# file3

FAUNA:
Noted during the site survey were: skylark, kestrel, oystercatcher, meadow pipit and shelduck.

VEG:
The common occupies a coastal strip mid-way between Allonby and Silloth. The Cumbria Phase 1 survey appears to provide only basic habitat information and therefore a full field survey has been undertaken. 

The common essentially comprises a narrow strip of open dune, fringing a broader strip of dune grassland, plus some dune heath on the southern component. 

On this southern portion, the true dune is confined to a very narrow strip of fore dune with {\it Leymus arenarius} and {\it Ammophila arenaria}. This leads onto the sand of the beach, where there is a sparse strand-line with {\it Tripleurospermum maritimum, Honkenya peploides} and {\it Atriplex} sp. There is also quite a bit of driftwood along here. 

Inland, there is a broad strip of dune grassland. This is typically dominated by {\it Festuca rubra} and has a wide range of other species which include {\it Plantago lanceolata, Veronica chamaedrys, Achillea millefolium, Viola riviniana, Ranunculus acris, Anthoxanthum odoratum, Cirsium arvense, Vicia sativa, Lathyrus pratensis, Rhytidiadelphus squarrosus, Ammophila arenaria, Conopodium majus, Galium verum, Hypochoearis radicata, Thymus polytrichus} and {\it Carex caryophyllea}. The abundance of {\it A. arenaria} tends to vary, so that in some areas it is co-dominant with {\it F. rubra}, while in others it is completely absent. Two other very obvious plants scattered within this vegetation are {\it Coincya monensis} subsp. {\it monensis} and {\it Raphanus raphanistrum} subsp. {\it maritimus}. 

The former is a British endemic and apart from an isolated occurrence in South Wales, is now restricted to the Isle of Man, Solway Firth, the Cumbrian/Lancashire coast southwards as far as Merserside and also the Firth of Clyde. The species is most frequent in Cumbria on the section between Bowness-on-Solway and Workington, and then more scattered southwards to Walney Island. The Cumbrian and Lancahsire populations seem to be healthy and even locally increasing, whereas elsewhere the species seems to be declining (Halliday, 1997). 

The vegetation immediately surrounding the car parking area appears to have been somewhat disrupted, and there is a coarse grassland turf mostly dominated by {\it Arrhenatherum elatius}, with locally abundant {\it Dactylis glomerata, Holcus lanatus} and {\it Poa} sp. In addition there is much flattened and compacted turf. 

The eastern side of the southern portion also has an element of dune heath vegetation. This is a particularly under-represented habitat in the county and occurs where the dune has become leached. On this common, the heathy component is rather patchy, giving rise to a mosaic within the dune grassland. This area has 25 per cent cover of {\it Calluna vulgaris}, which mostly takes the form of low, topiary-shaped bushes, presumably grazed by rabbits. Furthermore, around 50 per cent of this {\it Calluna} appeared dead at the time of the site visit. Beneath the {\it Calluna} bushes are mosses such as {\it Pleurozium schreberi} and {\it Rhytidiadelphus squarrosus}, plus {\it Cladonia} sp. lichens. The grassland component is dominated by {\it Festuca ovina}, with frequent {\it Agrostis capillaris} and has occasional {\it Galium saxatile, Carex arenaria} and {\it Cladonia} sp. Occasional bushes of {\it Ulex europaeus} are also present in this area. On the other side of the B5300 is a fenced portion of the common which appears to be improved grassland.

The northern portion of the common presents a similar transect from the sea landwards, but the dune heath component is lacking. The true dune band is generally wider, but is absent in places. There are also transitional areas between open dune and dune grassland. The open dune comprises a fixed dune dominated by {\it Ammophila arenaria}, with a seaward strip fore dune of {\it Leymus arenarius}. Once again there is strandline vegetation which includes {\it Honkenya peploides, Atriplex} sp., {\it R. raphanistrum} subsp. {\it maritimus, Silene maritima, Carex arenaria} and {\it Tripleurospermum maritimum}. 

The dune grassland behind tends to have a very varied composition. To the north it is somewhat rank and dominated by {\it Festuca rubra}, with frequent {\it Anthoxanthum odoratum} and locally abundant {\it Arrhenatherum elatius, Dactylis glometrata} and {\it Ammophila arenaria}. Scattered bushes of {\it Ulex europaeus} and {\it Crataegus monogyna} are also present. 

Moving southwards there is a wide, well-used path and a broad band of somewhat shorter turf, again dominated by {\it F. rubra}, but with only local {\it A. arenaria}. Walking southwards along this part of the common, a wide variety of plants were noted; these include locally frequent {\it Trisetum flavescens, Ononis repens, Trifolium repens, T. dubium, Plantago lanceolata, Cerastium fontanum, Vicia cracca, Centaurea nigra, Hypochaeris radicata} and {\it Achillea millefolium}, plus locally occasional {\it Tragopogon pratensis} and {\it R. raphanistrum} subsp. {\it maritimus}, plus rare individuals of {\it Saxifraga granulata} and two plants of {\it Ornithogalum angustifolium}. In addition, several {\it Rosa} spp. were noted (one at least, apparently a garden escape).

MANAGE:
The greater part of the common appears unmanaged. The small area of enclosed grassland in the SE is probably grazed, and appears indistinguishable from adjacent farmland. 

On the northern section, there is an area of the common which has been intensively mown around a house and has the appearance of a private garden (although it is not fenced). Also within this area are a parked car, parked touring caravan, a seat, washing lines and a tap for watering. The house possibly pre-dates registration, and if this is the case, ought to have been excluded. Nevertheless, the above activities represent encroachments onto the common. In addition, the parking of cars on the southern portion is also technically an encroachment. 

The common as a whole is fairly representative of the dunes which lie along this part of the Cumbrian Coast. The presence of dune heath is of particular note, although it appears as though the heather is dying-off for some reason.


FAUNA:
No fauna noted specifically on the common during the present survey.

VEG:
The common lies in the intertidal zone, to the seaward side of the contiguous CL 2C. For the most part the site comprises intertidal shingle and sand. To the south are narrow strips of dune grassland dominated by {\it Festuca rubra} and {\it Helictotrichon pubescens}, often with {\it Rosa pimpinellifolia} and {\it Ononis repens}. {\it Ammophila arenaria} is locally dominant at the seaward edge, marking thin vestiges of fixed dune. 

Occasional clumps of {\it Leymus arenarius} in the sand suggest scattered patches of fore dune. In addition, much of the sand at the edge of the dune has been planted with {\it L. arenarius} in 'baskets' woven from thin twigs. This is to try and limit dune erosion. At the time of the site visit there was not much in the way of any strand-line litter (eg. washed-up seaweed/driftwood), but there was {\it Honkenya peploides} locally. For a fuller account of the habitats of this area, see under CL 2C.

MANAGE:
There has been an attempt to limit dune erosion by the planting of {\it Leymus arenarius}.


FAUNA:
The weather was very wet and misty at the time of the site visit, which restricted the opportunity to record fauna. However, a raven was heard calling overhead. The Phase 1 survey notes a fox.

VEG:
The habitat map is based on that from the Cumbria Phase 1 survey. There is a limited amount of target noted information (1979 and 1986). During the present survey, the common was viewed from the path which runs along Watendlath Beck. It was raining steadily at this time. 

A steep slope is present at this point, much of it having a large area of scree (1), within which are areas of acidic grassland, plus smaller areas of bracken, various rock outcrops and scattered trees ({\it Betula pendula, Fraxinus excelsior} and {\it Quercus} sp. - plus one individual of {\it Taxus baccata}). Among the scree are scattered individuals of {\it Cryptogramma crispa, Digitalis purpurea, Dryopteris affinis, Oreopteris limbosperma, Athyrium filix-femina} and ? {\it Gymnocarpium dryopteris}. Cracks in between boulders appear to support diverse bryophyte communities, but there was insufficient time to survey these. 

The acidic grassland is dominated by {\it Festuca ovina} and {\it Agrostis capillaris}, with frequent {\it Deschampsia flexuosa, Anthoxanthum odoratum, Galium saxatile} and {\it Potentilla erecta} (NVC type U4). Localised areas with a greater species diversity include species such as {\it Thymus polytrichus, Hypochaeris radicata, Campanula rotundifolia, Euphrasia} sp., {\it Lotus corniculatus} and {\it Alchemilla alpina}. These areas may mark transitions to the calcicolous grassland community CG10. Upslope and to the south of here (2), the scree gives way to a more or less continuous stand of bracken (NVC U20), relieved by various rock outcrops, plus scattered trees ({\it B. pendula, Sorbus aucuparia} and {\it F. excelsior}). It should be noted that the Phase 1 map shows this area to have formerly been acidic grassland. 

To the SE of this part of the common is a small flushed area, having a mosaic of neutral and base-rich flush communities. Species noted here include {\it Sphagnum auriculatum, S. contortum, S. palustre, S. subnitens, Narthecium ossifragum, Carex pulicaris, C. panicea, C. echinata, C. hostiana, C. lepidocarpa} subsp. {\it brachyrryncha, Molinia caerulea, Selaginella selaginoides, Drosera rotundifolia, Juncus articulatus, J. acutiflorus, Parnassia palustris, Pinguicula vulgaris, Briza media, Eriophorum angustifolium, Tricophorum cespitosum}, plus abubdant pleurocarpous brown moss species. These are probably a mosaic of NVC types M6 and M10. 

To the north of the steeply sloping section is a small block of broadleaved woodland (4). The canopy is mainly of {\it Betula pendula} and {\it Fraxinus excelsior}, plus occasional {\it Quercus} sp. The beneath the trees are numerous boulders and scree, and abundant ferns ({\it Dryopteris} spp.). The common also includes a section of the Watendlath Beck at this point, together with a small section of {\it Juncus effusus}-dominated marshy grassland on the opposite bank.

The remainder of the common has a mosaic of several habitats, described here from the Phase 1 map and target noted information. The northern portion  appears to be dense bracken, with numerous rock outcrops and scattered trees of {\it B. pendula}. To the south of here is a large area of dwarf shrub heath dominated by {\it Calluna vulgaris}. This was recorded to have been burnt in 1978 by an accidental fire. Subsequent initial recolonisation by {\it Vaccinium myrtillus} followed. A few wet hollows were also noted to contain {\it Molinia caerulea, Calluna vulgaris} and {\it Sphagnum} spp. - probably wet heath. A number of small "soligenous mire" features are also noted, with dominant species which include {\it Calluna vulgaris, Eriophorum vaginatum} and {\it Molinia caerulea}. These have been mapped either as acidic flush or basin mire, depending upon their apparent topographical characteristics. There is also a large area of marshy grassland dominated by {\it Molinia caerulea}.

MANAGE:
The common is grazed by sheep. Bracken appears to have spread in extent since the Phase 1 survey, especially on the SE portion of the common. This was indicated to be acidic grassland at this time, but is now almost totally bracken-dominated. The scree slope and associated rock outcrops, together with the wooded portion, may offer good potential sites for ferns and bryophytes, and further survey is recommended. The steep slope may offer some protection from sheep-grazing. The western portion of the common needs re-surveying to establish whether the {\it Calluna} heath has recovered since the 1986 fire. Gates have been erected along the footpath, where it crosses the boundary of the common. 

The whole common lies within the Lake District Environmentally Sensitive Area (ESA). This has been designated because of the outstanding environmental importance of the fells and valleys of the area. Of particular relevance to Lake District commons is the impact of grazing levels upon the ecology of certain upland habitats such as  heathland and a range of mire types, many of which feature amongst the "Priority Habitats" of the UK Biodiversity Action Plan.  

Farms entering the scheme do so under a 10 year management argeement and receive a variety of payments in return for farming in a manner which is compatible with the special character of the Lake District. There are two tiers of entry and the first applies to the whole area of the farm. Of particular relevance to common land amongst the provisions of the first tier are specified maximum stocking densities on the open fell which take into account the presence of heather.

The second tier is optional and provides for even lower stocking densities on "heather fell". There is also an optional tier aimed at making better provision for public access, plus certain payments aimed at maintaining/enhancing juniper scrub/ghylls/water margins etc.

For an individual common to be entered into the ESA scheme, it requires all of the relevant commoners to join on a whole farm basis and this is often unrealistic to achieve. However, here are many circumstances where farmers have individually joined the ESA, who also have grazing rights on common land. In such cases, these commons have been designated "Common land with controlled grazing rights". These farmers are not allowed to put additional stock onto the common above pre-scheme levels, even if these were above those allowed by the grazing rights. 

For reasons of confidentiality it has not been possible in this project to identify whether or not an individual common has been entered into the ESA scheme. However, for a general summary of the approximate area of Cumbrian Common Land now covered by ESA agreements, please refer to the main report (but note that this information is likely to be somewhat out of date).


FAUNA:
Noted during site visit were: meadow pipit, carrion crow, curlew, rabbits and large white butterfly. 

Whernside as a whole has a Grade C entry in the Invertebrate Site Register. This describes the locality as relatively unrecorded - an old record of {\it Tipula cheethami, T. truncornum, Vitraea subrimata} (one of the Craven limestone molluscs) and local upland ground beetles. The area is regarded by Yorkshire entomologists as of very good potential for truly montane species. The summit, however, which is not on the common, is very badly eroded and any such fauna is unlikely to have survived. 

The area as a whole probably has a relatively high degree of ornithological interest, although there appears to be no specific information. Ground-nesting birds such as skylark and meadow pipit seem well-represented, and curlew may also nest on the blanket bog. Peripheral areas of wet heath have records for red grouse. Great Blake Beck has dippers. Buzzard are present in this part of the Yorkshire Dales. There is probably considerable disturbance to ground nesting birds through walkers. The Phase 1 survey notes a small pocket of blanket bog at GR SD 761 858. An adult male black grouse was flushed from here at this time. This feature is also a CWT site. The records state that black grouse often use this site.

VEG:
The common lies along the Cumbria county border and comprises the northern portion of the Whernside plateau. Most of the common lies within the Whernside SSSI. As a whole, this SSSI has been notified both for its upland vegetation communities and for physiographic features, including limestone pavements and cave systems. 

The habitat map for the common has been based upon that of the Cumbria Phase 1 survey, which also provides a good number of target notes. A small Cumbria Wildlife Trust "County Wildlife Site" lies within the boundary of the common. A visit to the site was also made, climbing the bridleway from Dentdale which leads onto the eastern plateau area. The geology of the locality has produced a landscape typical of the Yorkshire Dales, where the sandstone 'caps' have produced extensive broad plateaux, with outcrops of Carboniferous limestone around the margins. 

The plateaux of this common have extensive areas of blanket mire. This is generally dominated by {\it Eriophorum vaginatum}. In that part to the west of the limestone scars at Great Wold (1) are abundant {\it Sphagnum} spp. ({\it S. papillosum}, with locally abundant {\it S. recurvum} and {\it S. capillifolium}, plus occasionally, {\it S. palustre}). Locally there is abundant {\it Trichophorum cespitosum}. Dwarf shrubs are present at fairly low cover and include locally occasional {\it Calluna vulgaris, Vaccinium myrtillus} and {\it Erica tetralix} and locally frequent {\it Empetrum nigrum}. Other species present include {\it Eriophorum angustifolium, Deschampsia flexuosa, Juncus sqaurrosus, Galium saxatile} and {\it Narthecium ossifragum}. There is also a well-developed moss layer - {\it Polytrichum commune, Rhytidiadelphus squarrosus, R. loreus, Pleurozium schreberi, Hypnum cupressiforme}, plus lichens ({\it Cladonia} spp.). 

This vegetation appears typical of much of the blanket bog of the plateau. There is not complete peat cover and, toward the edges in particular, there are localised exposures of bare peat (hagging and small incised gullies) and local transitions to acidic grassland. The main NVC community represented appears to be M19 ({\it E. vaginatum}), with M17 in the areas with {\it T. cespitosum}. There appears to be a good cover of {\it Sphagnum} mosses (more than 25 per cent), although these were very dry at the time of the site visit.

Cutting across this area are a number of limestone outcrops. These are followed by the bridleway. Associated with these is a closely-grazed grassland turf. This is dominated by {\it Festuca ovina}. Within the sward are abundant {\it Thymus praecox}, frequent {\it Galium sterneri, G. saxatile, Luzula campestris, Carex caryophyllea}, occasional to frequent {\it Bellis perennis}, occasional {\it Prunella vulgaris, Alchemilla} sp. (possibly {\it A. minima}), {\it Agrostis capillaris, Cirsium arvense} and {\it Sagina} sp. This grassland appears calcicolous in character, but could be transitional with acidic grassland NVC type U4. 

Note that {\it Alchemilla minima} is categorised as nationally rare i.e. occurring 15 or fewer ten km sauares of the Ordnance Survey Grid. This endemic species occurs only within the Ingleborough and Whernside area (source: Halliday, 1997). {\it Galium sterneri} occurs in the three major Cumbrian Carboniferous limestone areas: Morecambe Bay, Asby-Orton and the Pennines. It is probably commoner in the county than enywhere else in Britain ( Halliday, 1997).

Further away from the base-rich areas the vegetation grades into pure acidic grassland of {\it Nardus stricta} and {\it Juncus squarrosus}. There are a number of sinkholes in this area. 

Lying to the eastern edge of this feature are a number of acidic flush features. These are dominated by {\it Juncus effusus} and {\it Sphagnum recurvum}. Other species noted were {\it Polytrichum commune, Sphagnum auriculatum, S. palustre, Ranunculus flammula, Carex nigra, C. echinata, Cardamine pratensis, Myosotis} sp. and {\it Stellaria alsine}

To the west of the common (3) the ground rises to a smaller plateau where several small tarns lie (the Whernside Tarns). These are unvegetated with stony edges. The vegetation gives way to a mosaic of acidic grassland and dry heath. This is described as: (SD 742 832, 1978) "Mixed moor with {\it Vaccinium myrtillus, Calluna vulgaris, Empetrum nigrum, Eriophorum angustifolium, Carex} spp., {\it Juncus squarrosus, Nardus stricta} and {\it Deschampsia flexuosa}. This varies from areas with almost pure ericaceous shrub communities to more mixed areas. To the west other species generally dominate but ericaceous species still occur". There also appear to be significant areas of bare ground, while the Phase 1 map indicates the presence of remnant bare peat. Further west the land falls steeply into Deepdale. The upper slope has acidic grassland dominated by {\it Nardus stricta, Juncus squarrosus}and {\it Deschampsia flexuosa}, while the lower slope has {\it Molinia caerulea} marshy grassland. 

To the east of the common are areas of wet heath. These appear to be fenced from the remainder of the site and have slightly different management. 

(4) GR SD 767 843 (1986): - "Scale Gill Foot Moss. Appears to be ungrazed {\it Calluna-Eriophorum} dominated wet heath, with many {\it Sphagna}, including {\it S. papillosum, S. palustre, S. recurvum}, abundant {\it Trichophorum cespitosum}, some {\it Erica tetralix, Sphagnum magellanicum, S. palustre}". 

Also target noted is the northern portion of the common (5): SD 764 854 (1986): - "Grazed {\it Molinia} dominated wet heath vegetation rather inundated and plenty of {\it Sphagnum, Eriophorum} spp. Small amounts of {\it Calluna vulgaris} and {\it Empetrum nigrum, Vaccinium oxycoccos} were both present". 

A major feature crossing this part of the common is the gully formed by Great Blake Beck. This was the subject of two 1986 target notes. The beck has many waterfalls, is deeply incised and largely undisturbed. Wet rocks have many {\it Sphagna} including {\it S. capillifolium, S. papillosum, S. recurvum}, many liverworts including {\it Marchantia polymorpha} and many lichens. Also present are {\it Pinguicula vulgaris, Asplenium adiantum-nigrum, Fragaria vesca, Linum catharticum} and {\it Hypericum pulchrum}. The adjacent grassland species include {\it Thymus drucei, Bellis perennis, Prunella vulgaris, Briza media, Leontodon autumnalis, Viola riviniana, Carex panicea} and {\it C. viridula} subsp. {\it brachyrrhyncha}. In places the sides of the ghyll have trees of {\it Sorbus aucuparia, Alnus glutinosa} and {\it Betula} sp.

To the north of here lies a small area of blanket bog (6) which is listed in the site files of the CWT. SD 761 858 (1986): - "A small upland bog adjacent to new conifer plantation and dominated by {\it Eriophorum} spp., {\it Sphagna} with some hummocks of {\it Polytrichum commune} and {\it T. cespitosum} at marginal areas. Around stream and pool areas Carices were found including: {\it Carex panicea, C. echinata, C. viridula} subsp. {\it brachyrrhyncha}. Other species present here included {\it R. flammula, Cardamine pratensis, Viola palustris, Juncus articulatus} and {\it Potamogeton} sp. Pools at the NW edge were particularly rich in these species, with abundant {\it Drosera rotundifolia. Sphagna} found at the site were {\it S. papillosum, S. palustre, S. recurvum and S. cuspidatum}. In places small amounts of {\it Calluna} were pioneering with {\it V. myrtillus} on drier areas. Grasses in adjacent slopes and thinly scattered included some {\it Nardus stricta, Agrostis capillaris, Anthoxanthum odoratum} and some {\it Molinia caerulea}".

MANAGE:
The majority of the common is grazed by sheep. There is little information as to the grazing levels on the site. The blanket bog examined during the present survey appeared to be quite extensively grazed. Localised areas of palatable calcicolous grassland have been grazed into a short turf. Nearby flushes are frequented by sheep seeking shelter. The area at (4), which appears to be fenced from the rest of the site, was described as ungrazed by the Phase 1 survey. A full survey of the condition of the dwarf shrub species present on the common would be advantageous. 

The main bridleway across the common is well-used and is becoming eroded in places, especially where it crosses peat.


VEG:
This common forms a major part of a group of several which constitute the Buttermere/Derwent Fells complex (see map). This is an extensive range of hills which lie between Keswick and Buttermere. All of this common lies within the Buttermere Fells SSSI, a site which is also listed in "A Nature Conservation Review", ed. D.A. Ratcliffe, 1977. This site as a whole is important for a range of montane and sub-montane dwarf shrub communities. For example, the SSSI has the largest known area of {\it Vaccinium myrtillus} heath in the Lake District, and the second largest area of {\it Calluna vulgaris} heath (after the Skiddaw Massif - also common land). There are also a range of blanket mire and flush communities, areas of grassy {\it Racomitrium lanuginosum} lichen/bryophyte heath, plus the nationally important sessile oak woods of Keskadale and Birkrigg. The SSSI is also a locality for the nationally rare {\it Lychnis alpina} (but not on common land). 

The habitat map for the common has been based on that of the Cumbria Phase 1 survey, which also provides numerous target notes. Additional information has been drawn from a Phase 2 survey of montane heath in the Lake District (R. Jerram, 1992) and a heather condition survey of the Buttermere Fells SSSI done by P. Evans, 1992). The site was covered by a National Trust Biological Survey in 1980, but there was insuffient time to collate this source.

The geology of the site belongs to the Skiddaw Slates. These slates differ from those on the Skiddaw massif in their tendency to form cliffs. As a result of this, the topography and vegetation of the Buttermere Fells is unique in the Lake District. The resulting soils are generally acidic, with only very localised base-enrichment.

The common supports extensive areas of sub-montane {\it Calluna vulgaris} heath. This is despite the fact that the fells have been traditionally managed as sheep walk, rather than for grouse shooting. The most frequent associates of this vegetation include {\it Vaccinium myrtillus, V. vitis-idaea} and mosses such as {\it Hylocomium splendens, Pleurozium schreberi} and {\it Plagiothecium undulatum}. However, on Whiteside, Grassmoor End, Causey Pike and High Spy there is a montane heath of wind-flattened heather growing with dwarf {\it Juniperus communis} subsp. {\it nana, Erica tetralix, Empetrum nigrum} and very locally, {\it Arctostaphylos uva-ursi}. This is described as a rare habitat recorded from only a few sites in England.

The survey of heather condition by Paul Evans was undertaken in the spring of 1992. The measured cover was compared to an earlier estimate from aerial photographs, from which it appears that extent of cover has not declined. In general, however, the acutal condition of the heather was considered to be poor and clearly suffering from the effects of high grazing pressures. In fact it appears that the condition of the heather has reached a critical phase where it is rapidly being lost, with the heath edge retreating rapidly upslope into the crags. The major "hotspots" appear to be around Swinside, to the NW (Map 1), Outerside, to the NE (Map 2) and Maiden Moor (CLs 166C, 168C, 255C and 394C, to the east). For more discussion of heather management and condition see under management section.

The {\it V. myrtillus} heaths are more extensive here than on any other site in north-western England. Associated species include {\it V. vitis-idaea, Nardus stricta, Luzula campestris} and various mosses (incl. {\it Pleurozium schreberi, Hypnum cupressiforme, Polytrichum commune, Hylocomium splendens, Dicranum scoparium} and {\it Rhytidiadelphus squarrosus}). Some of this vegetation appears to have replaced {\it Calluna} heath after grazing and burning.  

Above about 550m this grades into a montane form characterised by lichens including {\it Cladonia, cetaria, Alectoria nigricans, Ochrolechia frigida} and the clubmosses {\it Diphasiastrum alpinum} and {\it Huperzia selago}. The summits and high ridges are covered with a montane grassland dominated by {\it Festuca ovina} and species such as {\it Salix herbacea, Carex bigelowii, Deschampsia flexuosa}, bryophytes and lichens. {\it Racomitrium lanuginosum} heath on Grasmoor, once extensive, is now confined to two patches within the montane grassland, probably due to "over-grazing" by sheep. There are also small areas of moss-heath on the northern side of Grisedale Pike. 

