldier fly {\it Odontomyia tigrina}, both with aquatic larval stages; another fly {\it Lonchoptera scutellata}, which inhabits sedge tussocks and the water beetle {\it Hydrochus elongatus}. 

A very wide range of other invertebrates have also been recorded from the site, which has an excellent structural diversity within the habitats ranging from tall herbs, tall rushes, wet grassland, open water and some hedgerows. 

The rich insect life of the wetland areas provides good feeding for bats as well as birds, with records of feeding long-eared bat, noctule and pipistrelle over the ponds.

Birds recorded from the ponds include little grebe and water rail. The grassland adjacent to Langham Pond is important for nesting redshank and lapwing. Other breeding species include skylark, song thrush, linnet, bullfinch and spotted flycatcher (all of which are "Priority Species" of the UK Biodiversity Action Plan), plus partridge and yellowhammer. Also recorded from the grasslands is corn bunting (also a UK BAP "Priority Species").

A hedgerow which marks the north-eastern edge of the SSSI is valuable for birds which include nesting tree sparrow (a further UK BAP "Priority Species").

Other fauna recorded: rabbit, mole, grey squirrel, fox, common frog.

VEG:
The common lies on the southern bank of the River Thames approximately 4km south-east of Windsor (Runnymede district). The site is of particular ecological interest, supporting areas of unimproved alluvial grassland that are influenced by calcareous flood water from the River Thames, plus two small ponds and associated wetland habitats. 

A part of the Langham Pond SSSI overlaps with the common (see map). However, one of the main features of interest of the SSSI, Langham Pond itself, lies just outside the boundary of the common (although the above-mentioned two smaller ponds and associated habitat do lie on the common).

The site was originally covered by a National Trust Biological survey during 1983. English Nature conducted a survey of the alluvial grasslands in 1990 as part of a general survey of neutral and acidic grasslands in the county. Information from this report has been incorporated into a more recent survey of the site by the National Trust done in 1997. The following account has been based on a draft copy of the 1997 NT survey report, with reference to the relevant English Nature SSSI files. The site was not visited during the course of the present survey.

A significant part of the common comprises agriculturally improved grassland of poor botanical diversity. However, areas of better quality grassland occur as separate enclosed fields to the north of the site and adjacent to Langham Pond to the south.

(1). Northern meadow. This contains some of the better-quality grassland, with a very high cover of dicot herbs. The grassland is somewhat calcaerous in character due to the deposition of calcium carbonate from Thames flood water. The sward is characterised by {\it Festuca rubra, Hordeum secalinum} and {\it Agrostis capillaris}, with frequent {\it Holcus lanatus, Dactylis glomerata} and {\it Lolium perenne}. Locally frequent are {\it Briza media} and {\it Helictotrichon pubescens}, with occasional patches of {\it Bromopsis erecta}. Associated herbs include large patches of {\it Leontodon autumnalis, Poterium sanguisorba} and {\it Galium verum}, plus {\it Pimpinella saxifraga, Lotus corniculatus, Achillea millefolium, Ranunculus bulbosus, Plantago lanceolata, Trifolium pretense, Centaurea nigra} and {\it Taraxacum officinale}. Occurring occasionally are {\it Plantago media} and {\it Rumex acetosa}.

In NVC terms this vegetation appears to be a rather calcareous form of NVC type MG5b.

(2). To the south of here is a more extensive meadow which may have been agriculturally improved to some extent in the past. This is suggested by the greater abundance of {\it L. perenne} and relative infrequency of {\it F. rubra}. The sward has a lush appearance and a more mesotrophic character, although many of the calcicole indicators remain frequent, particularly {\it P. sanguisorba, G. verum} and {\it R. bulbosus}. Common mesotrophic forbs include {\it Plantago lanceolata, Rumex acetosa, Trifolium pratense, L. corniculatus} and {\it Lathyrus pratensis}. In the south-east are also to be found {\it Knautia arvensis} and {\it Rhinanthus minor}.

- NVC type MG5b.

(3). Habitats associated with Langham Pond. 

As mentioned above, Langham Pond itself does not form part of the common. However, two small ponds and the watercourses connecting these with Langham Pond, in addition to adjacent meadow land, do occur on the common (the greater part of these habitats lying within the SSSI boundary).

The three interconnected ponds represent a remnant of an old ox-bow lake of the River Thames. The northern pond is fed by submerged springs and run-off from the adjacent Cooper's Hill slopes. Outflow from this pond feeds into Langham Pond, which also receives run-off from adjacent slopes. During times of high water levels, the southern pond is fed by water outflowing from Langham pond and this subsequently follows a drain southwards passing under the nearby A30.

Records of aquatic vegetation relate to the three ponds in general. Langham Pond is the most important in botanical terms, although the others also appear interesting. Records for the ponds show the presence of a number of notable aquatic species. They were not comprehensively re-surveyed during 1997, although the need for this was recognised.

Notable native flora are as follows:

Nationally scarce species (NS): {\it Cuscuta europaea, Myriophyllum verticillatum, Nymphoides peltata, Oenenthe silaifolia} and {\it Sium latifolium} (occurring in between 16 - 100 ten km squares of the Ordnance Survey grid - JNCC, 1994). 

Others are:

{\it Alisma lanceolatum} (recorded during 1997 survey), {\it Alopecurus aequalis, Apium inundatum} (last recorded 1995), {\it Bromus commutatus, Butomus umbellatus, Callitriche brutia} (record requires confirmation), {\it Carex acuta, Carex disticha, Epipactis purpurata, Groenlandia densa} (requires confirmation), {\it Hippuris vulgaris} (last recorded 1985), {\it Hydrocharis morsus-ranae} (last recorded 1995), {\it Juncus compressus, Lemna polyrhiza} (last recorded 1972), {\it Lemna gibba} (last recorded 1972), {\it Oenenthe aquatica} (recorded during 1997 survey), {\it Sagittaria sagittifolia} (last noted 1991), {\it Sanguisorba officinalis} (noted during 1997 survey), {\it Sium latifolium} (noted during 1997 survey), {\it Stellaria palustris} (noted during current survey) and {\it Thalictrum flavum} (also noted during 1997 survey). 

Notable non-natives recorded are: {\it Azolla filiculoides} (may no longer be present) and {\it Stratiotes aloides} (NS).

N.B. Not all of these species necessarily occur on the common (but see below).

Finally, the nationally scarce moss {\it Amblystegium humile} was recorded "from the R. Thames near Runnymede" in 1944. The species normally occurs among vascular plants near water, often in damp pastures. This old record needs to be investigated.

Langham Meadow.

This is the meadow to the north and east of Langham Pond, having an excellent meadow flora. No single species dominates, but the grasses {\it Hordeum secalinum, Helictotrichon pubescens, Holcus lanatus} and {\it Dactylis glomerata} are frequent along with the forbs {\it Centaurea nigra, Trifolium pratense, Achillea millefolium, Lotus cornciculatus, Ranunculus acris, Galium verum, Poterium sanguisorba, Leontodon hispidus} and {\it Lathyrus pratensis}.

The north-western boundary ditch entering Langham Pond is a long-known locality for {\it Sium latifolium} (see above). 

The northern boundary hedge is well-structured and species-rich. It comprises {\it Fraxinus excelsior, Salix} spp., {\it Crataegus monogyna, Prunus spinosa, Corylus avellana, Acer campestre} and occasional {\it Viburnum opulus}. A broad band of {\it Cirsium arvense} and {\it Convolvolus arvensis} occurs at the base of the hedge. This hedge provides the locality for the nationally scarce {\it Cuscuta europaea} mentioned above.

To the south-east of Langham Pond lies a diverse mosaic of swamp and coarse neutral grassland vegetation. A number of different communities are present:

- Stands of lush, uncut, but relatively species-poor damp neutral grassland with abundant {\it Hordeum secalinum, Holcus lanatus} and {\it Arrhenatherum elatius} and other common grasses. Forbs are of limited abundance and diversity but include frequent {\it Lathyrus pratensis, Trifolium pratense, Ranunculus repens} and {\it Cirsium arvense. Filipendula ulmaria} is locally frequent here.

- Mixed tall swamp vegetation comprising mostly {\it Glyceria maxima} with {\it Agrostis stolonifera}, frequent {\it Lycopus europaeus} and occasional {\it Solanum dulcamara} with locally frequent {\it Lythrum salicaria, Epilobium hirsutum, Lysimachia vulgaris, Iris pseudacorus, Typha latifolia, Sparganium erectum} and {\it Calystegia sepium}.

- Species-poor stands of {\it A. stolonifera} and {\it E. hirsutum} with notably, some dense patches of {\it Stellaria palustris} (see above).

- Areas of short {\it Potentilla anserina/A. stolonifera}.

- A stand of {\it Phragmites australis}.

- Damp hollow with scattered plants of {\it Butomus umbellatus} (see above).

MANAGE:
Parts of the common are of major nature conservation importance. These include principally the two water bodies which form part of a former ox-bow lake, plus associated grassland and wetland habitats that lie within the Langham Pond SSSI. However, note that Langham Pond itself lies just outside the boundary of the common - although the management of this feature is relevant also to the adjoining common, as the area represents a single land unit. A number of notable plant species and various invertebrates are associated with these habitats, although not all may actually occur on the common itself.

In addition, the species-rich alluvial grassland to the north of the common is also of great interest, apparently unique in Surrey in being base-rich due to the influence of flood water from the Thames. These areas of permanent grassland are important for breeding birds such as redshank.

Management recommendations made by the National Trust Biological Survey Team are as follows:

The ponds will require periodic dredging to maintain areas of open water habitat. The introduction of {\it Statiotes aloides}, a rare native plant of East Anglia, but not native in Surrey, occurred in 1968, probably by aquarists or gardeners. The species will blanket the whole open water surface if left uncontrolled. Since the mid-1980s, regular clearance has kept the species under reasonable control. Complete removal of this and other non-native species is seen as a high management priority.

Up until the early 1990s there was a general policy of allowing drainage ditches to become obsolete to maintain a high water table. However, in 1994 there was a bloom of blue-green algae in the ponds due to the application of slurry by the tenant farmer to adjacent fields, coupled with the inability of the ponds to drain of winter floodwater. Following these difficulties, during 1995 the drainage system was re-excavated, new drains laid and encroaching vegetation removed and a stop board installed to maintain control over the water levels. 

At the time of the 1997 survey, the pond, ditch as adjacent meadow complex was still in a state of adjusting to this recent management activity. A detailed survey and subsequent monitoring of the aquatic flora needs to be undertaken to identify the impact of this management. In the short term there should be no further large-scale ditch management.

The impact of grazing on the ponds is discussed below.

There is also a problem of angling at the pond. The pond was stocked (tench and carp?) during 1967, with no further stocking since. No further stocking should be allowed, as this would be detrimental to the invertebrate communities. It was recommended that fishing activity should be carefully supervised by NT staff and that such activity should be kept low-key and that management for nature conservation should be the prime management objective for this area.

Use of organic fertiliser, slurry and herbicides on the adjacent fields should be prevented to avoid the danger of polluting the water bodies.

There is a further problem at the ponds caused by unauthorised collecting of invertebrates by naturalists (close proximity to London). Careful wardening is needed to encourage only {\it bona fide} activity of this sort. There has also been some theft of waders' eggs for eating in the past and this threat needs to be minimised through careful wardening.

The grasslands are managed as hay meadow with grazing by cattle, with the exception of the fen area to the SE of Langham Pond. This regime appears to be maintaining the botanical interest of the grasslands. Hay should not replaced by silage or any other more intensive form of management (National Trust policy for swards of this value includes a restriction on ploughing, draining, re-seeding and the use of artificial fertiliser and herbicide). In addition, the addition of slurry should not take place, even on the largely improved block of grassland to the east. This is due to the risk of polluting the adjacent open water habitats (see above). 

In recent years the number of cattle present have risen to "excessive" levels. This has caused severe localised poaching, especially adjacent to the ponds and fen - which may need temporary fencing to exclude cattle during long hot dry periods. However, some grazing by cattle is seen as essential for maintaining the composition and structure of the plant communities to ensure their continued value to invertebrate populations. For example, open, cattle-trampled wet mud is extremely important for water beetles and the best water beetle areas are in this habitat.

In general, the issue of stocking levels and the timing of grazing needs to be addressed. No supplementary feeding should be undertaken near to the ponds or fen.

The importance of the hedgerow habitat is also recognised, especially those associated with the ponds. These support a variety of birds including nesting tree sparrow. There are a number of old pollard willows and these will need re-pollaring as appropriate. This area is also the locality for {\it Cuscuta europaea}.

UK BAP "Priority Habitats": "Species-rich hedgerows", "Lowland meadows", "Lowland calcareous grassland", "Eutrophic/Mesotrophic standing waters".


VEG:
The common comprises a triangular plot of land at Thames Ditton.  This has the appearance of a village green, comprising closely-mown amenity grassland with ornamental roadside avenues of broadleaved trees. These are predominantly of {\it Tilia} sp. but also include {\it Fraxinus excelsior, Quercus rubra, Q. cerris, Sorbus} spp. (incl. {\it S. aucuparia}), {\it Robinia pseodoacacia} and {\it Aesculus hippocastanum}. These are at varying stages of maturity, ranging from mature trees to fairly recent plantings.

MANAGE:
The grassland of the common is regularly mown for amenity use - the site looking like a village green.


FAUNA:
Noted during the site visit were: magpie, wood pigeon, blue tit, carrion crow, blackbird, mallard, Canada geese, coot, black-headed gull, grey squirrel. Various Odonata including a darter {\it Sympetrum} sp. and a hawker {\it Aeshna} sp.

Esher and Oxshott Heaths have a Grade B entry in the Invertebrate Site Register, with over 2000 species of insects recorded, a great number of which are nationally scarce or rare. The site lies in close proximity to London and has been well-studied by entomologists for many years. It is likely that some species have disappeared recently due to the reduction in the area of open heathland, but the site still supports an outstanding community of insects and other invertebrates. For an account of the invertebrates of the SSSI as a whole, please refer to CL 278.

VEG:
The common forms a part of the Esher Commons complex, an SSSI lying within the Elmbridge district. Several sections to the north of the common lie outside the SSSI boundary (see map). The site as a whole lies partly on the acidic soils of the Bagshot Beds and Plateau Gravels, locally overlain by peat, and partly on the damp, clay soils of the Claygate Beds. A diverse mosaic of habitats includes heathland, grassland, scrub, woodland and several small water bodies. 

Most of the site was formerly open heath used as common grazing land. Like many lowland heaths in Britain, it has not been grazed for many years and has now become very overgrown with scrub and secondary woodland. Scattered areas of heath survive, and are dominated by {\it Calluna vulgaris} where the soil is dry. This is often mixed with {\it Erica cinerea} or bracken {\it Pteridium aquilinum}.

The following description is based on the listed information sources, with additional target notes made during a visit to the site.

The greater part of the common comprises secondary broadleaved woodland. In general this has a canopy of {\it Quercus robur} and {\it Betula} spp. The shrub layer locally includes {\it Ilex aquifolium, Sambucus nigra} and {\it Sorbus aucuparia}, with some sapling {\it Acer pseudoplatanus, Castanea sativa} and {\it Fagus sylvatica} in places. The field layer is largely dominated by {\it Pteridium aquilinum} and {\it Rubus fruticosus} agg., with locally frequent {\it Lonicera periclymenum, Teucrium scorodonia, Hedera helix} and {\it Circaea lutetiana}. Some stands of {\it Impatiens glandulifera} noted to the south. Areas with a more open canopy occurring to the north tend to be dominated by {\it P. aquilinum}.

Also occurring in the northern portion of the main wooded block are areas of wet woodland dominated by {\it Betula pubescens} and {\it Salix cinerea} (some multi-stemmed growth). Field layer of {\it Molinia caerulea} with some {\it Sphagnum} and {\it Carex paniculata}. 

(1). Former nurseries now comprising "herb-rich, rough grassland with typical waste land species and {\it Crataegus monogyna, Rubus fruticosus} agg., occasional clumps of {\it Salix scrub, Ulex europaeus} and {\it Fagus sylvatica} saplings".

The northern part of the common comprises an area of open mown amenity grassland. There are several small ponds in the vicinity of this area.

The larger, most northerly of the ponds, lies within an amenity area and is frequented by ducks. As a consequence there is a relatively poor marginal vegetation - short, mown grass right to the edge. Several large marginal trees of {\it Salix} sp. ('weeping' variety) and some bushes of {\it Salix capraea}. Sparse marginal vegetation includes: {\it Iris pseudacorus, Bidens tripartita, Lycopus europaeus, Typha angustifolia, Epilobium hirsutum, Juncus inflexus, Gnaphalium uliginosum} and {\it Rorippa} spp. 

In addition, this pond is also a recorded site for the nationally rare (NR) {\it Pulicaria vulgaris} a plant growing in sandy places that are flooded in winter, often by ponds. N.B. nationally rare: plants occurring in 15 or fewer ten km squares of the Ordnance Survey Grid (source, Perring and Farrell, 1983). 

The other ponds are of much greater botanical interest. Marginal and aquatic species recorded from these as a whole include: {\it Sparganium erectum, Alisma plantago-aquatica, Pogamogeton} sp. (? {\it P. natans}), {\it Callitriche} sp., {\it Glyceria fluitans, Iris pseudacorus, Ranunculus lingua, R. flammula, Equisetum fluviatile, Callitriche} sp. {\it Bidens tripartita, Lycopus europaeus, Persicaria maculosa, Agrostis stolonifera, Mentha aquatica, Typha latifolia, Crassula helmsii, Apium inundatum, Juncus effusus, J. acutiflorus, Myriophyllum alterniflorum, Oenanthe fistulosa} (described as "rather rare" in Surrey), {\it Rumex palustris} and {\it Hypericum elodes} (described as "rare" in Surrey), {\it Hydrocotyle vulgaris, Riccardia fluitans} and {\it Lemna miscodera} (not clear from available information precisely what occurs where - but the two most important ponds are probably those lying just within the wooded part). 

In addition, one of these ponds is also a recorded site for {\it Damasonium alisma} a nationally rare species, listed on Schedule 8 of the Wildlife and Countryside Act and also a "Priority Species" of the UK Biodiversity Action Plan. Now considered extinct at this site. See under management section for a discussion of measures been taken for the recovery of this species under the UK BAP and English Nature's Species Recovery Programme.

MANAGE:
No information relating to management of the wooded sections of the common.

The northern portion is managed as an open amenity area, with regular mowing of grassland etc.

Several habitat categories occurring on the common are among the "Priority Habitats" of the UK Biodiversity Action Plan: "Lowland heathland", "Wet woodland", "Lowland dry acidic grassland", plus  meso/eutrophic standing waters.

The various ponds on the common are of particular nature conservation importance, providing habitat for, among others, several "county rarities" and two national rarities: {\it Damasonium alisma} and {\it Pulicaria vulgaris} (the former also being a UK BAP "Priority Species" - see below). 

In the past, the two larger ponds were extensively occupied by tall swamp vegetation, in particular, {\it Typha latifolia}. Recent management work has considerably reduced the extent of this vegetation and opened-up bare pond margins for colonisation by other aquatic species. However, note that {\it Crassula helmsii} is now present in at least one of the ponds (this being an extremely invasive alien and almost impossible to eradicate once present).

An action plan for {\it Damasonium alisma} has been prepared under the UK BAP. Plantlife and English Nature have been undertaking recovery work on the species since 1990 to relocate former sites and establish whether any remain suitable for regeneration of the seed bank. There were reintroductions in 1994 at several sites and the success of these will be monitored by Plantlife. In addition, work at the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew has included both seed storage and germination techniques (work supported by English Nature's Species Recovery Programme).


FAUNA:
Noted during the site visit were: blue tit, robin, goldfinch, whitethroat, carrion crow, green woodpecker, woodpigeon, nuthatch, housemartin, large white butterfly. 

The Common is a very important national site for invertebrates, particularly ants, bees and wasps (Hymenoptera), aquatic beetles (Coleoptera), flies (Diptera), butterflies and moths (Lepidoptera) and spiders (Araneae). 

Sixty-four scarce or rare species have been recorded. Rarities include the ant {\it Formica rufibarbis}, known elsewhere in Britain only in the Isles of Scilly, the robber fly {\it Eutolmus rufibarbis}, the saladid bug {\it Micranthia marginalis} and sizeable colonies of the silver-studded blue butterfly {\it Plebejus argus} (a UK BAP "Priority Species"). 

Chobham Common has the largest known spider fauna in Britain (approximately 50 per cent of all British species have been recorded here), including the rare {\it Oxyopes heterophthalmus, Cheiracanthium pennyi, Araneus alsine} and {\it Uloborus walckenaerius}.

Invertebrate site Register: Grade A site.

Chobham Comon SSSI forms part of Thames Basin Heaths proposed Special Protection Area (pSPA) under EC Directive 791/409 on the Conservation of Wild Birds (the Birds Directive). This suite of sites consists of a group of heathlands extending from Wisley in Surrey to Tadley in Hampshire and Bracknell in Berkshire, supporting nationally important populations of a number of bird species. These include nightjar, woodlark, dartford warbler (all listed on Annexe 1 of the Birds Directive, with the first two also being "Priority Species" of the UK Biodiversity Action Plan), plus hobby. The Thames Basin Heaths pSPA, taken as a whole, supports an estimated 9.0, 29.2, 16.3 and 3.2 per cent respectively of the British breeding populations of these species.

The diverse bird community includes more than 100 species: more common birds include stonechat, tree and meadow pipits and yellowhammer.

Other fauna present include common frog, toad, three species of lizard and 21 species of mammal.

VEG:
The common lies in the extreme north-west of the county, close to the Berkshire border (Surrey Heath district). The major portion of the common lies within the SSSI of the same name.

This site is listed ia "A Nature Conservation Review" (ed. D.A. Ratcliffe, 1977). A major portion of Chobham Common is a declared National Nature Reserve. In addition, the SSSI also forms part of a suite of sites that are a candidate Special Area of Conservation (pSAC) under the EC Habitats Directive (i.e. "Thursley, Ash, Pirbright and Chobham Commons").

Several parts of the common which are not coincident with the SSSI have been surveyed by the Surrey Wildlife Trust as part of the SNCI project. These surveys include a general description which have been consulted for the purposes of the common land survey. Several, but not all of these areas, have subsequently been selected as SNCI. A brief visit was made to the common as a whole, largely for the purpose of filling any 'gaps' in the available habitat information.

Chobham Common is an extensive area of open land which supports dry and wet heathland, bog, scrub and woodland, forming one of the largest surviving heathlands in the Thames Basin. It supports a rich variety of characteristic heathland plants and animals, including many which are "rare" or "scarce". 

Open heathland has been part of the Surrey landscape for thousands of years, during which time traditional grazing and gathering of brushwood and bracken maintained its character. Western Surrey was, at one time, largely covered by these open habitats, but drainage and development for intensive agriculture, forestry, housing and roads have severely reduced their extent, and many remnants have become invaded by scrub. Surviving examples of open heathland are thus particularly important.

The heathland has developed on the acidic soils of the tertiary sand and gravel deposits of the London basin (mainly Bagshot Sands). A prominent central ridge runs diagonally across the generally undulating terrain; in the north of the site lies another ridge and two linear depressions where the ground is waterlogged and valley bogs have developed.

Large areas of dry heath and acid grassland occur on the higher ground along with extensive areas of bracken, gorse, birch scrub and invasive pine. Depressions in the southern part of the common contain bog, carr, wet heath and acidic marshy grassland communities. Extensive areas of secondary mixed woodland occur around the margins of the site. There are several small acidic ponds on the common, these being of recent origin.