A significant portion of this vegetation falls into the Phase 1 category of 'D3' - Lichen/bryophyte heath. The distribution of these habitats on the common has been mapped using information from the Phase 2 survey by Rigby Jerram. The survey recorded two main communities from the Lake District; both are represented on this common: NVC types H19 and U10. The former tends to occur on the steeper slopes and is characterised by a greeny-grey mat of {\it Cladonia impexa} and {\it C. arbuscula} within which there are frequent shoots of {\it Vaccinium myrtillus} and {\it V. vitis-idaea}. Amongst this, {\it Deschampsia flexuosa} and {\it Festuca ovina} can be abundant, plus other species such as {\it Empetrum nigrum} subsp. {\it nigrum, Hypnum cupressiforme, Polytrichum alpinum, Cladonia crispata, Cetraria islandica} and {\it Cornicularia aculeata}.

The second community is represented by three variants, all of which have been placed within NVC type U10a. This vegetation tends to occupy the more level ground, usually the summits themselves. The first type is the more extensive and is dominated by {\it Deschampsia flexuosa} and {\it Festuca ovina} (known as the "grassy" variant). Other constants include {\it Cladonia squamosa, C. uncialis, C. coccifera, Vaccinium myrtillus, Racomitrium lanuginosum, Carex bigelowii, Galium saxatile, Campylopus paradoxus} and {\it Cornicularia aculeata}. On the ground this community is frequently very species-poor, with lichens and mosses in particular being poorly represented. 

The second U10a "stony variant" is much more diverse that the above type and is found on less stable areas on summits, often within areas of the former. Bare stony soil accounts for much of the ground cover and this variant marks out ground experiencing the harshest environmental extremes with freeze-thaw action and solifluction maintaining the extent of bare ground. Again, {\it D. flexuosa} and {\it F. ovina} are prominent, although they often present as tussocks within the bare substrate. {\it R. lanuginosum} frequently forms extensive patches amongst the stones. Other community constants are present at low cover: {\it V. myrtillus, Galium saxatile, Cladonia uncialis, C. subcervicornis, C. coccifera, C. squamosa, Polytrichum piliferum} and {\it Cornicularia aculeata. Agrostis capillaris, V. vitis-idaea, Cladonia crispata} and {\it Campylopus paradoxus} are also quite regular in their occurrence. Most of the records for {\it Salix herbacea} also come from this community.

The third and final U10a variant is of much more restricted occurrence. This is quite grassy and is characterised by the presence of {\it Diphasiastrum alpinum} and {\it Huperzia selago}. Theer are several discrete areas of lichen/moss montane heath present on the common, but the most extensive area occurs around Grassmoor, considered to hold some of the best examples of this habitat type in the Lake District.

In addition to the extensive areas of dry heath, the common supports smaller areas of wet heath. An example occurs at GR NY 214 213. Species present include {\it Calluna vulgaris, Erica tetralix, Vaccinium myrtillus, Trichophorum cespitosum, Juncus effusus, Sphagnum} spp. and {\it Polytrichum} spp.  

The grasslands of the common follow a similar pattern to all upland sites in the Lake District. On the lower slopes is {\it Agrostis/Festuca} grassland, some of which is invaded by bracken {\it Pteridium aquilinum}. This gives way to grassland of {\it Nardus stricta} and {\it Juncus squarrosus} on the upper slopes. Typical associates throughout include {\it Luzula campestris, Galium saxatile} and {\it Potentilla erecta}. Toward the northern margins of the common, the lower slopes tend to be dominated by dense bracken, often with an acidic grassland understorey. Additional species noted from these swards are {\it Conopodium majus, Oxalis acetosella, Digitalis purpurea} and {\it Rumex acetosa}.

Blanket mires are restricted because there is not much level ground upon which peat can form. The most extensive example of blanket mire occurs at High Scawdel, but this lies to the SE of the SSSI, beyond the boundary of this particular common (but partly on CL 394C). Blanket mires are in fact poorly-represented on the common. There is a small example at High Moss (GR NY 209 212): - "Dominated by {\it Sphagnum} spp. with {\it Eriophorum angustifolium, E. vaginatum, Empetrum nigrum, Calluna vulgaris} and {\it Polytrichum} sp". 

Valley bottoms tend to be poorly-drained and contain acid/neutral flush and valley mire features. These are variously dominated by Carices and {\it Juncus} spp., with Sphagna. Some of the slopes have bryophyte-dominated spring-heads and small sedge-mires, sometimes base-rich.

Species found from amongst the flushes on the common include {\it Juncus effusus, J. articulatus, J. squarrosus, Sphagnum} spp. (incl. {\it S. palustre, S. compactum, S. auriculatum, S. capillifolium, S. papillosum}), {\it Rumex acetosa, Stellaria alsine, Cardamine pratensis, Rhyncospora alba, Chrysosplenium oppositifolium, Montia fontana, Pedicularis sylvatica, Polygala serpyllifolia, Philonotis fontana, Aulacomnium palustre, Hydrocotyle vulgaris, Drosera rotundifolia, Viola palustris, Galium palustre, Ranunculus flammula, R. ficaria, Carex panicea, C. viridula} subsp. {\it oedocarpa, C. echinata, Menyanthes trifoliata, Mentha aquatica, Dactylorhiza maculata} (GR NY 161 228/208 185), {\it Prunella vulgaris,  Lysimachia nemorum, Narthecium ossifragum, Nardus stricta, Myosotis scorpioides, Potamogeton polygonifolius, Succisa pratensis, Cirsium palustre, Vaccinium oxycoccos} and {\it Eriophorum vaginatum}. Species indicative of more base-rich conditions include {\it Pinguicula vulgaris, Scorpidium scorpidioides} and {\it Calliergon cuspidatum}.

The cliffs are mostly acidic and only sparsely vegetated. However, they are a refuge for dwarf shrub heaths and trees, such as {\it Betula pubescens, Sorbus aucuparia} and {\it Taxus baccata} (mainly on the block of commons to the SE of the SSSI). Screes have {\it Cryptogramma crispa}, while {\it Potentilla crantzii} (nationally scarce - i.e. recorded from 16-100 ten km squares of the national grid), has been recorded on several crags. Other species recorded from rocks/ledges and steep-sided gills on the common include {\it Blechnum spicant, Oreopteris limbosperma, Athyrium filix-femina, Polypodium vulgare, Phegopteris connectilis, Luzula sylvatica} (GR NY 175 192), {\it Dryopteris affinis, Campanula rotundifolia, Teucrium scorodonia, Ulex europaeus, U. gallii}, small trees of {\it Sorbus aucuparia}, plus the moss {\it Andraea rupestris}. Some of the small mountain streams associated with the gills provide several records for {\it Saxifraga stellaris}.  
 

The common has two blocks of high altitude {\it Quercus petraea} woodland - at Keskadale and Birkrigg (Map 3). These lie on steep south-facing slopes near the altitudinal limit for oak in Cumbria. They are of significance as relics of a previously extensive high level woodland cover now almost totally lost due to clearance and grazing. {\it Q. petraea} is the dominant species with associates which include {\it S. aucuparia, Ilex aquifolium, Betula} sp., {\it Crataegus monogyna, Pinus} sp. and {\it Larix} sp. The ground flora is poor as a result of shading and grazing and is predominantly a mosaic of grasses and heathland. Species include {\it Deschampsia flexuosa, Agrostis capillaris, Festuca ovina, Anthoxanthum odoratum, Calluna vulgaris} and {\it Vaccinium myrtillus}. Mosses and lichens are abundant and include {\it Hedwigia integrifolia, Alectoria chalybeiformis} and {\it Usnea frugilescens} (the only Lake District site for the latter species).

MANAGE:
The common is grazed by sheep and lies within the Lake District Environmentally Sensitive Area (ESA). This has been designated because of the outstanding environmental importance of the fells and valleys of the area. Of particular relevance to Lake District commons is the impact of grazing levels upon the ecology of certain upland habitats such as  heathland and a range of mire types, many of which feature amongst the "Priority Habitats" of the UK Biodiversity Action Plan.  

Farms entering the scheme do so under a 10 year management argeement and receive a variety of payments in return for farming in a manner which is compatible with the special character of the Lake District. There are two tiers of entry and the first applies to the whole area of the farm. Of particular relevance to common land amongst the provisions of the first tier are specified maximum stocking densities on the open fell which take into account the presence of heather.

The second tier is optional and provides for even lower stocking densities on "heather fell". There is also an optional tier aimed at making better provision for public access, plus certain payments aimed at maintaining/enhancing juniper scrub/ghylls/water margins etc.

For an individual common to be entered into the ESA scheme, it requires all of the relevant commoners to join on a whole farm basis and this is often unrealistic to achieve. However, here are many circumstances where farmers have individually joined the ESA, who also have grazing rights on common land. In such cases, these commons have been designated "Common land with controlled grazing rights". These farmers are not allowed to put additional stock onto the common above pre-scheme levels, even if these were above those allowed by the grazing rights. 

For reasons of confidentiality it has not been possible in this project to identify whether or not an individual common has been entered into the ESA scheme. However, for a general summary of the approximate area of Cumbrian Common Land now covered by ESA agreements, please refer to the main report (but note that this information is likely to be somewhat out of date). 

There is also a history of heather burning on the common. Recent burning of heather has generally been rather unsuccessful, particularly on the Newlands Beck (to the SE of the common, Map 3). Recent burns are generally characterised by much more open heath communities or by {\it Vaccinium}-dominated communities, many of which show growth forms indicative of overgrazing (as sheep commonly concentrate on young heather in these recently burnt areas). 

However, there is a lot of very old degenerative heather on the fells, particularly around Causey Pike (Map 2) and Swinside (Map 1). This heather is dying and the resulting gaps produced in the heather canopy (generally {\it Festuca}-dominated), are being grazed by sheep. The whole effect of heather loss through "old age" is thus exaggerated by the resulting browsing of heather on areas surrounding collapsed bushes. However, with the present stocking levels there it is clearly not possible to continue a burning regime on these areas. 

Trampling is an inevitable part of the grazing process and this may partially account for heather loss in these degenerative stands. The loss of heather produced through increased trampling by humans must also be reviewed, particularly in montane communities where recent research has shown that productivity of heather can be markedly reduced following relatively little trampling.

In addition, it is not just heather-dominated communities that are at risk from the high stocking levels on the fells. There appears to be evidence that the small areas of blanket bog present are being damaged and that there is widespread encroachment by {\it Juncus squarrosus}. More importantly, there appears to have been a large decrease in the areas (and possibly quality) of lichen-rich and {\it Racomitrium} heath that once covered large areas of the high montane summits.  

The effects of trampling by walkers upon the lichen/moss montane heath can clearly be seen on the main path from the Hause between Grasmoor and Crag Hill to the summit plateau. Here there is a strip some 5m wide either side of the path from which lichens are virtually absent. Away from this 10m strip {\it Cladonia impexa} and {\it C. arbuscula} form a thick carpet over the turf.

Much of the montane lichen/moss heath, in particular the NVC U10 types on the summit tops, is thought to have been damaged by grazing. There is evidence to suggest that sheep do graze the higher fells of the Lake District, despite the unfavourable climate and poor grazing of these areas.


FAUNA:
Noted during the present survey: meadow pipit.

The crags along the southern side of Riggindale contain the only English nesting site (eyrie) for the Golden Eagle. The territory has been occupied since 1969 and as at 1995, there have been 15 occasions where the eagles have successfully reared young, the last time being in 1992.

Blea Water and the adjacent crags have an ungraded entry in the Invertebrate Site Register. There are two local species of waterflea (Cladocera) recorded: {\it Alonella exigua}, plus {\it Holopedium gibberum}. Note however, that the lake itself is excluded from the registration as common land.

Kidsty Pike (GR NY 4412) also has an ungraded ISR entry, with a record for the nationally notable mountain ringlet {\it Erebia epiphron} (old record from 1950).

VEG:
This common effectively comprises two distinct portions. The first is centred around Blea Water (a classic example of a Lake District corrie lake) and the head of the Haweswater Valley. However, the lake itself, plus the smaller corrie lake of Small Water, are in fact excluded from the registration. The sides of the corrie rise steeply to a horseshoe of surrounding fells along the western edge. To the north of here lies the deep valley of Riggindale. 

The second portion of the common comprises a series of undulating fells on the south-eastern side of Haweswater, with steep slopes falling to the edge of the reservoir itself. The geology belongs to the Borrowdale Volcanic series, with much outcropping rock, especially around Blea Water etc.

The habitat map and much of the following species descritpion have been based heavily on the Cumbria Phase 1 survey. Most of the relevant target notes relate to 1979, this being a survey of the NWWA Haweswater Estate by Gilham and Kirkland. Whilst it is recognised that these are now somewhat out of date, there was insuffient time to re-survey. However, the eastern portion of the common was viewed during the present survey from the "Old Corpse Road". For other sources, please see the References section overleaf. The age of the original Phase 1 survey has also introduced a number of difficulties of interpretation, most significant of which is the revision of bog and mire habitats in the present (1990) methodology. The descriptions of the mire habitats in this report are recognised as being only a rough approximation. Had time been available, these habitats should have been re-surveyed; indeed, this is recommended for the common as a whole.

1. Western Portion (MAP 1).

Blea Water and surrounding land are scheduled as SSSI. In fact the entire boundary of ths SSSI lies within that of the common (see map), but Blea Water itself is not included in the registration! The SSSI is also listed in "A Nature Conservation Review" (ed. D.A. Ratcliffe, 1977).

Within the SSSI, immediately surrounding the lake itself, are slopes with an acidic grassland sward dominated by {\it Nardus stricta} and {\it Festuca ovina}. Rock outcrops associated with steeper slopes have a dry heath vegetation dominated by {\it Vaccinium myrtillus}. The steepest crags have a number of less common plant species, including {\it Juncus triglumis, Parnassia palustris, Saussurea alpina, Saxifraga oppositifolia, Thalictrum alpinum} and {\it Trollius europaeus}. Lichens are also moderately important, with over 20 species reported from these crags. The summit areas (i.e. at the western edge) are peaty with acidic grassland dominated by {\it Nardus stricta} and {\it Juncus squarrosus}.

Blea Water beck runs through a short gorge (GR NY 462 106). Species recorded here include individual trees of {\it Betula} sp., {\it Sorbus aucuparia} and {\it Fraxinus excelsior}, plus {\it Calluna vulgaris, V. myrtillus, Blechnum spicant, Cryptogramma crispa, Solidago virgaurea, Teucrium scorodonia, Phegopteris connectilis, Alchemilla alpina, Anemone nemorosa} and {\it Potentilla erecta}.

The second corrie lake is also excluded from the registration. A number of the small streams running down to this lake have associated areas of flushing. Crags between the streams have {\it V. myrtillus} and {\it Cryptogramma crispa}, plus the occasional tree of {\it Sorbus aucuparia. C. crispa} also recorded from a steep gully at GR NY 474 099. Within Riggindale lie scree slopes where {\it Cryptogramma crispa} and {\it Alchemilla alpina} occur.

This section of common as a whole has extensive areas of acidic grassland comparable to that within the SSSI, being dominated by {\it Nardus stricta} and {\it Juncus squarrosus}. Other associates include {\it Galium saxatile} plus, in wet areas, {\it Eriophorum angustifolium} (e.g. top of Harter Fell, GR NY 461 095).

At the head of the Gatescarth Pass (GR NY 475 093 - 1979, 1986) lies an area of valley mire which contains {\it Eriophorum angustifolium, E. vaginatum, Carex} spp. (incl. {\it C. rostrata}), {\it Sphagnum} spp. (including pools), {\it Potentilla erecta, Ranunculus flammula, Saxifraga stellaris, Cardamine pratensis} and {\it Anthoxanthum odoratum}. Some eroding peat noted; described as "drying-out".


2. Eastern portion (MAP 2).

As discussed already, the topography of this area contrasts with the western section, although steep slopes to the north and west of Selside support an acidic grassland sward similar to that already described. The remainder has a complex topography with a pattern of hollows and shallow valleys set within a mosaic of outcropping rock. 

The hollows support a variety of basin mires, with pockets of blanket mire occurring on gently-sloping ground. Elsewhere the peat thins to give a wet heath vegetation, while steeper slopes support acidic grassland, with bracken {\it Pteridium aquilinum} on the lower slopes. Throughout the site there are also freqent flushes, with acidic/neutral and base-rich types all represented.

The largest extent of blanket mire lies around the area where the Old Corpse Road passes across the hilltop (GR NY 490 118). Smaller pockets occur elsewhere on this part of the common. The dominant species include {\it Eriophorum vaginatum, E. angustifolium} and {\it Trichphorum cespitosum}, with other associates such as {\it Juncus squarrosus, Calluna vulgaris, Erica tetralix, Empetrum nigrum, Narthecium ossifragum} and {\it Vaccinium oxycoccos. Sphagnum} mosses seem to be abundant, with {\it S. cuspidatum} and {\it S. papillosum} noted during the present survey.

The basin mires seem to contain a range of species typical of the blanket mire and acidic/neutral flushes (i.e. the main difference being topographical). 

The northern portion is described as having a "damp, grassy moorland". This has been translated as Phase 1 'D2' - wet heath. Species present include:  {\it Calluna vulgaris, Vaccinium myrtillus, Erica tetralix, Nardus stricta, E. angustifolium, Deschampsia flexuosa, Festuca ovina} and {\it Juncus squarrosus}. 

Acidic grassland on the slopes in square GR NY 4912 was noted during the present survey to be dominated by {\it Nardus stricta}, or by {\it Juncus squarrosus} in wet areas. Other associates include {\it Agrostis capillaris, Festuca ovina, Carex binervis, Potentilla erecta} and {\it Galium saxatile}. Small amounts of very suppressed plants of {\it Calluna vulgaris} were noted locally. 

The acidic flush alongside the Old Corpse Road contains a variety of species: {\it Juncus effusus, Sphagnum recurvum S. palustre, Polytrichum commune, Eriophorum angustifolium, E. vaginatum, J. squarrosus, Narthecium ossifragum, Viola palustris, Potentilla erecta} and {\it Carex nigra}.

A further flush was noted further eastwards, to the northern edge of the Old Corpse Road (GR NY 501 127), which has a mixture of neutral and base-rich types. Recorded here were: {\it Philonotis fontana, Bryum pseudotriquetrum, Campylium stellatum, Cratoneuron commutatum, Carex panicea, C. viridula} subsp. {\it oedocarpa, C. echinata, Drosera rotundifolia, Prunella vulgaris, Selaginella selaginoides, Briza media, Danthonia decumbens, Euphrasia officinalis} agg., {\it Sphagnum palustre, Ranunculus flammula, Juncus articulatus, Pedicularis} sp. and {\it Pinguicula vulgaris}.   

The Phase 1 survey notes flushing along several old drainage channels which include additional species such as {\it Carex rostrata}. Species recorded from the diverse range of other flush features on the common include {\it Succisa pratensis, Polygala} sp., {\it Juncus bulbosus, Festuca vivipara, Menyanthes trifoliata, Potamogeton} sp., {\it Cirsium palustre, Cardamine pratensis, Montia fontana, Huperzia selago, Thymus drucei, Lysimachia nemorum, Molinia caerulea, Linum catharticum, Epilobium palustre, E. brunnescens, E. alsinifolium, Saxifraga hypnoides, Valeriana dioica, Briza media, Filipendula ulmaria, Triglochin palustris, Hydrocotyle vulgaris, Carex pulicaris, C. curta, Carlina vulgaris, Galium palustre, Chrysosplenium oppositifolium, Saxifraga aiziodes} and {\it Primula farinosa}. The latter species is Nationally Scarce (i.e. recorded from between 16 - 100 ten km squares of the Ordnance Survey Grid: JNCC, 1994).   

The steep crags of Swindale Head support a mosaic of acidic grassland and bracken. The inaccessible rocks support {\it Calluna vulgaris} and {\it Vaccinium myrtillus}, plus scattered trees of {\it Betula} sp., {\it Sorbus} sp., {\it Prunus padus, Corylus avellana} and {\it Fraxinus excelsior}.

The area known as Mardale Banks (GR NY 4812) is a series of steep rocky slopes leading down to Haweswater. This is notable for a stand of dense and scattered {\it Juniperus communis} scrub, plus a series of base-rich flushes associated with rocky gills. Trees associated with this area include {\it Ilex aquifolium, Sorbus aucuparia, Crataegus monogyna, Salix cinerea, Acer pseudoplatanus, Quercus} sp. and {\it Taxus baccata}. The present condition of this juniper scrub is not known. In 1979 many bushes were described as "very old", with no regeneration apparent. Other species recorded from the rocks/gillsdies include {\it Solidago virgaurea, Blechnum spicant, Alchemilla alpina, A. glabra, Rosa canina, Hieracium} sp., {\it Cryptogramma crispa, Geranium robertianum, Dryopteris dilatata, Oxalis acetosella, Festuca vivipara, Digitalis purpurea, Primula vulgaris} and {\it Dryopteris filix-mas}. 

There is a further area of {\it J. communis} scrub recorded at GR NY 490 126.


Cumbria Wildlife Trust sites:

Flakehow Crags, Haweswater: NY 485 115; NY 489 147; NY 472 124; NY 469 115; NY 470 121 (ref. ??). "Base-rich wet fluses in juniper scrub. Flakehow Crags - {\it Thymus drucei} and {\it Carlina vulgaris}. Riggindale Crags - {\it Tilia cordata}. Riggindale Valley - several {\it Primula farinosa} flushes. Also base-rich flushes with {\it Briza media} and {\it Linum catharticum}".

Selside Fell: NY 485 115 (ref. 201).

Mardale Banks: NY 480 122 (ref. 202). "Juniper scrub, flushed hillside, stream side. Species recorded: {\it Blechnum spicant, Briza media, Calluna vulgaris, Campanula rotundifolia, Carex viridula} subsp. {\it oedocarpa, C. echinata, C. hostiana, C. panicea, C. pulicaris, Cirsium palustre, Cryptogramma crispa, Drosera rotundifolia, Dryopteris australis, Erica tetralix, Euphrasia officinalis} agg., {\it Fraxiuns excelsior, Geranium robertianum, Juncus bulbosus, J. effusus, J. squarrosus, Juniperus communis, Nardus stricta, Narthecium ossifragum, Oxalis acetosella, Parnassia palustris, Pedicularis sylvatica, Pinguicula vulgaris, Potentilla erecta, Potentilla sterilis, Primula farinosa, Prunella vulgaris, Pteridium aquilinum, Rosa} agg., {\it Saxifraga aiziodes, Selaginella selaginoides, Danthonia decumbens, Succisa pratensis, Oreopteris limbosperma} and {\it Thymus drucei}".

Near White Acre Crag: NY 480 127 (ref. 203). "Wet flushed area. very good on northern side of beck. {\it Primula farinosa, Alchemilla alpina, Pinguicula vulgaris, Carlina vulgaris, Juniperus communis, Saxifraga aiziodes}. Very prominent stand of gorse ({\it Ulex} sp.) near bottom of Ghyll. A few smaller areas and flushes to the north, one with a group of 3 {\it Orchis mascula}".

MANAGE:
The common is grazed by sheep. It is widely-accepted that stocking densities in recent decades have been in excess of what is desirable to maintain the nature conservation value of this ecologically important area. In particular, these fells include a diversity of upland habitats such as heathland, and several mire types, which feature amongst the "Priority Habitats" of the UK Biodiversity Action Plan. 

This situation is a function of Common Agricultural Policy which pays a sheep subsidy (with an additional premium for upland areas), coupled with the registration of grazing rights on common land in 1965. The levels of grazing rights established at this time were based entirely on the numbers given by individual claimants. As a consequence, the numbers of stock registered are far higher, both in ecological terms, and to some extent also in agricultural terms, than the land can support. Headage payments under the CAP have therefore encouraged graziers to hold as many stock as possible, this being related primarily to their holding of commoners rights.

There is, however, some scope for the amelioration of these problems since the establishment of the Lake District Environmentally Sensitive Area (ESA). Farms entering the scheme do so under a 10 year management argeement and receive a variety of payments in return for farming in a manner which is compatible with the special character of the Lake District. There are two tiers of entry and the first applies to the whole area of the farm. Of particular relevance to common land amongst the provisions of the first tier are specified maximum stocking densities on the open fell which take into account the presence of heather.

The second tier is optional and provides for even lower stocking densities on "heather fell". There is also an optional tier aimed at making better provision for public access, plus certain payments aimed at maintaining/enhancing juniper scrub/ghylls/water margins etc.

For an individual common to be entered into the ESA scheme, it requires all of the relevant commoners to join on a whole farm basis and this is often unrealistic to achieve. However, here are many circumstances where farmers have individually joined the ESA, who also have grazing rights on common land. In such cases, these commons have been designated "Common land with controlled grazing rights". These farmers are not allowed to put additional stock onto the common above pre-scheme levels, even if these were above those allowed by the grazing rights. 

For reasons of confidentiality it has not been possible in this project to identify whether or not an individual common has been entered into the ESA scheme. However, for a general summary of the approximate area of Cumbrian 
The Phase 1 survey reports (1979) evidence of earlier drainage attempts in several of the areas of blanket and basin mire.

The RSPB have been unable to keep the presence of the golden eagles a secret! A watch on the nesting area is maintained from early April, with visitors being discouraged at this time for fear of causing disturbance. If the pair breed successfully, there is a manned lookout position for the numerous visitors which visit the site.


FAUNA:
The area of Mallerstang Edge has an ungraded entry in the Invertebrate Site Register. There are no species recorded, but it is considered likely to be of interest for montane summit species. 

The plateau which runs along the eastern edge of the common supports important populations of golden plover and dunlin. Dotterel have been recorded on eroded, stony summits. Red grouse, curlew, lapwing and redshank are locally abundant as breeding birds. Peregrine, raven and ring ousel nest on gritstone crags. The numerous watercourses are habitat for breeding common sandpiper and dipper. Areas of tall heath are particularly important for breeding merlin and short-eared owl.