Dry heath:

The dry heath and acidic grassland complexes contain {\it Calluna vulgaris, Erica cinerea, Ulex minor} and {\it Agrostis curtisii} (for which Chobham is the most easterly location in Britain). Most of the purer dwarf shrub stands are even-aged; these are prevented from reaching maturity by frequent accidental fires. {\it Molinia caerulea} is an important component of the acidic grassland and tolerates all but the driest areas. A colony of {\it Dianthus armeria} (NS) occurs on a small patch of grassland at the eastern edge of the site. This nationally scarce plant is also one of the "Priority Species" of the UK Biodiversity Action plan.

N.B. Nationally scarce species: recorded from 16 - 100 ten km sqares  of the Ordnance Survey Grid (JNCC, 1994).

Wet heath and bog:

The wet heath areas are dominated by {\it Erica tetralix} and {\it M. caerulea}. The most boggy areas support {\it Drosera rotundifolia, Drosera intermedia, Narthecium ossifragum, Eriophorum angustifolium, Anagallis tenella} and {\it Dactylorhiza maculata}. Several "rare" Surrey species also occur in these bogs, including {\it Eriophorum vaginatum, Menyanthes trifoliata} and {\it Osmunda regalis}, plus two further nationally scarce species: {\it Gentiana pneumonanthe} and {\it Lycopodiella inundata} (the last-named also being a UK BAP "Priority Species". The phase 1 habitat map also shows the presence of areas of pure {\it M. caerulea} marshy grassland.

Noted during present survey (GR SU 958 648): occasional patches of bare peat with mosses such as {\it Sphagnum compactum, Hypnum jutlandicum, Campylopus introflexus, Eurynchium praelongum, Bryum capillare} and {\it Polytrichum juniperinum}. 


Woodland and scrub:

Secondary mixed woodland of {\it Betuta pendula} and {\it Pinus sylvestris} has invaded large areas of dry heath. Areas of more mature mixed woodland also contain {\it Quercus robur. Alnus glutinosa} dominates smaller areas of willow carr ({\it Salix} spp.) throughout the common. 

Open water:

There are several areas of standing water on Chobham Common which are of importance primarily for the rich inverbebrate fauna they support. A pond in the north-east of the site has recently been created and some of the shallower ones fill only erratically. The largest water body, adjacent to Sunningdale Golf Course, is used as a reservoir and is too deep to support an extensive aquatic flora. The larger pond margins are dominated by {\it Juncus} spp.

Note a dried-up pond at GR SU 964 646. This has marginal vegetation which includes locally abundant {\it Sparganium} sp., {\it Hydrocotyle vulgaris, Juncus effusus} and {\it Salix cinerea}. Carpets of {\it Juncus bulbosus} on bed of pond and locally abundant {\it Sphagnum} sp. (? {\it S. subsecundum} var. {\it inundatum}). 

Bryophytes and lichens:

The Common has a rich bryophyte and lichen flora. {\it Sphagnum} spp., including {\it Sphagnum compactum, S. palustre, S. recurvum} and {\it S. papillosum} are locally abundant in the boggy areas. Other heathland species include the moss {\it Dicranum spurium} and the lichens {\it Cladonia strepsilis} and {\it C. arbuscula}. 

Non-SSSI portions:

In general, areas of the common outside the SSSI have been covered by surveys undertaken by Surrey Wildlife Trust as part of the SNCI project:

Much of these areas comprise recent secondary/acidic broadleaved woodlands, sometimes with heathy glades or clearings. The canopy is generally dominated by {\it Betula} spp., with {\it Quercus robur} in more mature areas. Other associates include occasional {\it Sorbus aucuparia}. The shrub layer comprises {\it Ilex aquifolium, Corylus avellana, Sambucus nigra, Frangula alnus} and {\it Crataegus monogyna}, whilst the field layer is in places dominated by {\it Pteridium aquilinum}, with areas of {\it Rubus fruticosus} agg., {\it Lonicera periclymenum, Holcus lanatus} and {\it Deschampsia flexuosa}. Local damp/wet woodlands have canopy trees of {\it Betula pubescens} and {\it Salix cinerea}, with {\it M. caerulea} and {\it Juncus effusus} in the field layer.

One distinctive area of woodland is Chobham Place Wood (GR TQ 964 642). Here a mixed canopy comprises {\it Pinus sylvestris} and {\it Betula} spp., with some areas of {\it Quercus robur} and {\it Castanea sativa}. The shrub layer is sparse, but in places there are frequent saplings of canopy species, and elsewhere, {\it Rhododendron ponticum} is frequent. The main feature of note here are a number of old trees, a number of which are dead, dying or have holes suitable for bird nesting, bat roosts or dead wood invertebrates. (are these from former wood pasture?).  

Localised areas of more neutral-type woodland with {\it Corylus avellana, Carpinus betulus, Lonicera periclymenum, Hyacinthoides non-scripta} and {\it Melica uniflora}.

An area to the south of the M25 (GR TQ 963 643) appears to have had some clearance of vegetation in the past and contains a complex mosaic of wet heath, scrub (dominated by {\it Ulex europaeus}), bracken and sapling/small trees ({\it Betula} sp., {\it Populus tremula} and {\it Pinus sylvestris} etc.).

Little Heath, to the south (GR TQ 978 627), has an open heathy clearing within the woodland canopy. Target noted during the present survey, this area has abundant {\it Agrostis capillaris}, frequent/abundant {\it Molinia caerulea}, locally abundant {\it Erica cinerea}, locally frequent {\it Hieracium} spp. and locally occasional {\it Ulex minor} and {\it Calluna vulgaris}. However, there is one area of wet heath with {\it Calluna, Erica tetralix} and {\it M. caerulea} abundant. Scattered trees of {\it Betula pendula} throughout.

Non-SSSI/non-pSNCI:

Several small parcels of land to the extreme south of the site had not been covered by any existing surveys. This area (GR TQ 972 629) contains a mix of habitats which include coarse neutral grassland, tall ruderals, small remnants of dry heath and acidic grassland, scattered trees and scrub.

Stands of coarse grassland/tall ruderals include {\it Agrostis capillaris, Arrhenatherum elatius, Holcus lanatus, Festuca rubra, Lotus corniculatus, Trifolium pratense, Achillea millefolium, Hypochaeris radicata, Aegopodium podagraria, Cirsium vulgare, Hieracium} sp., {\it Dactylis glomerata, Plantago lanceolata, Rumex acetosella, Potentilla reptans, Urtica dioica, Heracleum sphondylium, Lotus pedunculatus, Ranunculus repens} and {\it Centaurea nigra}. 

Heath/acidic grassland contain {\it Agrostis capillaris, Nardus stricta, Potentilla erecta, Danthonia decumbens, Calluna vulgaris, Erica cinerea, Ulex minor, Galium saxatile, Rumex acetosella, Erica cinerea, Juncus squarrosus, Molinia caerulea} and {\it Hieracium} sp.

Small drying pond in this part of the common with abundant {\it Glyceria} sp. and {\it Crassula helmsii}, locally abundant {\it Agrostis canina} and locally occasional {\it Ranunculus flammula} and {\it Iris pseudacorus}.

MANAGE:
The common is of significant nature conservation importance in that it encompasses an area of lowland dry heath, a habitat which formerly covered extensive parts of southern England, including Surrey. There have been many accounts of the decline of the habitat, with the suggestion that some 85 per cent of Surrey's Heathlands have disappeared over the last two hundred years. In addition, a further 16 per cent decline has taken place between 1975 and 1985 (NCC/Surrey County Council, 1988). In addition, it is estimated that the UK contains around one fifth of Europe's remaining lowland heathland. The causes of this decline include a cessation of traditional grazing (leading to scrub, bracken and ultimately, succession to woodland), plus intensification of agriculture, forestry, afforestation, land enclosures and, more recently, building, especially of housing.

These heaths support a distinctive assemblage of flora and fauna which is severely at risk due to the decline in the extent of the habitat. The importance of the habitat has been widely recognised, with the preparation of an inventory of remaining heathland sites in the county and the preparation by English Nature of a strategy for the conservation of the habitat in the county (English Nature/SCC, 1988). More recently, "Lowland heathland" (in addition to "Lowland dry acidic grassland" and "Fens" - i.e. Phase 1 'E31' - valley mire), have been highlighted amongst the "Priority Habitats" of the UK Biodiversity Action Plan.

The site is owned and managed by Surrey County Council. Ideal management of the heaths would be the reintroduction of traditional grazing. However, for a variety of reasons, this is often infeasible (although there is slight-moderate localised nibbling of the heather by rabbits). Parts of the site have already been grazed by cattle using temporary electric fencing. At present, an application has been made by Surrey County Council to the Secretary of State for the Environment under Section 194 of the Law of Property Act, for the erection of fencing to enclose around 150ha of the northern portion of the common. It is planned to graze this area with heifers and cows of a native breed such as British White from late May until September each year. 

Considerable efforts have been made to explain fully the need for such management to the public using the site. For example, an information board highlighting the various issues and illustrating a range of proposed materials and methods of construction, has been erected at the main car park. Comments on various proposed designs for fencing/gates/styles have been invited from the public. 

In the absence of grazing to date, management work in recent years has included clearance of encroaching scrub and trees to encourage recovery of the heathland vegetation and also stripping of topsoil to create areas for heathland flora to regenerate. Fire also plays a part, although these appear to be mainly caused by accident. 

Despite the advantages of clearing scrub and trees, some pine woods remain to provide nesting habitat for nightjar (UK BAP "Priority Species"), whilst gorse scrub in association with mature heather is the preferred habitat for dartford warbler.

There is also probably some management of senescent heather to encourage new growth (mowing/burning?). For a fuller account of the significance of lowland heath as a habitat, please refer to the relevant section of the main report and the various references highlighted on the front of this site report.

Other possible UK BAP "Priority Habitats": "Lowland dry acidic grassland", "Wet woodlands", "Fens" (i.e. valley mire), meso/eutrophic standing water.


FAUNA:
Chobham Common as a whole is a very important national site for invertebrates, particularly ants, bees and wasps (Hymenoptera), aquatic beetles (Coleoptera), flies (Diptera), butterflies and moths (Lepidoptera) and spiders (Araneae). 

Sixty-four scarce or rare species have been recorded. Rarities include the ant {\it Formica rufibarbis}, known elsewhere in Britain only in the Isles of Scilly, the robber fly {\it Eutolmus rufibarbis}, the saladid bug {\it Micranthia marginalis} and sizeable colonies of the silver-studded blue butterfly {\it Plebejus argus} (UK BAP "Priority Species"). 

Chobham Common has the largest known spider fauna in Britain (approximately 50 per cent of all British species have been recorded here), including the rare {\it Oxyopes heterophthalmus, Cheiracanthium pennyi, Araneus alsine} and {\it Uloborus walckenaerius}.

Invertebrate site Register: Grade A site.

Chobham Comon SSSI forms part of Thames Basin Heaths proposed Special Protection Area (pSPA) under EC Directive 791/409 on the Conservation of Wild Birds (the Birds Directive). This suite of sites consists of a group of heathlands extending from Wisley in Surrey to Tadley in Hampshire and Bracknell in Berkshire, supporting nationally important populations of a number of bird species. These include nightjar, woodlark, dartford warbler (all listed on Annexe 1 of the Birds Directive, with the first two also being "Priority Species" of the UK Biodiversity Action Plan), plus hobby. The Thames Basin Heaths pSPA, taken as a whole, supports an estimated 9.0, 29.2, 16.3 and 3.2 per cent respectively of the British breeding populations of these species.

The diverse bird community includes more than 100 species: more common birds include stonechat, tree and meadow pipits and yellowhammer.

Other fauna present include common frog, toad, three species of lizard and 21 species of mammal.

VEG:
The common lies to the north-western side of the Chobham Common complex. A part lies within the SSSI, while the greater portion lies outside the SSSI boundary and forms a part of the Sunningdale Golf Course (see map). The habitats on the common have been mapped mainly from the Phase 1 (aerial photograph) survey, with reference also to the NCC Phase 1 survey of the SSSI (now rather out of date). The non-SSSI portion of the common forms a major component of a site which has been surveyed by Surrey Wildlife Trust as part of the SNCI project and has subsequently been selected as SNCI. Brief notes were also made during a visit to the site, viewing it from various rights of way.

1. SSSI portion: 

The southern and eastern parts lie on fairly level ground and the vegetation of this area generally comprises wet heath within which are scattered trees of {\it Betula} spp. and {\it Pinus sylvestris}, plus scattered patches of {\it Ulex europaeus} scrub and scattered fronds of {\it Pteridium aquilinum}. The wet heath contains {\it Calluna vulgaris, Molinia caerulea, Erica tetralix, Trichophorum cespitosum} and {\it Drosera rotundifolia}. Occasional patches of bare peat with mosses such as {\it Sphagnum compactum, Hypnum jutlandicum, Campylopus introflexus, Eurynchium praelongum, Bryum capillare} and {\it Polytrichum juniperinum}. 

The NCC Phase 1 map also shows an area along a watercourse where the wet heath has been mapped as a valley mire feature - species composition probably similar.

To the north-west is a steep slope which sees a transition to dry heath of {\it Calluna vulgaris} with scattered fairly mature trees of {\it P. sylvestris} and sapling {\it Betula} spp., plus locally abundant {\it P. aquilinum}.

2. Golf Course:

This part of the common comprises former open heath upon which have developed extensive secondary woodlands, either pure coniferous stands of {\it Pinus sylvestris} or mixed stands which also contain {\it Betula} spp., and {\it Quercus robur}. Set into the wooded areas are the fairways and associated roughs, the latter generally comprising remnants of heathland vegetation. There appears to be both wet and dry heath present with a species list which includes {\it Calluna vulgaris, Erica tetralix, E. cinerea, Nardus stricta, Danthonia decumbens, Agrostis curtisii, Trichophorum cespitosum, Polygala serpyllifolia, Serratula tinctoria, Drosera intermedia, Carex pilulifera, Carex binervis} and {\it Spiranthes spiralis}.

Note that Chobham Common forms one element of the "Thursley, Ash, Pirbright and Chobham Common" candidate Special Area of Conservation under the EC Habitats Directive.

MANAGE:
Wet and dry heath within the SSSI appear to have been the subject of extensive tree clearance.

Management of the golf course appears in general terms to be successful in maintaining the remnants of heathland vegetation to be found in the roughs, although their small size and disturbance may be restricting their potential value to the local fauna.

For a discussion of the ecological significance of Chobham Common as a whole, please refer to the site description for the larger contiguous CL 326. Note that "Lowland heathland" is one of the "Priority Habitats" of the UK Biodiversity Action Plan and that Sunningdale Golf Course as a whole is highlighted in the Surrey Lowland Heathland Inventory (English Nature, 1993).


FAUNA:
The SSSI has a Grade B entry in the Invertebrate Site Register. There are  populations of the vulnerable heathland spider {\it Oxyopes heterophtalmus}, a species only known from three or possibly four sites in Surrey and the rare beetle {\it Lomechusoides strumosa}, a species associated with the nests of ants {\it Formica} species. A vulnerable moth {\it Lampronia fuscatella} occurs in association with birch scrub, whilst several other uncommon moths and the silver-studded blue butterfly {\it Plebejus argus} (UK BAP "Priority Species") have been recorded from the site. 

N.B. Grade B ISR sites are those of regional importance for invertebrate conservation, equivalent to SSSI status on grounds of invertebrate interest.

The heathland of the SSSI supports populations of the commoner reptiles such as the adder {\it Vipera berus} and common lizard {\it Lacerta vivipara} and a range of woodland and heathland birds which include nightjar (UK BAP "Priority Species") plus tree pipit and woodcock. Other birds recorded include kestrel, mistle thrush and greater spotted woodpecker.

VEG:
The greater part of the common forms a small part of the Blackheath SSSI (Guildford district - see map). The site as a whole comprises a segment of a once much more extensive area of lowland dry heath and acidic grassland which occurred on the Bargate and Folkestone Beds of the Lower Greensand. Good examples of dry heath still exist on parts of the site as a whole, although much has been colonised by scrub/trees and extensive areas have progressed to mixed woodland. 

In addition, there was extensive planting of {\it Pinus sylvestris} around 60 years ago and these woodlands now also contain many self-sown trees. The latter is in fact the most extensive habitat occurring on this particular common. These dense canopies of {\it P. sylvestris} have a sparse ground flora, with a deep litter layer of pine needles.

To the north lies secondary woodland dominated largely by broadleaved species, mainly {\it B. pendula} and {\it Quercus robur} (this being the non-SSSI portion). The shrub layer of these woodlands includes {\it Ilex aquifolium} and {\it Frangula alnus}. The field layer typically contains either bracken {\it Pteridium aquilinum} or {\it Rubus fruticosus} agg., with scattered {\it Hedera helix} and {\it Lonicera periclymenum}. Locally the heathland species persist, with {\it Calluna}, {\it Erica cinerea} and {\it Vaccinium myrtillus}. 

The common appears to include only small areas of the lowland heath habitat, with the greater part of the site being occupied by {\it P. sylvestris} woodland. The heathland is dominated by {\it Calluna vulgaris} with some {\it Erica cinerea, Erica tetralix} and {\it Ulex minor}. Within this vegetation are dense carpets of mosses (mainly {\it Hypnum jutlandicum}) and lichens including {\it Cladonia} spp. 

In some areas, scrub of {\it Ulex europaeus} forms a mosaic with the dwarf shrubs and extensive areas of the heath are being invaded by sapling trees of {\it Betula pendula} and/or {\it Pinus sylvestris}. 

For a more detailed account of the habitats occurring on Blackheath as a whole, plese consult the site description for the contiguous CL 179.

MANAGE:
The Blackheath SSSI as a whole is of significant nature conservation importance in that it encompasses an area of lowland dry heath. There were once extensive areas of this habitat across parts of southern England, including Surrey, but most of this has disappeared in recent decades due to various causes. These include the cessation of traditional grazing (leading to scrub, bracken and ultimately, succession to woodland), plus intensification of agriculture, forestry, plus enclosures and more recent development. 

Various sources indicate that around 85 per cent of Surrey's Heathland have disappeared since 1762 and that between 1975 and 1985, there has been a decline of 16 per cent (English Nature/Surrey County Council, 1988). In addition, it is estimated that the UK contains around one fifth of Europe's remaining lowland heathland. The habitat is important for a distinctive range of plant and animal communities and its importance has been recognised with the preparation of an inventory of remaining heathland sites in the county and the preparation by English Nature of a strategy for the conservation of the habitat in the county (English Nature/SCC, 1988). More recently, "Lowland heathland" has been recognised as one of the "Priority Habitats" of the UK Biodiversity Action Plan. 

Present management of the site involves maintenance and restoration of open heathland habitat, primarily through the removal of encroaching scrub and trees, plus thinning of areas of dense pine plantation as appropriate. Note that complete loss of all the pine woodlands would be detrimental to the nightjar (this being one of the UK BAP "Priority Species"). Treatment of bracken and scrub appear to be mostly controlled chemically, with young pines being pulled by hand. There may also, in the absence of grazing, some cutting and/or burning of senescent heather to encourage new growth.

The most ideal form of management for the heaths would be the reintroduction of grazing although, for a variety of reasons, this is often unfeasible. For a fuller account of issues relating to the conservation and management of Surrey's lowland heathlands, plese refer to the relevant section of the main report and the various references listed on the front of this site report.

Note that the pavilion of an adjacent cricket pitch is situated on this common (the cricket pitch itself lying on the contiguous CL 179).


FAUNA:
The mosaic of scrub/woodland/grassland habitats on the Hackhurst Downs provide important clearings for flying insects. Butterflies recorded by the National Trust at Colekitchen Hole: meadow brown, peacock, speckled wood, ringlet and brimstone.

In addition, the Hackhurst Downs have a Grade A entry in the Invertebrate Site Register. The site has the largest number of juniper-associated species in the South-East (a total of 13), including the bug {\it Cyphostethus tristriatus}. Also recorded: the rare flies {\it Gymnosoma rotundatum} and {\it Microdon devius}, four rare beetles (Coleoptera), plus {\it Centromerus albidus}, a spider known from only two other locations in Britain, this being a "Priority Species" of the UK BAP.
 
A total of 40 species of buttefly have been recoerded from the SSSI as a whole, including silver-spotted skipper and adonis blue (UK BAP "Priority Species"), plus chalkhill blue, Duke of Burgundy fritillary and marbled white.

VEG:
This common lies on the North Downs, forming the eastern edge of the area known as the Hackhurst Downs (Guildford district). As such, most is underlain by chalk. The narrow, northern strip lies on plateau of the Downs, situated on the Netley Heath Beds of the Clay-with-Flints. 

Various information sources were collated in relation to the site (see references). Unfortunately there was insufficient time to visit this particular common during the course of the present project. 

B. Hackhurst Downs......

Note that the southern part of this area lies within the Hackhurst and White Downs SSSI/LNR (a site also listed in a Nature Conservation Review, Ed. D.A. Ratcliffe, 1977). 

The scarp slope here has a rather complex mosaic of calcareous scrub and grassland, with several different information sources available. The following general description is based mainly on the SSSI citation (i.e. not relating specifically to the Hackhurst Downs). Common species of the scrub are {\it Crataegus monogyna, Cornus sanguinea, Betula pendula, Prunus spinosa, Taxus baccata, Euonymus europaeus} and occasionally, {\it Ulex europaeus}. In addition, Hackhurst Down is notable in that it supports the only sizeable population of {\it Juniperus Communis} remaining on the North Downs. 

In amongst the scrub are areas of chalk grassland dominated variously by {\it Bromopsis erecta} and {\it Brachypodium pinnatum}, with localised areas of closely rabbit-grazed {\it Festuca ovina}. Typical chalk grassland herbs include {\it Asperula cyananchia, Blackstonia perforata, Gentianella amarella, Ophrys apifera, Gymnadenia conopsea} and {\it Anacamptis pyramidalis}. Less common species include {\it Hippocrepis comosa, Spiranthes spiralis} and {\it Ophrys insectifera}, plus two Nationally Scarce (NS) plants: {\it Orchis ustulata} and {\it Aceras anthropophorum}. N.B. NS = those species recorded in between 16-100 ten km squares of the Ordnance Survey Grid (JNCC, 1994). 

Locally the scrub grades into broadleaved woodland dominated by {\it Fraxinus excelsior}, along with {\it Taxus baccata, Sorbus aria, Acer campestre, Clematis vitalba} and {\it Ligustrum vulgare}. Where the canopy is fairly open, a rich field layer is often present of {\it Mercurialis perennis, Hedera helix, Brachypodium sylvaticum, Arum maculatum} and {\it Viola} spp. Less common species include {\it Cephalanthera damasonium, Neottia nidus-avis, Monotropa hypopitys} and {\it Platanthera chlorantha}. 

Bryophytes.......

A number of notable species are listed in the Surrey Bryophyte Register for Hackhurst Down as a whole: {\it Barbula acuta, B. reflexa, Eurynchium swartzii} var. {\it rigidum, Weissia sterilis} and {\it Leiocolea badensis}.

B. Plateau area...... 

Largely now under commercial forestry (Netley Heath). Mapping of this was achieved by reference to the Surrey Phase 1 (aerial photograph) survey. That occurring on this particular common appears to comprise an area of mixed plantation. In general, these mixed stands of Netley Heath include {\it Pinus sylyestris, Larix decidua, Fagus sylvatica, Quercus robur, Fraxinus excelsior, Sobrus aucuparia} and {\it Betula pendula}.

MANAGE:
The plateau area of Netley Heath is largely managed as commercial forestry.

The Hackhurst Downs LNR is managed by Surrey County Council. This area is being managed by initial scrub clearance followed by rotational grazing of the various compartments by sheep. Stock is provided either by the Downlands Countryside Management Project or the National Trust. Grazing by rabbits is also significant. 

Both SCC and the National Trust have also been planting juniper on the site - using propagated cuttings from the existing population. Selected blocks of the associated woodland are to remain, with selective thinning of some ash (for fencing etc.) and re-coppicing of hazel. Yews to be left alone.

The Hackhurst Downs are clearly of great nature conservation importance. Note that "Lowland calcareous grassland" is a "Priority Habitat" of the UK Biodiversity Action Plan. In addition, stands of juniper on calcareous substrates are a habitat category listed in Annex 1 of the EC Habitats Directive.


VEG:
The common comprises four small parcels of land, all less than one hectare in size. In addition, upon visiting the site, it was found to comprise amenity grassland, formal gardens and ornamental trees. Thus it is of no value for nature conservation and has not been written-up as part of the survey.


FAUNA:
Noted during the site visit were: chiff chaff, wren, nuthatch, blue tit, plus clouded yellow and speckled wood butterflies.

Other fauna recorded from the common include: 

Birds: skylark, songthrush and bullfinch (UK BAP "Priority Species"), plus green woodpecker, great spotted woodpecker, marsh tit, great tit, willow warbler, goldcrest, starling, mistle thrush, blackbird, meadow pipit, tree pipit, woodcock, sparrowhawk, long-tailed tit, swift, goldfinch, treecreeper, woodpigeon, cuckoo, kestrel, kingfisher and robin. 

The SSSI as a whole is of importance for its bird, reptile and invertebrate populations. In recognition of its ornithological importance, the SSSI forms a part of a suite of sites known as the "Wealden Heaths", which have been classified as a Special Protection Area under the EC Directive 79/409 on the Conservation of Wild Birds. 

Mammals: dormouse (UK BAP "Priority Species"), plus rabbit, roe deer, wood mouse, grey squirrel, common shrew, mole and fox.

Reptiles: adder and grass snake. 

Amphibians: common frog.

Butterflies: include grayling, white admiral, ringlet, purple hairstreak, purple emperor, dingy skipper, large skipper, green-veined white, large white, comma, brimstone, grayling, small tortoiseshell, common blue, holly blue, comma, gatekeeper, Essex skipper, small skipper, small heath, brilliant emerald, painted lady, orange tip, brimstone, small copper, red admiral.

Dragonflies and damselflies: include golden-ringed dragonfly, broad-bodied chaser, banded demioselle, beautiful demioselle.

The invertebrate fauna is numerous and diverse and the "Thursley Common area" (including all of CLs 213, 32, 143, 224, and parts of CLs 144, 225 and 246) has a Grade A entry in the Invertebrate Site Register.

VEG:
The common lies within an important complex of lowland heathland sites which collectively form an SSSI with the title "Thursley, Hankley and Frensham Commons" (largely all registered common land - Waverley District). As a whole, the SSSI represents one of the finest remaining areas of heathland on the Lower Greensand in Southern England.

In addition, the common is also a nature reserve of the Surrey Wildlife Trust. 

Lying on the Folkestone Beds of the Lower Greensand, the common comprises a mosaic of habitats which include dry and wet heath with acidic and marshy grassland and dense bracken, plus scattered mixed trees, grading into areas of secondary broadleaved woodland. Before active management by SWT, much of the heath had progressed to secondary {\it Betula} sp. woodland and the Trust have been actively clearing this to encourage regeneration of the heathland flora.

The open heath/grassland is dominated by {\it Calluna vulgaris} accompanied {\it Molinia caerulea}. Other species recorded from the site as a whole include, {\it Agrostis stolonifera, Athyrium filix-femina, Callitriche stagnalis, Caltha palustris, Campanula rotundifolia, Carduus acanthoides, Carex remota, Chrysosplenium oppositifolium, Circaea lutetiana, Conopodium majus, Corydalis claviculata, Deschampsia cespitosa, Crataegus monogyna, Dryopteris dilatata, Epilobium ciliatum, Eupatorium cannabinum, Frangula alnus, Glyceria fluitans, Holcus lanatus, Hydrocotyle vulgaris, Hypericum humifisum, Iris pseudacorus, Juncus acutiflorus, J. bulbosus, J. effusus, Lotus angustissimus} (NR), {\it Lychnis flos-cuculi, Nepeta cataria, Potamogeton polygonifolius, Ranunculus flammula, Scrophularia nodosa, Scutellaria galericulata, S. minor, Succisa pratensis, Ulex europaeus, Valeriana officinalis} and {\it Veronica beccabunga}.

N.B. NR = nationally rare: recorded from 15 or fewer ten km squares of the Ordnance Survey Grid (Perring and Farrell, 1983). 

Woodland to the south of the common has a canopy comprising {\it Quercus robur, Corylus avellana} and {\it Populus tremula}. Adjacent to the stream along the southern boundary are also trees of {\it Alnus glutinosa} and {\it Salix} spp.

There is a small pond to the south-west of the common. Noted also during site visit along main path: {\it Juncus} sp. (? {\it J. tenuis}).

MANAGE:
The common is managed as a reserve of the Surrey Wildlife Trust. Active management has concentrated on an extensive programme of tree and scrub clearance to promote recovery of heathland vegetation. The bulk of this was undertaken in 1987 to create a mosaic of clear and wooded areas. There are usually three voluntary work parties held each winter. Additional management objectives include the reinstatement of areas of former hazel coppice, thereby increasing structural diversity of the woodland and maintenance of a small pond to the south-west of the common - created originally in 1989.

For a discussion of the ecological importance of the habitat of lowland heathland please refer to the management section for the contiguous CL 225, Royal Common, and the relevant section of the main report.

UK BAP "Priority Habitats": "Lowland heathland", "Lowland dry acidic grassland", various categories of standing water.


FAUNA:
Noted during the site visit were: blackcap, blue tit, green woodpecker, rabbits, plus a variety of butterflies: gatekeeper, small copper, small blue and meadow brown. Noted on plants of ragwort: caterpillars of the cinnabar moth {\it Tyria jacobaeae}.

VEG:
The common lies on the southern side of the A31 Hog's Back road (Guildford district). The greater portion of the common supports grassland of various types, with swards of both neutral and base-rich character being represented (underlying geology: chalk).

The first community has a rather rank and tussocky appearance, with frequent/abundant {\it Arrhenatherum elatius} and {\it Festuca rubra} plus frequent {\it Trisetum flavescens}. Other associates include locally abundant {\it Bromus erectus}, plus locally occasional {\it Holcus lanatus} and {\it Dactylis glomerata}. Forbs include frequent/abundant {\it Centaurea nigra}, occasional/frequent {\it Trifolium pratense, Veronica chamaedrys} and {\it Plantago lanceolata}, locally frequent {\it Galium mollugo, Linum catharticum}, occasional {\it Ranunculus repens, Medicago lupulina} and {\it Lathyrus pratensis}, locally occasional {\it Leontodon hispidus, Trifolium repens, Pimpinella saxafraga} and {\it Odontites vernus}, plus locally rare {\it Agrimonia eupatoria}. Also present in local abundance is the moss {\it Pseudoscleropodium purum}. This vegetation appears to have closest affinities with NVC type MG1.

The second sward type has a shorter turf dominated by {\it Festuca rubra} and {\it Agrostis capillaris} (NVC type MG5?). This is accompanied by locally frequent {\it Lotus corniculatus, Plantago lanceolata, Hypericum perforatum, Cirsium arvense} and {\it Linum catharticum}, plus locally occasional {\it Senecio jacobaea, Convolvolus arvensis, Prunella vulgaris, Centaurea nigra, Leontodon hispidus} and {\it Cirsium vulgare}. These areas generally have quite a lot of bare/poached soil, with lots of chalk showing.

In from the edge of the road is a further grassland community. This too has a relatively short, sparse turf, here dominated by {\it Bromus erectus}. Other associates include: frequent {\it Centaurea nigra, Lotus corniculatus, Plantago lanceolata, Galium mollugo}, locally frequent {\it Sanguisorba minor, Leucanthemum vulgare}, and {\it Linum catharticum}, occasional {\it Leontodon autumnalis}, locally occasional {\it Origanum vulgare, Bellis perennis} and locally rare {\it Clinopodium vulgare}. Also recorded was the moss {\it Homalothecium lutescens}. This vegetation appears to belong within NVC type CG3.

Finally, immediately along the edge of the road is a narrow strip of ungrazed vegetation; taller grassland with small bushes and trees. This grassland supports species such as {\it Knautia arvensis, Centaurea scabiosa, C. nigra, Origanum vulgare, Linum catharticum} and {\it Convolvolus arvensis}. Trees and shrubs include {\it Fraxinus excelsior, Acer pseudoplatanus, Cornus sanguinea, Clematis vitalba, Crataegus monogyna, A. campestre} and {\it Euonymus europaeus}.

Along the south-eastern edge runs a strip of scrub/broadleaved trees: {\it Prunus spinosa, C. sanguinea, C. monogyna, Sambucus nigra, Ligustrum vulgare, Corylus avellana, Viburnum lanata, Acer campestre, Rhamnus catharticus, Ilex aquifolium, Acer pseudoplatanus} and {\it Rubus fruticosus} agg.  There is locally abundant growth of {\it Clematis vitalba} and {\it Hedera helix} on the trees. The field layer also has much {\it Hedera helix}, plus  locally abundant {\it Brachypodium sylvaticum}, locally frequent {\it Mercurialis perennis, Sanicula europaea, Fragaria vesca} and {\it Melica uniflora}, plus locally occasional {\it Geranium robertianum}.  

The southern edge of the common lies along the cliff face of a disused quarry. Here there is a fence line and a thin band of scrub on the common: {\it C. monogyna, Prunus spinosa, Ligustrum vulgare, Cornus sanguinea, Freaxinus excelsior, Viburnum lanata} plus (rare), {\it Taxus baccata}.

MANAGE:
The common appears to be grazed periodically (horses/ponies), although no stock were present at the time of the site visit. Parts of the turf had clearly been grazed, often with much bare chalk/soil showing and lots of poaching of the surface by hooves. Grazing by rabbits also seems to be locally significant. Elsewhere, the grassland is rather rank in character and this would suggest that the grazing is very infrequent or that the site has not been grazed for some time. 

Despite its small size, the site supports a diverse range of grassland communities, although these appear to be somewhat transitional bewteen neutral and calcilolous types. The swards have a relatively high level of botanical diversity, which is further enhanced by the areas of base-rich scrub (not open to grazing). The site also appears to offer potential for grassland butterflies and other invertebrates, plus small mammals. It is clear that a moderate level of grazing is the optimal form of management if the spread of coarser grasses such as {\it A. elatius} is to be prevented. 

Note that the common adjoins a disused chalk quarry which is a Surrey Wildlife Trust Reserve. However, this does not include any of the common itself.


FAUNA:
A wide variety of woodland birds breed within the site including nightjar (UK BAP "Priority Species"), plus hawfinch, sparrowhawk, nightingale and all three british woodpeckers. 

The heathland bird fauna has declined in importance primarily due to disturbance caused by dog-walking. Woodlark (UK BAP "Priority Species"), stonechat and grasshopper warbler have all been lost.

Occasional sightings of tree sparrow and red-backed shrike (UK BAP "Priority Species"), grey heron, buzzard, red-legged partridge, moorhen, snipe, jack snipe, dartford warbler, pied flycatcher and hawfinch.

The chalk scrub is of value to a range of breeding birds, especially as the two "valleys" are situated in a less-extensively visited part of the common. Nightingale was recorded in the late 1970s although its present status (as at 1986) is uncertain. Also recorded from scrub habitat: dormouse (UK BAP "Priority Species"), plus yellow-necked mouse and harvest mouse.

Nuthatch and treecreeper recorded from Oyster Hill woods.

An old chalk mine is used as a winter roost by several species of bats.

The common has a Grade B entry in the Invertebrate Site Register. The diversity and high quality of habitats supports a wide range of invertebrates, including many rare and local species. 

Lepidoptera (butterflies and moths) include straw belle moth {\it Aspitates gilvaria}, silver spotted skipper butterfly {\it Hesperia comma} and adonis blue butterfly {\it Lysandra bellargus}, all of which are UK BAP "Priority Species". Rare Diptera (flies) include {\it Micropeza lateralis} (a stilt-legged fly) and {\it Cheilosia nigripes} (a hoverfly). A large number of rare Coleoptera (beetles) have been recorded including {\it Diplocoleus fagi} and {\it Pityopgenes chalcographus}. A large Hemipteran, {\it Gonocerus acuteangulatus} (true bug) found here, occurs nowehere else in Britain. Several local snails have been found including the Roman snail {\it Helix pomatia}.

Heathland specialists include the ladybird {\it Cocinella hieroglyphica}, the moths: grass wave {\it Perconia strigillaria} and emperor {\it Saturnia pavonia} and the green hairstreak butterfly {\it Callophrys rubi}.

Calcareous habitats include records for rufous grasshopper {\it Gomphocerippus rufus}, reddish light arches (a moth) {\it Apamea sublustris}, the beetles {\it Bruchidius cisti} and {\it Cryptocephalus aureolus}, plus two butterflies: grizzled skipper {\it Pyrgus malvae} and dark green fritillary {\it Arygnnis aglaja}. 

Old trees at Oyster Hill are of particular value for deadwood invertebrates, with several scarce species present: the beetles {\it Stenagostus villosus} and {\it Cerylon ferrungineum} and the bug {\it Xylocoris cursitans}. In addition, the butterflies silver-washed fritillary {\it Argynnis paphia} and white admiral {\it Lagoda camilla} are present and possibly also the rarer purple emperor {\it Apatura iris}.

Small ponds on the plateau of the common (old cattle ponds) provide habitat for all three native species of newt, including the great crested newt, protected under Schedule 5 of the Wildlife and Countryside Act and also a UK BAP "Priority Species". 

Further survey/research needed into the status/requirements of various notable fauna: purple emperor, white admiral, dark green fritillary, green and white letter hairstreaks, brown argus, dingy, essex and grizzled skippers, chalkhill blue butterfly, nightingale, nightjar, dormouse, harvest mouse and yellow-necked mouse.

Other fauna present: adder, grass snake, common shrew, pygmy shrew, hedgehog, mole, grey squirrel, wood mouse, fox, stoat, weasel, bank vole, field vole, roe deer, fallow deer, brown long-eared bat.

For a more extensive discussion of the fauna of the site, please consult the 1986 National Trust Biological Survey Report.

VEG:
The common lies on the North Downs to the north-east of Dorking (Mole Valley district) and forms part of a more extensive SSSI (i.e. "Mole Gap to Reigate Escarpment"). This incorporates an 8 km section of the North Downs running between Leatherhead and Reigate Escarpment. This SSSI is also listed in "A Nature Conservation Review" (ed. D.A. Ratcliffe, 1977). The SSSI as a whole includes the best examples of a characteristic mosaic of habitats occurring on the North Downs which includes woodland, chalk grasslands, chalk scrub and chalk heath.

Headley Heath itself lies on the plateau of the Downs. Here, much of the chalk is overlain by acidic sands and gravels. This supports a significant area of acidic heathland vegetation, the only part of the SSSI to contain this habitat type. However, in the western part of the common, chalk is close to the surface and it underlies two north-south orientated dry valleys which lie across this area. As such, the common also exhibits a good range of habitats typical of the SSSI as a whole. The presence of both base-rich and and acidic substrates adds considerably to the biodiversity of Headley Heath.

The following description is largely based upon the quoted sources, most notably the National Trust Biological Survey of 1986. Several small areas to the north-east, including the various outliers to the main common were visited during the course of the present survey. The site was also familiar to the surveyor as a result of earlier voluntary work experience at the common.

The site was formerly open grazed grassland and heath. A cessation of grazing around a century ago has led to the development of secondary woodland, scrub and dense bracken {\it Pteridium aquilinum} across much of the common. This secondary woodland is a valuable habitat in juxtaposition with the heaths and grasslands, but is not as valuable {\it per se} as older woodlands elswehere in the SSSI. 

Calcareous woodland is associated with the two main N-S dry valleys of the western common. This is characterised by {\it Fraxinus excelsior}, with {\it Betula} sp. and {\it Crataegus monogyna} on the plateau and with {\it Acer pseudoplatanus} on the slopes. This appears to have originated from former wood pasture, with a scattering of mature open-grown specimen trees of {\it Quercus robur}. There are also some old coppice stools of {\it F. excelsior} and {\it Corylus avellana}. The woodlands of the slopes appear to be the more diverse with trees of {\it Taxus baccata, Acer campestre, Quercus robur, Crataegus monogyna} and {\it Prunus} sp. over a well-developed shrub layer of {\it Euonymus europaeus, Cornus sanguinea, Viburnum opulus}, saplings of {\it F. excelsior}, plus {\it Corylus avellana} and {\it Salix capraea}.

On the plateau, the field layer contains {\it Mercurialis perennis, Pteridium aquilinum} and {\it R. fruticosus} agg., with {\it Dryopteris filix-mas, D. dilatata, Hyacinthoides non-scripta, Lamiastrum galeobdolon} and {\it Campanula trachelium}. The slopes also have {\it Circaea lutetiana, Geum urbanum, Scrophularia nodosa, Mycelis muralis, Teucrium scorodonia, Ajuga reptans} and open-ground species such as {\it Inula conyzae} and {\it Pastinaca sativa}. See below for description of associated chalk scrub habitat.

The margins of the common tend to have a more mature, acidic woodland canopy dating from around 80 years or so. This is characterised by {\it Quercus} sp., {\it Betula} sp. {\it Fraxinus excelsior, Corylus avellana, Sorbus aucuparia, Prunus} sp. and {\it Ilex aquifolium}. Again there are occasional mature trees of {\it Quercus robur} which pre-date the main canopy, with similar trees along some of the site boundary banks. The field layer is generally poor with much {\it R. fruticosus} agg. plus {\it Hedera helix, D. filix-mas, D. dilatata, Geum urbanum, Stachys sylvatica, Glechoma hederacea, Mercurialis perennis, Circaea lutetiana} and {\it Oxalis acetosella}. 

There are two possible fragments of ancient woodland on the main common (though none is highlighted in the Surrey Ancient Woodland Inventory). These are an area of old wood pasture on the chalk (and clay?) in the NW of the common, and a small area of coppice north of Dean Wood. The old woodbanks surrounding Dean Wood support {\it Tilia cordata} and appear to be very ancient. 

The most extensive habitat type is a secondary {\it Betula} sp. woodland over {\it Pteridium aquilinum} and {\it Rubus fruticosus} agg. This has developed on the former heathland area since WW2. Older trees pre-dating the canopy are also present, with younger trees of {\it Quercus robur} beneath the canopy. The most frequent associates are {\it C. monogyna, S. aucuparia, A. pseudoplatanus} and {\it Ulex europaeus}. Occasional {\it Castanea sativa, Prunus} sp., {\it Malus sylvestris, Ilex aquifolium, Salix} spp. and {\it Populus tremula}. Very locally are heathland remnants with {\it Calluna, Erica cinerea, Ulex minor} and {\it Potentilla erecta}. The field layer more typically comprises {\it Holcus lanatus, Lonicera periclymenum, Teucrium scorodonia, Galium saxatile, Agrostis capillaris, Rumex acetosella} and {\it Deschampsia flexuosa}. More open areas have dense stands of {\it P. aquilinum} with scattered trees and scrub etc. 

An area of restored acidic dry heath is dominated by {\it Calluna vulgaris, Erica cinerea} and {\it Ulex minor}, with abundant {\it Deschampsia flexuosa}. Regular swiping of bracken takes place and the sward has a diverse structure with tall, bushy stands, stands of moderate height (30cm), lower stands and short, open rabbit-grazed heath locally.  

There is a fairly diverse acidic heathland flora with {\it Genista anglica} being described as the most notable plant. Other associates include {\it Potentilla erecta, Galium saxatile, Hypochaeris radicata, Rumex acetosella, Teucrium scorodonia, Stellaria graminea, Carex pilulifera, Danthonia decumbens, Molinia caerulea, Anthoxanthum odoratum, Agrostis capillaris, Holcus lanatus, Hypericum pulchrum, Juncus effusus} and {\it J. conglomeratus. Cuscuta epithymum} also present. 

The heaths grade into acidic grassland, again dominated by {\it D. flexuosa, A. capillaris} and {\it H. lanatus}, with the largest area occurring at Middle Hill. Other associates are similar to those mentioned for the acid heath, plus {\it Campanula rotundifolia} and {\it Aira praecox}. Several local annuals have been recorded from the shorter, more open swards: {\it Spergularia rubra, Ornithopus perpusillus, Filago germanica} and {\it Vulpia bromoides}.

Elsewhere, areas of former acid heath tend to support a mixture of {\it Betula pendula, B. pubescens, P. aquilinum} and {\it Ulex europaeus} - scrub, trees and bracken.

Chalk grassland occurs primarily on the "Chalk Slope" and the "Chalk Spur" to the NW of the site. The turf is open and short due to rabbit grazing. It has no obvious dominants except for large patches of the unpalatable {\it Helianthemum nummularium}, many disturbed ground calcicoles and scrub-edge species and patches of {\it Brachypodium sylvaticum}. Scrub invasion is widespread and so scrub-edge species are also present. Variations in slope, soil and aspect all provide structural diversity as do transitions between open grassland, scrub and woodland.

These communities contain a very diverse range of predominantly calcicolous grassland species which include {\it Scabiosa columbaria, Poterium sanguisorba, Briza media, Trisetum flavescens, Bromus erectus, Origanum vulgare, Asperula cyananchia, Cirsium acaule, Linum catharticum, Carex flacca, Hypericum perforatum, Lotus corniculatus, Galium verum, Koeleria macrantha, Hippocrepis comosa, Viola hirta, Gentianella amarella, Ophrys apifera, Anacamptis pyramidalis, Gymnadenia conopsea, Ajuga chamepitys} (NS) and {\it Erigeron acer}. In addition, there is also a tentative record for {\it Gentianella anglica} (NS) (Hedley and Wigginton, undated).
 
NS - Nationally scarce: occurring in 16 - 100 ten km squares of the Ordnance Survey Grid (JNCC, 1994).

Species associated with rabbit scapes and scrub clearance work include {\it Hypericum hirsutum, Reseda luteola, Fragaria vesca, Pastinaca sativa, Agrimonia eupatoria} and {\it Senecio jacobaea}. Species associated with scrub-edge and open ground include {\it Cynoglossum officinale, Verbascum nigrum, V. thapsus, Viola hirta, Primula veris, Malva moschata, Reseda luteola, Inula conyzae} and {\it Listera ovata}. 

Of particular note in association with the chalk, is a small area of chalk heath, where the calcicole flora occurs in close juxtaposition with the acidic heath plants. Such associations are known from only a few sites in Britain and found elsewhere on the North Downs in Surrey at Box Hill (no longer registsred common land). An example from outside the locality occurs in the Peak District, on limestone (KAC, personal observation). A further, larger area of such vegetation formerly existed at Headley Heath, now scrubbed over.

Chalk scrub and scrub/woodland has also developed in the dry chalk valleys over the last 40-50 years. This generally has a diverse structure, especially where it retains elements of the former open chalk grassland flora. A good range of native trees is present such as {\it Fraxinus excelsior} (which will probably dominate the succession), {\it Taxus baccata, Acer campestre, Ilex aquifolium, Prunus} spp., (incl. {\it P. spinosa}), {\it Corylus avellana, Euonymus europaeus, Taxus baccata, Rhamnus catharticus, Quercus robur, Ilex aquifolium, Crataegus monogyna, Betula} spp., {\it Ulmus} spp., {\it Cornus sanguinea, Viburnum lantana, Salix} spp., and {\it Ligustrum vulgare. Clematis vitalba} is abundant among the trees and shrubs.

The field layer includes both woodland and grassland species: {\it Mercurialis perennis, Stellaria holostea, Brachypodium pinnatum, Geum urbanum, Hyacinthoides non-scripta, Clinopodium vulgare, Pastinaca sativa, Prunella vulgaris, Euphrasia officinalis, Centaurea nigra, Viola hirta, Heracleum sphondylium, Arrhenatherum elatius} and {\it Dactylis glomerata}. In addition, {\it Gymnadenia conopsea} and {\it Ophrys apifera} have also been recorded.