VEG:
The common lies mainly on the steep scarp slope below Mallerstang Edge which lies on the eastern side of the upper Eden Valley. To the north, the common runs across the valley, forming a link with a smaller portion lying on fells west of the river. The site lies along the North Yorkshire border at the edge of the Pennine Plateau. The habitat map has been based on that of the Cumbria Phase 1 survey, which also has target notes and dominant species codes dating to 1986. 

The eastern edge of the common lies within an area covered by a NCC upland vegetation survey in 1988, which used the Ratcliffe and Birks Classification. Most of the common to the east of the river lies within the Mallerstang and Swaledale head SSSI. This site is also listed in "A Nature Conservation Review" (ed. D.A. Ratcliffe, 1977). Small areas of limestone pavement have been the subject of a survey by English Nature. 

Most of the SSSI and the common in general, supports a mixture of acidophilous vegetation developed on a variety of substrates. The greater part of the common comprises an acidic grassland sward, dominated variously by {\it Nardus stricta, Juncus squarrosus, Galium saxatile} and locally by {\it Festuca ovina} and {\it Deschampsia flexuosa}. There are further areas of acidic grassland, such as at High Seat GR NY 801 011 (1 - Map 2). Here can be found {\it Carex bigelowii}, a northern montane species, of restricted occurrence in North Yorkshire. 

On the top of the plateaux are expanses of blanket bog. That lying on the common appears to be of a type dominated by {\it Eriophorum vaginatum}. This is of the Ratcliffe and Birks type 'G4f' and has been translated as the Phase 1 category of 'E18' - dry modified bog (probably NVC type M20). {\it Trichophorum cespitosum} is present locally. The blanket mire around the summits is often eroded to form haggs. Bare peat has been recolonised by {\it Eriophorum angustifolium.} 

Throughout the areas of blanket bog and acidic grassland there are flushes giving rise to soligenous mire. These are frequently characterised by {\it Carex echinata} and {\it Sphagnum recurvum}. Other flushes typically include {\it Sphagnum} spp., {\it Juncus} spp. ({\it J. acutiflorus, J. effusus}), {\it Carex nigra, C. rostrata} and {\it Viola palustris}. One such feature has been target noted by the Phase 1 survey, to the extreme SW of the common: GR SD 786 974 - "{\it Juncus effusus} flush with {\it Carex echinata, C. rostrata, C. nigra, C. curta, Myosotis scorpioides, Viola palustris, Galium palustre, Prunella vulgaris, Triglochin palustris, Polytrichum commune, Sphagnum recurvum} and {\it Philonotis fontana}". 

The massive cliffs, gritstone scars and boulder screes of Mallerstang Edge support a range of species such as {\it Calluna vulgaris, Vaccinium myrtillus, Solidago virgaurea, Luzula sylvatica} and ferns such as {\it Dryopteris dilatata, Blechnum spicant} and {\it Cystopteris fragilis}. 

Small areas of limestone pavement and other outcrops also occur along the ridge and, to a lesser degree, elsewhere on the common. A number of target notes have been made relating to these, although the pavements are restricted in extent and were not thought to be of sufficient quality for notification by English Nature.  

GR SD 785 985 - "Area of neutral/calcareous grassland on thin soil over outcropping limestone. Heavily grazed. Herbs indicate more neutral influence. {\it Achillea millefolium, Thymus polytrichus, Plantago lanceolata, Bellis perennis, Trifolium} sp., {\it Veronica chamaedrys, V. serpyllifolia, Ranunculus} sp., {\it Fragaria vesca, Viola riviniana, Alchemilla} sp., {\it Erophila verna, Asplenium trichomanes} (on outcrops)".  

GR SD 786 982 - "Series of large shake and swallow holes with weathered limestone at their base. Mostly ungrazed but species poor seepage/flushes into sink holes contain {\it Juncus effusus, Pedicularis palustris? Carex nigra} and {\it C. echinata}". 

GR SD 787 997 - "At this point limestone outcrops and Great Gill flows underground. The limestone has produced an area of neutral (rather than strictly calcareous) grassland on the gill bottom and sides. Mainly grassy with {\it Agrostis} sp., {\it Briza media, Thymus polytrichus, Lotus corniculatus, Fragaria vesca, Viola riviniana, Veronica chamaedrys, Ranunculus ficaria} and {\it Urtica dioica}. There is some flushing where the stream re-merges, with {\it Chrysosplenium oppositifolium, Veronica beccabunga, Cardamine pratensis} and some bryophytes".

One final feature of botanical interest are records for {\it Lycopodium alpinum, Lycopodium clavatum} and {\it Huperzia selago} on Fair Hill (2 - Map 1).

MANAGE:
The common is grazed by sheep. The grazing levels along this western edge of the main plateau are considered to be high. This is reflected in the dominance of unpalatable species such as {\it Nardus stricta} and {\it Juncus squarrosus} and in the general scarcity of dwarf shrub species. 

Grazing may also have been a factor in the degradation and erosion of the margins of the blanket mire vegetation. 

The common overlaps two geological SSSI (see maps). Janny Wood Section, to the NW of the common, provides the best exposures in the region of an important junction between two of the major stages of the Carboniferous period. Hell Gill, to the extreme south of the common, and forms an excellent example of surface river erosion in limestone where cave formation is only on a restricted scale. For full details of geological SSSIs please consult English Nature.


VEG:
This common is only just larger than the 1.0ha survey threshold value. It is shown by the Cumbria Phase 1 survey to be improved grassland. In view of time constraints, the site was not visited.

MANAGE:
No information available relating to the management of this site. 

The whole common lies within the Lake District ESA. This has been designated because of the outstanding environmental importance of the fells and valleys of the area. Of particular relevance to Lake District commons is the impact of grazing levels upon the ecology of habitats such as upland heathland, blanket bog and certain types of fen. These are included within the 38 "Key Habitats" for which the UK has international obligations and which have been identified by the UK Steering Group on Biodiversity for the preparation of costed action plans.  

Farms entering the scheme do so under a 10 year management argeement and recieve a variety of payments in return for farming in a manner which is compatible with the special character of the Lake District. There are two tiers of entry and the first applies to the whole area of the farm. Of particular relevance to common land are specified maximum stocking densities on the open fell. For example, prescribed stocking levels on "Fell with heather" are slightly below those for "Fell without heather" at: 0.225 livestock units per hectare, plus a requirement that between the dates of 1st October to the following 28th February, all cattle, replacement hoggs and 25 per cent of over wintering ewes should be removed from the heather fell. 

The second tier is optional and provides for even lower stocking densities on heather fell. There is also an optional tier aimed at making better provision for public access, plus certain payments aimed at maintaining/enhancing juniper scrub/ghylls/water margins etc.

For an individual common to be entered into the ESA scheme, it requires all of the relevant commoners to join on a whole farm basis and this is often unrealistic to achieve. However, here are many circumstances where farmers have individually joined the ESA who also have grazing rights on common land. In such cases, these commons have been designated "Common land with controlled grazing rights". These farms are not allowed to put additional stock onto the common above pre-scheme levels, even if these were above those allowed by the grazing rights. 

For reasons of confidentiality it has not been possible in this project to identify whether or not an individual common has entered the ESA scheme. However, for a general summary of the approximate area of Cumbrian Common Land now covered by ESA agreements, please refer to the main report.


FAUNA:
The common forms a very small part of the Skiddaw Group SSSI. Please refer to the site descriptions of the adjacent larger commons, namely CLs 46C and 252C, for a description of the fauna of the SSSI in general.

VEG:
This small common lies within the boundary of the Skiddaw Group SSSI. It is sandwiched in between the two larger contiguous CLs 46C and 252C, on a steep slope running down from Dead Crags to the southern side of Dash Beck.

Habitats occurring on the common comprise dry dwarf shrub heath and acidic grassland, plus a variety of acidic rock outcrops and scree. For a description of the habitats, please refer to the site descriptions for the two contiguous commons.

MANAGE:
Please refer to the site descriptions for the two contiguous commons. Probably grazed by sheep as allowed by the registered rights.


FAUNA:
Recorded during site visit were: Chaffinch, Willow Warbler, Whitethroat, Magpie, Housemartin,  Swift, Greenfinch, Carrion Crow,  Woodpigeon, Wren,  Robin,  Blue Tit. 
Also Orange Tip, Small Tortioseshell, Holly Blue, and Peacock butterflies. 
Rabbits.  
   
The following invertebrate records were made by Eileen Thorpe during the course of the field survey.

Diptera (flies)

Syphridae (hover-flies)

Cheilosia albitarsis, Eristalis pertinax, Melanostoma mellinum, M. scalare,
Neoascia podagrica, Platycherius clypeatus, Rhingia campestris, Sphaerophoria menthastri, S. scripta

Hover-fly nomenclature as in Stubbs & Falk, 1983.

Other Diptera

Empis pennipes, E. tessellata, Hilaria sp., Bibio marci, Dilophus febrilis. 

Sawflies: Dolerus spp., Tenthredo sp.

Solitary Bees: Nomada spp. (two species)

VEG:
The common comprises a series of interconnected roadside verges just to the north of Ashbourne.  In some places these are quite wide. The main habitats are neutral grassland, dense scrub  and some pieces of woodland. A site of the same name on the Derbyshire Wildlife Trust Biological Sites Register lies entirely within the common land boundary and is a grade 1 site. To the south of the common are wide areas of unimproved neutral grassland which are mown fairly regularly, partly for amenity use, and also apparently for hay (areas 1 and 2). The dominant grasses are Festuca rubra, Alopecurus pratensis and Bromus mollis, with frequent Anthoxanthum odoratum and occasional Dactylis glomerata. The grassland appears to be fairly damp. There is a wide range of forbs with frequent Taraxacum officinale,  Potentilla anserina, Cerastium fontanum, Ranunculus acris, R. repens, Plantago lanceolata, Trifolium repens, Cirsium arvense and Potentilla reptans, with occasional Heracleum sphondylium, Rumex obtusifolius, Glechoma hederacea, Cirsium vulgare, Cardamine pratensis, Angelica sylvestris, Anthriscus sylvestris, Lamium album and Veronica chamaedrys. At 2 there are a number of mature scattered trees, including two venerable Quercus sp.,  several individuals of Tilia sp., and also of Nothofagus obliqua, Betula pendula, Taxus baccata, Aesculus hippocastanum and Fagus sylvatica. At area 3, next to the road, was a section of interesting damp ditch, backed by mature hedge. Species recorded include Iris pseudacorus, Doronicum pardalianches, Ranunculus ficaria, Epilobium hirsutum, Mercurialis perennis, Equisetum arvense, Stachys sylvatica, Lamiastrum galeobdolon, Prunus spinosa, Crataegus monogyna, Ilex aquifolium, Corylus avellana, Ulmus glabra and Sambucus nigra. A road leads eastwards with narrow verges forming the common. At area 4 there is a patch of wet woodland with Alnus glutinosa,  Salix fragilis and Corlyus avellana, with some Acer pseudoplatanus. The ground flora is wet in places and includes the following: Lamiastrum galeobdolon, Stachys sylvatica, Silene dioica, Ranunculus ficaria, Potentilla sterilis, Oxalis acetosella, Filipendula ulmaria, Angelica sylvestris, Heracleum sphondylium and Mercurialis perennis. This vegetation merges into a hedge which runs for some way westwards and follows a damp ditch. Further to the east, at 5, are areas of woodland and scrub, part of which follows a stream which flows north-south across the common. The scrub has Crataegus monogyna and Rubus fruticosus agg., while the wooded parts have Salix fragilis, Ulmus glabra and some Aesculus hippocastanum. Along this arm of the common at 6, is unimproved neutral grassland, which is somewhat drier than that at 1 and 2. In places this grassland is quite diverse with Rhinanthus minor, Luzula campestris, Geranium dissectum and Conopodium majus. The southern boundary of the common at 7, is an immature hedge with much Crataegus monogyna. Towards area 5 however, it is more mature, with trees including Fagus sylvatica and Acer pseudoplatanus. At 8, along both sides of the road is a very varied area of scattered and dense scrub. The dominant species is Crataegus monogyna, with frequent Prunus spinosa, Rosa arvensis and Rubus fruticosus. The ground flora has frequent Deschampsia cespitosa, Festuca rubra, Potentilla reptans and occasional Anthriscus sylvestris, Glechoma hederacea, Lamiastrum galeobdolon and Achillea millefolium. There is a transition to grassland in places. To the north of here at 9, the verges widen somewhat, and have more neutral grassland. Part of this area is in front of houses and has been mown by householders. In addition, the area around the road junction at 10 appears to be mown fairly regularly. Here the dominant grass appears to be Poa pratensis, with some Dactylis glomerata and Anthoxanthum odoratum. The small area at 11, has had an application of slurry fairly recently. At 12, there is a narrow strip of dense scrub alongside the road. This has frequent Crataegus monogyna, Acer campestre, Prunus spinosa, Rosa sp. and Rubus fruticosus agg., with occasional mature and seedling Fraxinus excelsior in places. The ground flora has occasional Viola riviniana, Galium aparine, Stellaria holostea, Hedera helix, Arum maculatum, Mercurialis perennis and Ranunculus ficaria. On the other side of the road to this is an interesting piece of rank neutral grassland at 13, dominated by tussocky Deschampsia cespitosa. Within this there is frequent Festuca rubra, Alopecurus pratensis and Ranunculus repens, with occasional Pimpinella major, Luzula multiflora, Carex flacca and Equisetum arvense. There is some scattered scrub in this area, with Crataegus monogyna, and occasional individuals of Fraxinus excelsior, Salix caprea, Malus sylvestris and Acer pseudoplatanus. Within the grassy area there are several small pools with a varied species composition including Ranunculus flammula, Potentilla erecta and Epilobium hirsutum. The adjacent common land boundary has an overgrown hedge with Crataegus monogyna and Rosa arvensis. Further to the north at 14, is a narrow band of dense scrub dominated by Prunus spinosa. On the opposite side of the common at 15, there is a small piece of woodland with several mature Salix fragilis and numerous Crataegus monogyna bushes. This grades into a further strip of dense Crataegus monogyna and Rosa arvensis scrub which has occasional mature Acer pseudoplatanus. Along most of this area, next to the boundary and beneath the scrub, runs another damp ditch, and has frequent Filipendula ulmaria and Iris pseudacorus, while elsewhere there is frequent Deschampsia cespitosa, Dactylis glomerata, Galium aparine, Hedera helix and Ranunculus ficaria with occasional Heracleum sphondylium and Silene dioica and S. alba. The common is reported to be the only Derbyshire site for Trifolium fragiferum, and there are records also for Lysimachia nummularia, Senecio erucifolius and Mentha piperita, although none of these were found during the present survey.

MANAGE:
The majority of the grassland on the common is mown about twice a year for hay. Much of the grassland is quite species-rich. Historically, the common was grazed, and there are 20 registered rights of pasture both for cattle and "animals". However there was no sign of grazing occuring at the present. This is probably because the common is unfenced from the roads, which are without cattle grids, and have a relatively high volume of traffic, especially the B5035. Given these constraints to grazing, continued cutting of the hay crop would appear to be the most appropriate management for the grassland. However, at the area around the road junction, at 10, regular mowing seems to occur to maintain visibility for motorists. The grass clippings in this area are left on the ground, which may eventually lead to enrichment of the grassland in this area. This has occured locally in other small areas where grassland has been mown intensively adjacent to properties. One section of grassland at 11, has recently recieved an application of farmyard manure. The common has focal points of high conservation value. These include the rank grassland and small pools at 13, the scrub at areas 9, 12, and 16, which have a varied structure and species composition and the section of damp ditch and species-rich hedge at 3. The latter area apparently has a diverse and distinctive invertebrate fauna. (a copy of the records made by Eileen Thorpe at the time of the survey is included with this site report). The two venerable oak trees at 2, would also appear to be important invertebrate habitats, especially as one of them has hollow sections. Careful and selective thinning of the scrub, and rotational mowing of small pieces of the more neglected areas of grassland may be beneficial.


FAUNA:
Recorded during the site visit were Willow Warbler, Yellowhammer, and large White Butterfly.

VEG:
Most of the common lies within a larger Derbyshire Wildlife Trust Site of Biological Importance (Grade 1). The northern part is a steep, north easterly facing slope which has areas of dry heath/acid grassland mosaic with extensive areas of continuous bracken. The heath is dominated by Vaccinium myrtillus, with occasional Calluna vulgaris and Ulex europaeus. The grassy areas are dominated by Deschampsia flexuosa and Festina ovina, with occasional Achillea millefolium, Rumex acetosella, Ulex gallii, Lathyrus pratensis, Stellaria holostea and Galium saxatile. To the south of the common the terrain is flatter and is essentially the same. However in the centre there is a patch of semi-improved grassland with abundant Poa annua, Lolium perenne, Taraxacum officinale agg. and Bellis perennis, with occasional Anthriscus sylvestris. Over the whole of the site were occasional scattered trees including Quercus sp, Betula pendula and Sorbus aucuparia. A small area adjacent to the road had tall ruderal vegetation with Chamaenerion angustifolium and scattered bracken.

MANAGE:
The common appears to be unmamaged and ungrazed. A small amount of mature Calluna Vulgaris is present, although this is more abundant on the part of the DWT BSR site which is not coincident with the common.


FAUNA:
Recorded during the site visit were Blue-Tit,  Swallow, Magpie, Chaffinch, Starling, Greenfinch,  Skylark, Meadow Pippit, Carion Crow, Pied Wagtail, and Rabbits.

VEG:
The common comprises several small parcels of land around the Village of Tideswell. These are mostly neutral grassland  with planted trees in places. To the north at 1 is a narrow stream. The entry in the common land register specifically refers to this part of the common as the water course only. The stream would appear to be lead-polluted, as there is a warning sign to this effect on the gate leading to the field which the stream runs through. In the region of Brook Bottom, the stream is only about one metre wide and is constrained within fairly steep banks. To the north however, it widens to between two and three metres, flowing through an area of mesotrophic grassland. Within the stream there is abundant Apium nodiflorum and Rorippa nasturtium-aquaticum. Locally there is frequent Juncus articulatus  and a vegetative species of Glyceria. Where the stream borders the surrounding grassland there are flushed areas with frequent Carex nigra, C. Panicea, C. demissa and Equisetum palustre. At 2, alongside the A623, there is a small area of tall ruderal vegetation in a disused quarry which appears to have had builders rubble dumped there in the past. This is dominated by Chamaenerion angustifolium and Urtica dioica  with a fine stand of Myrrhis odorata. Within this there is locally abundant Rubus fruticosus agg. and occasional Cirsium arvense, and Heracleum sphondylium. At the edge nearest the road there is a verge of unimproved grassland with frequent Centaurea nigra and Cruciata laevipes, and a few scattered individuals of Dactylorhiza maculata. The remaining areas are nearer the Village of Tideswell. At 3 there is intensively mown amenity grassland dominated by Agrostis capillaris, Poa annua and Dactylis glomerata, with frequent Taraxacum officinale and Bellis perennis. The southern section has a small childrens playground, and immediately to the south of this is an area of bare ground used as a car park. Along the northern edge is a fenced area of planted trees, with Corylus avellana, Sorbus aria and S. aucuparia.   The southwestern edge of this area has a row of fairly mature Salix caprea. At 4 there are further areas of planted trees situated within unimproved neutral grassland. The species composition is similar to that described under section 3, while the grassland reflects that in area 6. Here there is quite diverse, unmanaged, unimproved neutral grassland. The dominant grasses are Dactylis glomerata, Agrostis capillaris and Festuca rubra. In places there is frequent Agropyron repens, Alopecurus pratensis and Deschampsia cespitosa. The area is locally rich in forbs with occasional Luzula campestris, Geranium pratense, Leontodon hispidus, Rumex acetosa, R. acetosella, Stachys sylvatica, Galium mollugo, Veronica arvensis, Lathyrus pratensis, Vicia sativa, V.sepium, Lotus corniculatus, Plantago lanceolata, Achillea millefolium and Anthriscus sylvestris. Less commonly there were some individuals of Conopodium majus, Rhinanthus minor and Sanguisorba officinalis. In the centre at 5 is a fenced area which has been planted with trees. These are a mixture of broad-leaved and coniferous and are fairly mature. Species include Acer pseudoplatanus, Fagus sylvatica, Larix sp., Pinus sp. and Sorbus aucuparia. On the opposite side of a metalled road is an area of bare ground which is used for car-parking. At 7 is a small area of roadside verge with rank neutral grassland and tall ruderal vegetation. The dominant grasses are Arrhenatherum elatius and Dactylis glomerata. Locally abundant are Cirsium arvense, Chamaenerion angustifolium, Urtica dioica and Geranium pratense. There is also locally frequent Aegopodium podagraria, Achillea millefolium, Centaurea nigra, Anthriscus sylvestris, Heracleum sphondylium, Plantago lanceolata and Potentilla anserina. Immediately adjacent to the road is an area with occasional Solidago gigantea, Polygonum aviculare, Phleum bertolonii, Lolium perenne, Matricaria matricarioides and a few plants of Sanguisorba officinalis. The area at 8 has two small pieces of broad-leaved semi-natural woodland. Here there are mature Acer pseudoplatanus with occasional Pinus sylvestris, Corylus avellana, Crataegus monogyna, and Sambucus nigra. The eastern portion has an area which has been cleared and replanted with Sorbus aucuparia and Prunus sp., while the western portion has nestboxes erected. The area at 9 is a narrow strip of mown neutral grassland with planted trees, along which runs a footpath. The dominant grasses are Dactylis glomerata, Festuca rubra and Alopecurus pratensis, with frequent Agrostis capillaris and Holcus lanatus. Forbs include occasional Heracleum sphondylium, Myrrhis odorata, Galium aparine, Allaria petiolata, Rumex obtusifolius, Urtica dioica, and Glechoma hederacea. Trees have been planted in places, including Sorbus aucuparia, Corylus avellana, Acer pseudoplatanus and Betula pendula.

MANAGE:
Parts of the common at 3 and 9 are managed by mowing. At 3, this is to provide a green for informal recreation and a childrens playground. At 9 the grass verge forms part of a pleasant local walk,  with good views over the town, and several seats are provided. Part of areas 3, 4 and 8 have been recently planted up with broad leaved trees. There is an older area of mixed plantation fenced off within area 5. As mentioned two small areas of common have been used for car-parking and are now almost totally devoid of vegetation. The remaining pieces of land (apart from area 1), are rather more remote from the village and are apparently unmanaged. Area 1 is situated within a field of intensively sheep-grazed, semi-improved neutral grassland.


FAUNA:
Recorded during site visit were Chiff-Chaff, Willow Warbler, Blackcap, Robin, Wren, Yellowhammer. 
Butterflies: Orange Tip, Large White and Holly Blue.  
Invertebrate records from Eileen Thorpe:  20.06.86... Platycherius manicatus, P.angustatus, Melanostoma mellinum, M. scalare, Chrysogaster hirtella, Chloromjia formosa, Sargus iridatus, Microchrysa polita, M. cyaneivitis.  
14.05.92... Bombus lapidarus, B. pasuorum.

VEG:
The entire area of the Hulland Moss SSSI lies within the common land boundary. The area comprises lowland valley mire and heath which is now largely colonised by secondary Alnus glutinosa and Salix cinerea woodland on deep peat. The ground layer is very varied in composition. Some areas are dominated by tussocks of Molinia caerulea with locally abundant Deschampsia flexuosa, and in the wetter areas Sphagnum sp., Cirsium palustre,  Potentilla erecta, Epilobium palustre, E. hirsutum, Viola palustris, Valeriana dioica, Hydrocotyle vulgaris, Stellaria alsine, Ranunculus flammula, Lychnis flos-cuculi and Potamogeton polygonifolius. There are a few small heathy clearings with some Vaccinium myrtillus and Calluna, but these are very limited in extent. The woodland is dominated by Alnus glutinosa and Salix cinerea in the wetter areas and Quercus robur, Betula pendula and B. pubescens in the drier parts. In places the woodland is somewhat denser and has occasional Acer pseudoplatanus, Crataegus monogyna, Ilex aquifolium, Sambucus nigra and Sorbus aucuparia. Here there is locally frequent Oeropteris limbosperma, Dryopteris carthusiana, Pteridium aquilinum, Lonicera pericylmenum, Viola riviniana, Solanum dulcamara, Urtica dioica, Stellaria holostea and Rubus scissus. Occasional bushes of Ulex europaeus occur in parts of the site. At the extreme south of the SSSI  the site is crossed by a small stream which has abundant Urtica dioica, but otherwise is surrounded by a fairly large area of bare peat. At the time of the visit, the site appeared generally quite dry and Sphagnum was recorded in relatively few parts of the site. Outside the SSSI boundary  to the south east is a small area of overgrown grassland with some tall ruderal vegetation which has Arrhenatherum elatius, Dactylis glomerata, Urtica dioica and Chamaenerion angustifolium. To the north is a similar area but also with occasional Dryopteris dilatata, Rubus fruticosus agg. and Hyacinthiodes non-scripta. Beyond this is a strip of neutral grassland, again dominated by Arrhenatherum elatius and Dactylis glomerata.

MANAGE:
Management work has been undertaken by the Derbyshire Wildlife Trust, within the SSSI. This has been over a period of several years and has included digging pools to encourage regeneration of Sphagnum, and more recently, scrub clearance. Literature from the SSSI file reveals that this site has been drying out over recent years due to diversion of water away from the feeding springs. Nearby, a recently opened water-bottling plant may possibly be hastening this process. Outside the SSSI, the small area of grassland next to the road in the north west is managed by occasional mowing.


FAUNA:
Recorded during the site visit were Robin, Swallow,  Wheatear, Male Blackcap,  Willow Warbler, and Peacock Warbler.
Peacock  and Orange Tip Butterflies.  
Recent record (Peak District National Park) for Great Crested Newt, at Shothouse Spring.