Many of the glades are dominated by {\it P. aquilinum}, but calcicole and neutral grassland herbs still occur. {\it Epipactis helleborine} and {\it Cephalanthera damasonium} occur at the scrub-edges. {\it Blackstonia perfoliata} recoerded from a grassy clearing in scrub.

Further habitat diversity is provided by numerous small ponds on the eastern plateau, probably old livestock ponds, artificially dug, but not lined or puddled. There may have formerly been more of these features. 

Of particular significance is {\it Damasonium alisma}, which has had a tenuous presence at Heath House Pond (current status not known). This nationally rare species (i.e. occurring in 15 or fewer ten km squares of the Ordnance Survey Grid) is also a UK BAP "Priority Species" and included on Schedule 8 of the Wildlife and Countryside Act. As at 1990 there were only three native UK sites: one in Surrey and two in Buckinghamshire. This is a plant of acid-neutral ponds with a fluctuating level and grows on exposed gravelly mud when the water drops in summer. The trampling by livestock probably maintained a continuity of suitable habitat for the species at Headley Heath, now apparently its only UK site. Another notable species at Heath House Pond is {\it Apium inundatum}.

Oyster Hill - outlying portion........ 

Incorporates only a small section at the eastern edge of the National Trust land holding. Broadleaved woodland here is ancient (highlighted in the Surrey Ancient Woodland Inventory). This part of the common is underlain by early Tertiary Thanet Sands and Reading Beds. The former includes beds of fossil oysters, apparently exposed when the road cutting was constructed along the eastern edge of the hill in the 19th Century.

This area was noted during the present survey to have a scrubby woodland canopy comprising {\it Sorbus aucuparia, Betula} sp., {\it Corylus avellana} and {\it Ilex aquifolium} with locally occasional trees of {\it Quercus robur} and small individuals of {\it Taxus baccata} and {\it Acer pseudoplatanus}. Trees of {\it Fagus sylvatica} alongside the road. The field layer contains {\it R. fruticosus} agg., {\it P. aquilinum} and {\it Hedera helix} with locally occasional {\it Lapsana communis, Silene dioica} and {\it Dryopteris dilatata}. 

To the north, the tree canopy is more closed. The dominant tree here is {\it Acer pseudoplatanus}, but still with {\it F. sylvatica} along the road. Shrub layer includes {\it Sambucus nigra} and {\it C. avellana}. The field layer contains locally frequent {\it Brachypodium sylvaticum, Circaea lutetiana, Hedera helix, Hyacinthoides non-scripta, Oxalis acetosella, P. aquilinum, R. fruticosus} agg. plus locally occasional {\it Dryopteris filix-mas}. NE corner has several old "pits" at the base of the hillside adjacent to the road. One of these contains abundant {\it Mercurialis perennis}.

MANAGE:
The common is managed by the National Trust who have been engaged in a range of management activities on this important site, which is of considerable nature conservation value for a number of reasons. Of obvious note is the diversity of habitat types, many of which are of considerable importance in their own right, and are generally of a species-rich character, with several local or rare species. 

In addition, the close juxtaposition of acidic and calcareous habitats is of particular interest, with good examples of natural transitions between these two categories of habitat - a feature now rare on the Downs Chalk.

The site was formerly an open common grazed by sheep belonging to the inhabitants of the adjacent villages of Betchworth, Brockham and Headley. There was also cutting of bracken, 'furze' and turf by the commoners. Grazing by rabbits was probably also important in maintaining open ground. There was gravel extraction in the northern part of the common.

Grazing by sheep ceased in 1882, after which there was a slow, but gradual spread of trees, scrub and bracken across the site, although by the 1930s, despite extensive dominance of bracken and some areas of scrub, tree cover was generally quite sparse and there were heather plants remaining amongst the bracken.

There was major soil disturbance during WW2, when the site was used for tank training and building practice. This appears to have very greatly accelerated invasion by birch which continued until the 1970s. At this time, heathland vegetation on the common appears to have been in an extremely depleted state. Concerted efforts were subsequently made by the National Trust to clear much of the encroaching scrub and trees. As a result, a significant area of open heathland vegetation has been successfully restored. Maintenance of this area involves swiping to control birch saplings and bracken, plus rotational cutting of gorse scrub. Possible construction of firebreaks. There are plans to increase the extent of open heath on Middle Hill by further tree clearance, swiping of bracken, scraping of bracken litter and possibly spreading of heather seed in the autumn.

In addition, some areas of acidic grassland have also been re-created by similar methods. 

Future management of Headley Heath will need to balance the interests of nature conservation with the Trust's obligations to "keep commons  ...as open spaces for the recreation and enjoyment of the public".

In terms of nature conservation, management should be aimed at maintaining the diverse mixture of semi-natural habitats and the transition zones. 

In particular, it is a stated objective of the management plan to maintain and extend open areas of grassland and heath and to prevent a complete succession of scrub into woodland. The ideal is seen as a mosaic of large areas of open heath with scattered small areas of acidic grassland, bracken, scrub and trees, plus areas of mature woodland managed to give a diverse age-structure, with frequent glades and extensive irregular scrub transition zones. 

The current management plan (up until 1999) identifies targets for maintenence and restoration of open habitats that include 30 per cent of the area of the property (incorporating areas of acid and chalk heath, plus acidic and chalk grasslands).

Creation of open habitat will concentrate on the clearance of colonising birch within existing open areas - including use of herbicide to treat cut stumps. Scraping of the soil surface is also to be employed. This will remove the thick accumulated litter layer and allow heather seedlings to establish. Small areas of bare ground are also of importance for certain invertebrates. Mature, open-grown oak trees, possibly originating from a wood pasture system, are to be conserved. Elsewhere, small copses are to be retained to optimise the structral diversity of habitats. Some cut stumps will be left {\it in situ} to provide dead wood habitat.

Maintenence of established heather swards will be aimed at creating a diversity of age structure ranging from seedling to senescent plants, with all growth stages in between. Some use of burning is included to control birch and to rejuvenate heather and gorse. Herbicide may be used to spray very dense birch or bracken. 

A low level of grazing as a long term aim is seen as compatible with these management aims. Major benefits of this will include selective removal of invasive species, such as gorse, birch and young bramble, control of bracken by trampling, incorporation and disturbance of a thick litter layer and a reduction of the need to effect other control measures such as herbicide application and scraping.

A number of factors need to be addressed prior to the use of grazing such as the type of stock appropriate for both heathland and chalk grassland, the necessary fencing measures (perimeter fencing preferred due to lack of internal instructions), sensitivity of selected stock to the presence of dogs and also the likely need to employ a professional stockman. 

The extremely popular use of the site by dog-walkers is having a significant localised effect on the heathland flora (Shaw et al., 1995). This study looked at trampling and soil nutrient levels in transects across various paths in heathland parts of the site. It found a clear transition from heather to grasses next to paths. Soil compaction was also highest nearer paths (mainly due to humans, but also possibly dogs). There was a peak in faecal deposition 1.0m from the path, with maximum levels here of soil phosphate and ammonium showing clear evidence of soil eutrophication. This particular study was unable to say whether the change of heather to grass was due either to trampling of eutrophication, although in reality, both processes were thought to be at work.  

The small area of species-rich calcareous grassland to the NW of the property appears to have diminished since Myxomatosis in 1955. Subsequent scrub clearance and some rabbit grazing maintained some areas of open grassland. From 1989, this area has been fenced to allow the reintroduction of grazing by sheep (after a gap of around a century). In the longer term, the paddock boundaries may need to be moved to prevent abrupt boundaries from developing. Adjacent scrub to be managed to encourage an irregular interface between this and adjacent grassland. Some scrub clearance is recommended to allow expansion of the area of chalk heath - part of which should remain outside the grazed area. Again, manage calcareous scrub in the valleys to maintain open and grassy glades and overall diverse structure and prevent succession to woodland.

N.B. "Lowland heathland", "Lowland dry acidic grassland", "Lowland calcareous grassland", "Lowland wood pasture and parkland", plus mesotrophic and eutrophic standing waters feature among the "Priortiy Habitats" of the UK Biodiversity Action Plan. The site has also been highlighted in the Surrey Inventory of lowland heathland (EN, 1993).

Within the woodlands, those around the site margins should be allowed to develop naturally to a mature canopy.  All mature open-crown trees and old pollards to be retained to encourage dead wood habitat for invertebrates, except for reasons of public safety. Fallen and cut timber to be left {\it in situ}. Consider making glades in some areas. Windthrown trees, in areas not planned for heathland restoration, to be left and natural recolonisation be allowed to take place. Any planting should be avoided in order to maintain the native tree population.

Ponds: Heath House Pond is cleared and mechanically disturbed on an approximately 5 year rotation as part of management aimed at sustaining the presence of {\it Damasionum alisma}. Two plants were seen in June 1989. The species has been introduced to other ponds on Headley Heath, but with only limited and temporary success. Plants from Headley Heath are currently undergoing cultivation in the Cambridge University Botanical Gardens with planned future reintroduction. An action plan for the species has been prepared under the UK Biodiversity Action Plan (HMSO, 1994): Plantlife and English Nature have been undertaking recovery work on the species since 1990 to relocate former sites and establish whether any remain suitable for regeneration of the seed bank. There were reintroductions in 1994 at several sites and the success of these will be monitored by Plantlife.

N.B. The SSSI as a whole is also of considerable geological importance, being one of the classic geomorpholocical localities of sout-east England. Part of the SSSI to be listed in "A Geological Conservation Review".

For a more comprehensive account of the site, its habitats, species and management activity, please consult the National Trust. This is an extensively studied area with a large volume of biological information available.


VEG:
The common lies in the northern part of the county to the east of Chobham village (Runnymede district).

The southern part of the common supports an area of mixed secondary woodland with the canopy comprising between 50-75 per cent tall mature trees of {\it Pinus sylvestris} accompanied by {\it Betula} sp., with rare {\it Castanea sativa}. A sparse shrub layer includes locally abundant {\it Rhododendron ponticum} and locally occasional {\it Ilex aquifolium}, while the field layer largely comprises leaf litter and {\it Pteridium aquilinum}.

The northern part of the common contains a number of private houses and their gardens. Includes trees of {\it Betula} sp., {\it Quercus robur} and clumps of {\it R. ponticum}.

MANAGE:
The wooded portion of the common is unmanaged and the northern part contains private houses and associated gardens.


FAUNA:
Noted during the site visit were: goldcrest, willow warbler, songthrush, blue tit, wren, blackbird, jay, robin, chiff chaff, magpie, blackcap, moorhen, chaffinch, plus speckled wood and large white butterflies. Various Odonata around the pond, including: broad-bodied chaser {\it Libellula depressa} and large red damselfly {\it Pyrrhosoma nymphula}.

VEG:
The common lies to the south-east of Haslemere (Waverley district). Most of the site supports a secondary broadleaved woodland. The site was viewed from along the main track, progressing southwards to the small pond. 

The woodland has a canopy which mainly comprises mature trees of {\it Fagus sylvatica, Quercus robur} and {\it Acer pseudoplatanus}. Other locally occasional associates include {\it Tilia} sp., {\it Larix decidua, Pinus sylvestris, Aesculus hippocastanum, Betula pendula, Castanea sativa} and {\it Sorbus aucuparia}. There tends to be a dense shrub layer which contains {\it Rhododendron ponticum, A. pseudoplatanus} (saplings), {\it Ilex aquifolium, Sambucus nigra, S. aucuparia} and {\it B. pendula}. The field layer commonly includes (with variable frequency), {\it Urtica dioica, Rubus fruticosus} agg., {\it Hyacinthoides non-scripta, Geranium robertianum, Geum urbanum, Galium aparine, Impatiens parviflora, Athyrium filix-femina, Circaea lutetiana, Pteridium aquilinum, Dryopteris dilatata, Eurynchium praelongum, Brachythecium rutabulum, Mnium hornum, Alliaria petiolata, Holcus mollis, Teucrium scorodonia} and {\it Hedera helix}. Less frequent are species such as {\it Sanicula europaea, Oxalis acetosella, Carex pilulifera, Vaccinium myrtillus, Melica uniflora, Myosotis} sp., {\it Aegopodium podagraria, Veronica chamaedrys, Ranunculus bulbosus} and {\it Heracleum sphondylium}. 

Several of the roads crossing the common have banks at the edges and here {\it Sanicula europaea}, together with {\it Viola} sp. ? {\it V. riviniana} were noted in local abundance.

Towards the south of the common there is a large area of cleared woodland. This now has a mix of developing sapling trees {\it Q. robur} and {\it Betula pendula}, dense scrub of {\it Ulex europaeus}, scattered {\it P. aquilinum} and {\it R. fruticosus} agg. Several planted sapling trees of {\it Q. robur} and {\it B. pendula} were noted here, plus rare scattered patches of seedling {\it Calluna vulgaris}. This may have been deliberately cleared or could have resulted from tidy-up operations following the 1987 storm.

A small pond to the extreme south of the common has locally locally abundant {\it Juncus effusus}, locally frequent {\it Lycopus europaeus, Ranunculus lingua, R. flammula, Glyceria fluitans, Typha latifolia, Equisetum fluiatile}, locally occasional {\it Eleocharis palustris, Caltha palustris} and {\it Carex pendula}. The open water has occasional/frequent {\it Lemna minor} and rarely, {\it Myriophyllum} sp. Around much of the edges are dominant/abundant carpets of {\it Crassula helmsii}.

A number of small trees of {\it Alnus glutinosa} and {\it Salix} spp. are growing around the margins of the pond.

MANAGE:
This site appears to be of significant local nature conservation potential, apparently supporting a diverse range of woodland and other birds. 

There are some large fallen dead trees present, with significant quantities of fallen and decaying dead wood, together with abundant leaf litter (potential invertebrate habitats).

A policy of non-intervention is probably the most suitable management strategy for this site.

The origin/purpose of the cleared area of woodland is not obvious. There has been some colonisation by {\it Calluna}, but trees also appear to have been planted.

Additional habitat diversity is provided by the pond. At present it retains some botanical diversity, despite the infestation of {\it Crassula}.


FAUNA:
On visit the following species were recorded: Blackbird, Bullfinch, Great-spotted woodpecker.

VEG:
The common is covered by broad-leaved woodland with a mixture of native and exotic trees in the shrub and canopy layers. Ash, elm, elder and holly are interspersed with sycamore, horse chestnut, lime and laurel with the latter dominant in places. The ground flora contains typical woodland species such as Circaea lutetiana, Geum urbanum and Hedera helix, while along the pathside Cirsium arvense, Rumex obtusifolius, Dactylis glomerata, Petasites hybridus, Veronica chamaedrys and Bromus ramosus are found along with the ruderals Urtica dioica, Epilobium hirsutum, E.montanum and Chamaenerion angustifolium. Tanacetum parthenium and Cotoneaster sp. are locally abundant.

MANAGE:
The site is apparently unmanaged. There is a good age structure but the exotic trees and shrubs should be gradually thinned out and replaced with native species.


FAUNA:
On visit the following species were recorded: Collared Dove, Blackbird,Magpie, Wood pigeon, Great-Spotted Woodpecker.  Rabbit.

VEG:
Broad-leaved woodland with ash, oak, rowan, birch, elder, sycamore, and mature beech trees. Luzula sylvatica is locally dominant but there is a generally impoverished ground flora with Urtica dioica and Rubus fruticosus, and much bare ground exists under the dense canopy. The mown grassland is a Lolium perenne-Trifolium repens mix with Agrostis capillaris, Ranunculus repens, R.acris, Plantago major, Bellis perennis, Anthoxanthum odoratum, Rumex obtusifolius, Achillea millefolium, and Senecio jacobaea. Pimpinella saxifraga and Alchemilla vulgaris s.l. are also present and suggest a base-rich influence. An unmanaged rank NVC MG1 community occurs between the mown grassland and woodland. Arrhenatherum elatius, Heracleum sphondylium, Dactylis glomerata, Cirsium arvense and Holcus lanatus are abundant and Chamaenerion angustifolium and Rubus fruticosus are locally dominant. Other species include Artemisia vulgaris, Conium maculatum, Calystegia sepium, Galium aparine and Stellaria holostea.

MANAGE:
The woodland appears to be unmanaged but the central track running through the site is managed as closely mown amenity grassland. A small number of trees have been planted at the western end of the common. It would be beneficial to thin the woodland by gradually removing sycamore trees and encouraging native species to regenerate in their place. In view of its important amenity value existing management of the grassland should continue. The tall herb community could be left to develop into scrub to provide a valuable woodland edge habitat.


FAUNA:
Breeding birds: Little grebe, Sedge warbler, Reed Bunting.  Others: Skylark, Meadow pipit, Linnet, Goldfinch, Yellowhammer, Coot, Moorhen, Kingfisher, Magpie, Swallow, Blue-tit.

VEG:
Much of the site is covered by rank neutral grassland with dominants Agrostis capillaris, Elymus repens and locally Holcus lanatus. H. mollis, Dactylis glomerata, Festuca rubra, Deschampsia cespitosa, Phleum pratense and lolium perenne are also present with Galium saxatile, Campanula rotundifolia, Rumex acetosa, Linaria vulgaris and Sanguisorba officinalis. Scattered patches of tall herb vegetation contain Chamaenerion angustifolium, Arrhenatherum elatius and Cirsium arvense. Ulex europaeus and Cytisus scoparius are dense in the northern part of the common and are scattered elsewhere. Birch trees are occasional. Solidago virgaurea and Teucrium scorodonia are common amongst the scrub. A ruderal flora with scattered young sycamore trees occurs along the steep river banks. The Gut, together with two ponds close to the common, is one of the few open water sites in Tyne and Wear and Eastern Durham and is notified as an SSSI. Extensive areas of Typha latifolia and Sparganium erectum are present and the surrounding marshy grassland contains Juncus effusus, Carex rostrata, C. acutiformis, Iris pseudacorus, Caltha palustris, Filipendula ulmaria, Potentilla palustris and Epilobium hirsutum. There are base-rich flushes on the steep wooded slope in the southern part of the common characterised by abundant Ranunculus ficaria, Chrysosplenium oppositifolium and Equisetum sylvaticum.

MANAGE:
The common was once covered by willow scrub but was cleared for grazing many years ago. Regular burning of the site probably occurs and this has encouraged the spread of Ulex europaeus and Chamaenerion angustifolium. Localised cutting of the dense scrub to create a better mosaic of habitats would be beneficial, and cattle grazing on the site would help to reduce the rankness of the grassland.


FAUNA:
On visit the following species were recorded: Greenfinch, Swallow, Collared dove, Blue Tit, Starling, House sparrow.  
Green-veined White, Wall Brown, Meadow Brown.

VEG:
A semi-improved acidic grassland with Cynosurus cristatus, Phleum pratense, Dactylis glomerata, Festuca rubra, Trifolium pratense, Agrostis capillaris, Anthoxanthum odoratum, Prunella vulgaris, Plantago lanceolata, Achillea millefolium, Senecio jacobaea, Rumex obtusifolius, R.acetosa, Lathyrus pratensis, Ranunculus repens, Taraxacum officinale, Campanula rotundifolia, Cerastium fontanum, Lotus corniculatus and Rosa sp.. Hedges contain Crataegus monogyna, Rubus fruticosus, Sambucus nigra and Ilex aquifolium.

MANAGE:
Most of the common is a field which is cut for hay, but a hedge divides off the south-western part of the site and this area is horse-grazed. Existing management should continue.


FAUNA:
The following species have been recorded on the common: Spotted Flycatcher, Blackcap, Chiffchaff, Willow Tit, Great Spotted Woodpecker, Treecreeper, Nuthatch, Great Tit, Blue Tit, Wren, Blackbird, Robin.

VEG:
A broad-leaved woodland with ash, oak, rowan, and holly, and exotics, copper beech, eucalyptus and Rhododendron. Alder/willow carr exists along the base of the wooded slope. The woodland flora comprises Hyacinthoides non-scripta, Allium ursinum, Oxalis acetosella, Arum maculatum, Geum urbanum, Circaea lutetiana, Ranunculus ficaria and Stachys sylvatica with Chrysosplenium oppositifolium and Equisetum sylvaticum along base-rich flushes. In open parts of the canopy, Deschampsia cespitosa, Filipendula ulmaria, Epilobium hirsutum and Sparganium erectum can be found, and Urtica dioica, Ranunculus repens, Silene dioica, Heracleum sphondylium, Rubus fruticosus and Dryopteris spp. are frequent.

MANAGE:
Some dumping of garden waste occurs from the adjacent lane despite a sign prohibiting the activity. The pond adjacent to the common is used for fishing. Gradual replacement of the exotic trees with native species would be beneficial with priority given to the removal of invasive species such as Rhododendron.


FAUNA:
Recorded during visit: Wood Pigeon, Chaffinch, Linnet,  Wren, Blackbird, Blue Tit, Willow Warbler, House Martin, Swallow, Whitethroat, Carrion Crow.
Large White, Wall.

VEG:
The central part of the common is a mature beech plantation with little ground flora except for Anthoxanthum odoratum, Potentilla erecta and Agrostis capillaris. This extends into scrubby secondary woodland to the north and west with wych, elm, silver birch, oak, sycamore, crab apple, ash, hawthorn and guelder rose and the stinkhorn fungu, Phallus impudicus. The woodland opens out into an area of gorse and bracken with dry acid grassland with Centaurea nigra, Agrostis capillaris, Solidago virgaurea, Galium saxatile, Festuca ovina, Deschampsia flexuosa, Teucrium scorodonia, Cytisus scoparius and scattered birch and Vaccinium myrtillus. Around the scrubby edge is Holcus mollis, Arrhenatherum elatius, Dactylis glomerata, Rubus, Heracleum sphondylium, Lonicera periclymenum, Rosa canina, Rubus idaeus. The eastern end appears to have been burnt in the past as it has abundant Chamaenerion angustifolium with scattered elder scrub.

MANAGE:
There appears to be no management other than some surfacing of the footpath under the beech trees. The common is adjacent to a small housing estate, and is a popular recreation area, particularly for children. The common is a valuable area of semi-natural habitat within an agricultural area, and current management should continue, possibly with some scrub clearance to maintain open areas. More beech trees should be planted, as all the existing ones are old.


FAUNA:
On visit the following species were recorded: House Martin, Goldfinch, Skylark, Meadow pipit, Carrion Crow.

VEG:
The majority of the common is semi-improved grassland which has probably been reseeded in the past, but has since reverted to a more semi-natural state. The pasture is dominated by Lolium perenne, but Agrostis capillaris and Agrostis stolonifera are locally dominant and Deschampsia cespitosa, Festuca rubra, Holcus lanatus, Dactylis glomerata, Cynosurus cristatus, Phleum pratense, Trifolium repens, Ranunculus repens, Taraxacum officinale, Plantago lanceolata, Achillea millefolium, Hypochoeris radicata, Bellis perennis, Rumex acetosa, R. acetosella,R. obtusifolius and Cirsium arvense are occasional. Achillea ptarmica was found in the south-east of the common. Lime trees have been planted along the road edges, and small plantations have been created with a mixture of native and exotic trees. A small fenced pond has Sparganium erectum dominant at one end, with some Typha latifolia. Other species include Alisma plantago-aquatica, Elodea canadensis, Carex rostrata, Juncus effusus, J. acutiflorus, Glyceria declinata, Phalaris arundinacea, Alopecurus geniculatus, Leucanthemum vulgare, Senecio vulgaris, Epilobium palustre and Callitriche sp.. Some osiers have been planted.

MANAGE:
The main part of the common is cattle-grazed and fences have been erected along the roadsides and internally to control the stock. Thistles are topped with a tractor and flail. Other areas are managed as allotment gardens, sports fields, and amenity grasslands. An area which is used as a golf course is closely mown and watered. More tree planting to screen the roads, and the planting of parkland trees would improve the landscape value of the common.


FAUNA:
Recorded during visit: Magpie, Robin, Collared Dove, Song Thrush, Wood pigeon, Wren, Carrion Crow, Dunnock.   
On river: Grey Wagtail, Goosander, Black headed Gull, Kingfisher.
Sympetrum striolatum, Small Copper, Wall, Meadow Brown, Green Veined White.

VEG:
The steep river bank at the N. end has dense secondary woodland dominated by birch with sycamore and ash. The ground flora is dominated by Rubus with Solidago virgaurea, Centaurea nigra and Teucrium scorodonia. This opens out into a mown grass strip adjacent to a golf course with Lolium perenne, Taraxacum officinale, Plantago lanceolata, Senecio jacobaea. An uncut fringe along the river has Oenanthe crocata Artemisia vulgaris, Phalaris arundinacea, Apium graveolens, Campanula latifolia, Petasites hybridus, Filipendula ulmaria, Arrhenatherum elatius, Achillea millefolium, Galium mollugo, Epilobium hirsutum, Rumex obtusifolium, Tanacetum vulgare and scattered alder. Some of the plants show a heavy metal influence and grow at the tidal limit of the River Tyne giving rise to a unique flora (see reference overleaf). To the South, the river edge is a mosaic of rank grassland and ruderal vegetation with large crack willow trees, common sallow, Wych elm, and alder buckthorn. There is a stone retaining wall on the embankment in places. Next to the railway line there is dense Chamaenerion angustifolium with MG1 Arrhenatherum grassland with Centranthus ruber. The southern end has more established woodland in a wide strip, with dead elms and Mercurialis perennis, Geum urbanum, Hedera helix,Myrrhis odorata, Bromus ramosus, Hypericum perforatum, Lysimachia vulgaris, Calystegia sepium, Campanula rotundifolia, Stachys sylvatica, Reynoutria japonica and Impatiens glandulifera.

MANAGE:
The common is a very popular recreation area, and is crossed by a surfaced footpath forming a riverside walk. It appears to be relatively unmanaged apart from the mowing of a grassland strip. Current management should continue.


FAUNA:
During the site visit grey squirrel, blackbird, chiffchaff and mistle thrush were recorded. Cuckoo and grass snake were recorded during the 1982 WARNACT survey.

VEG:
The common overlies sands and gravels capped with clay in places and slopes gently to the north west. The predominant habitat is semi-improved neutral grassland with fairly frequent {\it Lolium perenne} accompanied by occasional {\it Bromus mollis, Holcus lanatus, Anthoxanthum odoratum, Cynosurus cristatus, Alopecurus pratensis, Rumex acetosa, Ranunculus acris, Trifolium pratense, T. repens, Stellaria graminea, Lotus corniculatus} and {\it Cerastium fontanum}. 
To the north of the site is an area of unimproved grassland where {\it Lolium perenne} is rare and {\it Centaurea nigra} is occasional within a richer sward of the above species. 
A spring emerges in places across the common where species such as {\it Deschampsia cespitosa, Ranunculus flammula, Juncus conglomeratus, Filipendula ulmaria, Potentilla anserina, Stellaria alsine, Lychnis flos-cuculi}, and {\it Alopecurus geniculatus} occur. 
Coarse {\it Arrhenatherum elatius} grassland occurs along the road verges with {\it Dactylis glomerata, Anthriscus sylvestris, Urtica dioica, Chamerion angustifolium, Ranunculus repens, Rumex obtusifolius, Cirsium arvense} and occasional {\it Rubus fruticosus} agg. 
There is an area of {\it Quercus petraea} woodland to the south of the road which bisects the common which has an understorey of {\it Crataegus monogyna, Sambucus nigra, Ilex aquifolium, Acer pseudoplatanus, Lonicera periclymenum, Ulmus glabra} and {\it Prunus laurocerasus} and a ground flora of {\it Stellaria holostea, Hyacinthoides non-scripta, Urtica dioica, Dryopteris dilatata, Galium aparine, Dryopteris felix-mas, Mercurialis perennis, Alliaria petiolata} and {\it Geum urbanum}. There is also a small area of {\it Fraxinus excelsior} woodland and an area of damp {\it Quercus robur, Fraxinus excesior} and {\it Salix cinerea} woodland at the northern end of the common to which there is no public access. {\it Holcus lanatus, Rubus fruticosus} agg. and {\it Urtica dioica} were recorded in the groundflora at the edge of the woodland. 
A small area of {\it Ulex europaeus, Quercus robur, Rubus fruticosus} agg. and {\it Fraxinus excelsior} scrub exists at the eastern end of the common and an area of scattered {\it Crataegus monogyna, Fraxinus excelsior} and {\it Populus tremula} trees. 
Overgrown hedges exist in places around the periphery of the common. 
The species {\it Calluna vulgaris, Stachys officianalis} and {\it Pedicularis sylvatica} (1 plant) recorded during the 1982 WARNACT survey were not recorded during the current survey.

MANAGE:
The majority of the site is managed by grazing of a moderate intensity presumably by right holders. Parts are grazed fairly heavily by tethered horses, in particular the area adjacent to Moor Farm and a paddock adjacent to properties south of the road bisecting the site. The latter is fenced off with post and rail fencing. The remainder appears to be grazed by cattle. A few  areas around properties are kept mown. Scrub control evidently takes place on the site as in the 1982 WARNACT survey frequent areas of {\it Rubus fruticosus} and {\it Ulex europaeus} scrub were recorded across the site. The area to the east and north-east of Church Farm appears largely to be unmanaged.


FAUNA:
Speckled wood butterfly was recorded during the site visit.

VEG:
A narrow, level strip of common land crossed by a minor road. The southern end of the common consists of dense broadleaved woodland of {\it Betula pendula, Fraxinus excelsior, Crataegus monogyna, Tilia x vulgaris, Alnus glutinosa, Acer pseudoplatanus, Salix fragilis, Populus} sp., {\it Fagus sylvatica} var {\it purpurea} and a few planted {\it Cupressus} sp. Understorey species include {\it Crataegus monogyna, Sambucus nigra, Ilex aquifolium} and {\it Sorbus aucuparia} with {\it Hedera helix} in the groundflora and {\it Anthriscus sylvestris, Galium aparine} and {\it Solanum dulcamara} where more open. There is a small area of {\it Lolium perenne} grassland amongst the woodland.
The remainder of the vegetation comprises fragments of semi-improved grassland; a closely mown sward of {\it Dactylis glomerata, Holcus lanatus, Bellis perennis} and {\it Taraxacum officinale} agg. crossed by a number of access tracks at the northern end, a rank community of {\it Arrhenatherum elatius, Alopecurus pratensis, Anthriscus sylvestris, Heracleum sphondylium, Dactylis glomerata, Urtica dioica, Galium aparine, Ranunculus repens, Holcus lanatus} and {\it Chamerion angustifolium} along the road verge north of the woodland and a stretch of species rich hedgerow of {\it Crataegus monogyna, Fraxinus excelsior, Sambucus nigra, Acer pseudoplatanus, Ulmus glabra, Salix cinerea, Viburnum opulus, Coryllus avelana, Acer campestre} and {\it Ilex aquifolium}.

MANAGE:
The common is apparently no longer grazed. The grassland area to the north is regularly mown. The strip of verge north of the woodland area apparently receives little management. The site was designated a Wildlife Site by WARNACT due to the species rich neutral grassland found at the southern end of the common. This area was being managed for hay and was noted at the time of the WARNACT survey to have been recently planted with mostly native trees. It appears to have rapidly succeeded to what is now young woodland. The currently mown semi-improved grassland at the northern end of the site does not form part of the Wildlife Site.


VEG:
The common is largely flat except for a steep north-west facing bank north-west of the B4102. Along the roadsides the vegetation was rather rank with {\it Arrhenatherum elatius, Holcus lanatus, Dactylis glomerata, Cirsium arvense} and {\it Anthriscus sylvestris}. The diversity of the community varies with additional species recorded including {\it Plantago lanceolata, Trifolium pratense, T. dubium, Vicia cracca, Ranunculus acris, Bellis perennis, Lolium perenne, Cynosurus cristatus, Poa trivialis, Taraxacum officinale} agg. and {\it Prunella vulgaris}. {\it Centaurea nigra} was rare in this community. 
Away from the roadsides there was an area of mown grass adjacent to "The Bungalow" and an area temporarily fenced off for grazing horses. There was no access to the woodland area. Canopy species recorded from the roadside were {\it Acer pseudoplatanus, Fraxinus excelsior} and {\it Quercus robur} with {\it Crataegus monogyna} in the understorey and {\it Rubus fruticosus} agg. and {\it Pteridium aquilinum} in places in the groundflora. During the 1982 Warwickshire Wildlife Trust survey, {\it Dryopteris dilatata, Hyacinthoides non-scripta, Deschampsia flexuosa} and {\it Stellaria holostea} were recorded in the groundflora with more open areas invaded by {\it Chamerion angustifolium}. {\it Alnus glutinosa, Salix capraea, Juncus effusus, Carex hirta} and {\it Dryopteris felix-mas} were recorded in an area towards the base of the motorway embankment in 1982. There is a small area of planted ornamental {\it Cupressus} spp. south of the B4102.
The spur of the common north of the motorway forms part of a much larger arable field.

MANAGE:
Part of the common is grazed by horses within a temporary fence which is possibly moved to graze other parts of the common. The area outside "The Bungalow" is mown. The road verges are cut back to 1.5-2m, and the area at the southern end of the common is apparently unmanaged. Only the area south of the motorway is designated as a Wildlife site, excluding the B4102 and the area east of it. The area north of the motorway is under arable cultivation.


FAUNA:
Jay, great spotted woodpecker, blackbird, magpie, cinnabar moth and the butterflies speckled wood, painted lady and small white were recorded during the site visit. 
The common is emerging as being very important to invertebrates. Amongst the butterflies there are records for small skipper, small heath, large skipper and meadow brown (Warks WT records, 1987), common blue, small copper, wall brown, and purple hairstreak (Brian Mitchell, 1993) and gatekeeper and marbled white are mentioned in a report by G.A. and M.A. Arnold (1985).  There are extensive species lists for moths on the common spanning a number of years. The most recent records are from 06.07.90 when 70 species were recorded including 21 new records for the 10km square. Of the chrysomelid beetles recorded from the common and adjoining colliery spoil heaps, of note in Warwickshire are {\it Sermylassa halensis} a very local species only recorded from three localities since 1980, {\it Cassida flaveola} uncommon outside of a central band across the county, {\it Apteropeda orbiculata} a very local species recorded from only seven localities prior to 1992, {\it Sphaeroderma rubidum} a fairly local species and new 10km square records for {\it Crepidodera ferruginea} and {\it Chrysolina staphlaea} (Brian Mitchell, 1993).
Other miscellaneous records include turtle dove, grasshopper warbler, and tree pipit (1990), common lizard (1985, also recorded in 1993 from the disused mineral line crossing the common) and cuckoo, wood warbler, green woodpecker, song thrush, yellowhammer, chiffchaff, grasshopper warbler, blackcap, turtle dove, reed bunting and grass snake (R.J.Thomas, 1982?).

VEG:
The common occupies a fairly level plateau area on top of a hill and a south-west facing slope. At the top of the slope is a strip of {\it Quercus robur, Q. petraea} and {\it Betula pendula} woodland adjoining Grendon Wood. The understorey consists of {\it Crataegus monogyna, Ilex aquifolium, Acer pseudoplatanus, Sorbus aucuparia, Lonicera periclymenum, Betula pendula} and {\it Rubus fruticosus} agg. with a ground flora of {\it Deschampsia flexuosa, Holcus mollis, Pteridium aquilinum, Hyancinthoides non-scripta, Hedera helix, Millium effusum, Geum urbanum, Deschampsia cespitosa, Stellaria holostea} and {\it Alliaria petiolata} with {\it Arrhenatherum elatius} and {\it Chamerion angustifolium} where the canopy is more open. There is a pond in the woodland surrounded by {\it Salix cinerea}. The water level was quite low and the vegetation consisted a carpet of {\it Glyceria} sp., {\it Iris pseudacorus, Juncus effusus} and {\it J. conglomeratus}. 
The woodland grades through scrub to coarse {\it Arrhenatherum elatius} grassland with occasional {\it Urtica dioica, Chamerion angustifolium, Anthriscus sylvestris, Achillea millefolium, Lotus corniculatus, Teucrium scorodonia, Centauria nigra, Agrostis stolonifera, Stellaria graminea, Carex ovalis} and {\it Galium aparine} with scattered scrub of {\it Rubus fruticosus, Crataegus monogyna, Ulex europaeus, Betula pendula, Cytisus scoparius, Rosa canina} and {\it Quercus robur} in places. 
There are a few areas of tall herb namely {\it Reynoutria japonica, Urtica dioica} and {\it Chamerion angustifolium}. 
At the southern end of the common there is a large area of {\it Pteridium aquilinum} and mixed scrub mosaic south of the disused mineral line. There is a dense stand of birch saplings in the extreme south-east.
North of Newlands road is an area of acidic {\it Deschampsia flexuosa} grassland with occasional {\it Rumex acetosella, Conopodium majus, Aira praecox, Nardus stricta, Galium saxatile, Potentilla erecta, Calluna vulgaris} and {\it Molinia caerulea}. The sward is fairly short and open. It is possibly mown as an area for ball games, picnics etc. There are also a few relicts of acid grassland and heathland amongst the coarse semi-improved neutral grassland and bracken covering much of the common, in particular an area adjacent to the disused mineral line.
There is a small area of mown amenity grassland at the northern end with planted ornamental trees.
{\it Carex pilulifera, Erica cinerea} and {\it Hydrocotyle vulgaris} recorded from this common previously were not seen during the site visit.

MANAGE:
The common was once an important heathland site supporting both {\it Calluna vulgaris} and {\it Erica cinerea}. The site appears largely to be unmanaged now being dominated by coarse semi-improved grassland and {\it Pteridium aquilinum} with some scrub encroachment. The main relic of heathland is situated in a hollow near the disused mineral line and is being damaged by bicyles. Despite this, the site is very important for invertebrates. Some management is carried out by the Friends of Baddesley Common such as scrub clearance, pond clearance and control of {\it Reynoutria japonica}. A few areas are mown for amenity use. The area of acid grassland north of Newlands Road is probably mown and is suffering from heavy trampling with patches of bare ground. The colliery spoil tip has encroached on the southernmost part of the common and there is a small amount of dumping in the pond adjacent to the disused mineral line.


FAUNA:
Pheasant and calling frogs were recorded during the site visit.

VEG:
The majority of the common consists of semi-improved neutral grassland of {\it Holcus lanatus, Lolium perenne, Arrhenatherum elatius, Plantago lanceolata, Achillea millefolium, Cerastium fontanum} and occasional {\it Trisetum flavescens, Anthoxanthum odoratum, Ranunculus acris, Centaurea nigra, Cirsium arvense} and {\it Hypochaeris radicata}. 
The common slopes to the west where the grassland is damper, particularly the south-western corner where the vegetation comprises {\it Juncus conglomeratus, Filipendula ulmaria, Cardamine pratensis} and {\it Deschampsia cespitosa} where frogs were heard calling. 
Around the edges of the common in the north-west is coarse grassland of {\it Arrhenatherum elatius, Deschampsia cespitosa, Urtica dioica, Anthriscus sylvestris, Heracleum sphondylium, Rumex obtusifolius, Angelica sylvestris} and {\it Tragopon pratensis} with a richer area of {\it Alopecurus pratensis, Agrostis capillaris, Rumex acetosa, Conopodium majus, Galium saxatile, Lathyrus pratensis, Leontodon autumnalis} and {\it Luzula} sp. 
There are a few patches of scrub, particularly at the western end, of {\it Crataegus monogyna, Sambucus nigra} and {\it Fraxinus excelsior} and a couple of young planted {\it Aesculus hippocastanum}. A small area on the road verge immediately east of the woodland is gardened.
There is a small area of semi-natural {\it Fraxinus excelsior} and {\it Quercus robur} woodland (scrubby in places) with an understorey of {\it Crataegus monogyna, Sambucus nigra, Ulmus glabra, Salix cinerea, Ilex aquifolium} and {\it Rubus fruticosus} agg. and a ground flora of {\it Urtica dioica, Angelica sylvestris, Cirsium arvense, Lamium album, Hedera helix} and {\it Pteridium aquilinum}. There are a few ornamental species such as {\it Salix x chrysocoma, Malus domestica} and {\it Rosa} sp. There is a dried up pond in the woodland with {\it Iris  pseudacorus} and {\it Glyceria} sp.

MANAGE:
The common had recently been cut when visited although it was unclear whether a hay crop had been taken. The cuttings had been removed. The time of visit was also fairly early in the year for a hay crop to have been taken. The common appears to be no longer grazed as suggested by the occurrence of {\it Arrhenatherum elatius}. The current management appears adequate. There is little scrub encroachment, limited only to the western end where there is also a couple of recently planted {\it Aesculus hippocastanum}. 
The southernmost point of the common is used for parking farm vehicles on and a small area along the roadside west of the woodland is being gardened.


FAUNA:
Muntjac deer, grey squirrel, great tit, chiffchaff, bullfinch, mallard, moorhen and speckled wood and meadow brown butterflies were recorded during the site visit. In addition, the birds sparrow hawk, wood pigeon, carrion crow, jackdaw, magpie, tree creeper, wren, blackbird, robin, chaffinch and house sparrow were recorded in 1985, willow warbler, starling, willow tit and blackcap in 1983, and there is a record for woodcock in 1986. Of the butterflies, there are records for peacock, gatekeeper, holly blue, small tortoiseshell and brimstone (1985) with orange tip and large and small whites recorded in 1983. The mammals fox, muntjac, grey squirrel and rabbit were recorded in 1985. There are also limited invertebrate records from 1985 mostly of common species such as common earwig, woodlice, 7 spot ladybird and oak eggar moth.

VEG:
Yarningale common lies partly on a hill and partly on generally level ground at the foot of the hill. The most widespread habitat is semi-natural broadleaved woodland. The main canopy species are {\it Quercus robur} and {\it Fraxinus excelsior} (the latter predominating in places) with some {\it Betula pendula} and occasional {\it Acer pseudoplatanus}. Understorey species include {\it Rubus fruticosus} agg., {\it Corylus avellana, Ulmus procera, Acer campestre, Malus sylvestris, Sambucus nigra, Ilex aquifolium, Prunus spinosa, Acer pseudoplatanus, Prunus laurocerasus, Taxus baccata, Salix capraea, Rosa arvensis, Lonicera periclymenum, Populus tremula} and {\it Viburnum opulus}. Groundflora species recorded include {\it Millium effusum, Brachypodium sylvaticum, Poa nemoralis, Holcus mollis, Hedera helix, Arum maculatum, Rumex sanguineus, Hyacinthoides non-scripta, Geum urbanum, Ranunculus repens, Conopodium majus, Stellaria media, Galeopsis tetrahit, Iris foetidus, Anthriscus sylvestris, Dryopteris dilatata, Dryopteris felix-mas, Pteridium aquilinum, Circaea lutetiana} and locally {\it Stellaria holostea, Chamerion angustifolium, Mercurialis perennis} and {\it Vicia sativa}.
Quite a large area of the common consists of mixed mature scrub of {\it Fraxinus excelsior, Cataegus monogyna, Sambucus nigra, Acer campestre, Ilex aquifolium, Malus sylvestris, Prunus spinosa, Prunus avium, Ulex europaeus, Hedera helix, Dryopteris felix-mas, Rubus fruticosus} agg. and {\it Rosa} spp. 
The remainder of the common is grassland. On top of the hill is an area of semi-improved acidic grassland with species such as {\it Agrostis capillaris, Holcus lanatus, Lolium perenne, Alopecurus pratensis, Arrhenatherum elatius, Galium saxatile, Stellaria graminea, Trifolium repens} and abundant {\it Rumex acetosella} with scattered {\it Crataegus monogyna, Betula pendula} and {\it Rubus fruticosus} agg. scrub and {\it Quercus robur} trees. The remainder of the grassland consists of fragments of semi-improved neutral grassland of {\it Alopecurus pratensis, Arrhenatherum elatius, Dactylis glomerata, Poa trivialis, Holcus lanatus, Heracleum sphondylium, Rumex obtusifolius, Urtica dioica, Ranunculus repens, Lolium perenne, Lotus pedunculatus, Stellaria graminea, Plantago lanceolata, Trifolium repens, Cynosurus cristatus} and occasional {\it Centarea nigra, Trifolium pratense, Festuca rubra, Geranium dissectum, Vicia sativa} and {\it Ranunculus acris}. The richest area occurs at the junction of Common and Yarningale Lanes which is used for parking cars.
There is a sizeable pond in the southern part of the common with {\it Iris pseudacorus, Typha latifolia} and filamentous algae.

MANAGE:
The common is being managed by the Parish Council. Recently, with the involvement of WARNACT, the Parish Council submitted an application to the Countryside Stewardship Scheme for heathland restoration on the site. At the time of this visit there had been some scrub clearance in the areas highlighted in the application for restoration; the block jutting into the semi-improved acid grassland in the northern part of the site and also the area marked on the habitat map as recently felled woodland having some tree stumps amongst the felled scrub.
The semi-improved acid grassland is apparently managed by mowing and appeared in reasonable condition. The semi-improved neutral grassland appears to be suffering from some degree of neglect and should be ideally managed for hay with aftermath grazing or as pasture whichever was the traditional practice on this common. The parking of cars on the grassland is inevitably damaging it.


FAUNA:
Blackbird, chiffchaff and robin were recorded during the site visit.

VEG:
A flat poorly drained area predominantly of fairly dense old {\it Betula pendula} coppice with occasional {\it Quercus robur} and {\it Fraxinus excelsior}. The understorey is sparse with {\it Crataegus monogyna} and {\it Ilex aquifolium}. The sparse groundflora consists of frequent {\it Dryopteris dilatata} and {\it Juncus conglomeratus, Pteridium aquilinum, Festuca ovina, Holcus lanatus, Rubus fruticosus} agg. and {\it Iris pseudacorus}. Around the edges of the woodland occur {\it Salix capraea, Sambucus nigra, Ulmus glabra, Scrophularia nodosa, Chamerion angustifolium, Silene dioica, Urtica dioica} and {\it Lycopus europaeus}. 
To the north of the eastern part of the common is an area of tall ruderal vegetation of {\it Urtica dioica, Galium aparine, Galeopsis tetrahit, Arrhenatherum elatius, Cirsium arvense, Anthriscus sylvestris} and {\it Rubus fruticosus} agg. with some dumped garden rubbish and a few introduced garden plants such as {\it Buddleja} sp. and {\it Kolkwitzia} sp. There is also a small area of unmanaged {\it Festuca rubra} grassland with scattered {\it Rubus fruticosus} agg.
The northern part of the western half of the site is semi-improved neutral grassland with {\it Lolium perenne, Alopecurus pratensis, Ranunculus repens, Anthriscus sylvestris, Rumex obtusifolius, Arrhenatherum elatius, Cirsium vulgare, Juncus inflexus} and {\it Cardamine pratensis} and a small area is under cultivation by a local nursery.

MANAGE:
The coppice has not been managed for a number of years. The grassland in the western half is grazed and had a bull on at the time of the site visit. The small area of grassland east of the road is unmanaged and becoming encroached with scrub. 
Some dumping of garden waste occurs in the area of tall ruderal vegetation area possibly encouraging this vegetation through nutrient enrichment and with a few ornamental species becoming established. A small area at the northern end is under cultivation by a local nursery.


FAUNA:
Chiffchaff, blackbird, great tit, pheasant and robin were recorded during the site visit.