VEG:
The common comprises several small parcels of land adjacent to minor roads in the vicinity of Winster. This is mainly unimproved neutral grassland with Arrhenatherum elatius and Dactylis glomerata. Most of the area has fairly rank vegetation and is generally rather species-poor with occasional Heracleum sphondylium, Anthriscus sylvestris, Achillea millefolium,  Taraxacum officinale, Cirsium arvense, Lotus corniculatus and Centaurea nigra. In some areas the grassland is more semi-improved with Lolium perenne and Poa annua becoming more frequent, and some Petasites hybridus and Aegopodium podagraria was present in places. A small area near to Winster has mown amenity grassland with dominant Lolium perenne. Larger areas at 2 have been planted fairly recently with broad-leaved trees, including Sorbus aucuparia, Acer campestre  and a cultivated species of Corylus. There was some invasion of Reynoutria japonica in parts of this area. There was in addition at 1,  an area of re-seeded  recently reclaimed tip  recorded as J5. This was essentially grassland with abundant Lolium perenne, Alopecurus pratensis and locally frequent Holcus lanatus, Poa annua, Cynosurus cristatus and Bromus mollis. This area was also rich in forbs with abundant Rhinanthus minor, Leucanthemum vulgare and Plantago lanceolata, and more locally, Cirsium vulgare, Centaurea nigra, Rumex obtusifolius, Cerastium fontanum, Vicia sativa, Medicago lupulina, Prunella vulgaris, Anthriscus sylvestris and Lotus corniculatus. Also present in small numbers was Tragopogon pratensis. The two portions of land most distant from Winster at 3 were also mainly neutral grassland but more species-rich than the rest with occasional Cruciata laevipes, Galium verum, Geranium pratense,  Saxifraga granulata, Heracleum sphondylium, Ajuga reptans, Veronica chamaedrys and Centaurea nigra. Part of this area has been wet in the past and has abundant tall ruderal plants such as Urtica dioica and Chamerion angustifolium, with Filipendula ulmaria, Equisetum palustre and Allaria petiolata.  This area is also a previously recorded site for Symphitum x uplandicum; good populations of this species and Myrrhis odorata were present at the time of the survey. Sedum acre was present in abundance on the drystone wall boundary. The adjacent grassland at 4 showed a similar species composition to 3, but also had recently planted trees, including Fraxinus excelsior, Sorbus aucuparia, Tilia sp. and Prunus sp.

MANAGE:
As previously mentioned, a small area of the common was regularly mown for amenity use, and several areas have been planted with trees in the recent past. The re-seeding of the disused tip area at 1, has been undertaken by the Peak District National Park Authority. Otherwise the grassland is fairly rank and unmanaged.


FAUNA:
No fauna was recorded during the site visit.

VEG:
This small common is within the Bradwell Dale and Bagshaw Cavern SSSI. This site was notified for geological reasons  having interesting limestone outcrops and caves. Phase 1 survey information from 1982 was also available for some of the site  including the common land. The common is mainly broad-leaved semi-natural woodland, and forms part of an old limestone quarry. The dominant trees are Fraxinus excelsior and Acer pseudoplatanus. The shrub layer has frequent Crataegus monogyna, Sambucus nigra, Rubus fruticosus agg. and Rosa canina. The ground flora has Geum robertianum,  Silene dioica, Valeriana officinalis, Hyacinthoides non-scripta and Mercurialis perennis. The central area of the common is more open and has several grassy clearings whose vegetation merges into the surrounding woodland. This area has quite a varied vegetation. The path running along the common is grassy with abundant Agrostis stolonifera,  A. capillaris and frequent Plantago major, P. lanceolata, Prunella vulgaris, Potentilla reptans, Centaurea nigra, Cerastium fontanum, Achillea millefolium and Bellis perennis. Much of the remaining area is dominated by tall ruderal vegetation with Chamaenerion angustifolium, Urtica dioica, Epilobium hirsutum  and some Reynoutria japonica. There is also frequent Agrostis capillaris, A. stolonifera, Holcus lanatus, Leucanthemum vulgare, Veronica chamaedrys and Geranium pratense. Locally there is frequent Valeriana officinalis, Prunella vulgaris, Senecio jacobea, Hypericum hirsutum, Heracleum sphondylium, Epilobium montanum, Tussilago farfara, Galium aparine, Stachys sylvatica, Ribes rubrum, Carex nigra and occasional Cicerbita macrophylla. There are a few much smaller areas of fine limestone spoil where the calcicole Origanum vulgare is abundant. At the edge of the common toward the old working face (itself outside the boundary) are several large slabs of limestone with abundant Sedum acre.


FAUNA:
Recorded during site visit were Magpie, Mistle Thrush, Blackbird, Starling, Swallow, Swift, Bluetit, Skylark, Blackcap, Willow Warbler, Woodpigeon, Yellowhammer.
Large White, Orange Tip, Peacock, and Small Tortoiseshell Butterflies.

VEG:
The site comprises several parcels of land within the Town of Church Gresley. Part of the area is managed as parkland and ornamental gardens, while the remainder is more open amenity grassland,  with peripheral areas of neutral grassland and scrub. Part of the site has been developed as a dry ski-slope and a small area is part of a reclaimed opencast coal site. At 1 there is an area of regularly mown amenity grassland, dominated by Agrostis capillaris, Poa annua and Dactylis glomerata, with locally frequent Taraxacum officinale, Rumex obtusifolius, Plantago lanceolata, P. major, Stellaria media, Trifolium repens and Bellis perennis. Around the edges there are mature planted trees with Tilia sp., Acer platanoides and Populus sp. At 2 there is car parking on bare ground and buildings of The Church Gresley Memorial Club. On the other side of the cross-roads at this point are two further small plots of land. One is mown amenity grassland with mature planted Tilia sp., and the other is enclosed by iron railings and has a war memorial, planted gardens and Prunus sp. trees. The area at 3 is a formal park with intensively mown lawns, many narrow tarmac footpaths and areas of flower beds. Within this park there is a circular tarmac area with a bandstand, concrete tennis courts and grass bowling greens (4). Alongside the main paths and around the periphery are many mature planted trees, with Platanus x hispanica, Tilia sp., and Sorbus sp. At 5 there is a small plot of overgrown and neglected neutral grassland and tall ruderal vegetation. The dominant grasses are Arrhenatherum elatius and Dactylis glomerata, with frequent Agropyron repens, Reynoutria japonica, Urtica dioica, Rumex obtusifilous and Anthriscus sylvestris. Area 6 is an area of neutral grassland which appears to be mown occasionally. This has a very varied species composition. The area nearest the road has dominant Dactylis glomerata, with frequent Taraxacum officinale, Festuca rubra and abundant Plantago lanceolata. This area also has occasional Ranunculus bulbosus, Holcus lanatus, Heracleum sphondylium, Trifolium repens, Centaurea nigra and Cynosurus cristatus. The opposite side of area 6 has a fringe of dense scrub. The grassland toward this edge is more diverse, with, in addition to the above species, locally frequent Achillea millefolium, Vicia sativa, Leontodon hispidus, Luzula campestris, Carex flacca, Anthoxanthum odoratum, Potentilla erecta and Melilotus officinalis. The band of scrub at the edge appears as though it may have been planted. The main trees are Crataegus monogyna and Acer campestre with occasional Acer platanoides, Tilia sp., Fagus sylvatica and Sorbus aucuparia. The understorey is dominated by dense Rubus fruticosus agg. Adjacent to the scrub in one area are a few small bushes of Ulex europaeus, and alongside the road is a row of planted Prunus sp. Area 7 is mown amenity grassland with grasses including Agrostis capillaris, Lolium perenne, Anthoxanthum odoratum, Poa annua, Alopecurus pratensis and Festuca rubra. There is also occasional Cerastium fontanum, Trifolium pratense, Vicia sepium, Lathyrus pratensis, Ranunculus repens and more locally, Trifolium striatum. The south-eastern boundary has a strip of dense scrub, with a similar species compostion to that in area 6. Beneath, there is fairly rich grassland with occasional Achillea millefolium, Cardamine pratensis, Potentilla erecta, Conopodium majus, Anthriscus sylvestris, Lotus corniculatus, Vicia sepium, Plantago lanceolata, Centaurea nigra and Veronica chamaedrys. Area 8 is grassland similar to area 7, and has football pitches marked-out on it. On the south-western boundary is a strip of overgrown neutral grassland, with areas of Salix sp. scrub and Reynoutria japonica colonising in places. Area 9 also has similar grassland to 8, but has been recently developed into a dry ski-slope (this is the marked rectangular area with the adjacent "club-house"). The area immediately to the north of here has rank neutral grassland dominated by Dactylis glomerata with frequent Cirsium arvense and Rumex obtusifolius. Trees have been planted on this area fairly recently, including Alnus glutinosa and Populus sp. At 10 is a small area within the common which is part of a much larger reclaimed opencast coal-mining site. This has been reseeded with Lolium perenne. Adjacent to here are two further small pieces of amenity grassland similar to 7.

MANAGE:
As already mentioned, much of the site is either mown intensively or managed as formal gardens and parkland. Scrub has been planted in certain areas along the south-eastern edges of the common. This is quite dense in places and it is here that much of the fauna was recorded. There would appear to be further opportunity to enhance the wildlife value of the site by management of this kind.


FAUNA:
Recorded during the site survey were Skylark,  Redstart, Wren, Swallow, Willow Warbler,  Chaffinch, Green Woodpecker, Wheatear, Carrion Crow.

VEG:
Most of the common lies within the Dove Valley and Biggin Dale SSSI, although it forms only a small part of the SSSI as a whole. About half of the common is covered by improved or semi-improved grassland. The remainder has areas of calcicolous and unimproved mesotrophic grasslands which were covered by a Phase II survey in 1990. To the north-west of the common at 1  is a narrow  steep-sided limestone gully, which has Fraxinus excelsior woodland and scrub. Several of the Fraxinus are senescent, and have fallen. The sides of the gully are grassy in places, but elsewhere there is also much outcropping limestone, with scree. The ground flora is diverse and has frequent Mercurialis perennis, Brachypodium sylvaticum, Ranunculus ficaria,  Geranium robertianum, G. lucidum, Galium aparine, Saxifraga hypnoides, Dactylis glomerata and Urtica dioica, with occasional Hypericum hirsutum. On the steeper parts of the gully there are more open areas with frequent Brachypodium sylvaticum, Anthoxanthum odoratum, Festuca ovina, Koeleria macrantha, Saxifraga granulata, Potentilla sterilis and Fragaria vesca, with occasional Carex flacca, Cerastium fontanum, Luzula campestris, Arabis hirsuta, Rumex acetosa, Leontodon hispidus, Cruciata laevipes and Aphanes arvensis. There were, in places, scattered individuals of Orchis mascula and locally frequent Poterium sanguisorba, Asplenium trichomanes, Origanum vulgare, Thymus praecox, Lotus corniculatus, Galium sterneri and Saxifraga tridactylites. Moving along the steep dale-side, there is an area of unimproved calcicolous grassland. Here the soil is mainly a very shallow rendzina. The grassland is not especially diverse and has dominant Festuca ovina, Koeleria macrantha and Thymus praecox and falls within NVC type CG7a (Festuca ovina-Hieracium pilosella-Thymus praecox/pulegioides grassland  Koeleria macrantha sub-community). However, several species usually present within this type were absent, including Avenula pratensis, Scabiosa columbaria and Briza media.  At 2, there is an area which has scattered scrub with Crataegus monogyna and occasional Fraxinus excelsior. The thinner soils around rocky outcrops have calcicolous grassland (NVC type CG7a) which is fairly diverse with, in addition to the above species, many of the ones which were present on the steeper sides of the gully at 1. In the more open areas between the scrub, the grassland was more mesotrophic in character (NVC type MG5b, Centaureo-Cynosuretum, Galium verum sub-community). Here there is abundant Agrostis capillaris, Anthoxanthum odoratum, Festuca ovina, Dactylis glomerata and Cynosurus cristatus, with frequent Saxifraga granulata, Luzula campestris, Cerastium fontanum, and occasional Veronica arvensis, V.serpyllifolia,  Ranunculus ficaria, Potentilla sterilis, Hypericum hirsutum, Acer campestre and Arum maculatum. The area at 3, had grassland which was transitional between NVC CG7a and MG5b. At 5 and 8, the soil was especially thin, with lots of outcropping limestone (about 25%) and many contouring terraces produced by sheep. Species abundant in this area included Thymus praecox, Saxifraga tridactylites, Bellis perennis and Erodium cicutarium. At 6, Poterium sanguisorba was abundant, along with Festuca ovina and Carex caryophyllea, with occasional Potentilla tabernaemontani. At the top of the dale-side, is a more level area at 4, with mainly NVC CG5, having abundant Cynosurus cristatus and frequent Anthoxanthum odoratum, Festuca ovina Agrostis capillaris, Saxifraga granulata, Luzula campestris, Bellis perennis, Achillea millefolium, and Cerastium fontanum. In a few areas, on thinner soils, calcicolous species do occur, such as Thymus praecox, Geranium molle, and Saxifraga tridactylites. To the south and east, the grassland becomes progressively improved, particularly on the most level areas of ground. Lolium perenne is dominant in the completely improved swards, with Poa annua, Cirsium arvense, C. vulgare and Taraxacum officinale  frequent in places. At 9, there is a small abandoned quarry with a further area of calcicolous grassland (NVC CG7a). At 7, a nearby shallow stream briefly crosses onto the common. This had a vegetative species of Glyceria, Veronica beccabunga and Rorippa nasturtium-aquaticum.

MANAGE:
Much of the common is grazed by sheep and cattle. The stock stay mainly on the flatter part of the site, although the sheep do seem to spend some of their time on the steep slope of the dale-side. This would appear to be beneficial in preventing further scrub development. Agricultural improvement has taken place over much of the common, although this has been physically impossible on the steeper slopes. The great botanical diversity of this part of the common should be recognised. Hopefully this part of the site is not in danger of further agricultural improvement, but an increase in present stocking rates could be disastrous to the vegetation. Visitors to the common do appear to stray from the public footpath over the dale-side area. This could pose a threat of erosion.


FAUNA:
Seen during site visit were Swallow, Robin, Chaffinch, Willow Warbler and Kestrel.

VEG:
A small common with varied vegetation, part of which is on the Derbyshire Wildlife Trust Biological Sites Register (Grade 1 site). To the north of the common at 1 are areas of mown amenity grassland, dominated by Lolium perenne and Agrostis capillaris, with frequent Poa annua and Dactylis glomerata. In places there is frequent Taraxacum officinale, Bellis perennis and Trifolium repens. Less commonly there are small amounts of Achillea millefolium,  Anthriscus sylvestris and Veronica filiformis. One small area has been planted with Acer platanoides and a species of Prunus. The area at 2 has similar grassland and is used as a football pitch. The remainder of the site is rank unmanaged vegetation and is largely that part which coincides with the DWT BSR site. The bulk of this area (3) is acidic grassland dominated by Nardus stricta, Festuca ovina and Deschampsia flexousa. Some places are dominated by Deschampsia cespitosa with Agrostis capillaris and Holcus lanatus being locally abundant. Throughout this area there is occasional Luzula multiflora, Juncus conglomeratus, Anthohxanthum odoratum, Ulex gallii  Calluna vulgaris, Galuim saxatile and Quercus sp. seedlings. A few individuals of Hyacinthoides non-scripta. Within this area at 6 there is a small patch of dry heath and scrub, being a mixture of Ulex europaeus, U. gallii, Rubus fruticosus agg., and some Chamaenerion angustifolium and Vaccinium myrtillus. At area 4 there is an area of Molinia caerulea dominated grassland and Juncus effusus flush. Here there is locally frequent Juncus conglomeratus, Deschampsia cespitosa, Hydrocotyle vulgaris, Juncus articulatus, Carex nigra, Potentilla erecta, Epilobium hirsutum, with occasional Heracleum sphondylium, Galium aparine, Cirsium vulgare, Lotus uliginosus, Dryopteris dilatata, Cardamine flexuosa, Equisetum palustre and small amounts of Sphagnum sp. Adjacent to this at 5, is a small neutral flush with a similar species composition, but also has Mentha aquatica, Iris pseudacorus, Equisetum fluviatile, Urtica dioica and Stellaria alsine.  Adjacent to area 5 is a small area of developing woodland dominated by Betula pendula and Quercus sp., with an area of more mature Quercus sp. next to the football pitch. The south of the site, outside the DWT BSR boundary has a further area of acidic grassland similar to 3, characterised by Deschampsia flexuosa and tussocky D. cespitosa. There is also frequent Agrostis capillaris, Festuca ovina and Rumex acetosa, with occasional Equisetum arvense, Galium saxatile, Heracleum sphondylium, Centaurea nigra, Leucanthemum vulgare and Plantago lanceolata. Some areas were damper with frequent Epilobium hirsutum and occasional Lotus uliginosus, Carex nigra and Cardamine pratensis. Alongside the road at 9 there is semi-improved neutral grassland which appears to be mown occasionally. The dominant grasses are Dactylis glomerata, Agrostis capillaris and Poa annua. There is also occasional Lolium perenne, Holcus lanatus, Festuca ovina, Centaurea nigra, Plantago lanceolata, P. major, Cerastium fontanum, Rumex obtusifolius, Trifolium pratense, Medicago lupulina, Anthriscus sylvestris and Stellaria media. Within this area are occasional isolated bushes of Crataegus monogyna and Sambucus nigra. In this region of the common, the boundaries have intact unmanaged hedges. That at 8 has a good species diversity, with Crataegus monogyna, Prunus spinosa, Betula pendula, Fraxinus excelsior, Ilex aquifolium, Salix fragilis, Sambucus nigra, Acer campestre, Salix caprea and Ulmus glabra. The hedge on the opposite side at 7 runs along a wet ditch for part of its length and has several tall specimens of Salix fragilis. The ditch is choked with Urtica dioica and Galium aparine and has occasional Filipendula ulmaria and Epilobium hirsutum.

NB. The site is of primary interest to DWT as an area of diverse relict acid grassland, and as a site for Scutellaria minor.

MANAGE:
As already mentioned, a large part of the site is mown amenity grassland for the village of Wessington. Otherwise the vegetation appears rank and unmanaged.


FAUNA:
Recorded during site survey were Meadow Pipit and Rabbits. Grouse droppings present.

VEG:
The only upland Derbyshire common and the only one situated within the Dark Peak area. The southern section of the common lies on an upland plateau (areas 1 and 2). The predominant vegetation type is dry dwarf shrub heath, which in area 1, is dominated by Calluna vulgaris, with occasional Empetrum nigrum and Erica tetralix  NVC community H9, Calluna vulgaris - Deschampsia flexuosa Heath. At 2, Empetrum nigrum is almost totally dominant, with only occasional Calluna vulgaris. This area has been excessively rabbit grazed, and may have been heavily burnt in the past. Therefore the vegetation probably still fits within NVC type H9, albeit in a much modified form. To the extreme south is an area of acidic flush at 3, following the course of Siney Sitch. This is dominated by Sphagnum recurvum, plus other spp. The central area has abundant Eriophorum angustifolium and the marginal areas,  Juncus effusus. A wide variety of other species are present, with locally frequent Polytricum sp., Viola palustris, Erica tetralix, Vaccinium oxycoccus, Hydrocotyle vulgaris, Potamogeton polygonifolius and Carex panicea, with, less commonly, Narthecium ossifragum and Drosera rotundifolia. This area corresponds to NVC M6c (Carex echinata-Sphagnum recurvum/auriculatum mire, Juncus effusus sub-community). The central area may be more like M6b, the Carex nigra-Nardus stricta sub-community, as it has abundant Eriophorum angustifolium. The far south eastern corner of the plateau has an area of heavily grazed unimproved acidic grassland which is dominated by Agrostis capillaris and Festuca ovina and has frequent Juncus effusus (NVC community U4  Festuca ovina-Agrostis capillaris-Galium saxatile grassland). Falling away from the plateau, in a north easterly direction is a steep slope which is essentially dominated by bracken (area 5). This falls within NVC U20, Pteridium aquilinum-Galium saxatile community. The bracken is at about 90% cover over much of this area, with occasional patches of heath which have Empetrum nigrum and Vaccinium myrtillus. In places however, the bracken only has scattered cover, as at 6, and here there are more extensive patches of dry heath, with frequent Empetrum nigrum, Calluna vulgaris, Vaccinium myrtillus and locally occasional Erica cinerea (NVC type H9). In some areas along the top of the slope are scattered bouldery sandstone outcrops. At the extreme north-western part of the common at 9, the heath component is interspersed with acidic grassland, having abundant Nardus stricta and occasional Juncus squarrosus (NVC type U5, Nardus stricta-Galium saxatile grassland). Beyond here at 8, is an area which is fenced from the main common and has acidic grassland with Nardus stricta, which is being invaded by Crataegus monogyna scrub, (cover up to 30%). The area at 7, is a narrow gully with acidic flush, which is also crossed by the above fence. That part of the flush which is above the fence is NVC type M6c, with abundant Sphagnum recurvum and Juncus effusus, Frequent Holcus lanatus and occasional Pteridium aquilinum, Lotus uliginosus, Epilobium palustre, Carex echinata and Myosotis scorpioides. The flush continues below the fence, but it merges into a narrow strip of dense Salix cinerea scrub, which also follows the gully.  Here, the flush is more species-rich, with locally frequent Juncus articulatus, Epilobium palustre, Filipendula ulmaria, Lotus uliginosus,  Holcus lanatus, Chrysosplenium oppositifolium, Valeriana dioica and Athyrium filix-femina, with occasional Hypericum tetrapterum, Equisetum sylvaticum, Lysimachia nemorum and Dactylorhiza maculata. There are also records for Dactylorhiza fuchsii and Ophioglossum vulgatum from this site but these were not seen during the survey. Away from the wet areas, beneath the carr, the ground flora includes frequent Oxalis acetosella, Geum urbanum, Ranunculus repens and Silene dioica. Within the carr are scattered Sorbus aucuparia. Further down the slope, the flush ends and passes into a stream which flows down the gully.

MANAGE:
The Calluna which dominates the main area of heath at 1, has a fairly uniform structure, being around 20-30 cm. tall. The total cover of ericoids is around 90% (mainly Calluna vulgaris, but with scattered Erica cinerea). At the time of the field survey (May) there was a high proportion of last year's shoots which had survived the winter. There is a small amount of grazing damage in places, ("topiary" and "carpet" forms), although this is limited in extent. There is evidence of recent burning having occured, so presumably the common is managed for grouse shooting, and plenty of grouse droppings were found. There were in addition, a few sheep grazing this part of the common. The part of the heath at 2 is dominated by low topiary mounds of Empetrum nigrum, which have been produced by excessive rabbit grazing, and the area is riddled with rabbit burrows in places. (The Empetrum may have originally been favoured by over-burning of this area in the past). In comparison with the 1985 Phase 1 survey, it appears that the area of dense bracken has expanded slightly. The acidic flush along Siney Sitch at 3, is crossed by a public footpath path, where a footbridge has been provided. There has been a small amount of damage done to the surface of the peat in this area. The flush to the north-west at 7, appears to be away from any paths, but the ground vegetation around the orchids had apparently been trampled quite a bit recently.


FAUNA:
Common Blue, Large White and Gatekeeper were recorded by survey.  Scrubland birds such as Willow Tit were common.

From Invertebrate Site Register: Site No 84/59.

Beetles: Wood White {\it Leptidea sinapsis}
		 
Butterflies:  Small pearl-bordered Fritillary {\it Boloria selene}, Marsh Fritillary  {\it Eurodryas aurinia}
			  
Also: {\it Gymnetron labile, Judolia cerambyciformis, Larinus planus, Hemaris tityus}.

VEG:
The scrubbed areas are dominated by {\it Salix cinerea, Rubus fruticosus, Ulex europaeus} with frequent {\it Quercus robur, Betula pubescens, Crataegus monogyna} and {\it Sorbus aucuparia}.  Despite superficially appearing rather dense, the scrub in reasonably open and containing areas of tussocky marshy grassland, dominated by {\it Molinia caerulea} and with abundant {\it Cirsium dissectum, Succisa pratensis, Potentilla erecta, Ulex gallii, Erica tetralix, Calluna vulgaris, Lotus uliginosus, Agrostis stolonifera} and {\it Danthonia decumbens}.  Characteristic of NVC community M24c, this habitat can also be found covering about 8ha. in an open area on the roadside of the common.  Some plants of {\it Hypericum undulatum} were also found on this site.

Towards the southern eastern corner, there is a small area of NVC M23 {\it Juncus effusus - Galium palustre} that may possibly have been semi-improved in the past.  Species include {\it Carex pulicaris, C. panicea} and {\it C. demissa}.

MANAGE:
The land is lightly grazed by cattle. An area of scrub adjacent to the bridleway at location (1) has been cleared and {\it Betula} and {\it Salix} spp. felled.  Existing areas of dense scrub provide a good habitat for invertebrates, birds and small mammals, but if left unmanaged, may begin to encroach the open marshy grassland areas.


FAUNA:
Common scrub birds were noted on the site visit such as Blackbird.  The overcast weather meant that little other fauna was evident, although the tall grasses would provide a sheltered habitat for wildlife.

VEG:
The area of marshy grassland contains a species mix characteristic of NVC M25c.  Dominant very tussocky {\it Molinia caerulea} and {\it Potentilla erecta} are joined by {\it Valeriana officinalis, Succisa pratensis, Angelica sylvestris, Serratula tinctoria, Achillea ptarmica, Lotus pedunculatus} and {\it Cirsium palustre}.  The ditches around the edges of this area support {\it Filipendula ulmaria, Angelica sylvestris} and {\it Cirsium dissectum}.  Other species such as {\it Deschampsia caespitosa, Agrostis stolonifera, Holcus lanatus} and {\it Galeopsis tetrahit} are found as occasionals across the grassland.