VEG:
This common consists of a narrow strip of woodland on a gently sloping hillside falling away more steeply to the east surrounded by coniferous plantation. The canopy species are {\it Quercus robur, Q. petraea, Betula pendula, Acer pseudoplatanus} and {\it Fraxinus excelsior}. There are several mature {\it Quercus} sp. The understorey comprises {\it Ilex aquifolium, Corylus avellana, Lonicera periclymenum, Acer pseudoplatanus, Crataegus monogyna, Sambucus nigra} and {\it Rubus fruticosus} agg. and the groundflora {\it Pteridium aquilinum, Teucrium scorodonia, Urtica dioica, Mercurialis perennis} and {\it Hyacinthoides non-scripta}. In some damper areas {\it Deschampsia cespitosa, Juncus effusus} and {\it Salix capraea} occur. Towards the eastern end of the common the canopy becomes much more open. The area of bare ground in the middle of the common is a car park.

MANAGE:
This common is managed as a picnic area with the provision of a car park and picnic benches. The groundflora is probably affected by recreational disturbance. Parts of the canopy are dominated by {\it Acer pseudoplatanus} which is also regenerating. This species can be quite invasive and should be monitored. The mature {\it Quercus} sp. are an important feature of this common.


VEG:
This common consists of a mown amenity grassland of {\it Lolium perenne} with occasional {\it Poa annua, Dactylis glomerata, Plantago major, Trifolium repens, Rumex obtusifolius, Taraxacum officinale} agg. {\it Ranunculus repens, Stellaria media} and {\it Holcus lanatus}. It is open to the road but bordered with managed {\it Crataegus monogyna, Corylus avellana} and {\it Sambucus nigra} hedges on the other sides. Around the periphery of the amenity grassland is an uncut fringe of {\it Anthriscus sylvestris, Rumex obtusifolius, Chamerion angustifolium, Symphytum x uplandicum, Stellaria holostea, Arrhenatherum elatius} and {\it Pteridium aquilinum}. There is a narrow strip of hard standing along the road edge for parking.

MANAGE:
The common is mown on a regular basis as an amenity grassland with the provision of parking just off the road edge, swings, a slide, climbing frame and goalpost.


FAUNA:
Grey squirrel, carrion crow, jay, blue tit, pied wagtail and the butterflies red admiral, painted lady, speckled wood and small white were recorded during the site visit.

VEG:
This is the largest common in Warwickshire and is situated on a hill outside Atherstone in the north of the county. The majority of the common consists of a closely mown improved grassland sward. There are a few uncut areas of {\it Arrhenatherum elatius, Dactylis glomerata} and {\it Lolium perenne} and a small area of heavily trampled semi-improved acid grassland of abundant {\it Rumex acetosella} with {\it Hieracium pilosella, Festuca ovina, Aira praecox, Vulpia bromoides, Galium saxatile} and {\it Hypochaeris radicata}. 
There are a few pockets of semi-natural broadleaved woodland with a canopy of {\it Quercus robur, Q. petraea} and occasional {\it Acer pseudoplatanus} and {\it Betula pendula}, an understorey of {\it Rubus fruticosus, Sambucus nigra, Crataegus monogyna} agg. and {\it Quercus} spp. and a groundflora of {\it Holcus mollis, Deschampsia flexuosa, Teucrium scorodonia} and {\it Galium saxatile}. In the south-western corner of the common, the woodland is damper with {\it Salix capraea}. 
There is a section of species rich hedgerow along the parish boundary with {\it Corylus avellana, Crataegus monogyna, Sambucus nigra, Quercus robur, Fraxinus excelsior, Acer campestre and Rosa} sp. 
Scattered across the common are a few pockets of {\it Ulex europaeus} scrub and broadleaved trees. 
There are some fine mature {\it Quercus} sp. along the main drive to the club house.
The portion of the common on the opposite side of the Coventry canal is an amenity grassland of {\it Lolium perenne, Trifolium repens, Poa annua, Plantago major, Bellis perennis, Ranunculus repens} and {\it Dactylis glomerata}. {\it Ulmus procera, Sambucus nigra} and {\it Prunus spinosa} were recorded in the hedgerows.

MANAGE:
The common is intensively managed as a golf course and is largely mown. It is fairly diverse with respect to the habitats. The grassland has probably had artificial fertilisers and herbicides applied and may have been reseeded in parts. There is little interest even in the "rough" areas. The areas of woodland are of the most interest biologically speaking and the mature specimens of {\it Quercus} sp. and the stretch of species-rich hedgerow should be retained.


FAUNA:
Grey squirrel and blackbird were recorded during the site visit. A lot of data on the fauna of the common was gathered in the mid 1980's. Birds recorded include sparrowhawk, moorhen, wood pigeon, collared dove, lesser spotted woodpecker, house martin, carrion crow, rook, magpie, jay, great, blue, coal, willow and long-tailed tits, tree creeper, wren, mistle thrush, song thrush, redwing, blackbird, robin, blackcap, garden, willow and wood warblers, chiffchaff, goldcrest, siskin, redpoll, bullfinch, chaffinch and house sparrow (M. Vickery, 1984), with the additional species cuckoo, green woodpecker, great spotted woodpecker and grasshopper warbler recorded during the 1984 WARNACT survey.

The vertebrates common frog, adder (also recorded in 1990), common lizard, slow-worm, fox, mole, rabbit and grey squirrel have been recorded (WARNACT survey, 1984).

Butterflies recorded between 1984 and 1987 by P. Salmon and R. Mabbett are brimstone, comma, gatekeeper, green-veined white, holly blue, large skipper, large white, meadow brown, orange tip, peacock, purple hairstreak, red admiral, ringlet, small copper, small heath, small skipper, small tortoiseshell, small white and speckled wood.
There are also extensive records of other invertebrates recorded during the WARNACT survey (1984) from the following Orders: Hemiptera, Diptera, Coleoptera, Mollusca, Crustacea, Hymenoptera, Myriapoda and Arachnida.

VEG:
Kenilworth common is situated on the south-west facing slope of the Finham Brook valley mostly surrounded by urban development. It has a complex topography due to past gravel working. The vegetation is predominantly {\it Quercus petraea/Betula pendula} woodland. Other canopy trees include {\it Quercus robur, Fraxinus excelsior, Fagus sylvatica} (locally frequent) and {\it Acer pseudoplatanus} (particularly to the west of the common). The understorey consists of {\it Crataegus monogyna, Sorbus aucuparia, Sambucus nigra, Ilex aquifolium, Acer pseudoplatanus, Fagus sylvatica} and {\it Rubus fruticosus} agg. with occasional {\it Ulex europaeus, Malus sylvestris, Prunus avium, Viburnum opulus} and {\it Ulmus glabra}. Groundflora species recorded include {\it Alliaria petiolata, Hyacinthoides non-scripta, Holcus lanatus, H. mollis, Pteridium aquilinum, Teucrium scorodonia, Urtica dioica, Geum urbanum, Poa trivialis, P. nemoralis, Stellaria holostea, Anthriscus sylvestris, Galium aparine, Silene dioica, Rumex sanguineus, Chamerion angustifolium, Hedera helix, Deschampsia flexuosa, Dryopteris felix-mas, Conopodium majus, Stellaria media} and {\it Moehringia trinervia}. There is a row of planted {\it Populus nigra} var {\it italica} along the edge of the brook west of the railway line. There has been some dumping of garden waste on this site and a few apparently introduced species were recorded including {\it Carex pendula} and {\it Tanacetum vulgare}. 
There is an area of semi-improved grassland east of the railway line mown as a picnic area and very badly eroded. {\it Ulex gallii} and {\it Calluna vulgaris} are recorded from an area immediately east of the railway line, a relict of the heathland which was formerly a much more widespread habitat.

MANAGE:
The common was declared a Local Nature Reserve in 1991 and is managed jointly by Warwick District Council and WARNACT. The management aims are to maintain and enhance the nature conservation interest of the common, maintain the diversity, promote the spread of notable species, reduce disturbance, eliminate invasive introduced species, discourage damaging activities, promote sympathetic use of the common, and encourage and enhance public enjoyment through improving the quality of access, ensuring safety and producing interpretive material. Some heathland restoration is planned for the site through the removal of suppressing trees, scarifying former heather areas, taking cuttings from existing plants to propagate stock to plant out, bracken control, and the erection of temporary barriers to prevent further erosion. Other proposals include pollarding the trees overshadowing Finham Brook, clearing the pond and removing the overshadowing trees (the pond was dry at the time of this survey and appeared to have been dry for some time), eliminating {\it Acer pseudoplatanus}, removing rubbish (the dumping of garden rubbish on the site is apparently introducing alien species to the common), protecting sensitive areas or areas of erosion with brash hedges and reseeding or planting up badly eroded areas with native species. Erosion is a particularly serious problem at the north west end of the common where the terrain is particularly undulating and popular with mountain bikers.


FAUNA:
Red admiral was recorded during the site visit.

VEG:
The common lies on a hillside to the south-west of Coventry city gently sloping to the west. The predominant habitats are semi-natural broadleaved woodland and tall ruderal vegetation with scattered scrub.
The woodland canopy is {\it Fraxinus excelsior} with occasional {\it Quercus robur} and {\it Quercus petraea} with a dense understorey of {\it Sambucus nigra, Crataegus monogyna} and {\it Salix capraea} and a sparse groundflora of {\it Geum urbanum, Brachypodium sylvaticum, Hyacinthoides non-scripta} and {\it Conopodium majus}. 
The tall ruderal vegetation comprises {\it Urtica dioica} and {\it Cirsium arvense} with a scattered scrub of {\it Rubus fruticosus} with occasional {\it Crategus monogyna}. It is damp in places with {\it Juncus} spp. and {\it Salix capraea}. 
The remainder of the vegetation consists of a semi-improved coarse grassland with abundant {\it Holcus lanatus, Heracleum sphondylium, Poa trivialis, Dactylis glomerata, Urtica dioica, Galium aparine, Arrhenatherum elatius, Solanum dulcamara, Anisantha sterilis, Anthriscus sylvestris, Alopecurus pratense} and {\it Lathyrus pratensis}. {\it Centaurea nigra} is locally frequent immediately south of the woodland. There are also areas of species-poor mown grassland. 
Species-poor hedgerow of {\it Prunus spinosa, Crataegus monogyna} and {\it Rubus fruticosus} agg. with occasional {\it Fraxinus excelsior} trees bounds the eastern and south-eastern edges of the common and of {\it Corylus avellana, Acer pseudoplatanus, Salix capraea} and {\it Sambucus nigra} the area to the west of the woodland.

MANAGE:
There is little management on this site with areas developing a tall ruderal vegetation with scrub encroachment. The north-eastern point of the common has been fenced off and is being gardened. The grassland there is mown regularly as a lawn. Other small areas along the access track are also mown. A large part southwest of the property on the common is also fenced off but apparently unmanaged.


FAUNA:
Pied wagtail, starling and swallow were recorded during the site visit. The butterflies dingy skipper, large, small and green-veined whites, orange tip, small copper, common blue, painted lady, small tortoiseshell, peacock, speckled wood, wall brown and small heath have been recorded in the vicinity of Pelsall common at SK026029 (Butterfly Conservation Society records 23.05.92).

VEG:
Pelsall common is a flat area of common land in the centre of Pelsall. The northernmost section known as Pelsall Little common comprises an amenity grassland dominated by {\it Lolium perenne} with scattered trees of {\it Tilia x vulgaris, Aesculus hippocastanum} and {\it Acer pseudoplatanus} (WMBC Countryside Sevices records). A similar area is found at SK02250328 with ornamental rose beds and the trees {\it Fraxinus excelsior, Prunus} sp. and {\it Fagus sylvatica}.

The central section of the common supports a semi-improved neutral grassland sward of frequent {\it Lolium perenne} and {\it Agrostis capillaris} with occasional {\it Dactylis glomerata, Bellis perennis, Plantago major, Hypochaeris radicata, Leontodon autumnalis, Taraxacum officinale} agg. and {\it Trifolium repens}. There are scattered trees of {\it Fagus sylvatica, Tilia x vulgaris, Acer pseudoplatanus, Carpinus betulus} and {\it Populus} sp. 

The southernmost section supports semi-improved acid grassland with occasional {\it Deschampsia flexuosa, Nardus stricta, Campanula rotundifolia, Rumex acetosella} and {\it Calluna vulgaris}. The latter is locally frequent. Again there are scattered trees, particularly along the roadsides, and locally scattered {\it Ulex europaeus}. There is a sizeable pond in this area supporting a white flowered ornamental {\it Nymphaea} sp., {\it Typha latifolia, Iris pseudacorus, Sparganium erectum, Bidens tripartita} and {\it Elodea} sp. {\it Salix} spp. fringe the pond.

MANAGE:
The common is mown as an amenity area on a ten day cycle between April and September leaving the blocks of {\it Calluna vulgaris}. There is also some {\it Calluna vulgaris} amongst the mown areas. It would probably be of benefit to the conservation value of the common if the southern section, which still supports semi-improved acid grassland, was not mown as frequently, or with regular mowing restricted to the paths. 

The areas of {\it Calluna vulgaris} will need to be managed. Unmanaged heather will eventually die and cutting or grazing encourages new growth and seedlings to establish beneath the mature plants.

There are areas set aside for a playground and sports pitch and a small area on the central section of the common has ornamental borders. There has been a lot of tree planting on the common, particularly along the roadsides, with a number of mature trees.


FAUNA:
Starling, goldfinch, small copper butterfly and large red damselfly were recorded during the site visit. A total 58 species of bird have been recorded from the common including skylark, meadow pipit, kestrel, green woodpecker, yellowhammer, linnet, lesser whitethroat, whitethroat, sparrowhawk, tree pipit, swift, greenfinch, house martin, swallow, spotted flycatcher, coal, blue, great and willow tits, tree sparrow and bullfinch.  Ponds on the common support breeding moorhen, coot and mallard (little grebe and snipe, 1988). Heron and mute swan also regularly visit. The wet reed and scrub areas provide habitat for reed bunting and willow and sedge warblers. Winter visitors and migrants include yellow wagtail, wheatear, common terns, stonechat, redwing, fieldfare and greenshank. Goldfinches and redpoll frequent conifer plantations on Nest common. There are also reports for short-eared owl and merlin. Skylark is listed on the short list of globally threatened/declining species in the UK Biodiversity Action Plan and linnet, reed bunting, spotted flycatcher, tree sparrow and bullfinch on the middle list.

Red-eyed damselfly and emperor and common hawker dragonflies have been recorded from the common (all relatively rare in the county) and also the damselflies common blue, blue-tailed and emerald damselfly and the dragonflies brown hawker, broad bodied chaser, four-spotted chaser and ruddy and common darters. 

Butterflies recorded include common blue, small tortoiseshell, orange tip, small heath, painted lady, peacock, wall brown, small copper, meadow brown, large, dingy and small skippers, large, small and green-veined whites and gatekeeper and the moths emperor and six-spot burnet. 

Other fauna recorded includes common frog, common toad, smooth newt, common lizard, grass snake, brown hare, rabbit, mole, fox and bank and field voles.  Brown hare is listed on the short list of globally threatened/declining species on the UK Biodiversity Action Plan.

VEG:
Pelsall North common is situated on the outskirts of Pelsall on the Staffordshire/West Midlands border. It is subdivided by the Wyrley and Essington canal and Cannock extension. The area to the north of the Wyrley and Essington canal is known as Pelsall Wood common and to the south Nest common. Much of the central part of the common was once an iron works which has left a large area of locally alkaline spoil on Pelsall Wood common. Nest common was subject to reclamation in the 1960's and 70's and now slopes gently down to the canal. The remainder of the common is low-lying. Pelsall Wood common and the western finger of Nest common form the Pelsall North Common Site of Importance for Nature Conservation (SINC) supporting a variety of habitats and a diverse flora. The following description is largely based on the 1988 survey by C. Wilkinson from ECORECORD and the map is based on that in the LNR management plan (1991).

The majority of the plateau area of the spoil supports a sparse ruderal vegetation of {\it Artimisia absinthium, Artemisia vulgaris, Cirsium arvense, Equisetum arvense, Medicago lupulina, Chamerion angustifolium, Anthriscus sylvestris, Urtica dioica, Reseda lutea, Rubus fruticosus} agg., {\it Tussilago farfara} and {\it Trifolium repens}. Small pockets of alkaline waste support calcicoles such as {\it Linum catharticum, Galium verum, Hypericum perforatum} and {\it Sedum acre}. Other species recorded include frequent {\it Hieracium pilosella, Plantago lanceolata} and {\it Lotus corniculatus} and occasional {\it Centaureum erythraea, Leontodon saxatilis, Allium vineale, Cerastium semidecandrum, Verbascum thapsus, Poa compressa, Erophila verna, Arabidopsis thaliana, Odontites vernus, Agrostis capillaris, Rumex acetosella, Trifolium pratense, Carex hirta, Linaria vulgaris, Aira praecox, Festuca ovina, Euphrasia officinalis} agg., a large population of {\it Dactylorhiza praetermissa, D. fuchsii} and the hybrid {\it D. x grandis} and locally {\it Deschampsia cespitosa} and {\it D. flexuosa}. Where soils are deeper and more established species such as {\it Arrhenatherum elatius, Dactylis glomerata} and {\it Elytrigia repens} occur with {\it Salix capraea} and {\it Crataegus monogyna} scrub.

Along the northern edge of the area of spoil is a strip of marshy grassland which also occurs adjacent to the Wyrley and Essington canal east of the Cannock extension. At the foot of the spoil heap the marsh comprises {\it Molinia caerulea, Deschampsia cespitosa} and {\it Juncus effusus} with occasional {\it Angelica sylvestris, Phalaris arundinacea, Cardamine pratensis, Carex ovalis, C. otrubae, C. nigra} and {\it Luzula multiflora}. There is a drainage channel supporting {\it Callitriche} sp., {\it Elodea canadensis, Potamogeton natans} and {\it Polygonum amphibium}. The area to the east of the Cannock extension is the most diverse with {\it Deschampsia cespitosa, Arrhenatherum elatius, Agrostis canina, Dactylis glomerata, Juncus effusus, J. conglomeratus, Carex nigra} and {\it C. panicea} with {\it Galium palustre, Lycopus europaeus, Scutellaria galericulata, Epilobium palustre, Centaurea nigra, Achillea ptarmica, Ranunculus flammula, Hydrocotyle vulgaris} and {\it Oenanthe fistulosa}. {\it Calluna vulgaris, Eleogiton fluitans} and {\it Erica tetralix} are occasional and {\it Triglochim palustris} occurs locally. There are also areas of swamp vegetation dominated by {\it Glyceria maxima} or {\it Carex nigra}. 

There are several ponds on the common all of which are silting up, some now supporting swamp vegetation of {\it Typha latifolia}. The pond near Pelsall junction is fringed by swamp vegetation of {\it Glyceria maxima} and {\it Typha latifolia} with some {\it Juncus effusus, Carex acutiformis, Mentha aquatica, Myosotis scorpioides, Rorippa sylvestris, Hydrocotyle vulgaris, Eriophorum angustifolium, Galium palustre} and a species of water crowfoot {\it Ranunculus} sp. Aquatic plants recorded include {\it Lemna} sp., {\it Callitriche} sp., {\it Potamogeton natans} and {\it Polygonum amphibium}. Locally it had dried up with stranded {\it Eleocharis palustris, Myriophyllum} sp., {\it Sparganium erectum, Ranunculus flammula} and a species of water crowfoot {\it Ranunculus} sp. There is only a small amount of open water on the north-westernmost pond, the remainder with a swamp vegetation of {\it Carex acutiformis, Typha latifolia} and {\it Glyceria fluitans}. The pond to the south of Huddocks Moor is fringed by {\it Sparganium erectum} and {\it Glyceria maxima} with some {\it Potamogeton natans}.

The remainder of the vegetation comprises dry heath/acid grassland mosaic and an area of wet heath/acid grassland mosaic. The dry heath/acid grassland comprises {\it Deschampsia flexuosa, Nardus stricta, Agrostis capillaris} and {\it Molinia caerulea} with {\it Holcus lanatus, Juncus conglomeratus, J. squarrosus, Potentilla erecta, Galium saxatile, Campanula glomerata, Erica tetralix, Danthonia decumbens} and locally {\it Agrostis vineale} and {\it Vaccinium myrtillus}. There is some scrub encroachment of {\it Ulex europaeus, Betula pendula, Cytisus scoparius, Salix capraea, Alnus glutinosa} and {\it Quercus robur}. The wet heath/acid grassland west of the Cannock extension canal comprises {\it Deschampsia flexuosa} and {\it Nardus stricta} grassland with occasional {\it Juncus effusus, Deschampsia cespitosa, Angelica sylvestris, Cirsium palustre} and locally dominant {\it Carex nigra}. {\it Erica tetralix} is only scattered with some {\it Calluna vulgaris} in the drier areas. Both lowland heathland and lowland dry acid grassland are key habitats in the UK Biodiversity Action Plan.

There are some patches of {\it Arrhenatherum elatius} dominated semi-improved neutral grassland with {\it Elytrigia repens, Agrostis capillaris, Cirsium arvense, Lotus corniculatus, Achillea millefolium, Heracleum sphondylium} and {\it Urtica dioica}. 

There are some enclosed fields at the western end of the common which were not surveyed during the site visit as the boundary of the common was unclear at that stage. These are under separate ownership to the rest of the common and have not been surveyed in detail before. They have probably been improved at some point in the past but may still support a semi-improved acid grassland. They are due to be surveyed in 1998 (D. Haslam, pers. comm).

The SINC includes a small area south of the Wyrley and Essington canal to the west of Wood Lane. This area supports a small area of dry heath/acid grassland mosaic, semi-improved neutral grassland of {\it Agrostis capillaris, Lolium perenne, Cynosurus cristatus} and {\it Deschampsia cespitosa}, locally dominated by {\it Arrhenatherum elatius}. There is a strip of marshy grassland at the foot of the canal embankment supporting {\it Glyceria maxima, Epilobium hirsutum, Deschampsia cespitosa, Cirsium palustre, Juncus effusus, J. conglomeratus, Urtica dioica} and {\it Typha latifolia}. The embankment itself supports a very dry grassland with {\it Centaurea nigra, Crepis capillaris, Festuca} sp. and locally {\it Arrhenatherum elatius}. There is a raised area in the middle of this part of the common (a small spoil heap?) covered with dense scrub of {\it Ulex europaeus, Quercus robur, Viburnum opulus, Crataegus monogyna, Rubus fruticosus} agg. and {\it Salix capraea}. 

Additional uncommon species recorded from the SINC include {\it Carex rostrata, Arenaria serpyllifolia, Geranium sanguineum, Isolepis setacea, Juncus subnodulusus, Plantago coronopus} and the nationally scarce* {\it Minuartia hybrida}. Some {\it Populus nigra 'Italica'} have been planted along the eastern edge of the B4154.

The remainder of Nest common was subject to reclamation in the 1960's and early 1970's supporting a semi-improved neutral grassland of frequent {\it Lolium perenne} and {\it Agrostis capillaris} with occasional {\it Bellis perennis, Taraxacum officinale, Holcus lanatus, Trifolium repens, T. pratense, Crepis capillaris, Hypochaeris radicata} and {\it Lotus corniculatus}. {\it Arrhenatherum elatius} is locally dominant and {\it Centaurea nigra} rare. There has been a lot of amenity tree planting on the common generally as grouped plantings. There are two small plantations of {\it Pinus sylvestris}, the remaining areas comprising mixed plantings of {\it Populus tremula, Alnus glutinosa, Salix capraea, Betula pendula, Quercus robur, Fraxinus excelsior, Larix decidua, Crataegus monogyna, Corylus avellana, Sorbus aucuparia, Salix capraea, Acer campestre} and {\it Prunus} sp.

*Nationally scarce species are those which occur in between 16 and 100 10km squares in Britain (Steuart {\it et al}, 'Scarce Plants in Britain', JNCC, 1994).