The scattered scrub encroaching from the common periphery consists of {\it Ulex europaeus} and {\it Salix cinerea} scrub.  Where it becomes more dense, these are joined by {\it Quercus petraea} and {\it Corylus avellana}.  A gravel roadside car parking area has been created along the western side of the common.

MANAGE:
The common was at one time burnt regularly, but more recently has been left unmanaged allowing a build-up of {\it Molinia caerulea} litter.


FAUNA:
Observed on site visit: Red Deer. The SSSI citation notes breeding Curlew and Adder from the site. Invertebrates include Marsh Fritillary {\it Eurodryas aurinia}, and the hoverfly {\it Melanostoma dubium}, normally a northern upland species.

VEG:
VEGETATION: The site has been mapped in detail for the SSSI citation, so was not resurveyed. Notes were taken on the southwest corner and the rest of the site was observed through binoculars. A Culm grassland site.

The southern half seems to be a mosaic of species rich Molinia caerulea grassland, with abundant {\it Carex panicea} and {\it C. demissa} and frequent {\it Juncus conglomeratus, Potentilla erecta} and {\it Centaurea nigra}; and wet heath with {\it Trichophorum cespitosum} and {\it Molinia caerulea} co-dominant, abundant {\it Narthecium ossifragum} and {\it Carex panicea}, and frequent {\it Calluna vulgaris} and {\it Erica tetralix}. {\it Calluna vulgaris} was not evident on the northern half so this is mapped as purely marshy grassland. Other species noted in the citation include {\it Succisa pratensis, Pedicularis sylvatica, Eriophorum angustifolium, Serratula tinctoria, Dactylorhiza maculata}, and abundant sedges including {\it Carex binervis, C. echinata, C. flacca} and {\it C. hostiana}. In areas of very poorly drained ground a different community with {\it Juncus effusus, J. conglomeratus, Hydrocotyle vulgaris, Hypericum elodes, Viola palustris, Eleocharis uniglumis} and {\it Menyanthes trifoliata} is found. The uncommon {\it Platanthera bifolia} and {\it Genista tinctoria} and the nationally scarce {\it Hypericum undulatum} also occur. There are areas of {\it Salix} scrub and {\it Salix/Quercus} woodland along the stream and the northern boundary.

MANAGE:
MANAGEMENT: In the past the site has been grazed by cattle during the winter and in dry summers. The south side is undergrazed, with rank {\it Molinia} and some invasion of willow and oak saplings. The area around the middle of the northern boundary, where cattle enter the site, is apparently overgrazed. The commoners have recently joined the Wildlife Enhancement Scheme, which provides financial incentives for beneficial management. In this case the objective is to increase stocking rates and to ensure that animals graze the common more evenly. Stocking rates will be raised from about 30 cattle to about 75 cattle in 1993, and a bridge and gate may be erected over the stream so that cattle can be restricted to the southern half. Winter stocking will no longer be allowed. Plots have been set up to monitor vegetation changes under the new system.


FAUNA:
Birds seen during survey:  Chaffinches, Goldfinches, Crow, Magpie, Skylark, Buzzard.

Mammals:  Moles.

VEG:
Most of the Common is improved grassland with {\it Lolium perenne, Cynosurus cristatus, Holcus lanatus, Trifolium repens, Odontites verna, Ranunculus spp., Prunella vulgaris} . Some areas have flushes with {\it Juncus effusus, Molinia caerulea and Mentha aquatica}.

Larger flushes such as that north of Beckamoor bridge contain {\it Pulicaria dysenterica, Cirsium spp., Hypericum tetrapterum, Juncus effusus, Molinia caerulea, Epilobium hirsutum, Hydrocotyle vulgaris, Myosotis spp.,} with {\it Ulex gallii} and {\it Rubus fruticosus} around the edges.

The South western corner of the site has an area of acidic grassland dominated by {\it Agrostis} and {\it Festuca} spp., with {\it Stachys officinalis, Pimpinella saxifraga}. To the south of this is some M25c mire community with much {\it Molinia caerulea} and {\it Lotus uliginosus, Potentilla erecta, Chamerion angustifolium, Pteridium aquilinum, Centaurea nigra, Achillea ptarmica, Filipendula ulmaria, Dactylis glomerata, Lamium purpureum, Rhinanthus minor, Cirsium palustre, Lotus corniculatus, Dactylorhiza maculata, Pedicularis sylvatica, Carex panicea} and {\it Carum verticillatum}.

Areas of scrub exist on the Common at various points. The stream descending from the point marked 'St. John's Well' to the minor road has {\it Salix spp., Ulex europaeus, Crataegus monogyna, Pteridium aquilinum} scrub. Similar species are found scattered alongside the stream  that leads from the centre of the Common WSW to the minor road. By the road a large area exists of {\it Salix, Ulex europaeus, Rubus fruticosus} and {\it Filipendula ulmaria}.

A further scrub area exists on the eastern side of the site near Crosspark with {\it Salix} spp. and ruderal species. The boundary south of here has many {\it Quercus robur} and {\it Prunus spinosa}. This is also present and more developed in the NE corner north of Mount Pleasant. A small area of woodland with well developed {\it Quercus robur} exists by the Quarry/carpark at the northernmost point of the Common.

MANAGE:
The semi-improved grassland is topped and fertilized by the Commoners Association. Rights are 'jealously guarded' by the graziers or 'potboilers' according to newspaper articles.
The semi-natural scrub and M25c community areas are not managed except for new ponds created at the South western corner. Considerable fresh soil mounds associated with this. Some diversion of the bridleways near Crosspark has occurred recently.

The Moor was once a species-rich culm grassland. It was ploughed during WWII for potatoes. As well as St. John's Well there may be archaeological evidence of English Civil War battles held on the Moor.


FAUNA:
FAUNA: The site has a rich invertebrate fauna including the nationally scarce cranefly {\it Limnophila pulchella}, and butterflies including Marsh Fritillary {\it Eurodryas aurinia},  Small Pearl-bordered Fritillary {\it Boloria selene}, Marbled White, {\it Melanargia galathea} and Green Hairstreak {\it Callophrys rubi}. Also {\it Cassida vittata}.

Breeding birds recorded include: Curlew, Meadow Pipit, Skylark and Grasshopper Warbler.
Adder and Common Frog have also been recorded.

Invertebrate Site Register Site No.84/52

VEG:
The attached map is largely redrawn from the SSSI habitat map (1987), with some changes from the later NVC map for the SSSI. On visiting the site it was found that {\it Molinia caerulea} has become very dominant, necessitating a change in habitat categories. On lower ground formerly mapped as wet dwarf shrub heath the cover of ericoids {\it Calluna vulgaris} and {\it Erica tetralix} is around 5 per cent, among tussocks of {\it Molinia caerulea}, so this is termed marshy grassland. Associates here include {\it Narthecium ossifragum, Viola palustris, Eriophorum angustifolium} and {\it Sphagnum papillosum, Sphagnum cuspidatum}, though bryophytes are at a lower cover than is suggested in the SSSI citation. On higher ground {\it Molinia caerulea} is less tussocky and patches of ericoids and {\it Ulex gallii} become more prominent, perhaps 10% cover overall. {\it Molinia caerulea} remains dominant, indicating a change, in Phase 1 terms, from wet heath/acidic grassland mosaic. {\it Agrostis curtisii} and {\it Succisa pratensis} are frequent here, along with {\it Salix repens, Genista anglica, Serratula tinctoria, Dactylorhiza maculata, Carex binervis, Carex panicea}. The boundaries between these two types of vegetation are confused by areas burnt last winter. The wet valley bottom in the south-west of the site has {\it Molinia caerulea-Juncus acutiflorus} grassland with frequent {\it Carex  nigra, Carex echinata, Menyanthes trifoliata, Potamogeton polygonifolius} and {\it Equisetum fluviatile}.
Patches of {\it Ulex europaeus - Rubus fruticosus} scrub, with {\it Teucrium scorodonia, Calluna vulgaris, Hypochaeris radicata, Potentilla erecta} and {\it Stachys officinalis} occur on drier ground throughout the site. There is an area of woodland dominated by {\it Quercus} sp./{\it Coryllus avellana} at O.S. 261197.

MANAGE:
The common is suffering from prolonged undergrazing which is leading to the dominance of {\it Molinia caerulea} and consequent reduction in species diversity. No stock were grazing at the time of survey. It has recently been brought under Tier 1 of English Nature's Wildlife Enhancement scheme, which provides financial incentives for beneficial management. A requirement of Tier 1 is winter burning, to reduce the amount of {\it Molinia} litter. Several areas were burnt in the winter of 1991/2. On these areas {\it Molinia} forms much of the regrowth , but {\it Calluna vulgaris} and other heath species are regrowing well. English Nature is attempting to bring Bursdon Moor under Tier 2 of the WES, increasing the stocking rate, particularly in the winter, when Hardwick sheep will eat dead {\it Molinia}.
This would require cattle grids on all roads entering the site, and English Nature are seeking assistance with funding from Devon County Council, the Dept. of Transport and the North Tamar Leader Project.


FAUNA:
Many anthills recorded: The ants ({\it Lasius flavus}) were flying at the time of the survey, making recording uncomfortable! Part of the Marsland to Blackchurch Rock SSSI, notified in part for its Lepidopteran fauna, including the scarce Blackneck Moth, {\it Lygephila craccae}, the High Brown Fritillary {\it Argynnis adippe}, the White-letter hairstreak {\it Strymondia w-album} and the Wood White {\it Leptidea sinapsis}, and for breeding birds such as Peregrine Falcon and Fulmar.

VEG:
VEGETATION: The large slope around 229231 has continuous but generally short {\it Pteridium aquilinum} with much scattered {\it Prunus spinosa} and {\it Rubus fruticosus} scrub. Here there are several small flushed areas of neutral character; {\it Carex panicea, C. viridula} ssp. {\it oedocarpa} and {\it C. flacca} are abundant along with {\it Succisa pratensis, Juncus bulbosus, J. effusus, J. acutiflorus, Eriophorum angustifolium, Anagallis tenella, Filipendula ulmaria} and, at 229(7)231(4), the nationally scarce {\it Hypericum undulatum. Iris pseudacorus} occurs here and at the bottom of the other valley. Moving towards the sea {\it Pteridium} becomes less prominent and the sward is grassy, with {\it Agrostis} sp. and {\it Cynosurus cristatus} dominant. There is evidence of enrichment, particularly on the valley floor where {\it Trifolium repens} is frequent. On the ridge leading up to the clifftop the grassland becomes more interesting, with abundant {\it Carex flacca} and {\it Lotus corniculatus}, many anthills with {\it Thymus drucei}, and {\it Anthyllis vulneraria}. The cliff itself has maritime heath and grassland communities, and some of these extend onto the common, though they are generally suffering from the heavy trampling along the clifftop. Here {\it Sedum anglicum, Plantago maritima, Erica cinerea, Calluna vulgaris} and {\it Spergularia rupicola} are found. Behind this ridge is a large area of {\it Ulex europaeus} scrub. The large field to the south is improved grassland of little interest, though it does have abundant {\it Psilocybe semilanceata}.

MANAGE:
MANAGEMENT: The northern half of the common is moderately grazed by sheep and cattle. The fence around 226230 is defunct allowing free access to stock on the adjacent semi-improved fields. Trampling by walkers and horse riders is damaging the vegetation along the clifftop, but {\it Calluna vulgaris} is in fairly good condition where it has not been trampled. The southern half is fenced off and is also moderately grazed.


FAUNA:
The site supports a diverse fauna.  Butterflies include Marsh Fritillary, Meadow Brown, Wall Brown, Small Skipper, Small Copper and Common Blue.  Birds recorded include Meadow Pipit, Tree Pipit and Snipe.  Common Frog and Water Scorpion have been recorded and the site is Rabbit grazed.

VEG:
West of the Road:  The more freely draining upper slopes support mesotrophic grassland and extensive scrub, mainly of {\it Ulex europaeus}.  The steeper banks and areas more prone to water-logging, consist of {\it Molinia caerulea} dominiated grasslands of high quality.  The whole area is characterised by an abundance of {\it Carex panicea, C. echinata}, sometimes forming pure mats with the {\it Molinia caerulea, Cirsium dissectum} and {\it Succisa pratensis}, and is NVC M24c.  In one area, heathland components such as {\it Calluna vulgaris} and {\it Erica tetralix} are of high enough frequency to suggest a transition to M16b wet heath.  Although described on the map as an area of wet heath, the vegetation is frequently crossed by partially formed acidic flushes containing {\it Carex echinata, C. demissa, C. panicea, Narthecium ossifragum, Sphagnum} spp. of NVC M6aii and M6dii.  Since the previous Culm Grassland Survey, the {\it Calluna vulgaris} and {\it Erica tetralix} has been much reduced.  The area is now covered with wet heath.  Occasional {\it Juncus squarrosus} and {\it Trichophorum cespitosum} can still be found in this location.

The vegetation grades through {\it Molinia caerulea - Potentilla erecta} marshy grassland (NVC M25b) further downslope on approach to a central ditch.  The ditch is characterised by flush habitats in and adjacent to it and amongst M25b vegetation.  Species include constant {\it Carex echinata} and {\it Molinia caerulea} with {\it Sphagnum palustre, Viola palustre, Dactylorhiza maculata} and {\it Narthecium ossifragum}.  At location (1) the presence of abundant {\it Eriophorum angustifolium} amongst this vegetation suggests the traces of a possible valley mire.  Elements of NVC M29 occur in the ditch and rivulets where {\it Hypericum elodes} is frequent and {\it Potamogeton polygonifolius} and {\it Menyanthes trifoliata} occasional.

East of the Road:  The plateau of the eastern side is an area of short-grazed mesotrophic grassland.  The {\it Agrostis} sward contains frequent {\it Achillea millefolium, Plantago lanceolata, Prunella vulgaris, Leontodon autumnalis} and {\it Rumex acetosella}.  This then leads to the valley slopes which are occupied mainly by {\it Ulex europaeus} scrub as well as {\it Viburnum lantana, Crataegus monogyna, Rubus fruticosus}, and {\it Sambucus nigra}.  At the valley bottom marshy grassland (both M23 with M6dii, and a larger area of M25) with small acid flushes lead down to a large, flat flushed area of vegetation type M5, {\it Carex rostrata - Sphagnum mire}, adjacent to a stream.

The acid flushed area of M23 marshy grassland is characterised by a sedge rich and diverse flora including {\it Carex pilulifera, C. panicea, C. echinata, C. demissa, Pedicularis sylvatica, Narthecium ossifragum, Hydrocotyle vulgaris, Hypericum elodes, Myosotis} spp., {\it Anagallis tenella, Succisa pratensis} and {\it Galium palustre}, with abundant {\it Juncus acutiflorus}.  {\it Sphagnum auriculatum/ subsecundum} is only sparsely present as is {\it Mentha aquatica}.  The soil is heavily poached by cattle and this disturbance may account for the low {\it Sphagnum} presence.  The large area of {\it Molinia caerulea} M25a marshy grassland contains increased frequencies of {\it Aulacomnium palustre, Sphagnum auriculatum} s.spp., {\it Erica tetralix, Drosera rotundifolia} and the same sedge richness.  The presence of {\it Sphagnum auriculatum} indicates some base enrichment, probably from the grazing cattle.  The flushed area adjacent to the stream supports {\it Potentilla palustris} and {\it Menyanthes trifoliata} and frequent {\it Hypericum undulatum}. 

{\it Pinguicula lusitanica} and {\it Rhynchospora alba} have been noted as present in this area, as well as {\it Carex ovalis}.

MANAGE:
The common is moderately grazed by horses and cattle, maintaining a diverse range of grass swards.


FAUNA:
The wet heath and scrub provide habitats for a range of invertebrates and several uncommon species have been recorded; craneflies {\it Limnophila abdominalis} (nationally rare) and {\it Erioptera pilipes}, the hoverfly {\it Sphaerophoria potentillae} (new to Britain), the nationally scarce longhorn beetle {\it Strangalia quadrifasciata}, and Marsh Fritillary {\it Eurodryas aurinia}, Marbled White {\it Melanargia galathea} and Green Hairstreak {\it Callophrys rubi} butterflies.

Invertebrate Site Register 84/101.

VEG:
VEGETATION: The predominant habitat on the common is wet dwarf shrub heath, with abundant {\it Molinia caerulea, Calluna vulgaris, Erica tetralix, Ulex gallii} and {\it Carex} spp., along with {\it Erica cinerea, Dactylorhiza maculata, Platanthera bifolia, Serratula tinctoria, Cirsium dissectum, Succisa pratensis, Genista anglica} and {\it Potentilla erecta}. The lichen {\it Cladonia impexa} is present throughout, sometimes in abundance. In places {\it Quercus} sp. seedlings were found. Drier areas on the ridge crossing the site have {\it Agrostis curtisii} and scattered {\it Ulex europaeus}, and one of these is mapped out as dry heath. Wetter areas at 370174 and at 374179 have tussocky {\it Molinia caerulea} grassland with frequent {\it Deschampsia cespitosa} and {\it Angelica sylvestris}, and {\it Salix} spp. scrub. A small area at 372182 has bog pools surrounded by carpets of {\it Sphagnum} spp., with {\it Menyanthes trifoliata, Carex nigra, Narthecium ossifragum, Eriophorum angustifolium, Erica tetralix} and {\it Drosera rotundifolia}. In the southeast there is a strip of scrubby {\it Corylus avellana} coppice, with a ground flora including {\it Stellaria holostea} and {\it Silene dioica}.

MANAGE:
MANAGEMENT: At present the site is ungrazed. This is leading to an increase in {\it Molinia} at the expense of other species, and there is some invasion of scrub and young trees. English Nature is attempting to bring the common into the Wildlife Enhancement Scheme, which provides financial incentives for beneficial management. In order for grazing to be reinstated, cattle grids would have to be installed on all roads entering the common, and English Nature is seeking funding for this from Devon County Council, the Department of Transport and the North Tamar Leader Project.

A burn, probably accidental, has taken place at 374178, and vegetation here is regrowing vigorously.


FAUNA:
No fauna were noted on the brief site visit. However, the areas of marshy grassland and scrub are important for a range of bird and invertebrate species. Species noted on the SSSI citation include breeding Grasshopper Warbler, Reed Bunting, Tree Pipit, Curlew and Stonechat, butterflies including Marsh Fritillary ({\it Euphydras aurinia}) as mentioned on the Invertebrate Site Register 84/122 and Grizzled Skipper ({\it Pyrgus malvae}), Green Hairstreak {\it Callophrys rubi}, Small Pearl-bordered Fritillary, {\it Boloria selene}, Marbled White {\it Melanargia galathea}.

Common Lizard and Adder.

VEG:
VEGETATION: Most of the botanical interest of the site lies in the southeast quadrant, the area coinciding with the SSSI. On the poorly drained ground here {\it Molinia caerulea} and {\it Juncus acutiflorus} are abundant, along with {\it Potentilla erecta, Mentha aquatica, Carex echinata, Succisa pratensis} and {\it Viola palustris} (NVC M25c). There is scattered scrub of {\it Salix} sp. and {\it Prunus spinosa} here and over much of the rest of the common. On very wet ground around the stream the nationally scarce {\it Hypericum undulatum} is found. 
The rest of the site is largely semi-improved {\it Agrostis stolonifera} grassland with varying amounts of scrub and {\it Pteridium aquilinum} invading, including some large stands of the latter. Much of the southwest quadrant is improved {\it Lolium perenne - Trifolium repens} grassland. Around 410160 there is another marshy area with NVC M25c and some tall {\it Salix} carr.

MANAGE:
MANAGEMENT: The area is grazed by Friesian and North Devon cattle, and by sheep. These tend to congregate on the improved grassland and the rest of the site is somewhat undergrazed. English Nature is trying to bring the common under the Wildlife Enhancement Scheme so that funds can be obtained for cattle grids, gates and/or fences and stocking rates increased. However, at present there is no commoners' association which could enter into an agreement under the scheme.


FAUNA:
Observed on site visit: Barn owl, Speckled Wood butterfly. The SSSI citation records Harvest Mouse, Common Lizard, Marsh Fritillary {\it Eurodryas aurinia} and Narrow-bordered Bee Hawkmoth {\it Hemaris tityus}.

VEG:
VEGETATION: A detailed NVC map has been produced for the site (R. Wolton, 1989), recording much of the centre and east of the site as NVC M16b. However, {\it Molinia caerulea} seems to have become more prominent since 1989, and so most of the site is mapped here as marshy grassland. {\it Calluna vulgaris, Erica tetralix} and {\it Ulex gallii} are still frequent, at reduced cover, in these areas, along with {\it Danthonia decumbens, Salix repens, Genista anglica, Carex binervis, C. echinata, C. pulicaris, Cirsium dissectum, Dactylorhiza maculata, Pedicularis sylvatica, Platanthera bifolia, Serratula tinctoria, Succisa pratensis} and {\it Polygala serpyllifolia. Molinia} is also dominant on wetter areas, forming large tussocks. Here associates include {\it Juncus conglomeratus, Filipendula ulmaria, Valeriana officinalis, Hydrocotyle vulgaris, Narthecium ossifragum, Dactylorhiza praetermissa, Scutellaria minor} and the nationally very restricted {\it Carum verticillatum}.
{\it Salix} sp. and {\it Betula} sp. occur throughout the site, particularly in the southwest corner which is succeeding rapidly to scrub. There is a stand of {\it Chamerion angustifolium} at 460130.

MANAGE:
MANAGEMENT: The site is grazed by cattle. Grazing levels are light, allowing {\it Molinia} to become dominant, with consequent loss of diversity, and scrub to invade. English Nature would like to bring the common under the Wildlife Enhancement Scheme so that financial incentives can be given to increase the stocking rate. However, it seems unlikely that a commoners' association will be formed, as would be required by the Scheme. At present only one commoner has access to the common to exercise grazing rights. If a commoners' association were to be formed he might have to provide access  for the other commoners to exercise their rights; so there is little incentive for him to join a such an association.


FAUNA:
No fauna were observed on the site visit, but the open scrub and wet woodland provide valuable habitats for birds and invertebrates.

VEG:
VEGETATION: Much of the site is covered with dense {\it Pteridium aquilinum} with scattered bushes and trees such as {\it Crataegus monogyna, Quercus} sp., {\it Ulex europaeus} and {\it Corylus avellana}. At the top of the slope around 461160 there are more open rabbit-grazed areas with a diverse flora including {\it Rhinanthus minor, Pimpinella saxifraga, Teucrium scorodonia, Erica cinerea, Potentilla erecta, Torilis japonica, Clinopodium vulgare, Stachys betonica} and many other species. Old quarries have {\it Calluna vulgaris}, but were not investigated thoroughly. Along the stream there is woodland with {\it Alnus glutinosa} and {\it Salix caprea} dominant along with {\it Quercus} sp., {\it Corylus avellana} and {\it Betula pendula}. The ground here is marshy with {\it Chrysosplenium oppositifolium} and {\it Angelica sylvestris}. The stream itself is murky and polluted. At the north end there is a small meadow. Disturbance and dumping by the side of the roads has resulted in tall ruderal vegetation, dominated by {\it Urtica dioica} around 462159 and by {\it Fallopia japonica} around 461161.

MANAGE:
MANAGEMENT: Most of the common is not managed, though it may be burnt occasionally. The meadow to the north is lightly grazed by cattle. North of the road crossing the common hedges are defunct, and there is some grazing within the woodland by sheep from neighbouring fields.


FAUNA:
No fauna were observed on the brief site visit, but the scrub and woodland are good habitats for birds and invertebrates.

VEG:
VEGETATION: At the bottom of the site by the road there is dense woodland with {\it Quercus} sp. and {\it Betula} sp. dominant along with abundant {\it Corylus avellana, Crataegus monogyna} and {\it Sorbus aucuparia} and some {\it Sambucus nigra} and {\it Ilex aquifolium}. Age structure is fairly good although there are no very large trees. The ground layer is quite species rich with many ferns including {\it Dryopteris filix-mas, D. affinis, D. dilatata, Blechnum spicant, Polypodium vulgare} and {\it Phyllitis scolopendrium}. There is some basic influence with species such as {\it Arum maculatum, Tamus communis, Circaea lutetiana, Brachypodium sylvaticum} and {\it Fragaria vesca}. Up the slope the woodland becomes more open, with {\it Pteridium  aquilinum} dominating the ground layer, and much of the slope is impenetrable scrub of {\it Prunus spinosa, Rubus fruticosus, Corylus avellana} and {\it Ulex europaeus}, with many young trees, mainly {\it Quercus robur}.

MANAGE:
MANAGEMENT: The site is not managed at present, though some shooting takes place. According to a neighbouring farmer the area of scrub was regularly burned until 5-6 years ago; this fits with the present vegetation.


FAUNA:
A Nuthatch and a Jay were observed during the site visit. There is a badgers' sett on the site. The abundance of mature trees and decaying wood provides habitats for a range of invertebrates, and it is likely that an invertebrate survey would reveal interesting species.

VEG:
VEGETATION: Most of the site consists of species rich broadleaved woodland with {\it Quercus petraea} dominant, along with {\it Fraxinus excelsior, Sorbus aucuparia} and {\it Crataegus monogyna}. Other trees recorded include {\it Betula} sp., {\it Salix} sp., {\it Acer pseudoplatanus, Ilex aquifolium} and {\it Fagus sylvatica. Alnus glutinosa} is dominant on marshy ground by the stream. The understorey is largely of {\it Corylus avellana}, with some {\it Viburnum opulus} and {\it Sambucus nigra}, and rare {\it Euonymus europaeus}. The ground layer is variously dominated by {\it Pteridium aquilinum, Dryopteris} sp., {\it Rubus fruticosus} and {\it Hedera helix}, along with many other species including {\it Veronica montana, Lonicera periclymenum, Phyllitus scolopendrium, Oxalis acetosella} and {\it Rubus idaeus}. Around the stream the ground flora includes {\it Chrysosplenium oppositifolium, Carex c.f. aquatilis, C. remota}, and {\it Angelica sylvestris}.

MANAGE:
MANAGEMENT: The wood has an excellent age structure, with young, mature, senescent and fallen trees. Some {\it Quercus} sp. and {\it Corylus avellana} are very large. This, coupled with the presence of species such as {\it Veronica montana} and {\it Euonymus europaeus}, suggests that the site has a long history of being wooded. There is no evidence of recent felling, coppicing or removal of timber, nor of any damage by grazing animals. This type of woodland, which has attained high structural diversity through non-intervention is unusual. It is strongly recommended that management activities be kept to a minimum; perhaps only the removal of young {\it Acer pseudoplatanus} trees, which might otherwise become more prominent in the woodland, is necessary.


FAUNA:
Observed on site visit: Speckled Wood butterfly. The small-scale mosaic of grassland, scrub, flushes and woodland provides habitats for a range of bird and invertebrate species.

VEG:
VEGETATION: Three of the small fields have been agriculturally improved and have a species-poor sward dominated by {\it Lolium perenne}. The other grassland falls into three types: semi-improved neutral grassland with a reasonable diversity of species such as {\it Lotus corniculatus, Trifolium pratense} and {\it Centaurea nigra}; and two types of marshy grassland. Southwest of the railway this is short grazed and species rich, with {\it Molinia caerulea} and {\it Carex panicea} co-dominant along with species such as {\it Genista anglica, Anagallis tenella, Wahlenbergia hederacea, Viola palustris, Succisa pratensis} and {\it Achillea ptarmica}. Northeast of the railway the marshy grassland is less tightly grazed and rushes ({\it Juncus articulatus} and {\it J. effusus}) are prominent. In wetter places here {\it Cirsium palustre} and {\it Galium uliginosum} are frequent and the nationally scarce {\it Hypericum undulatum} is found. There are many areas of woodland and tall scrub on the site. On marshy ground around 480149 {\it Alnus glutinosa} is dominant, but elsewhere {\it Quercus} sp. and {\it Salix caprea} have spread from old hedgelines and become dominant. Associates include {\it Viburnum opulus, Mentha arvensis, Blechnum spicant, Carex viridula} ssp. {\it oedocarpa}, C. panicea, C. remota and Sphagnum} sp. ({\it papillosum}?).

MANAGE:
MANAGEMENT: The site is grazed by cattle; hedges within and around the site have gaps and neither half can be considered a discrete grazing unit. Stocking rates are high and some wet areas are heavily poached; however, this may benefit species diversity in other areas by keeping the sward short.


FAUNA:
Torrington Common is a good bird site with a very varied breeding and wintering population.  The site supports a birdlife including Chiffchaffs, Willow Tits, Snipe, Bullfinch, Long-tailed Tit and Marsh Tit.  A pair of Buzzards were also observed hunting overhead. 

Small Tortoiseshell and Small Pearl Bordered Fritillary were noted.

VEG:
The common covers an extensive area on the hill slopes and plateaux surrounding Great Torrington.  Its steep slopes are predominantly covered in continuous {\it Pteridium aquilinum} with patches of either scattered or dense {\it Ulex europaeus, Betula} spp. or {\it Crataegus monogyna} scrub.  {\it Brachypodium sylvaticum, Digitalis purpurea} and {\it Chamerion angustifolium} grow throughout the {\it Pteridium aquilinum}.  Large areas around target note (1) have been mown or rolled, with some {\it P. aquilinum} regeneration.

Along the stream running through the common is a {\it Salix, Alnus glutinosa, Quercus robur} wet woodland.  Further upslope this enlarges to a dry woodland also with {\it Corylus avellana, Fraxinus excelsior} and {\it Acer pseudoplatanus}.

The area of marshy grassland at (2) contains dominant {\it Juncus effusus} with abundant {\it Filipendula ulmaria, Urtica dioica, Epilobium hirsutum, Galium aparine} and {\it Angelica sylvestris, Valeriana officinalis, Equisetum telemateia, Molinia caerulea, Lotus uliginosus, Mentha aquatica, Juncus acutiflorus} and {\it Galium palustre} can be found, (NVC M23 grading to M27).  Records exist for {\it Hypericum undulatum} and {\it Scutellaria minor}.  Small areas of this marshy grassland can be found amongst the {\it Salix} scrub surrounding the roads in this part of the common.  Here, areas of thick {\it Salix cinerea} scrub also contain {\it Quercus robur, Fraxinus excelsior, Corylus avellana} and {\it Crataegus monogyna} which occasionally develops into mature broadleaved woodland.

At Brent Bridge, the hay field (which had been mown at the time of the visit), is bordered by semi-improved mesotrophic grasses such as {\it Dactylis glomerata, Bromus hordeceous} and {\it Holcus lanatus} with {\it Valeriana officinalis, Cirsium palustre} and {\it Urtica dioica} as tall herb associates.

Between the improved golfing greens, thick {\it Ulex europaeus} scrub has developed.  A mature {\it Alnus - Quercus} woodland exists to the north of the course.  The species-poor understory however, consists mainly of {\it Rubus fruticosus} or {\it Pteridium aquilinum} where there is sufficient light.

Limer's Hill also has a small area of mesotrophic grass with scattered {\it Pteridium aquilinum}, on its more level slopes.

Castle Hill, the most southern section of the common adjacent to the River Torridge, is again a steep slope of continuous {\it Pteridium aquilinum and Ulex europaeus}.  Some old {\it Quercus robur} and {\it Acer pseudoplatanus} woodland still exists between Rolle Road track and the river.  On steep banks, the understorey includes abundant {\it Phyllitis scolopendrium} and {\it Dryopteris filix-mas} with {\it Carex pendula} and a good bryophyte cover.  The small rock exposures on the eastern side of the New Road support {\it Umbilicus rupestris} and {\it Sedum anglicum}.

MANAGE:
The common is actively managed to maintain both existing habitats and easy access.  Vegetation beside paths is annually strimmed with heavy machinery.  Areas of {\it Pteridium aquilinum} are mown.  A car park with swings has been provided for visitors and paths are clearly signposted.  Invasive scrub is removed and trees felled leaving some as standards.

This management seems effective in ensuring continued species and habitat diversity on the common, whilst coping with a high level of recreation pressure.

The areas of M23 and M27 amongst the Salix scrub appear to be threatened by both scrub encroachment and also run-off from the nearby meat factory/abattoir.


FAUNA:
Observed on site visit:
Grass snake, Speckled Wood butterfly.
The site has several notable invertebrate species including the hoverflies {\it Microdon mutabilis} (nationally rare) and {\it Sphaerophoria potentillae} (new to Britain), the cranefly {\it Limnophila pulchella} (nationally scarce), Marsh Fritillary ({\it Eurodryas aurinea}) and Small Pearl-bordered Fritillary {\it (Boloria selene)}.
On Invertebrate Site Register Site No. 84/44.

VEG:
VEGETATION: Most of the site consists of wet {\it Molinia caerulea} dominated grassland with varying amounts of heathland species such as {\it Calluna vulgaris, Erica tetralix} and {\it Ulex gallii} (NVC M25c). Associates include {\it Nathecium ossifragum, Potentilla erecta, Serratula tinctoria, Succisa pratensis} and {\it Dactylorhiza maculata}. Channels dug to provide access and drainage have a rich acidic flush flora, with {\it Carex viridula} ssp. {\it oedocarpa} and {\it C. panicea} dominant along with {\it Potamogeton polygonifolius, Juncus bufonis, J. bulbosus, Anagallis tenella} and {\it Pinguicula lusitanica}, which has a nationally restricted distribution. There is scattered {\it Salix scrub} throughout this area, and this becomes dominant on wetter areas to the north. There are dense stands of {\it Pteridium aquilinum} in places around the edge of the moor, particularly on better drained ground to the south and east. Two parts of the common have been reclaimed and are excluded from the SSSI. The northeast corner is fenced off and has a semi-improved sward, with some clumps of {\it Juncus effusus}. The area at (1) has also been fenced off, though the fence here is largely defunct. This has a species-poor {\it Lolium perenne - Trifolium repens} sward.

MANAGE:
MANAGEMENT: There is a pheasant rearing station at the southwest corner of the common; magpies, crows, pigeon, rabbits and grey squirrels are shot, as well as pheasants, snipe and woodcock. The common is grazed by sheep, but these congregate on the improved area and the bulk of the common is undergrazed. English Nature is seeking permission to improve the fence around this area so that sheep can be confined to the moor. Much of the northeast of the moor was burnt in March 1992.


FAUNA:
The common provides an excellent habitat for a range of woodland and scrub birds including Chiffchaff, Song Thrush, Robins, Blue Tit, Great Tit and Wrens.  Adders were also present.

VEG:
The common is edged and covered to the north in broadleaved woodland of {\it Corylus avellana, Fraxinus excelsior, Carpinus betulus, Quercus robur, Sorbus aucuparia} and {\it Acer pseudoplatanus}.  Understory vegetation includes {\it Rosa canina, Crataegus monogyna, Frangula alnus, Hedra helix} and ground flora is present as a mix of {\it Iris foetidissima, Solanum dulcamara, Rubus fruticosus} and {\it Galium aparine}.  This occasionally grades into {\it Rosa canina - Crataegus monogyna} scrub, both dense where the ground flora is species-poor, and scattered where it encroaches upon the common's open grassland.

Open areas of calcareous grassland with occasional exposed limestone still exist win samll pockets within the scrub, though these are often associated with invading {\it Crataegus monogyna}.  The grassland supports a large number of calcareous species including {\it Ranunculus bulbosus, Poterium sanguisorba, Potentilla anserina, Glechoma hederacea}, as well as {\it Veronica chamaedrys, Plantago lanceolata, Anthoxanthum odoratum} and {\it Festuca ovina}.

The exposed limestone face in the disused quarry has {\it S. aucuparia} scrub revegetating its hedges.  Dense scrub has encroached across the quarry floor leaving only a small area of calcareous grassland remaining.  This has been heavily trampled, used for dumping rubbish and for small bonfires.  The grassland has therefore, largely been destroyed and species indicative of improvement such as {\it Lolium perenne}, have become dominant.

Paths leading across the common support a range of species including {\it Vicia sepium, Orchis mascula, Dactylorhiza fuchsii} and {\it Plantanthera chlorantha}.

MANAGE:
Scrub enchroachment has led to a loss of potential calcareous grassland sites on the common.  However, those areas remaining appear well-maintained and are either rabbit-grazed or mown to a short sward.  Paths which have been maintained through mowing have a transitional margin of uncut, tall grass species thus increasing habitat diversity.

The Council has also undertaken scrub clearance in several areas surrounding the open grassland.

The common offers a range of habitats from short calcareous grassland to dense scrub and woodland and so current management practices are ensuring the diversity of the common.


FAUNA:
Marsh Fritillary and Small Heath were observed in the wet heath habitat, with Small Tortoiseshell on the improved marshy grassland.  

Narrow-bordered Bee Hawk Moth has been recorded adjacent to the site on Great Moor.  Typical of scrubbed areas, Stonechat and Chaffinch are present.

VEG:
The common is split in half by roads which also cut off a small section of the common to the south.  The small area is now an enclosed, improved field and possibly no longer part of the overall common management.

The western half is a vast area of wet heath, of NVC type M16, dominated by {\it Molinia caerulea} with a mix of {\it Ulex gallii, Calluna vulgaris} at 20 per cent cover, {\it Erica tetralix} at 15% cover, {\it Potentilla erecta, Sphagnum compactum, S. subnitens, Hypnum jutlandicum} and occasional {\it Sphagnum palustre, Juncus squarrosus, Cirsium dissectum} and {\it Teucrium scorodonia} in disturbed areas adjacent to paths.  Although much of it is invaded by low {\it Betula} sp. scrub, it is still very much an open habitat.  {\it Calluna vulgaris} and {\it Molinia caerulea} tussocks are well developed through an absence of grazing.  Occasional areas of heterogenous age indicate past burning.

Several fenced off tumuli (target note (2)) are now scrubbed over with {\it Betula} sp. and continuous {\it Pteridium aquilinum}.  Disturbed areas supporting {\it Carex demissa} and {\it C. panicea} surround this tumulus, where several paths run.  A dew pond adjacent to one of the tumuli is now vegetated by {\it Salix} spp. scrub in the depression with {\it Carex paniculata} ground flora.

Areas (1) and (3) appear to have been recently burnt or cleared.  Area (1) is revegetating with {\it Molinia caerulea, Carex binervis} and {\it Dactylis glomerata}.  Area (3) has seemingly been improved at one time as it is revegetating with mesotrophic grasses as well as {\it Pteridium aquilinum, Anthoxanthum odoratum, Juncus effusus} and {\it Agrostis capillaris}.

{\it Hedera helix, Succisa pratensis, Leontodon autumnalis} pick out a raised old boundary line running north south.

This western part of the common is unfenced with occasional {\it Betula} and {\it Salix} sp. scrub bordering the roads.

The eastern half of the common is completely fenced and heavily cattle grazed.  This has enlarged the semi-improved area, recorded in a previous survey as a small patch in the southern part of this half.  All of the wet heath vegetation present in the 1990 Devon Wildlife Trust Culm Grassland Survey has now been lost to acid marshy grassland which is in turn, being further improved and heavily grazed to transitional semi-improved acid grassland.  There has therefore, been a dramatic loss of wet heath vegetation.  A range of rush pasture species are now present such as dominant {\it Juncus effusus} and {\it Holcus lanatus} with mixtures of {\it Anthoxanthum odoratum, Agrostis canina, Potentilla erecta, Luzula multiflora, Molinia caerulea} and occasional {\it Ulex gallii, Ranunculus repens, Carex panicea, Erica tetralix, Calluna vulgaris, Dactylorhiza maculata, Cirsium dissectum, Euphrasia nemorosa, Trifolium repens, Pedicularis sylvatica} and {\it Lotus corniculatus}.  This vegetation is a mosaic of NVC M24 and MG10 with patches of U4b acid grassland.

{\it Salix} sp. and {\it Rubus fruticosus} scrub can be found scattered throughout the habitat occasionally becoming dense in some areas.  In the top north east corner, bare earth and improved grass indicate a feeding station adjacent to a gate onto the common.  This is then surrounded by M24 {\it Molinia caerulea - Cirsium dissectum} with a similar species list as before, but on lower slopes showing a wetter element with {\it Myosotis} sp., {\it Viola riviniana, Carex pilulifera, Juncus subnodulosus, J. acutiflorus} and {\it Sphagnum palustre}.  Within this area, where the ground becomes especially boggy, interesting areas of species-rich {\it Molinia caerulea - Potentilla erecta} marshy grassland (NVC M25a) with approximately 5% {\it Erica tetralix} cover, {\it Narthecium ossifragum} and an increased {\it Sphagnum} sp. presence.

MANAGE:
The western section of the site is rotationally burnt and has been suggested, is used by the owner for sport.  This burning prevents {\it Molinia caerulea} litter accumulation and subsequent loss of species diversity.

The loss of wet heath and gradual appearance of an acid grassland habitat suggests that the eastern section is over grazed.  There is some scrub encroachment on the site.


FAUNA:
Observed on site visit: Flocks of Linnets and Goldfinches feeding along the shoreline, Turnstones, Curlew, Ringed Plover. Snails of several species are abundant on the sand dunes but these were not identified.

VEG:
VEGETATION: The southern section has an area of sand dunes with {\it Ammophila arenaria} dominant, and a range of other species such as {\it Ononis repens, Carex arenaria, Medicago lupulina, Matthiola sinuata, Cakile maritima, Oenathera biennis} and {\it Eryngium maritimum}. Behind this the dune is more stable and is covered with scrub, largely of {\it Hippophae rhamnoides}, which is introduced in this area, with frequent {\it Rosa pimpinellifolia}. Along the strandline in front of the dune and on the northern section there is a narrow strip of {\it Sueda maritima, Atriplex patula, A. hastata} and {\it Plantago maritima}. There is a small area of saltmarsh vegetation at 473313 with clumps of {\it Spartina x townsendii, Juncus maritimus, J. gerardii} and {\it Glaux maritima}. On higher ground above the sea defenses there is maritime grassland dominated by {\it Festuca rubra} and {\it Elymus pycnanthus}, with frequent {\it Daucus carota} and occasional {\it Halimione portulacoides, Picris echioides and Echium vulgare}.

MANAGE:
MANAGEMENT: Some chestnut paling has been erected on the south section but the dunes are still being heavily eroded and more protection is urgently needed. The CL boundary may include part of a grazed field at 474319.


FAUNA:
A rich invertebrate fauna has been recorded on this site including the nationally rare Silver-studded Blue, as well as Marsh Fritillary, local Small Pearl-bordered Fritillary, Pearl-bordered Fritillary, Silver-washed Fritillary, Marbled White, Green Hairstreak, Purple Hairstreak, Grizzled Skipper butterflies and the nationally scarce weevil {\it Apoderus coryli}.  Invertebrate Site Register No 84/70.

Records also exist for Great Grey Shrike, Lesser-spotted Woodpecker, Barn Owl, Reed Bunting, Teal, Raven, Redstart,  Whinchat, Stonechat, Willow Tit, Canada Goose, Buzzard, Sparrow Hawk, Kestrel, Red-legged Partridge and Golden Plover.  The site offers an excellent list of lowland breeding birds including Lapwing, Curlew, Nightjar, Grasshopper Warbler.  It is an important wintering location for Jack Snipe and Woodcock. 

The Common Lizard, Common Toad, Common Frog and Adder are present.  Red Deer are also found on the site.

VEG:
The following is largely an extract from the Devon Wildlife Trust 1990 field survey supplemented with up to date detailed from a site visit.  An extensive site supporting a diverse mix of habitats now confined to the south west.  Much of the vegetation consists of species-rich, wet dwarf shrub heath dominated by {\it Molinia caerulea}, with {\it Erica tetralix}, {\it Calluna vulgaris} and {\it Ulex gallii} sub-dominant.  Other species include {\it Danthonia decumbens, Agrostis curtisii, Succisa pratensis, Narthecium ossifragum} and {\it Dactylorhiza maculata}.  A moss layer dominated by {\it Sphagnum} occurs over most of the area with {\it S. papillosum} and {\it S. compactum} being the most common species, as well as {\it S. palustre, Odontoschisma sphagni, Hypnum jutlandicum, Aulocomium palustre} and {\it Pinguicula lusitanica}.  The majority of this wet heath falls into NVC M16b {\it Erica tetralix - Sphagnum compactum, Succisa pratensis - Carex panicea} sub-community.  This is joined by {\it Trichophorum cespitosum, Narthecium ossifragum} and occasional M16d {\it Juncus squarrosus - Dicranum scorparium} vegetation containing {\it Cladonia} species and {\it Sphagnum compactum}.  However, an area on the north boundary of Hares Down has the species mix of NVC M15a wet heath, with constant {\it Molinia caerulea, Potentilla erecta} and  {\it Trichophorum cespitosum}.  Occasionals include {\it Narthecium ossifragum, Eriophorum angustifolium} with {\it Carex panicea, C. echinata, Drosera rotundifolia} and extensive {\it Sphagnum capillifolium}.

Drier areas support habitats which range from species-poor dwarf shrub heath to more diverse heathland communities characteristic of H4 {\it Ulex gallii - Agrostis curtisii} dry heath with species including {\it Calluna vulgaris, Molinia caerulea, Erica cinerea, E. tetralix} and {\it Potentilla erecta}.  In these drier the moss layer is poorly developed.  Other species found associated with this community on Hares Down, but do not really belong to it are {\it Succisa pratensis, Hypochoeris} sp., {\it Cirsium dissectum, Pedicularis sylvatica, Festuca ovina, Vaccinium myrtillus, Erica cinerea, Euphrasia nemorosa} and {\it Serratula tinctoria} occur on drier banks.  The H4c vegetation is a particularly scarce NVC community.  Amongst the heath are small areas of {\it Pteridium aquilinum} and {\it Ulex europaeus}.

Draining down the slopes to the River Sturcombe and a number of smaller streams which cross the site, are a number of acid flushes and areas of flushed marshy grassland.  The acid flushes accumulate to form a wide band in the valley of Knowestone Outer Moor.  The vegetation of dominant {\it Juncus acutiflorus} or {\it J. effusus} over constant {\it Molinia caerulea, Sphagnum palustre, S. recurvum, Carex nigra} is characteristic of NVC M6ci and M6di.  A diverse mix of small marsh species can be found amongst the vegetation including {\it Viola palustris, Ranunculus flammula, Hydrocotyle vulgaris} and {\it Narthecium ossifragum}.  In some areas {\it Carex echinata} and {\it C. rostrata} become locally abundant, developing towards an M6ai flush of {\it C. echinata - Sphagnum}.  The marshy grassland found alongside the acid flushes on the slopes,  and extending along parts of the valley floor, is M24c {\it Molinia caerulea - Cirsium dissectum} fen meadow, {\it Juncus acutiflorus - Erica tetralix} sub-community.  This herb-rich habitat supports abundant {\it Cirsium dissectum} and {\it Succisa pratensis}, with {\it Potentilla erecta, Lotus uliginosus} and {\it Galium palustre.  Agrostis stolonifera, Cirsium palustre, Angelica sylvestris, Wahlembergia hederacea} and {\it Glyceria fluitans} have also been recorded here.  Other areas of marshy grassland such as that on Knowestone Inner Moor, include {\it Molinia - Potentilla erecta} mire (NVC M25a) with {\it Erica tetralix}.  A species-poor community, it supports dominant and tussocky {\it Molinia caerulea} over {\it Potentilla erecta, Cirsium palustre} and {\it Sphagnum palustre}.  Three small {\it Hypericum elodes - Potamogeton polygonifolius} soakaways (NVC M29) occur on Rackenford and Hares Down.  Associated species include {\it Ranunculus flammula, Juncus bulbosus, Hydrocotyle vulgaris} and {\it Eriophorum angustifolium}.

Marshy grassland east of Sturcombe River contains {\it Juncus effusus} or {\it J. acutiflorus - Galium palustre} rush pasture (NVC M23a).  This comprises of the typical {\it J. effusus} or {\it J. acutiflorus} dominant over {\it Holcus lanatus, Molinia caerulea, Lotus pendunculatus, Galium palustre, Cirsium palustre, Mentha aquatica, Hydrocotyle vulgaris} and {\it Viola palustris}.

Acid semi-improved grass fields of Little Comfort Farm are bordered by marshy grassland, mixed scrub and hedgerows.  Old field banks occur throughout the SSSI area providing a dry substrate for {\it Erica cinerea, Vaccinium myrtillus, Leontodon} spp., {\it Galium saxatile} and {\it Ulex gallii}.

Most of Knowestone Inner Moor has been scrubbed over predominantly by {\it Betula} spp., but also {\it Ulex gallii, U. europaeus, Pteridium aquilinum} and {\it Salix} spp.  The lower slopes of Rackenford Moor, support scattered clumps of {\it Salix cinerea} and in the valley bottoms, are small stands of {\it Carex paniculata} associated with mineral-rich groundwater spilling up to the surface.

A small area of valley mire (NVC M21a) is present on Hares Down, and probably occasionally within acid flush vegetation elsewhere, dominated by {\it Sphagnum subnitens, S. papillosum, S. auriculatum, Rhynchospora alba, Trichophorum cespitosum, Eriophorum angustifolium} and {\it Eleocharis multicaulis.  Hypericum elodes} and {\it Pedicularis sylvatica} are also present, as are {\it Pinguicula lusitanica} and {\it Drosera rotundifolia}.

{\it Pinguicula lusitanica} and {\it Rhynchospora alba} are rarities of only local distribution in the south of England.  The mosaic of M24c and H4c is rare and almost entirely restricted to North Devon.  The site is therefore, not only floristically and invertebrate-rich, but it also supports nationally rare NVC communities.

MANAGE:
The site is managed by the Devon Wildlife Trust.  It has been made stock-proof and burning practices are carried out by the commoners to maintain the Culm grassland communities.  The site would have been in NCR, but for the North Devon link road with has been built across it.

The management aims are to maintain present grazing levels to preserve culm grassland, prevent scrub encroachment, but continue to maintain existing areas of scrub and secondary woodland on the site to maintain habitat diversity.  These management practices will hopefully be allowed to continue.


FAUNA:
Fauna recorded during site visit:
Frog, Fox (scat), Raven, Buzzard, Wood Pigeon, Magpie.

VEG:
Knowstone Outer Moor consists of three separate areas of land, two of them very small.  A variety of habitats occur within the larger south-west portion of land.  Marshy grassland in area 1 has {\it Molinia caerulea} abundant to dominant and a wide range of assorted species, including frequent {\it Succisa pratensis, Carex panicea, Cirsium palustre, Agrostis canina} and {\it Sphagnum papillosum}, locally frequent {\it Cirsium dissectum, Hydrocotyle vulgaris, Narthecium ossifragum, Erica tetralix, Carex viridula} ssp. {\it oedocarpa}, Juncus acutiflorus} and {\it J. effusus} plus {\it Viola palustris, Lotus pedunculatus, Carex flacca, C. binervis, Calluna vulgaris} and {\it Anthoxanthum odoratum.  Ulex gallii} is locally scattered in the marshy grassland, and dominates in area 2 to form {\it U. gallii} heath, with associated species including {\it Molinia caerulea, Calluna vulgaris, Erica tetralix} and some scattered {\it Pteridium aquilinum}.