MANAGE:
A large proportion of the common has been subject to industrial works in the past and a large proportion of Pelsall Wood common is covered with spoil which supports an interesting flora including large populations of orchids. Part of the eastern end of Pelsall Wood common had been scarified presumably to encourage the {\it Calluna vulgaris} to regenerate having largely been taken over with dense, tussocky {\it Deschampsia flexuosa} and {\it Nardus stricta}. Some localised scrambling damage on the spoil heap was noted. Measures outlined in the LNR management plan include rotational cutting of mature stands of heather and scarification to encourage regeneration, rotational cutting of {\it Ulex europaeus} and scrub clearance, local deepening of pools to counter silting problems, blocking of drainage ditches in marsh areas and wet heath area and occasional cutting of grassland to prevent tussock formation. The suggestion was also made of erecting barriers at access points to prevent access by scrambling bikes. There are some cottages on the common adjacent to the canal and some other buildings associated with the past mining on the common have been destroyed. The enclosed fields at the western end of the common are leased by the owner (British Coal) to a local resident for horse grazing (D.Haslam, pers. comm.).

Nest common was subject to reclamation in the 1960's and early 70's and is regularly mown with the exception of a couple of uncut areas notably where there is locally abundant {\it Centaurea nigra} and an escaped {\it Lupinus polyphyllus} and there has been extensive amenity planting. Part is managed as a sports pitch and there is a childrens playground. The area west of Wood Lane is periodically grazed by tethered horses (LNR management plan).


FAUNA:
Grey squirrel, pied wagtail, woodpigeon and green woodpecker were recorded during the site visit. Ant hills were also noted. 

Brownhills common is divided into two SINCs; Brownhills Common (including The Slough to the south of the common) to the south-west of the A452 (T) and Holland park to the north-east of the A452 (T). Green woodpecker, grey partridge, redpoll, wren, robin, greenfinch, goldfinch, bullfinch, yellowhammer, chiffchaff, willow warbler, jay, blue and great tit, skylark, coot, whitethroat, sparrowhawk, and swallow and house martin around the ponds and wetlands, were recorded during the Brownhills and Wyrley common WMCC habitat survey (25.05.90) with the additional species cuckoo, willow tit and lesser whitethroat mentioned in the Brownhills Common and the Slough SINC entry and an undated record for reed bunting. Breeding redpoll, whitethroat, linnet, jay, reed bunting, bullfinch, meadow pipit and coal tit within the plantations were recorded from the common during the Holland Park WMCC habitat survey 05/06.90. Also recorded were swift, house martin, meadow pipit, wren, dunnock, song thrush, blackbird, garden warbler, chiffchaff, willow warbler, goldfinch and yellowhammer. Grey partridge, song thrush and skylark are listed on the short list of globally threatened/declining species on the UK Biodiversity action plan and reed bunting, linnet and bullfinch on the middle list. 

The butterflies small heath, orange tip, common blue, small tortoiseshell and large and green-veined whites were recorded during the Brownhills and Wyrley common WMCC habitat survey (25.05.90) and common frog, common toad, whirligig beetle, pond snail and blue damselfly from the wetland areas. Meadow brown, small heath, large and small skipper butterflies and brown hawker dragonfly were recorded from the common during the Holland Park WMCC habitat survey 05/06.90. There are also records for stoat, the moths common wave, common carpet, common pug, scalloped hazel, brown silver-line, silver-ground carpet and 41 species of spider (Brownhills SINC entry, undated). Common lizard was recorded in 1991 (D. Haslam).

VEG:
Brownhills common is a very flat area of common land. It is subdivided into four main sections by the A452 (T), a disused railway and a minor road. The western end of the common has been subject to mining activity. The area to the south-west of the A452 (T) is designated as the Brownhills SINC (Site of Importance for Nature Conservation) and to the north-east, the Holland Park SINC. The map and much of the description of Brownhills and Wyrley common SINC is based on the WMCC habitat surveys of Holland Park 05/06.90 and Brownhills and Wyrley common 25 & 29.05.90.

HOLLAND PARK SINC.

The westernmost section is dominated by {\it Molinia caerulea} with frequent {\it Erica tetralix} and {\it Calluna vulgaris}. {\it Betula pendula} is seeding into the area, particularly along the edge of the A452 and from a planted screen of {\it Betula pendula} around the junction of the A452 and A5. There are two small conifer plantations on this part with occasional {\it Quercus rubra} and {\it Acer pseudoplatanus} with a groundflora of {\it Deschampsia flexuosa}. There is a flooded hollow adjacent to the A452 dominated by {\it Juncus effusus} with {\it Sphagnum} spp., {\it Pedicularis sylvatica} and {\it Eriophorum angustifolium} (Dave Haslam, 1991). 

The central section is dominated by dry heath areas interspersed with areas of dry heath/acid grassland mosaic comprising frequent {\it Nardus stricta, Deschampsia flexuosa} and {\it Calluna vulgaris}. {\it Erica cinerea, Ulex gallii, Empetrum nigrum} and {\it Vaccinium vitis-idaea} occur in small quantity. {\it Luzula multiflora, Danthonia decumbens, Festuca ovina, Galium saxatile} and {\it Hieracium} spp. are also recorded. Lowland heathland and lowland dry acidic grassland are key habitats in the UK Biodiversity Action Plan. There are a number of conifer plantations which are seeding into the heath. There is a quite extensive area of tall herb vegetation of {\it Chamerion angustifolium, Elytrigia repens, Arrhenatherum elatius, Cirsium palustre, Anthriscus sylvestris, Linaria vulgaris} and {\it Urtica dioica} where some cottages have been demolished (Dave Haslam, 1991). Similar tall herb vegetation is found at the southern end. 

There is some semi-natural broadleaved woodland of {\it Quercus} sp., {\it Betula pendula, Acer pseudoplatanus, Crataegus monogyna} and planted {\it Populus} sp. {\it Pinus sylvestris} is locally dominant. The understorey comprises {\it Acer pseudoplatanus, Sorbus aucuparia, Quercus} sp. and {\it Ilex aquifolium}. The groundflora is rather poor but includes species such as {\it Poa nemoralis, Hedera helix, Rubus fruticosus} agg., {\it Dryopteris dilatata} and {\it D. filix-mas}. At the southern end is an area of even aged {\it Acer pseudoplatanus} woodland, probably planted, with a groundflora of {\it Anthriscus sylvestris} and {\it Galium aparine}. There are a number of garden escapes in this area including {\it Hesperis matronalis}. 

There is a small pond at grid reference SK04030626 bordered by a small marshy area supporting {\it Reynoutria japonica, Salix cinerea, Rubus fruticosus} agg. and {\it Urtica dioica}. {\it Galium palustre, Alopecurus geniculatus, Ranunculus flammula} and two spikes of {\it Dactylorhiza purpurella?} were recorded here in 1990.

The northern end of the easternmost section consists of a mosaic of dry heathland and acid grassland similar to that described above with some small conifer plantations. {\it Hypochaeris radicata, Plantago lanceolata, Rumex acetosella, Taraxacum officinale} agg. and locally {\it Lolium perenne} occur amongst the grassland. Locally the grassland is semi-improved with {\it Arrhenatherum elatius, Dactylis glomerata} and {\it Holcus} sp. {\it Ulex europaeus} and, locally, {\it U. gallii} are locally abundant. To the east is an area of marshy grassland dominated by {\it Molinia caerulea} with some {\it Agrostis canina} and {\it Juncus conglomeratus}. Along the roadside to the north is a strip of rank semi-improved neutral grassland of {\it Agrostis capillaris, Dactylis glomerata, Trifolium pratense, Cynosurus cristatus, Plantago lanceolata, Lolium perenne, Achillea millefolium, Heracleum sphondylium, Rumex crispus, Cirsium arvense} and {\it Taraxacum officinale} agg. locally with some planted {\it Tilia x vulgaris, Acer pseudoplatanus} and {\it Aesculus hippocastanum}. This area grades into semi-improved neutral grassland to the south. 

The southern half of the easternmost section lies outside the SINC and supports football and cricket pitches and broadleaved and coniferous plantations. The southernmost end supports tennis courts, flower beds, playground, a brick maze, toilet block etc. There has been some locallised planting of trees of {\it Acer pseudoplatanus} and {\it Aesculus hippocastanum} along the roadside and of {\it Alnus glutinosa, Sorbus aucuparia, Cytisus scoparius, Quercus} sp. and {\it Betula pendula} in the south-eastern corner.

BROWNHILLS SINC.

South of the A452 and west of the disused railway line the vegetation has developed on old colliery spoil. The western half is very hummocky and the eastern half flat. West of the dismantled railway line there is abundant {\it Betula} sp. and {\it Salix capraea} scrub and woodland in various stages of development interspersed with a mosaic of habitats including dry heath with {\it Deschampsia flexuosa, Nardus stricta} and {\it Festuca} sp. with scattered {\it Calluna vulgaris}, several areas of {\it Vaccinium mytillus} with occasional {\it Erica cinerea}, wet heath and marshy grassland of {\it Molinia caerulea} and {\it Juncus effusus} with occasional {\it Erica tetralix} and {\it Juncus squarrosus}. There are also scattered wet flushes with occasional {\it Eriophorum angustifolium, Eleocharis palustris, Hydrocotyle vulgaris, Angelica sylvestris, Erica tetralix, Galium palustre} and {\it Sphagnum} moss with some {\it Juncus effusus, Carex nigra, Cirsium palustre, Agrostis canina} and {\it Typha} sp. 

There are several small ponds in this area. One of these near the centre of the area has frequent {\it Potamogeton natans} with stands of {\it Phragmites australis, Juncus effusus, Typha latifolia} and {\it Sparganium erectum} around the margins. The surrounding marshy area supports frequent {\it Hydrocotyle vulgaris, Carex nigra, Ranunculus flammula} and {\it Cardamine pratensis}. There is a fairly large pond adjacent to the western border with a sparse marginal vegetation of {\it Equisetum fluviatile, Typha latifolia, Glyceria maxima, Juncus effusus, J. inflexus, Sparganium erectum} and occasional {\it Mentha aquatica, Ranunculus flammula, Hydrocotyle vulgaris, Bidens tripartita} and {\it Cardamine pratensis}. The aquatics {\it Potamogeton} sp. and {\it Myriophyllum} sp. were also recorded. Bordering the pond is some semi-improved neutral grassland of {\it Arrhenatherum elatius, Agrostis capillaris, Deschampsia flexuosa, D. cespitosa, Achillea millefolium, Dactylis glomerata} and {\it Chamerion angustifolium}. 

There is an area of swamp vegetation intersected by raised walkways (former coal lines?) near the western boundary of the common dominated by {\it Typha latifolia} with {\it Juncus effusus, Agrostis canina, Galium palustre, Cirsium palustre, Angelica sylvestris} and {\it Deschampsia cespitosa}. {\it Typha latifolia} becomes less dominant towards the west where the species {\it Hydrocotyle vulgaris, Erica tetralix} and cushions of {\it Sphagnum} sp. also occur (over peat?). {\it Sparganium erectum, Eleocharis palustris, Lotus pedunculatus, Cardamine pratensis, Juncus inflexus, J. articulatus} and {\it J. bulbosus} were also recorded in the latter community in 1983 (A. Whitbread). 

In the north adjacent to the Chester Road is a region of great disturbance consisting of frequent coal spoil mounds and rubble from a demolished coal mine. This area supports a mosaic of {\it Arrhenatherum elatius, Dactylis glomerata, Elytrigia repens} and {\it Deschampsia cespitosa} coarse grassland, dry heath and tall herb vegetation. There is also frequent {\it Lotus corniculatus, Vicia hirsuta, V. sepium, V. cracca, Chamerion angustifolium, Trifolium pratense, Tussilago farfara} and occasional scattered {\it Crataegus monogyna, Ulex} sp. and {\it Betula} sp. To the north-west is a disused? coal mine with slag and spoil mounds. This is part of a larger area of revegetating spoil and slag heaps with ruderal vegetation, sparse acid grassland, dense and scattered scrub of {\it Crataegus monogyna, Quercus robur, Sambucus nigra, Salix capraea} and {\it Betula} sp. and heath. 

A dismantled railway line crosses the eastern end supporting a diverse and interesting flora including {\it Centaurium erythraea, Dactylorhiza fuchsii} and the nationally scarce* {\it Lepidium latifolium} (SINC entry, revised 1996). There is a strip of {\it Calluna vulgaris} along the top with the eastern embankment supporting mature {\it Pinus sylvestris, Quercus robur} and {\it Picea abies} with some {\it Betula} sp. and {\it Quercus robur} woodland occuring at the southern end. The western embankment supports frequent {\it Elytrigia repens} and {\it Deschampsia flexuosa} with scattered {\it Chamerion angustifolium, Rubus fruticosus} agg. and occasional {\it Quercus robur, Betula} sp. and {\it Acer pseudoplatanus}. 

East of the dismantled railway line the vegetation comprises frequent {\it Deschampsia flexuosa, Nardus stricta, Festuca} sp. and {\it Agrostis capillaris}, sparse {\it Calluna vulgaris} and {\it Erica cinerea} and occasional {\it Galium saxatile} with some scattered scrub of {\it Salix capraea, Betula pendula, Quercus robur, Ulex} sp. and {\it Cytisus scoparius}. A drain borders the west of this site bordered by narrow strips of {\it Dactylis glomerata, Arrhenatherum elatius, Elytrigia repens} and {\it Anthriscus sylvestris} with some mature {\it Salix fragilis} at the southern end. East of the drain crossing this area (excluded from the SINC) is an area of semi-improved neutral grassland with frequent {\it Lolium perenne} with a small conifer plantation of {\it Pinus sylvestris, Picea abies} and occasional {\it Betula} sp. and {\it Acer pseudoplatanus}. 

Additional species of interest recorded from Brownhills SINC are {\it Anthyllis vulneraria, Lychnis flos-cuculi, Milium effusum, Potamogeton polygonifolius, Sanguisorba officinalis} and {\it Succisa pratensis} (ECORECORD database). Bryophytes recorded from the common include {\it Acrocladium stramineum, Drepanocladus revolvens, Pohlia natans, Polytrichum commune, P. juniperinum} and {\it P. piliferum} (D. Chittock, 1986).

*Nationally scarce species are those which occur in between 16 and 100 10km squares in Britain (Steuart {\it et al}, 'Scarce Plants in Britain', JNCC, 1994).

MANAGE:
The common is subject to byelaws made by the former Urban District Council of Aldridge-Brownhills under section 1 (1) of the Commons Act 1899. 

The easternmost section of Holland park SINC is largely regularly mown with some areas of heath left uncut. The southernmost end is fenced and has a number of flower borders and also a playground area, brick maze, tennis courts and public conveniences. There has been a large amount of tree planting on the Holland Park SINC both of scattered ornamentals and coniferous and broadleaved plantations. There is encroachment from the plantations into the heathland areas. There is some heath restoration work being carried out on the central section involving scarification to open up the dense sward of {\it Deschampsia flexuosa} and {\it Nardus stricta} which prevents regeneration of heather. Some localised tipping of garden waste from houses on Chester North Road was noted in 1990. 

The Brownhills SINC area of the common has been subject to mining activity in the past. It is little managed, mostly being scrubbed over and with a few remaining fragments of heath. Active management will be required to maintain these remaining areas and the pools, which provide important additional habitat, should be maintained. The far eastern end is maintained by regular mowing and there has been further tree planting here.


FAUNA:
In the peripheral hedges: Great Tit, Blue Tit, Dunnock, Chaffinch, Wren and Greenfinch noted. 40 Starlings feeding in the field. Pholidoptera griseoaptera (Orthoptera) present in hedge.

VEG:
The common has been reseeded, and is now a MG6 Lolium perenne-Cynosurus cristatus sward, with scattered thistles and nettles. It is surrounded by hedges and a fence on all sides, though some hedges are rather intermittent. The hedges are primarily composed of Crataegus monogyna,  Sambucus nigra and Rubus fruticosus. One small area in the field has been disturbed, and holds Solanum nigrum, Potentilla anserina and much bare earth.

MANAGE:
The common is grazed by cattle, probably for all or most of the year. Grazing pressure is high. No recommendations can be made for the site, as the grassland is improved and now has little botanical interest.


FAUNA:
On visit  the following species were recorded: Dunnock, Collared Dove, Mallard, Robin, Starling.    Pholidoptera griseo-aptera (Orthoptera).

VEG:
Most of the common is dense Crataegus monogyna scrub with Eupatorium cannabinum, Rubus fruticosus underneath, and mown B22 (MG1) Arrhenatherum elatius-dominated roadside grassland. The scrub is shady with scattered Acer pseudoplatanus, Salix fragilis (along old ditch line), Sambucus nigra and Hedera helix, Arum maculatum, Urtica dioica, Rumex obtusifolius,  Lonicera periclymenum. There is some suckering Ulmus sp. and scattered Malus sylvestris and Prunus spinosa. At (A) there is an old elm hedge fringing the scrub. In north of site, there are a few more mature Quercus robur. At entrance to Marblebridge Farm there is an area of close-mown B22 (MG1) Arrhenatherum grassland next to a track. It contains Agrimonia eupatoria, Centaurea nigra, Lotus corniculatus, Pulicaria dysenterica and bare soil. Scrub is scattered and there is a clump of Salix fragilis nearby. South of track  dense scrub resumes, with more elm. By Marblebridge Farm, there is a small pond, now almost dried up, with Carex pendula (planted) by edge. The A21 scrub in this area is very dense  with much Prunus spinosa, Crataegus monogyna,  Ulmus sp.,  Sambucus nigra and Rubus fruticosus. In the south of the common are small areas of mown MG1 grassland and A111 Salix woodland. Area (B), the north-western arm of the common, is mostly a J5 tarmac-covered track, with a hedge on each side containing scattered oaks, and a thin fringe of mown MG1 grassland. The hedge broadens to become dense and thick with scattered willows north-west of Flint Cottage.

MANAGE:
The verges are occasionally mown; cuttings are left to decay. There is a little tree planting  and some dumping. Continued mowing of the grasslands is recommended, if possible with removal of cuttings. No management is necessary in the scrub areas.


FAUNA:
On visit  the following species were recorded: Collared Dove, Magpie, Chaffinch, Blackbird.    Pholidoptera griseo-aptera (Orthoptera)

VEG:
At southern end, there is a small triangle at the road junction of mown B22 (MG1) Arrhenatherum elatius grassland, containing much Plantago lanceolata, Centaurea nigra, Lotus corniculatus, some Galium verum, Cirsium vulgare and Achillea millefolium. The main part of the rest of the common lies on the west of the road. It is part- mown B22 (MG7) Lolium perenne-dominated grassland,  with much Holcus lanatus, Rumex obtusifolius and thistles in the sward. There are areas of scattered A22 scrub and planted A3 trees over the grassland. These contain Quercus robur,  Crataegus monogyna, Corylus avellana, Acer campestre, A.pseudoplatanus, Quercus cerris and Populus tremula. Some of the underlying grassland is a rank MG1 Arrhenatherum elatius sward. At extreme west side there is an overgrown hedge and ditch; the hedge has much Salix sp., Crataegus monogyna, one Fraxinus excelsior, Quercus robur, Acer campestre, with Galium aparine, Solanum dulcamara, Ranunculus repens, Dipsacus fullonum, Urtica dioica and Hedera helix. The ditch is dry. At the north end of the common, an east-west ditch has Phalaris arundinacea, Arrhenatherum grassland, Calystegia sepium, Solanum dulcamara and Urtica dioica. The common land on the east side of the road is very thin, and mainly dominated by Lolium perenne.

MANAGE:
Parts of the grassland (the areas nearest the road) are mown, with grass litter left to decay. There has been some tree planting, mainly of sycamore and some ornamentals. Small parts of the grassland are grazed by rabbits. At (X) there is a dumped and burned out car. Litter has been dumped elsewhere. The main management requirement is continued mowing with removal of cuttings if possible.


VEG:
From north to south: (A) is dense C11 bracken with a B22 (MG1) Arrhenatherum elatius grassland fringe, and a Crataegus monogyna hedge behind. There are scattered Sambucus nigra and Salix cinerea. Areas (B) extend for circa 5m on each side of the road: mature Quercus robur woodland with Corylus avellana, and Rubus fruticosus with MG1 Arrhenatherum grassland beneath. One lime Tilia x vulgaris is present. The woodland is backed by a hedge. Around area (C)  there is a slightly wider area of oak woodland with bracken understory, but generally, south-west of line (X)  the common is very thin, and often consists of garden frontages or a hedge, with narrow strips of mown Lolium perenne grassland.

MANAGE:
The road verges are mown, but no other management occurs. There has been some dumping of logs and rubble by the farm. No management recommendations can be made for such a linear site.


FAUNA:
On visit, the following species were noted: Starling, plus 2 Mute Swan and 10 Mallard on the pond.

VEG:
All of the common is B4 improved grassland, a close-mown MG7 Lolium perenne - Plantago major sward, very species-poor, with scattered Trifolium spp. and Achillea millefolium, and almost no long grass at all. There are occasional scattered oaks, limes and sycamores. The pond to the north has steep concrete sides, and contains a brick-walled island with a weeping willow Salix babylonica and artificial duck roosts. The water is murky and green, with no aquatic macrophytes. One clump of Carex pendula has been planted.

MANAGE:
All of the site is closely mown, especially the formal recreation areas. There has been some tree planting, of birch and some exotics. Mowing of the site should continue, but efforts should be made to leave areas of longer grass less frequently mown, to provide structural diversity in the grassland. Cuttings should be collected.


FAUNA:
On visit  the following species were noted: Wood Pigeon, Robin, Blue Tit, Wren, Spotted Flycatcher, Tree Creeper. Rabbits

VEG:
Most of the common is 10-20m wide; target notes are as follows: (A) Tall hazel hedge with standard oaks - between it and the road is a strip of elder and B22 (MG1) Arrhenatherum elatius grassland with Chamaenerion angustifolium, Alliaria petiolata, Dactylis glomerata, Rubus fruticosus and Pteridium aquilinum. (B) is hazel coppice, rather dense and shady, with Reynoutria japonica at edge. (C) is a rough area of Rubus fruticosus, MG1 Arrhenatherum grassland and fringing hedges. (D) is ash over dense blackthorn scrub with hawthorn. (E) is ash and oak with a hedge, Urtica dioica, MG1 grassland, bracken and sprawling Lonicera periclymenum. (F) is a hazel hedge with a thin mown MG1 grassland fringe. (G) is oak and hazel over R. fruticosus; (H) is similar, with more bracken. (I) is a very thin hedge and verge. (J) is dry oak woodland, with some hazel,  R. fruticosus and bracken.

MANAGE:
The road verges are mown in places, probably by the Local Authority. Japanese Knotweed has been cleared in places, and some storm-damaged trees removed or tidied. There is some dumping. Present management should continue.


FAUNA:
On visit  the following species were noted: Blue Tit, Wood Pigeon, Bullfinch, Chaffinch, Jay,  Magpie. Pholidoptera griseo-aptera.

VEG:
All of the common is mixed woodland or scrub. A13 mixed woodland consists of a few Pinus sylvestris scattered through old dense, shady hazel coppice  with some oak and ash standards. Betula sp. is scattered. There is much Rubus fruticosus in the ground layer and a thin strip of rank MG1 Arrhenatherum elatius grassland by the road. The woodland grades into hawthorn and willow scrub to the south. At (A), just off the common, scrub is dominant. At (B), there is more Scots Pine, and also a large patch of Carex pendula extending into the wood. In the wood, there is little understory, and a ground layer of dry leaf litter. A few small patches of rank grassland are present containing Deschampsia cespitosa,  Pulicaria dysenterica, Eupatorium cannabinum, Brachypodium sylvaticum and Cirsium palustre. Melica uniflora, Alliaria petiolata and Bromus ramosus are also present.

MANAGE:
The area is unmanaged, and fenced off in places. There is some dumping of loppings and litter. The main management need is a small amount of thinning or coppicing.


FAUNA:
Carrion Crow and Chaffinch noted on visit.