Wet heath in area 3 has abundant {\it Erica tetralix} and {\it Molinia caerulea}, plus {\it Calluna vulgaris, Carex panicea, Sphagna} and {\it Trichophorum cespitosum}.  Patches of scattered {\it Ulex europaeus} scrub occur and other scrub species present include {\it Salix cinerea} and {\it S. aurita}.  Strips of deciduous woodland along some of the edges of the common have {\it Betula pubescens, Salix cinerea} and {\it Dryopteris dilatata} and in areas 4 and 5 coppiced {\it Fagus sylvatica} flanks narrow trackways.  Banks in area 5 support small amounts of {\it Vaccinium myrtillus} and {\it Blechnum spicant}.

The tiny central fragment of the common (6) contains secondary deciduous woodland, with {\it Quercus robur, Betula pubsecens, Fraxinus excelsior, Fagus sylvatica} and {\it Athyrium felix-femina}.  The north-east area has a small patch of marshy grassland (7), with {\it Molinia caerulea} and {\it Succisa pratensis}, plus tall ruderal vegetation with {\it Chamerion angustifolium} and {\it Rubus fruticosus}, patches of {\it Prunus spinosa} and an area of dense {\it Pteridium aquilinum}.

MANAGE:
Cattle grazing on larger south-west portion of the common.  Signs of management not apparent on the two smaller areas.


FAUNA:
Whinchat and Stonechat were noted, but the site is likely to share fauna with the adjacent West Anstey Common (CL. 143).  This includes Meadow Pipit, Chiffchaff, Small Heath Butterfly and Red Deer.

VEG:
The upper slopes are dominated by mature dry heath of {\it Calluna vulgaris} (60 per cent), {\it Erica cinerea} (15 per cent), {\it Ulex gallii, Deschampsia flexuosa} and local {\it Vaccinium myrtillus}.  However, this is quickly joined by patches of continuous {\it Pteridium aquilinum} with a high degree of {\it P. aquilinum} litter accumulation.  Bryophytes of the areas of heath include {\it Dicranum scorparium, Pleurozium schreberi} and {\it Hypnum} spp.

On steeper slopes to the edges of the common, {\it Pteridium aquilinum} is joined by scattered {\it Betula pubescens, Sorbus aucuparia} and occasional {\it Quercus robur} scrub.

The car park in the north east corner of the site has been trampled and disturbed to {\it Agrostis capillaris - Festuca ovina} (NVC U4) acid grassland, joined by scattered {\it Juncus effusus}.  A narrow margin of carpet and topiary heather surround the disturbed ground.

MANAGE:
The site is grazed by cattle, ponies and deer.  In open areas of dry heath the {\it Calluna vulgaris} is short, whilst the lower slopes are becoming dominated by {\it Pteridium aquilinum}.  The dry heath therefore, appears moderately to heavily grazed whilst scrubbed slopes are ignored.


FAUNA:
No fauna were observed actually on the common, but the scrub provides habitats useful for birds and invertebrates.

VEG:
VEGETATION: Much of the steep slope is covered with {\it Prunus spinosa - Crataegus monogyna} scrub. This is salt- and wind-pruned and some bushes have a good cover of lichens. Other species occuring in the scrub include {\it Sambucus nigra, Ulmus procera, Hedera helix, Tamus communis}, and maritime species such as {\it Elymus pycnanthus, Beta vulgaris, Tripleurospermum maritimum} and {\it Plantago coronopus}. An old lime kiln at 517339 has {\it Rubia peregrina}. Along the shore line there is a strip of salt-tolerant vegetation which widens at the north end, consisting of {\it Sueda maritima, Salicornia c.f. ramosissima} and {\it Spergularia media}.

MANAGE:
MANAGEMENT: Most of the common is unmanaged, but a small area of enriched maritime grassland at the north end seems to be moderately grazed.


FAUNA:
The common forms an important part of the Taw-Torridge estuary which supports nationally important populations of Curlew, Golden Plover and Lapwing. Other waders such as Redshank, Dunlin and Oystercatcher are also abundant.

VEG:
VEGETATION: Along tidal creeks {\it Salicornia ramosissima} and {\it Sueda maritima} are frequent, along with {\it Aster tripolium} and {\it Halimione portulacoides}. In some places {\it Spartina x townsendii} is abundant, but it is being kept in check by sheep grazing. Most of the marsh consists of short-grazed {\it Puccinellia maritima} with frequent {\it Aster tripolium} and {\it Spergularia media} and occasional {\it Triglochin maritima, Cochlearia anglica} and {\it Glaux maritima}. On higher ground, particularly where sheep grazing is heavier to the east of the site, {\it Agrostis stolonifera} becomes codominant with {\it Puccinellia maritima} and {\it Atriplex hastata} is more frequent. On still higher ground {\it Elymus pycnanthus} becomes dominant. The steep bank running from Penhill Point to the disused railway has hanging {\it Quercus/Fraxinus} woodland.

MANAGE:
MANAGEMENT: About 1000 sheep were grazing on the site at the time of the survey; presumably this stocking rate is not sustained throughout the year. Grazing levels are high but this may be of some benefit in keeping the invasive {\it Spartina x townsendii} in check.


FAUNA:
The common includes part of the eastern tip of the Taw-Torridge estuary SSSI, which is nationally important as a feeding ground for migratory and overwintering waders. The saltmarsh on the common forms part of this resource, and it is strongly recommended that no further encroachments are made onto it.

VEG:
VEGETATION: The saltmarsh consists of a mosaic of two types of vegetation; on lower ground {\it Puccinellia maritima} is dominant with frequent {\it Aster tripolium} and {\it Agrostis stolonifera} and occasional {\it Atriplex hastata}; on higher ground {\it Elymus pycnanthus} is dominant. {\it Sueda maritima, Cochlearia anglica} and {\it Halimione portulacoides} occur in the tidal channels. Clay and rubble have been spread over two large areas of the marsh, obliterating the saltmarsh vegetation and raising the ground level to c.3m above high water. These have a sparse cover of ruderals such as {\it Picris echioides, Anagallis arvensis, Polygonum aviculare, Trifolium repens, T. dubium} and {\it Chicorium intybus}. The bank along the southern edge has scrubby grassland, trampled along the path, with {\it Dactylis glomerata, Urtica dioica, Daucus carota} and {\it Vicia cracca}; behind this is an overgrown hedge of {\it Prunus spinosa} and {\it Crataegus monogyna}. To the east the site becomes increasingly industrial, with mown grassland, planted hedges and a large car park.

MANAGE:
MANAGEMENT: The western part of the common is lightly sheep grazed.


FAUNA:
No species recorded in torrential weather during field survey. Quoting from National Trust Biological surey:

'The open dwarf shrub heathlands support an invertebrate fauna very typical of humid heath communities, with the characteristic heather beetle {\it Lochmaea suturalis}, the weevil {\it Micrelus ericae} , the bugs {\it Ortho tylus ericetorum, Kleidocerys trunctulus}, the leafhopper {\it Ulopa reticulata} as well as the darkling beetle {\it Cylindronotus laevoctostriatus}. The nationally scrace, southern, {\it Calluna}-associated moth, the horse-chestnut {\it Pachycnemia hippocastanaria} was reported from Trentishoe Down in 1971 (LK Evans).  Where the dwarf shrubs are low-growing and with a good bare ground component - as following fires and during the recovery period - then specialist open ground species may also be present . These include the ground bug {\it Macrodema micropterum}, the ground beetle {\it Olistopus rotundatus}, the green tiger beetle {\it Cicindela campestris} and mottled grasshopper {\it Myrmeleotettix maculatus}. Grayling butterfly {\it Hipparchia semele} is particularly favoured by these more open areas.

The {\it P. aquilinum} invaded lower slopes provide open, sheltered grassland habitats which are of especial importance for fritillary butterflies. The eastern area, around Smallacombe and along the upper edge of South Dean Oaks, supports an important colony of the rare and threatened high brown fritillary {\it Argynnis adippe} (Oates 1992).

Areas of wet heath, mire and flushes are very valuable features of the Downs and support specialist invertebrate communities. 

The breeding birds of the Downs are dominated by Meadow Pipit, with the occasional skylark. A few pairs of Stonechat in areas with taller, bushier heather around the lower slopes, and at least one pair of Whinchats breed in bracken-dominated areas on the north-facing coastal slopes.'  Peregrine nests are known from the cliffs along this coast.

VEG:
Holdstone common is dominated by dwarf shrub heath with {\it Calluna vulgaris, Erica cinerea, Erica tetralix, Ulex gallii, Ulex europaeus}. Grasses present include {\it Danthonia decumbens, Agrosstis curtisii, Molinia caerulea}. {\it Carex} spp. including {\it Carex binervis} and {\it Potentilla erecta} are present. NVC communies present include H8a {\it Calluna vulgaris-Ulex gallii} heath and H4a {\it Ulex gallii-Agrostis curtisii} heath ){\it Agrostis curtisii-Erica cinerea} sub-community. Between Holdstone and Trentishoe Downs the cliff edge supports locally frequent {\it Taxus baccata} trees and rare {\it Sorbus} species. Other NVC communities recorded H10c, M15d, H4, H4c, H8.

MANAGE:
Heather management by burning is undertaken. Recommendations made that burns are small and contained within firebreaks. Dead bracken areas can be burnt to encourage {\it Viola} species. Public access is not thought to cause much damage though there is a slightly higher risk of fire.


FAUNA:
No species recorded in torrential weather during field survey. Quoting from National Trust Biological surey:

'The open dwarf shrub heathlands support an invertebrate fauna very typical of humid heath communities, with the characteristic heather beetle {\it Lochmaea suturalis}, the weevil {\it Micrelus ericae} , the bugs {\it Ortho tylus ericetorum, Kleidocerys trunctulus}, the leafhopper {\it Ulopa reticulata} as well as the darkling beetle {\it Cylindronotus laevoctostriatus}. The nationally scrace, southern, {\it Calluna}-associated moth, the horse-chestnut {\it Pachycnemia hippocastanaria} was reported from Trentishoe Down in 1971 (LK Evans).  Where the dwarf shrubs are low-growing and with a good bare ground component - as following fires and during the recovery period - then specialist open ground species may also be present . These include the ground bug {\it Macrodema micropterum}, the ground beetle {\it Olistopus rotundatus}, the green tiger beetle {\it Cicindela campestris} and mottled grasshopper {\it Myrmeleotettix maculatus}. Grayling butterfly {\it Hipparchia semele} is particularly favoured by these more open areas.

The {\it Pteridium aquilinum} invaded lower slopes provide open, sheltered grassland habitats which are of especial importance for fritillary butterflies. The eastern area, around Smallacombe and along the upper edge of South Dean Oaks, supports an important colony of the rare and threatened high brown fritillary {\it Argynnis adippe} (Oates 1992).

Areas of wet heath, mire and flushes are very valuable features of the Downs and support specialist invertebrate communities. 

The breeding birds of the Downs are dominated by Meadow Pipit, with the occasional skylark. A few pairs of Stonechat in areas with taller, bushier heather around the lower slopes, and at least one pair of Whinchats breed in bracken-dominated areas on the north-facing coastal slopes.'  Peregrine nests are known from the cliffs along this coast.  

Birds previously recorded: Meadow pipits, linnet, stonechat, Herring Gull, Razorbill, Cormorant.
Invertebrates:
Common green grasshopper {\it Omocestus viridulus}
Grass moths {\it Crambidae}
Small heath butterfly {\it Coenonympha pamphilus}
Small copper {\it Lycaena phlaeas}
Grayling Butterfly {\it Hipparchia semele}
Yellow Meadow Ant  {\it Lasius flavus}
{\it Myrmica lobicornis}
{\it Myrmica sulcinodis}

VEG:
The main part of the common is dominated by {\it Pteridium aquilinum}. There are other habitats near streamsides which support plants such as {\it Filipendula ulmaria, Chrysosplenium oppositifolium, Athyrium filix-mas, Dryopteris filix-mas, Rubus fruticosus, Hedera helix, Asplenium scolopendrium, Salix cinerea, Sorbus aucuparia, Ilex aquifolium, Crataegus monogyna, Urtica dioica}.

Neck Wood Gut has much wind-blown tree cover with species such as {\it Fraxinus excelsior, Quercus petraea, Sorbus aucuparia, Betula} sp. {\it Salix cinerea, Coryllus avellana, Prunus spinosa, Taxus baccata, Ilex aquifolium} with {\it Luzula} sp. {\it Dryopteris} sp., {\it Hedera helix, Teucrium scorodonia, Sedum anglicum, Pteridium aquilinum}.

MANAGE:
The bracken is in serious need of control with, ideally, the slow introduction of light grazing by cattle, ponies and/or sheep. It may be possible to expand the relict heath communities.


FAUNA:
No species recorded in torrential weather during field survey. Quoting from National Trust Biological surey:

'The open dwarf shrub heathlands support an invertebrate fauna very typical of humid heath communities, with the characteristic heather beetle {\it Lochmaea suturalis}, the weevil {\it Micrelus ericae} , the bugs {\it Ortho tylus ericetorum, Kleidocerys trunctulus}, the leafhopper {\it Ulopa reticulata} as well as the darkling beetle {\it Cylindronotus laevoctostriatus}. The nationally scarce, southern, {\it Calluna}-associated moth, the horse-chestnut {\it Pachycnemia hippocastanaria} was reported from Trentishoe Down in 1971 (LK Evans).  Where the dwarf shrubs are low-growing and with a good bare ground component - as following fires and during the recovery period - then specialist open ground species may also be present . These include the ground bug {\it Macrodema micropterum}, the ground beetle {\it Olistopus rotundatus}, the green tiger beetle {\it Cicindela campestris} and mottled grasshopper {\it Myrmeleotettix maculatus}. Grayling butterfly {\it Hipparchia semele} is particularly favoured by these more open areas.

The {\it Pteridium aquilinum} invaded lower slopes provide open, sheltered grassland habitats which are of especial importance for fritillary butterflies. The eastern area, around Smallacombe and along the upper edge of South Dean Oaks, supports an important colony of the rare and threatened high brown fritillary {\it Argynnis adippe} (Oates 1992).

Areas of wet heath, mire and flushes are very valuable features of the Downs and support specialist invertebrate communities. 

The breeding birds of the Downs are dominated by Meadow Pipit, with the occasional skylark. A few pairs of Stonechat in areas with taller, bushier heather around the lower slopes, and at least one pair of Whinchats breed in bracken-dominated areas on the north-facing coastal slopes.'  Peregrine nests are known from the cliffs along this coast.  

Birds previously recorded: Razorbill colony, Whinchat, Linnet, Whitethroat, Wheatear, Ravens, Buzzards, Peregrine, Curlew, Barn Owl, Meadow pipit, Skylark.

Leafhopper ({\it Cicadella viridis}
Snipe fly ({\it Chrysopilus cristatus})
Wasp-fly ({\it Lygephila craccae})
High Brown Fritillary ({\it Argynnis adippe})
Moths:
Moth {\it Enteucha acetosae}
Hoary Footman ({\it Eilema caniola})
Square-spot dart ({\it Euxoa obelisca})
Devonshire wainscot ({\it Mythimna putrescens})
Scarce Blackneck ({\it Lygephila craccae})
Horse-Chestnut ({\it Pacycnemia hippocastanaria})
Ground Bug ({\it Macrodema micropterum})
Ground beetle ({\it Olisthopus rotundatus})
Green Tiger Beetle ({\it Cicindela campestris})
Mottled Grasshopper ({\it Myrmeleotettix maculatus})
Grayling Butterfly ({\it Hipparchia semele})

VEG:
The larger proportion of this common is heathland dominated by {\it Calluna vulgaris, Erica cinerea, Ulex gallii}. In NVC terms this area includes H10, H10a, M15d, H4a, H8b, H12. {\it Erica tetralix is present occasionally with {\it Ulex europaeus} occurring more to the south of the common. Grasses are represented by {\it Agrostis curtisii, Agrostis canina, Molinia caerulea}. {\it Pteridium aquilinum} is scattered in several areas all round the edge of Trentishoe Down and dense in a wide belt above Mill Ham, at East Cleave and southern parts of Heddon's Mouth Cleave.

Pockets of woodland are found, for example, at Neck's Wood. This supports {\it Quercus petraea} with the rare {\it Sorbus subcuneata} and other rare {\it Sorbus} species. South Dean Oaks north of Mill Ham support coppiced {\it Quercus} sp. {\it Fagus sylvatica, Acer pseudoplatanus} with some {\it Rhododendron ponticum}. Heddon's Mouth Wood has extensive {\it Fraxinus excelsior} to the north with a {\it Quercus/Fraxinus} mixture to the southern end.

A mire, wet heath, scrub system exists in the SW corner with communities M25 and M6c. Species here include {\it Calluna vulgaris, Erica tetralix, Ulex gallii, Agrostis capillaris, Festuca rubra, Molinia caerulea, Potentilla erecta, Danthonia decumbens, Galium saxatile, Narthecium ossifragum, Succisa pratensis, Sphagna} sp. {\it Anagallis tenella, Hypericum elodes, Drosera rotundifolia, Salix cinerea, Polytrichum commune, Phragmites australis}. 

Lichen and bryophyte communities on coastal rock outcrops and in woodlands warrant further research.

MANAGE:
Grazing is a critical element in the future conservation of Trentishoe Down.
Currently grazing is entirely for sheep. The National Trust and two-thirds of the commoners have a Tier 1 ESA agreement in operation.
Excessive burning in the past may have encouraged the bracken and harmed the heathland. There has been less burning over recent years.A burning cycle of 10 to 15 years with small areas of burn is promoted in the National Trust Biological survey with appropriate ecological monitoring.  There is no current bracken control. {\it Rhododendron ponticum} also needs control.
English Nature have recently agreed to ditch cleaning in the SW corner of the Common.


FAUNA:
Birds seen during survey: Snipe, Pipits, Wood pigeon.

VEG:
Heale Moor is a small common with substantial stone walls on several sides, {\it Ulex} scrub, marsh and acid grassland. The stone walls are topped with {\it Salix} sp., and {\it Fraxinus excelsior}. The walls also support {\it Sedum} sp. {\it Digitalis purpurea, Rumex acetosella, Teucrium scorodonia} abd good bryophyte growth. The acid grasslands that fringe the site and the tracks support {\it Potentilla erecta, Gnaphalium uliginosum, Deschampsia flexuosa, Rumex acetosella, Galium saxatile}. There are areas of substantial {\it Pteridium aquilinum}. Wheel ruts and pools support {\it Ranunculus flammula, Polygonum hydropiper, Juncus} sp. Downslope (the northern end) scrub of {\it Ulex europaeus, Pteridium aquilinum, Rubus fruticosus} takes over almost completely. Central to the common lies marshy grassland/mire that supports much {\it Molinia caerulea, Pedicularis sylvatica, Carex panicea, Carex echinata, Scutellaria minor, Sphagnum} spp. {\it Succisa pratensis, Anagallis tenella, Lotus uliginosus, Prunella vulgaris}.

Dumping of hardcore has promoted growth of {\it Urtica dioica} on the eastern side of the site.

MANAGE:
The marshy grassland is of conservation interest and merits further detailed survey. Hardcore dumping should cease.


FAUNA:
Birds recorded:  Merlin, Jack snipe, Skylark, Meadow pipit, Whinchat (10 pairs reported 1996).

VEG:
Ilkerton ridge has substantial blanket mire and wet heath communities with largely M15 NVC communities that include {\it Calluna vulgaris, Erica cinerea, Erica tetralix, Vaccinium myrtillus, Trichophorum cespitosum, Sphagnum} sp.{\it Deschampsia flexuosa, Molinia caerulea, Juncus squarrosus, Hypnum jutlandicum, Polytrichum commune, Pleurozium schreberi} and {\it Eriophorum} sp. {\it Empetrum nigrum} is found here - a comparitive rarity for this area.
The lower slopes of the ridge have a mosaic of wet and dry heath (H12) that support {\it Calluna vulgaris, Erica tetralix, Erica cinerea, Vaccinium myrtillus, Molinia caerulea, Trichophorum cespitosum, Galium saxatile, Deschampsia flexuosa}.

The areas of {\it Pteridium aquilinum} (U20) on the southern sides are accompanied by {\it Anthoxanthum odoratum, Galium saxatile, Vaccinium myrtillus, Agrostis capillaris}.

Flushes and mires on the eastern side near The Folly include NVC communities M25a, M29, M35, M2, M6c, M6b, M16, M17 and M15b. Species present include  {\it Molinia caerulea, Potentilla erecta, Juncus effusus, Juncus squarrosus, Deschampsia flexuosa, Erica tetralix, Succisa pratensis, Agrostis canina, Juncus acutiflorus, Wahlenbergia hederacea, Hydrocotyle vulgaris, Carex panicea, Hypericum elodes, Drosera rotundifolius, Lotus uliginosus, Drosera rotundifolia, Luzula multiflora, Viola palustris, Eriophorum vaginatum, Eriophorum angustifolium, Calluna vulgaris, Vaccinium myrtillus, Carex binervis}.  {\it Empetrum nigrum} if found on this common. 

An excellent valley mire with communiites such as M15 and M23 is found near Shallowford Farm with a stand of {\it Fallopia japonica} evident.

Acid grassland (U4) with {\it Ulex europaeus} scrub is found at the northern end of the common.

MANAGE:
The Site Management Statement of English Nature (Oct 1996) aims to harmonize the Conservation, Owner and Commoners' objectives. 

The proposed management actions are summarized from the document:
Grazing: Graze with cattle, sheep and ponies during the summer up to an average stocking level of 0.225 livestock units per hectare and at up to 1 ewe per hectare in winter plus up to 5 Exmoor ponies and foals. No cows to be grazed during the winter. Supplementary feeding will not be carried out, except for hay in emergency conditions.
Burning:  The Heather and Grass Burning Code should be followed with burning of the main heather area on a 12 year rotation with no more than one tenth burnt in one year. Burns should be done as early as possible to avoid destruction of breeding birds nests.
Gorse: Encroaching Gorse at the northern end of the common is to be cut.Some unmanaged old gorse is to be left.
Bracken: English Nature would support some bracken spraying where it has invaded heath communities and where wildlife interest will not be affected.
Pest Control: Permitted by legal means.
Vehicles: Bank works to limit car trespass is advocated. Farm vehicles to use agreed tracks. Recreational use by organized groups to be controlled to limit erosion.


FAUNA:
Birds species recorded locally: Meadow Pipit, Hobby, Golden Plover, Buzzard, Nightjar. Seen during brief survey in torrential weather: Crows, Pipits.

VEG:
Farley Hill, Little, Middle Hill and Shilstone Hill are largely of H12 (a and b) communities i.e. of Dry Heath. Species present include {\it Calluna vulgaris, Erica cinerea, Agrostis canina, Juncus squarrosus,Potentilla erecta, Dicranum scoparium, Polytrichum commune, Vaccinium myrtillus, Deschampsia flexuosa, Molinia caerulea, Hypnum cupressiforme, Cladonia impexa}.
Community H8e (that includes {\it Ulex gallii}) is found on the western slopes above Farley Water. Other communities found include H18, M10a.
Acid grassland (U4a) is found in the Middle Hill area near the road. Substantial {\it Pteridium aquilinum} is found over this NW area of the common.

Mires communites present include M15d, M35, M32b, M6ci, M6bii. 

The southern parts of the common mostly support mire communites such as M15b, M25a, M15b, M17c, M15a.  

Soakaways from the hillside include species such as {\it Montia fontana, Potamogeton polygonifolius, Dicranella palustris, Philonotis fontana}.

MANAGE:
The Common is managed by the Brendon Commoners Association. Heather is managed by rotational burning. Bracken is controlled by cutting and burning. MAFF has insisted on reduced grazing of the common by cattle and sheep. There has been access erosion by hunt followers but otherwise erosion is not deemed a problem.


FAUNA:
Seen during survey: Crows, Thrush, Stonechat.

VEG:
Large swathes of this common are now dominated by {\it Pteridium aquilinum}.The rest has heathland vegetation or rock exposure. The site is particularly known for the lichen interest. O'Dare and Coppins (1994) found 153 species, including 32 maritime species. There is one Red Data Book species and 19 Notable species.

Species present include: {\it Caloplaca arnoldii, Chiodecton} sp. {\it Lecanactis monstrosa, Fuscidea kochiana, Lecanora praepostera, Lecanora suncarnea, L. tenera, Opegraphs cesareensis, O. saxigena, Roccella fuciformis, R. phycopsis, Solenospora holophaea, S. vulturiensis}.

Small areas of {\it Betula} sp. occur on the south side of the common on slopes where grazing is limited. Some {\it Rhododendron ponticum} has invaded at the west end of the common, as has {\it Acer pseudoplatanus}.

Around the cricket ground trees such as {\it A. pseudoplatanus} and {\it Q. robur} occur.

The whole area is of great geological and geomorphological interest.

MANAGE:
{\it Pteridium aquilinum} and  {\it Rhododendrom ponticum} need to be controlled. Some erosion due to walkers on heavily used paths.


FAUNA:
On the site visit the following species were recorded: Chiffchaff, Blackbird, Wood Pigeon and Robin.  Brimstone butterfly was also recorded.

VEG:
The tall, overgrown roadside verge vegetation of {\it Dactylis glomerata, Trifolium repens, Holcus lanatus, Galium aparine, Urtica dioica, Ranunculus repens, Rumex crispus} and {\it R. sanguineus.  Anthriscus sylvestris} indicate the enriched nature of the roadside.  Adjacent to the road to the north of the site is a small pocket of broadleaved woodland with the small stream running along its westerly edge.  The woodland consists of {\it Quercus robur} standards with {\it Crataegus monogyna, Salix} sp., and {\it Corylus avellana} that has at one time, been coppiced.  {\it Salix} and {\it Crataegus monogyna} scrub make up most of the remaining area with a grassy {\it Holcus lanatus, Dactylis glomerata} ground flora.  However, in the centre of the scrub, is a strip of marshy grassland (MG 10), {\it Juncus effusus, Holcus lanatus} with {\it Carex nigra, Deschampsia cespitosa, Anthoxanthum odoratum} and a moss cover including {\it Rhytidiadelphus squarrosus}.  A line of dominant {\it Iris pseudacorus} picks out an overgrown drain running north-south through this mesotrophic grassland.  The high level of scrub encroachment and seedling density demonstrates a threat to the area of marshy grassland which is also in danger of drying out.