VEG:
Most of the common consists of narrow road verges dominated by B22 (MG1) Arrhenatherum elatius grassland, and fringing hedges, running intermittently along both sides. Around point (A) there is Pteridium aquilinum, Rubus fruticosus and occasional oaks. At the southern end, there is a small area of oak woodland with an MG1 fringe.

MANAGE:
The verges are occasionally mown, probably by the Local Authority. Present management should continue.


FAUNA:
On visit, the following species were noted: Robin, Wood Pigeon, Wren.  Aeshna cyanea.

VEG:
All of the common is dry secondary woodland  dominated by Quercus robur and Betula sp., with Sorbus aucuparia, some Fagus sylvatica, Ilex aquifolium and occasional Castanea sativa and Populus tremula. The ground layer consists of Pteridium aquilinum and Rubus fruticosus in drier areas and Molinia caerulea in wetter areas, which also have occasional Alnus glutinosa. Other species present include Teucrium scorodonia and Cirsium palustre. Clearings, caused by fallen trees, are scattered, and bracken is dominant in these areas. Dead wood is frequent.

MANAGE:
Little management takes place. There has been some planting of conifers in places; these are not appropriate for the site. Storm damage has thinned the woodland substantially, and there is much dead wood. Regeneration is widespread. Fallen timber should be left to decay. No other management is needed.


FAUNA:
Recorded during visit: Spotted flycatcher, Chaffinch, Wood Pigeon, Swallow, House Martin, Goldfinch, House Sparrow, Starling, Blackbird.

VEG:
Part of the common is mown amenity grassland crossed by drives to houses. The edges have scrub  which is dense at the road junction, with blackthorn, hawthorn, elder, hazel, field maple, gorse, suckering elm, and Rosa canina, Lonicera periclymenum, Calystegia sepium, Hedera helix, Bryonia dioica. Tall MG1 grassland has developed along the edges with Arrhenatherum elatius, Heracleum sphondylium, Dactlylis glomerata, Pulicaria dysenterica. A ditch and old pond at the eastern end have Typha latifolia, Verbascum thapsus, Oenothera sp. and Salix. Some trees have been planted.

MANAGE:
Part of the grassland is closely mown, the remainder of the common is mainly unmanaged  apart from tree planting. The scrub provides a valuable habitat for birds and should be retained. The pond should be restored and enlarged. More trees could be planted.


FAUNA:
Hedgehog.
Dark Bush Cricket.
Large White.

VEG:
Most of the common is secondary woodland which is scrubby and open, with elm suckers, field maple, oak, hazel, sycamore and a ground flora of Solanum dulcamara, Calystegia sepium, Bryonia dioica, Silene dioica, Stachys sylvatica, Urtica dioica, Arum maculatum. Two old ponds are dried up but still damp with Apium graveolens, Potentilla anserina, Pulicaria dysenterica, Juncus inflexus, Calitriche spp. An open area nearest the sea has Iris pseudacorus, Filipendula ulmaria, Scirpus lacustris, Atriplex spp  Phalaris arundinacea, Conium maculatum, Arctium minor, Cirisum arvense, Rubus. A stream parallel to path has poplar, elder and Phyllitis scolopendrium.

MANAGE:
The common appears to be unmanaged, apart from a semi-surfaced path. The ponds are of value and should be restored by cutting back the overhanging scrub and deepening them.


FAUNA:
Recorded during visit: Starling, House Sparrow, Mole, Rabbit.

VEG:
The common consists of an improved field of Lolium perenne grassland with scattered Cirsium vulgare, C. arvenese, Holcus lanatus, Agrostis stoliniferea, Urtica dioica and Rumex obtusifolius. It is bordered by scrub.

MANAGE:
The common is heavily cattle grazed. Trees could be planted around the edge to improve the habitat.


FAUNA:
Recorded during visit: Common Tern, Mallard, Wood Pigeon, Coot, Tufted Duck, Swan, Moorhen, Reed Warbler, Long tailed Tit, Collared Dove, Swallow.

VEG:
Most of the common is now open water. The fringing vegetation is Willows, Phragmites australis, Epilobium hirsutum, Typha latifolium,  Juncus inflexus, Lycopus europaeus, Pulicaria dysenterica, Nymphaea alba, with Tussilago farfara and Plantago major along the paths.

MANAGE:
The common is managed for recreation, mainly fishing. Litter bins are provided and a caravan site is adjacent. It could be improved for wildlife by creating an island for nesting birds and having a corner made inaccesible to anglers. The edges are steep and some could be made shallower to diversify the habitat.


FAUNA:
Recorded during visit: Wren, Robin, Blue Tit, Rabbit, Wood Pigeon.

VEG:
The common was surveyed after the big storm and there was a lot of storm damage, with little standing timber and a lot of bare ground. Some oak, Scots pine and beech remains. Bracken is scattered. The roadside verge has a lot of Rubus with Chaemenerion angustifolium, Urtica dioica,  Stachys sylvatica, Cirsium palsutre, Jucus effusus, Reynoutria japonica, bracken, hazel, holly and elder.

MANAGE:
Clearing and burning had occurred after the storm.  Trees need to be replanted to replace those lost in the storm. The verge is mown in places.


VEG:
The northern part is dense spindly woodland with oak, birch, hawthorn, alder, buckthorn, bracken. The ground flora is limited to Lonicera peryclimenum. South of the wood is an interesting area of Agrostis-Festuca acid grassland with scattered  stunted Calluna Molinia, Rumex acetosa, Succisa pratensis, Potentilla erecta, Hypochoeris radicata, Pimpinella saxifraga and Lotus corniculatus. The grassland is more improved fruther south and is of less interest with Dactylis glomerata, Plantago lanceolata, Taraxacum officinale, Urtica dioica, Aegopodium podagraria, Centaurea nigra and Heracleum sphondylium. There is a row of mature lime trees along the road.

MANAGE:
The grassland area is mown and is popular for dog walking. The centre is used for bonfires and has  bare ground and ruderals. The acid grassland is a valuable community and should be conserved. It is important not to let it become rank and grass cuttings should be removed. The woodland has been damaged by the storm.


FAUNA:
Recorded during visit: Wood Pigeon, Robin, Mole, Squirrel.

VEG:
The woodland is probaly neglected coppice as the hazel is dense and spindly. Oak and ash are frequent with hawthorn, sweet chestnut, poplar, holly and elder. The ground flora includes Hedera helix, Rubus, Hyacynthoides non-scripta, Poa trivialis, Mercurialis perennis, Geum urbanum, Urtica dioica, Arum maculatum, Carex pendula, C. sylvatica, Bromus ramosus, Stellaria holostea, Tamus communis, Scrophularia nodosa and Lonicera periclymenum. A small stream has alder, Chrysosplenium oppositifolium, Ribes nigra and Salix.

MANAGE:
There appears to be no management taking place. The wood was probably coppiced in the past and this should be re-instated, in combination with thinning to open the canopy. The common would make an ideal local nature reserve.


FAUNA:
Recorded during visit: Mistle Thrush, Magpie, Swallow, Wood Pigeon, Blue Tit, Wren, Goldfinch, Blackbird, Speckled Wood, Hedge Brown, Common Blue.
Chorthippus parallelus, Omocestus viridulus.

VEG:
North of Copthorne Common Road it is mainly close-mown B12, with patches of heath, mixed woodland and scrub. Target note (A) is a wooded fringe by road with Betula pendula, Acer pseudoplatanus, Castanea sativa, Crataegus monogyna, Quercus sp, Ulex europaeus, with Rubus fruticosus, Aegopododium podagraria. 
(B) is an area of damp Calluna heath with Molinia, Ulex minor, Succisa, Hypochoeris radicata, and B11 dominated by Agrostis capillaris. Cytiscus scoparium and U.europaeus are scattered. 
(C) Most of this area is close mown B12 dominated by A.capillaris, with some Lolium, Trifolium repens, Molinia, Festuca rubra, Poa annua  and occasional Succisa. Two lines of Pinus sylvestris demarcate the fairways. 
(D) A thick fringe of A13- Pinus, Quercus, Betula woodland with U. Europaeus. An outlying area of A13 has ditching and ground disturbance around X). 
(E). An area of rank, disturbed B12 with B11 and B5 with 20% J.effusus. Holcus lanatus is dominant with A.capillaris, Rumex obtusifolius, Chaemenerion angustifolium, Urtica dioic, clumps of Pines and oaks scattered, with scattered scrub, Ulex and Salix cinerea and patches of Calluna. Other species present include Lotus corniculatus, Juncus tenuis, Salix repens, Erica tetralix, Potentilla erecta, Epilobium hirsutum, Viccia cracca, J.squarrosus, Carex ovalis, Achillea ptarmica, Lotus uliginosus, Cirsium palustre, Angelica sylvestris, Juncus articulatus, Stachys officinalis. South of the road is a mosaic of fairways and patches of Calluna and clumps of trees, as above, with Melampyrum pratense. The fairways are B4 sown fine grasses. Ditches have A. sylvestris, Lycopus europaeus, Blechnum spicant, Teucrium scorodonia, Stachys officinalis, Mentha aquatica, Potamogeton polygonifolius, Scrophularia auriculata, Digitalis purpurea, Alnus, Epilobium palustre. Areas of B12 grassland between the fairways have Anthoxanthum odoratum, Deschampsia caespitosum, Hypochoeris radicata.

MANAGE:
Management as a golf course entails close mowing of the green and fairways and tree planting along the road. Ditching was occurring at x), this should be minimised to conserve the wet heath vegetation. The priority should be to maintain the existing heathland by preventing scrub encroachment. Areas of scrub adjacent to heath should be cut back. More Calluna could be planted, this may already be done. Fertiliser application should be kept to a minimum on greens to prevent run-off onto adjacent habitats. A nature conservation priority map should be drawn up to highlight the best areas, such as area E), where periodic mowing and collection of cuttings should occur to prevent nutrient build up.


FAUNA:
Birds:- Typical species of woodland, such as Robin, Blackbird, Tits, etc

VEG:
Part of the site is reseeded grassland. The rest is neutral grassland and woodland. 
(1) J5 Amenity grassland, fenced off from the rest of the site and used as a football pitch 
(2) B22 Semi-improved neutral grassland  dominated by Festuca rubra with Agrostis sp and Dactylis glomerata. There are few herbs besides Plantago lanceolata, Rumex acetosa, Trifolium repens and Centaurea nigra. 
(3) A111 Semi-natural broadleaved woodland. Dominated by Quercus robur with some Ash, and frequent young Ilex aquifolium beneath. Alnus glutinosa occurs along the stream. The ground flora is dominated by grasses, such as Agrostis sp  with scattered Rubus fruticosus, Hedera helix and tree seedlings. Dead wood and leaf litter are frequent. 
(4) G2 Stream. This contains water, but has no aquatic vegetation.

MANAGE:
The football pitch is closely mown, and is fenced off from the rest of the common. The rest of the grassland has been mown this year, except for a small area by the road. The cuttings have not been removed from the site.

In future, all grass mowings should be removed, to prevent the grassland becoming rank.


FAUNA:
None noted  (small birds typical of woodland are certain to be present).

VEG:
The common consists of a pond and an area of woodland. 
(1) G1 Pond. The pond appears to be quite shallow and has abundant leaf litter from the surrounding trees. It has several clumps of Alnus glutinosa forming small islands. There is a strip of marginal vegetation along the open road bank  dominated by Sparganium erectum and Iris pseudacorus, with a variegated-leaved garden plant, probably a Phalaris sp.. Cirsium arvense,  Heracleum sphondylium and Urtica dioica are common on the edge. 
A111 Semi-natural broadleaved woodland. The woodland is damp, probably flooding in winter,  and so is dominated by Alnus glutinosa with Quercus robur on the drier edges. The ground flora is dominated by Rubus fruticosus, with frequent Urtica dioica, and Hedera helix, Geum urbanum, Stachys sylvatica and Dryopteris felix-mas. Lycopus europaeus occurs on damp ground. The streams have running water.

MANAGE:
The road verge is mown and a seat has been placed, but there are no other signs of management.


FAUNA:
Birds:- Wren, Robin, Bluetit, Greatit, Woodpigeon, Jay. 
Mammals:- Grey Squirrel, Rabbit.

VEG:
Most of the common is wooded, with Quercus robur dominant and Fraxinus excelsior locally abundant. Old Betula pendula trees also occur in places. In general, the trees occur as standards over old Corylus avellana coppice, with multi-stemmed Crataegus monogyna often present. Other shrub layer species include young Quercus robur, Ilex aquifolium, Sambucus nigra and young trees. Hedera helix is abundant in the ground flora  with frequent Rubus fruticosus, and Mercurialis perennis, Urtica dioica, Geum urbanum, Stachys sylvatica, Stellaria holostea and Dryopteris felix-mas. (1b) has a more diverse ground flora  with Oxalis acetosella, Primula vulgaris and Sanicula europaea also present. Fraxinus excelsior seedlings are abundant. (2) J5. (2a) is a gravelled area on the road verge  and (2b) is reseeded lawn with planted bushes. (3) G2, The streams have tall herbs along their margins, but no aquatic flora.

MANAGE:
The wooded areas were coppiced in the past, but are unmanaged at present, apart from a small area which has been thinned. Some tipping of garden waste has been carried out, and the verge by Horne Lodge has been reseeded and is regularly mown. Shrubs have been planted on it.

It might be possible to reinstate a coppice cycle, but the area is very small, and it is likely that coppicing was indiscriminate in the past, to provide firewood, rather than regular management.


FAUNA:
Birds:- Robin, Wren, Coal Tit, Blue Tit, Long-tailed Tit, Chaffinch, Blackbird, Woodpigeon. 
Mammals:- Rabbit, Mole, Grey squirrel, Fox.

VEG:
The common consists of woodland, bracken and some heath. 
(1) A131. The site is dominated by open canopy Pinus sylvestris and Betula pendula woodland. Quercus robur is occasional, with Sorbus aucuparia and Corylus avellana beneath, over Rubus fruticosus, Lonicera periclymenum and Pteridium aquilinum. Pteridium aquilinum dominates the clearings. Where Betula pendula is abundant, there is deep leaf litter and sparse ground flora. 
(2) A122 Conifer plantation with little ground flora. 
(3) D1 Heath. Mixed age heath, dominated by Calluna vulgaris, with Erica cinerea and some Erica tetralix. Good structural diversity  with lichens, such as Cladonia portentosa, occurring between the tussocks. There are areas of heath under the pylons and in other clearings. 
(4) B11 Close-grazed acid grassland, with patches of bare ground. 
(5) J5 Tracks to houses.

MANAGE:
Present management consists of clearing all vegetation under the pylon lines and keeping the footpaths clear. This has encouraged the regeneration of heath in the cleared areas. The area on the southern boundary is used for storing materials, timber and for parking.
The site is important as an area of heathland, and urgently needs management. This would include hand-pulling young trees from the existing heathy areas and felling larger trees, and clearing encroaching Pteridium aquilinum. Large areas of Pteridium could be cut to encourage the re-establishment of heath species of the other parts of the common. All this work will need the owners consent, but could be carried out in conjunction with the management of the adjacent SSSI, LNR and Wildlife Trust reserve.


FAUNA:
Birds:- Wren, Robin, Blue Tit, Starling, Blackbird, Magpie.

VEG:
The common is predominately woodland with an area of coarse grassland and tall herbs by the track. (1) A111 semi-natural broadleaved woodland. The woodland is contiguous with, and very similar to  the woodland of CL 52, except that it is rather more open, with more shrubs. The canopy is a mixture of Quercus robur, Fraxinus excelsior and Betula pendula, with Betula tending to dominate the more open areas. The shrub layer consists of tall Crataegus monogyna, multi-stemmed Corylus avellana and Sambucus nigra with some Rhododendron ponticum. Dense Crataegus monogyna and Prunus spinosa occur along the road edge, and old thorn bushes dominate the area shown as a clearing on the map, although young trees are becoming established. Rubus fruticosus is abundant beneath the trees, with grasses and tall herbs in the clearings. 
(2) C31 An area of tall herb and coarse grasses by the track. 
(3) The pond is no longer visible.

MANAGE:
The wood is unmanaged, except for some storage of building materials and the construction of access tracks and drives. The woodland shows signs of being coppiced in the past, and was probably much more open, as some of the thorn bushes pre-date the trees amongst them. The site could be improved for wildlife by reinstating the pond and, and opening up the woodland around it, and by creating and maintaining clearings and glades for invertebrates. At present, it provides cover, breeding sites and food, in the form of flowers, foliage, berries and nuts for a variety of birds, mammals and invertebrates, and there is no urgent need for management.


FAUNA:
Birds:- Wren, Pied Wagtail, Yellowhammer,  House-sparrow, Song-thrush, Swift, Woodpigeon,  Magpie, Carrion Crow. 
Invertebrates: Gatekeeper (Pyronia tithonus),  Small Copper (Lycaeria phlaeas),  Green-veined White (Arageia napi), Small White (A.rapae), Small Skipper (Thymelius flavus), Banded Agrion (Agrion splendens).

VEG:
The common is mainly grassland, part of which floods occasionally, with some scrub, ponds and areas of lawn. 
(1) B21 Although not especially herb-rich, the grassland is believed to be unimproved. The large area to the north is dominated by tussocky Deschampsia caespitosa, with clumps of Juncus effusus and Pulicaria dysenterica. Other areas are a mixture of Festuca sp, Agrostis sp, Holcus lanatus and Arrhenatherum elatius, with Achillea millefolium, Plantago lanceolata, Centaurea nigra,  Lotus corniculatus, Trifolium pratense, and clumps of Armoracia rusticana. Cirsium arvense, Rubus fruticosus, Filipendula ulmaria,  Pulicaria dysenterica and Epilobium hirsutum are frequent in uncut areas. 
(2) A21 The scrub is mostly found on the narrower verges to the south and consists of Crataegus monogyna, Prunus spinosa, Salix capraea, Corylus avellana and Acer campestre, with some boundary trees. Rubus fruticosus and Rosa canina are abundant, with tall herbs and grasses.
(3) J5 The area by Holly Tree Cottage has been reseeded to form a lawn and has shrubs planted. Parts of the verge are also managed  as lawns.
(4) G1 The larger pond is very dry, with abundant Phragmites australis. Part is overgrown with  Salix, and Typha latifolia, Epilobium hirsutum and Pulicaria dysenterica occur on the edges. The smaller pond is heavily shaded by scrub and tall herbs, but contains some water.
(5) G2 The stream is dry, with tall herbs on its  banks.

MANAGE:
The grassland had been cut for hay, but the crop is poor so is not always taken. Cattle and sheep graze occassionally. Ideally, the site should continue to be managed for hay, and the aftermath grazed, or the grasses will become rank. Both ponds need to be cleared out and dug deeper, as they are dry and overgrown. The residents are extremely keen on active management of the common.


FAUNA:
Birds:- Wren, House Sparrow, Swift, Swallow, Woodpigeon, domestic ducks. 
Mammals:- Rabbit  Grey Squirrel.   Invertebrates:- Green-veined White (Arageia napi)  Meadow Brown (Maniola jurtina)

VEG:
The common consists of grassland, scrub and gardens. 
(1) J5 and G1. The common includes two houses and their gardens, and other areas have been incorporated into gardens, including a large communal garden in the south-west corner. This has three ponds, planted trees and shrubs, lawns and gravelled drives, and is screened from the road by a dense belt of Salix cinerea, Prunus spinosa and Crataegus monogyna. The ponds have a mixture of native and exotic flora, including Alisma plantago-aquatica, Typha latifolia, Iris pseudacorus, Juncus effusus and cultivated water-lilies. The larger pond has an island with Weeping Willow, and all have tall herbs around the margins, including Pulicaria dysenterica and Cirsium palustre. The large pond has fish and ducks. The common is crossed by tracks. 
(2) Although not herb-rich, the grassland appears to be unimproved, and is dominated by Festuca arundinacea, Holcus lanatus and Festuca rubra, with some Lolium perenne, Dactylis glomerata and Phleum pratense. More herb rich areas support Silaum silaus, Achillia millefolium, Agrimonia eupatoria, Lotus corniculatus, Lathyrus pratensis, Prunella vulgaris, Pulicaria dysenterica, Trifolium repens, T. pratense and Centaurea nigra. Uncut areas have coarser vegetation.
(3) A21 Scrub occurs on the narrower verges, with Prunus spinosa, Corylus avellana, Crataegus monogyna, Acer campestre, Salix and large boundary trees. Tall herbs occur on the margins.

MANAGE:
The main area of gassland is cut for hay, and is used for parking vehicles. Much of the common has been incorporated into gardens and is managed as such. Ponds, drives and buildings have been constructed, trees and shrubs planted, and lawns seeded and mown. Ideally, the unimproved grassland should continue to be cut for hay and not be fertilized. Further encroachments should be prevented.


FAUNA:
Birds:- Wren, Robin, Blue Tit, Great Tit, Nuthatch, Carrion Crow. Signs of Woodpecker. Mammals:- Signs of deer.

VEG:
The site was mixed woodland prior to the storm. It is now very open canopy woodland with Pteridium aquilinum dominant in the clearings. Spindly, multi-stemmed Betula pendula are the most frequent trees, with some Pinus sylvestris and occasional Fagus sylvatica. Some large Fagus sylvatica and Castanea sativa occur on the boundary bank. The wind-thrown trees have been left in place, and there is abundant dead standing wood. There are no signs of natural regeneration of trees or shrubs. The ground flora under the remaining trees and the large open areas are dominated by Pteridium aquilinum. Some byrophytes occur on stumps and on the old boundary bank.

MANAGE:
There is no sign of recent management. The site has not been disturbed since the storm. There is no need for management, as the dead wood is a valuable habitat for hole-nesting species and for invertebrates and fungi, and the woodland should regenerate naturally in time.


FAUNA:
Birds:- Wren, Robin, Blue Tit, Great Tit, Chiffchaff/Willow warbler, Swift, Green Woodpecker, Woodpigeon. 
Mammals:- Common Shrew, Rabbit, Fox. Invertebrates:- Small Tortoiseshell (Aglais urticae), Speckled Wood (Pararge aegeria), Meadow Brown (Maniola jurtina).

VEG:
The common supports a mosaic of habitats  including tall herbs, scrub, trees and ponds. 
(1) B5. Poor fen. This is a tall herb community  described as poor fen as it is subject to occasional flooding. It is dominated by Filipendula ulmaria, with Iris pseudacorus and Epilobium hirsutum abundant. Oenanthe crocata is frequent, and some Phalaris arundinacea occurs. Wetter areas are characterised by the presence of Lycopus europaeus, Pulicaria dysenterica and Juncus effusus, but abundant Rubus fruticosus and Calastegia sepium indicate that much of the site is drying out.  The RDB Pulicaria vulgaris was recorded in the past. 
(2) A111. Semi-natural broadleaved woodland. This is concentrated in the south-east corner, where Fraxinus excelsior and Quercus robur occur over Corylus avellena and Crataegus monogyna. Rubus fruticosus dominates the ground flora. Other areas of woodland are mostly Quercus with some Prunus avium and shrubs on the edge. The ground beneath is bare, due to dense shade. There is a small area of Salix carr.
(3) A21 Continuous scrub. This is especially abundant on the northern boundary. The main species are Corylus avellana, Sambucus nigra, Crataegus monogyna, Prunus spinosa and young trees, with Pteridium aquilinum, Urtica dioica, Eupatorium cannabinum and Rubus fruticosus on the margins.
(4) G1 Ponds. The largest pond was surrounded by Salix scrub at the time of survey: this has since been cleared, as has the invasive Typha latifolia. The ponds are surrounded by tall herbs. The stream is dry.

MANAGE:
The common is being actively managed at present. The tall herbs have been cut, the ponds cleared out and the footpaths are maintained. The site appears to be drying out, and this is a serious problem which should be investigated and remedied as soon as possible.