MANAGE:
From the rank vegetation and degree of scrub invasion over the area, it seems that there is little or no current management of the common.  To provide access, cutting of {\it Rubus fruticosus} and {\it Urtica dioica}, along the road border is required together with regular trimming of the roadside vegetation to maintain species diversity and prevent scrub encroachment.


VEG:
The most extensive vegetation on this small common is improved grassland, which was being grazed by sheep at the time of the survey.  A band of scrub lies adjacent to the road which runs through the site and this contains frequent {\it Rubus fruticosus} and {\it Urtica dioica}, plus {\it Sambucus nigra, Salix cinerea, Hedera helix, Cirsium arvense} and {\it Aster} sp. (Michaelmas Daisy).  {\it Stachys palustris} occurs in a ditch alongside the road.

MANAGE:
Most of the common is enclosed and grazed by sheep.


VEG:
This small common is largely dominated by scrub and semi-improved neutral grassland.  The scrub in area 1 has abundant {\it Prunus spinosa}, plus {\it Salix cinerea, Sambucus nigra} and {\it Corylus avellana}, whilst area 2 is dominated by {\it Rubus fruticosus} and {\it Urtica dioica} with locally frequent {\it Chamerion angustifolium}.

Patches of neutral grassland have frequent to abundant {\it Arrhenatherum elatius, Holcus lanatus} and {\it Dactylis glomerata}, plus {\it Rumex obtusifolius, Cirsium arvense, Ranunculus repens} and {\it Stellaria graminea}.  Area 3 has neutral grassland and tall ruderal vegetation, with {\it Heracleum sphondyllium, Achillea millefolium, Rumex obtusifolius} and {\it Chamerion angustifolium}.

Trees along the southern boundary include frequent {\it Quercus robur}, plus {\it Fraxinus excelsior} and {\it Corylus avellana}.  {\it Polystichum aculeatum} occurs on the banks of a ditch here.

MANAGE:
No management apparent at time of survey, and encroachment by scrub occuring.


FAUNA:
Observed on site visit: Adder, Red Deer, Buzzard, Common Lizard, Deerfly ({\it Lipoptena cervi}), Speckled Wood butterfly ({\it Pararge aegeria}). The heath, scrub and woodland provide a range of habitats for birds and invertebrates.

VEG:
VEGETATION: Much of the site was probably heathland at one time but now has been invaded by bracken, scrub and trees. On poorly drained ground at the top of the site there is an area of wet heath dominated by {\it Molinia caerulea}, but elsewhere there are areas of dry heath with abundant {\it Vaccinium myrtillis} and frequent {\it Agrostis curtisii, Calluna vulgaris, Erica cinerea} and {\it Galium saxatile}. All of this heath is suffering from invasion by {\it Pteridium aquilinum} and scrub species such as {\it Ulex europaeus, Betula pendula, Rhododendron ponticum, Rubus fruticosus} and {\it Pinus sylvestris}, and most now has a continuous cover of {\it Pteridium aquilinum. Rhododendron ponticum} and {\it Pinus sylvestris} are particularly prominent in the area marked out at (1). Woodland on the lower slopes and along the northern boundary is older, and dominated by {\it Fagus sylvatica} and {\it Betula pendula}, with {\it Quercus} sp., {\it Acer pseudoplatanus, Fraxinus excelsior, Salix caprea, Ilex aquifolium} and {\it Castanea sativa}, and a ground layer of {\it Pteridium aquilinum, Rubus fruticosus, Oxalis acetosella} and {\it Lonicera periclymenum}. This has a good age structure with many saplings.

MANAGE:
MANAGEMENT: There is no evidence of any management activity. A resumption of grazing would be of great benefit to the heathland.


FAUNA:
No fauna were noted on the brief site visit, but the scrub and heath provide valuable habitats for a range of birds and invertebrates.

VEG:
VEGETATION: The heath is dominated by {\it Molinia caerulea}, though {\it Erica tetralix} and {\it E. cinerea} are abundant and {\it Calluna vulgaris} and {\it Ulex gallii} are frequent (NVC M16b). Associates include {\it Polygala serpyllifolia, Agrostis curtisii, Potentilla erecta} and {\it Pedicularis sylvatica}. In some wetter hollows {\it Molinia} becomes overwhelmingly dominant. {\it Ulex europaeus, Salix caprea} and seedlings of {\it Pinus sylvestris} are present throughout the heath, suggesting that it is succeeding to scrub. The pine woodland in the east of the site provides a constant source of seeds. Invasion by {\it Pteridium aquilinum} is also a problem and much of the site is already densely covered.

MANAGE:
MANAGEMENT: There seems to be no grazing on the site at present, despite the fact that the southern boundary is an overgrown beech hedge which allows free access from the adjacent pasture fields. {\it Calluna vulgaris} is in good condition, but is all tall and is not regenerating. Undergrazing is allowing {\it Molinia caerulea} to  dominate the sward, with consequent loss of diversity, and allowing the spread of {\it Pteridium aquilinum}, scrub and {\it Pinus} sp. woodland. Grazing should be resumed to maintain the more valuable heath habitat, and ideally existing scrub and {\it Pteridium aquilinum} should be removed.
A ditch has been dug along the roadside as a firebreak.


FAUNA:
Fauna seen: Buzzard, Carrion Crow, Kestrel, Stonechat, Small White butterfly, Tortoiseshell, Meadow Brown, Micro Moths.

VEG:
NVC communities present include:  H4, U20, U4a, U3, M25, M23b, M6c, M29, H12.

D11 - Entensive areas of dry dwarf shrub heath consist principally of the following species: {\it Ulex gallii, Calluna vulgaris, Erica cinerea, Agrostis curtisii, A. capillaris, Molinia caerulea and Carex binervis}.  Other species occur, eg. {\it Galium saxatile, Festuca ovina, Erica tetralix, Vaccinium myrtillus, Potentilla erecta, Carex panicea} and {\it C. pilulifera.  Ulex gallii} is often the main sub-shrub and {\it Calluna vulgaris} the main ericoid species.  Most is referrable to NVC community H4.  On the highest ground, amongst boulders, {\it Calluna vulgaris} and {\it Vaccinium myrtillus} increase in cover abundance.  {\it Ulex gallii} almost drops out of the vegetation and {\it Deschampsia flexuosa} is frequent.  These areas are closest to H12, but grade into H4.  {\it Calluna vulgaris} is locally dominant.  {\it Dicranum scoparium} and hypnoid mosses are also more frequent here.  On the lowest ground towards the areas of valley mire, {\it Erica tetralix} is locally frequent and in places, the vegetation has affinities with wet heath communities, except that {\it Ulex gallii} and other H4 species remain constant.

B11 - Acid grassland occurs mainly near the roads, amongst the rocks of the tors, and along paths, where grazing and trampling are greatest.  Amongst the rocks of the higher ground, it is often U4a with co-dominant {\it Festuca ovina} and {\it Agrostis capillaris}, accompanied by {\it Potentilla erecta} and often {\it Deschampsia flexuosa, Vaccinium myrtillus and Dicranum scoparium}, where it grades locally into D11, and around boulders.  {\it Nardus stricta} occurs locally.

In other areas it consists mainly of U3, with {\it Agrostis curtisii, A. capillaris, Festuca ovina} and {\it Molinia caerulea} (at low cover).  This grades locally into the H4, with which it forms mosaics in the D5 mosaic areas.

D5 - Mostly found on the higher ground amongst rocky outcrops and tors.  Consists of H12 and U4, or H4 and U3 mixtures, with the former nearer tor tops, the latter on clitter slopes.  B11:D11 averages c. 60:40% cover.

C11 - Tall, continuous {\it Pteridium aquilinum} dominates particularly lower slopes and around the bases of tors, grading upwards into D11.  It appears to be encroaching the heathland in places, since mosaics of roughly 50:50, C11:D11 and C12/D11 intermediates occur widely.  {\it Pteridium aquilinum} was seen growing over H4 species complements as well as over U4a type grassland species.

B5 and E31 - In lower lying, wetter areas with small streams and/or springs (G2) mire vegetation occurs.  In NVC terms, M6, M25 and M29 are the main communities found.  The marshy grassland (B5) are composed almost entirely of M25a and M25b.  The smaller flushes (E21) are mainly M6a or M29, whilst more extensive areas of valley mire (E31) comprise a mixture of M6a, M6c, M29, M23b, M25 and small areas may also approach M21 and M1 locally.  The M25a marshy grassland is marked by sparse {\it sphagna}, dominant {\it Molinia caerulea}, frequent {\it Erica tetralix, Potentilla erecta} and {\it Succisa pratensis}.  The M6, M29 and M21 include the following species: {\it Sphagna} (abundant) particularly {\it S. auriculatum, S. papillosum} and {\it S. palustre; Carices} eg. {\it Carex nigra, C. panicea} and {\it C. viridula} ssp.{\it oedocarpa}; Junci - Juncus bulbosus, J. effusus} and {\it J. acutiflorus}; other graminoids include {\it Eriophorum angustifolium, Eleocharis multicaulis, E. palustris}; low sparse growth of {\it Molinia caerulea}; occasional {\it Nardus stricta; Drosera rotundifolia, Hydrocotyle vulgaris, Anagallis tenella, Viola palustris, Succisa pratensis, Ranunculus flammula, Narthecium ossifragum, Potentilla erecta, Scutellaria minor, Cirsium palustre, Pedicularis palustris, Hypericum elodes} and {\it Potamogeton polygonifolius}.  Other bryophytes include {\it Aulacomnium palustre.  Erica tetralix} and {\it Calluna vulgaris} are sparsely present.  These areas therefore, support diverse communities of good quality and botanical interest.

G2 - A small stream in a deep gully at the Hemsworthy Gate part of the common (mapped as D11) is oligotrophic and species in the gully and streamside include; {\it  Ranunculus omiophyllus, Montia fontana, Myosotis secunda, Juncus bulbosus, Ranunculus repens, Cirsium palustre, Epilobium palustre, Digitalis purpurea, Blechnum spicant, Juncus effusus, Cardamine pratensis, Polytrichum commune, Pteridium aquilinum, Rubus fruticosus, Sorbus aucuparia} and {\it Crataegus monogyna}.

MANAGE:
The common is grazed by Dartmoor ponies, sheep and cattle (Galloway crosses?).  There is no boundary between CLs 25, 26, 103, 184 and 58, which together form a large unit of heath, {\it Pteridium aquilinum} and mire complexes.  The area is popular with tourists and one of the most frequented sites on Dartmoor.

The streamsides and flushes are generally poached by stock drinking - often concentrated locally along the streams.

Heather in the Saddle Tor section, and the eastern arm of the site is in good condition with the dwarf shrub hummocks to 0.5m tall.

In the southern arm of the site, towards Rippon Tor, there are signs of overgrazing and encroachment by {\it Pteridium aquilinum}.


FAUNA:
Fauna seen:  Rook, Stonechat, Meadow Pipit, Tree Pipit, Carrion Crow, Swallow, Chaffinch, Buzzard, Redstart, Snipe, Rabbit, Tortoiseshell butterfly,  Meadow Brown, Damselflies, Hoverflies, variety of Bee species.

VEG:
NVC communities include - H4, H12, U4a, U3, U1, M6a, M6c, M25, M29, M21(?), H10a.

D11 - Dry dwarf shrub heath - Most of the heath is referable to this phase 1 category.  The Dartmoor National Park 1987 vegetation map further sub-divides it into "dry" and "moist" "western heath", or "heather moor", but neither of these seem to fulfill enough of the criteria for assignment to Phase 1 "wet dwarf shrub heath" (D2).  The D11 mainly occurs on the highest ground.

Much of the D11 consists of the NVC H4 with {\it Ulex gallii} as the main sub-shrub forming dense cover to c. 50cm high.  Amongst this are frequent - abundant {\it Calluna vulgaris} and {\it Erica cinerea}.  Grasses growing sparsely up through the dwarf shrubs include frequent {\it Agrostis curtisii} and {\it A. capillaris}.  {\it Carex binervis} is locally frequent.  {\it Juncus effusus} is a rare constituent.  Where {\it Molinia caerulea} is locally frequent, the vegetation shows local affinities with wet heath, but {\it Molinia caerulea} cover is generally not high and it is in a non-tussocky form.

Where {\it Calluna vulgaris} is the dominant sub-shrub, the vegetation falls into NVC H10a or H12.  There are sizeable stands present, and it grades locally into the H4.  Other species include: {\it Vaccinium myrtillus, Festuca ovina, Agrostis capillaris, Danthonia decumbens, Potentilla erecta, Pleurozium schreberi, Erica tetralix} and {\it Deschampsia flexuosa.  Vaccinium myrtillus} is most abundant around the rocky tors and old quarries, where {\it Ulex gallii} is often virtually absent, or of much reduced cover.  Where {\it Vaccinium myrtillus} is abundant, (as near Haytor), is probably nearest H12.  Other areas with more {\it Erica cinerea} nearer to H10a.  In depressions, such as between Holwell Tor and Smallacombe Rocks, {\it Molinia caerulea} and {\it Nardus stricta} are more frequent.  {\it Cuscuta} sp. occurs in places, on the {\it Ulex gallii} hummocks.  Burned areas are regenerating with frequent {\it Ulex gallii, Agrostis curtisii, Vaccinium myrtillus, Galium saxatile} and {\it Potentilla erecta}.

B11 - The main acid grassland types fall into U3 and U4a, with small patches of U1e on old tramways and quarry mounds.  {\it Agrostis curtisii} and {\it A. capillaris} are the most frequent grasses, with sparse {\it Molinia caerulea} and locally frequent {\it Nardus stricta.  Galium saxatile, Potentilla erecta and Carex binervis} also occur.  These stands grade into the heath communities and intermediates occur.

D5 - A mixture of U3 and/or U4a with H4 or H12, plus intermediates.  In some places the grassy "runnels" between dwarf shrub clumps are so large as to probably represent D5 mosaic rather than a "grass-heath" D11.  {\it Agrostis curtisii} can be prominent in such areas.

C11 - Continuous bracken occurs over species-poor grassy swards, but also over H4 type swards.  It may therefore be encroaching over the heath, and there are areas in which D11 contains frequent (though not continuous) {\it Pteridium aquilinum}, i.e. D11/C12.  Entensive {\it Pteridium aquilinum} dominated lower slopes also often have scattered {\it Sorbus aucuparia, Crataegus monogyna} and sometimes {\it Ilex aquifolium} trees (A22).

E31 - The small valley mires associated with small streams, support a mixture of M6, M25, M29 (and possibly M21 patches).  Commonly occurring species include: {\it Sphagna, Juncus bulbosus, J. effusus, J. articulatus, Carex panicea, C. nigra, C. viridula} spp. {\it Oedocarpa}, Juncus acutiflorus, Ranunculus flammula, Narthecium ossifragum, Drosera rotundifolia, Eriophorum angustifolium, Molinia caerulea, Erica tetralix, Viola palustris, Cirsium palustre, Anthoxanthum odoratum, Hypericum elodes, Potamogeton polygonifolius, Aulacomnium palustre} and {\it Polytrichum commune}.  {\it Sphagnum auriculatum, S. recurvum} and {\it S. papillosum} are the principal {\it Sphagna} present.

MANAGE:
CL25 is contiguous with CL26, CL103, CL58 and CL184 with no stockproof boundaries between, so that the sheep, cattle and ponies may roam a sizeable area.

Some of the flushes and streams are poached in places, but severe overgrazing does not appear to be a problem, and heather appears to be largely in healthy condition (ref. Dartmoor National Park Heather Utilisation Survey, 1994), although some areas have 'topiaried' heather. 

The site has been a target area for bracken control by the DNP.


FAUNA:
Common scrub birds are present, as well as Meadow Pipit.  Butterfly species recorded include Small Heath and Speckled Wood.  The grassy patches are rabbit grazed.

VEG:
The common is predominantly covered in dense {\it Ulex europaeus} and some {\it U. gallii} scrub with occasional scattered {\it Betula pubescens} and {\it Quercus robur} trees.  At times, the {\it Ulex europaeus} becomes tall and leggy.  Along the sheltered base of the slope is a thin band of broadleaved woodland including {\it Quercus robur} standards with {\it Betula} spp. and {\it Corylus avellana}.  Only a few scrubby species occur in the ground flora, chiefly {\it Pteridium aquilinum}, {\it Rubus fruticosus, Hedera helix} and {\it Glechoma hederacea}.  The majority of the woodland floor is covered by leaf litter and dead wood.  The same species mix is continued in the dense scrub further upslope.

The north-facing slope is predominantly covered by {\it Pteridium aquilinum}, also with scattered scrub.

To the western side, adjacent to the track, is a small area of grassy dry dwarf scrub heath supporting {\it Ulex gallii, Calluna vulgaris} (40 per cent), {\it Erica cinerea} (5 per cent) and {\it Agrostis curtisii}.  This species mix is indicative of NVC H4.  The vegetation is stunted and so possibly wind-pruned.  Tree species on the hill plateau are definitely stunted through exposure.  A few patches of closely grazed acid grassland (NVC U4a) exist along the plateau track dominated by {\it Festuca ovina, Agrostis capillaris, Achillea millefolium, Anthoxanthum odoratum} and {\it Galium saxatile}.  This area may possibly be a cattle feeding station.

MANAGE:
The common is unfenced and the lack of cattle grids in this area may make grazing this common impractical.  Current management practices are unknown, however its tracks appear to be frequently used by tractors or heavy vehicles for access to nearby fields.  The common is scrubbed over and built up with litter.


FAUNA:
Fauna seen: Blue Tit, Blackbird, Blackcap, Robin, Magpie.

VEG:
The common is mostly wooded.  {\it Quercus} sp. and {\it Betula} sp. are the dominant species, with occasional {\it Fraxinus excelsior, Acer pseudoplatanus} and {\it Fagus sylvatica}.  In the understorey, are {\it Corylus avellana, Ilex aquifolium, Sorbus aucuparia} and {\it Hedera helix}.  The ground flora is mostly {\it Rubus fruticosus} agg., {\it H. helix} and {\it Pteridium aquilinum}.  This is fairly young secondary woodland with few trees having a dbh. of more that 40cm.  The undergrowth is quite dense.  To the west of the road, the trees are much younger with abundant {\it Betula} sp. regeneration, also in the SE sector of the site.


FAUNA:
Fauna seen: Buzzard (x 2), Raven, Stonechats, Meadow Pipit, Small White and Tortoiseshell butterflies, Small Copper, variety Orthopterans (not identified).

VEG:
The site supports vegetation referrable to the following NVC communities: U4a, H4, U3/M25b, M23b and U20.

Most of the site is covered by dry heath (on the higher ground) and dense {\it Pteridium aquilinum} (C11) (on the lower slopes) over impoverished acid grassland.  There are scattered boulders and rocky outcrops (I141) (perched by Buzzards) in the northern half, on which Lichens, {\it Sedum anglicum} and {\it Vaccinium myrtillus} are present.  Small {\it Sorbus aucuparia} and {\it Crataegus monogyna} are scattered in the {\it Pteridium aquilinum} stands.

1.	The dry heath (D11) consists primarily of the following species: {\it Ulex gallii} (abundant-dominant), {\it Agrostis curtisii} (frequent), {\it Calluna vulgaris} (frequent-abundant), {\it Erica cinerea} (occasional to frequent) and {\it Molinia caerulea} (frequent to occasional).  {\it Ulex gallii} is the main species, to c. 50cm tall, mostly dense, confluent hummocks, but in places with grassy 'runnels' between and more open.  Most of the D11 is like this, but Ericoids and {\it Molinia caerulea} are locally more abundant.  In the D11/C1 {\it Pteridium aquilinum} and {\it Ulex gallii} dominate.

2.	The acid grassland includes frequent {\it Festuca ovina, Galium saxatile, Agrostis capillaris, Potentilla erecta, Anthoxanthum odoratum} and {\it Carex binervis} and is U4a.  Scattered tufts of {\it Juncus effusus} occur locally.  The last two species mentioned occur particularly along paths.

3.	Acid grassland - dry heath mosaic (D5) has roughly 2:1 of D11:B11.  The principal species are {\it Agrostis curtisii, Festuca ovina, Molinia caerulea, Calluna vulgaris} and {\it Potentilla erecta}.

4.	On low ground in the central 'neck' of the site, {\it Molinia caerulea} is locally abundant in an area of D11 and B5, co-dominated by {\it Molinia caerulea} and {\it Ulex gallii} with frequent {\it Calluna vulgaris}.  In this area the B5 consists of patches of species-poor M25b/U3.  There is also a small area of rush-pasture (M23b) surrounding a small muddy pool (G1) much-poached by stock.  {\it Glyceria fluitans} is the main species in the pool and on its banks.

5.	The dense {\it Pteridium aquilinum} (C11) is waist high and associated species include: {\it Agrostis capillaris, Holcus lanatus, Potentilla erecta, Rumex acetosa} and {\it Digitalis purpurea}.

6.	The small area of semi-natural, mature, deciduous woodland is contiguous with a larger area of woodland outside the common, which was not surveyed.

7.	Drystone walls (J25) bound the northern and western edges of the site and support a profusion of Lichens in places (not surveyed).  Many of the boundaries marked in the west-central indentation of the site are scarcely visible beneath the {\it Pteridium aquilinum}, and mostly defunct.

MANAGE:
A small area of the D11 had been burnt (not known if intentional/unintentional) relatively recently and recolonising H4/U3 spp..  Only sheep were present at the time of the survey, and some of the B11 stands are very closely grazed.  Cattle and horse droppings were present also. {\it Pteridium aquilinum} encroachment onto the heath may be a problem.  Areas of open grassland are very limited, although, stock probably graze the grass beneath the {\it Pteridium}.  The dwarf shrub cover is dense in places and may exclude stock owing to the prevalence of {\it Ulex gallii}.  In areas near paths in the south half, ericoids are more grazed down forming 'carpet' growth in small areas, or low hummocks, but most heather is sparse, but mature growing up through the {\it Ulex gallii} and is overgrazed (according to Dartmoor National Park Heather condition map) and the habitat and management map designates it "heather that may be burnt".


FAUNA:
Fauna seen: Pigeon, Rook, Meadow Pipit, Carrion Crow, Swallow.

VEG:
The common slopes gently to moderately steeply NE.  The highest ground supports a large area of dry dwarf shrub heath, whilst a mix of bracken and heath cover the slopes.  This common is bounded by Yarner Wood NNR, three other commons, and farmland.  It is part of a large block of commons in the east of Dartmoor National Park, and the vegetation is very similar to adjoining CLs 58 and 25.

The dry heath (D11) is the most extensive habitat.  Most belongs to the NVC community H4, and is dominated by {\it Ulex gallii}.  Other frequent species include; {\it Erica cinerea, Calluna vulgaris, Molinia caerulea} (at low cover), {\it Agrostis curtisii} and {\it Potentilla erecta.  Carex binervis} is locally frequent.  On the highest ground between Black Hill and Hole Rock, some of the heath is dominated by {\it Calluna vulgaris} and is closer to NVC H12a, whereas in the H4, the ericoids can be locally quite sparse amongst the {\it Ulex gallii}.  Much of the heath consists of dense growth of dwarf shrubs with other species at low cover.

{\it Agrostis curtisii} grassland forms a mosaic with the dry heath in some parts of the common.  In NVC terms it is a mosaic of H4 and U3 (D5 on map - roughly 50:50% cover of B11:D11).

Extensive stands of dense {\it Pteridium aquilinum} occupy most of the lower slopes and are of low botanical interest.  Scattered scrub of {\it Sorbus aucuparia, Crataegus monogyna}, young {\it Quercus} sp., and {\it Betula} sp, are frequent in these stands.

The areas mapped as D11 and C12 consist mainly of NVC H4 community with frequent {\it Pteridium aquilinum} present.  In the north of the site in particular, the H4 is impoverished to the extent of being little more than tall dense {\it Ulex gallii} plus tall {\it Pteridium aquilinum}, with scattered scrub invasion.  In such places, the {\it Ulex gallii} is more like dense scrub than true heathland.

Therefore, the vegetation on this common is not complicated and consists of mainly five NVC communities: H4, H12, U3, U4 adn U20.

(There was insufficient time to visit the small areas of broadleaved woodland and dense scrub along the western margins of the common, but species include {\it Quercus} sp. and {\it Betula} sp.).

MANAGE:
Much of the dwarf shrub heath was in the building phase, with healthy heather, growing densely itself, or amongst dense clumps of {\it Ulex gallii}, which gives some protection from grazing stock.

Ponies, sheep and cattle have access from CL 25, although on the day of survey very few stock were observed on the common, especially on the northernmost slopes, where the height and density of {\it Ulex gallii, Pteridium aquilinum} and presence of tree saplings suggests low usage by stock.

The Dartmoor Heather Condition Maps show the heath between Blackhill and Smallacombe Rocks to be slightly overgrazed, and the rest of the heath to the north of this to support healthy heather.  The 1995 Habitat and Management Maps indicate that all of the heath may be burnt except that in the northernmost tip of the site ie. N of the B3344.


FAUNA:
Common woodland birds such as Chiffchaff, Blackbird and Blackcap were recorded.  The site may also provide habitat for birds found on the adjacent Knighton Heath including Nightingale and Lesser Whitethroat.

VEG:
As on Knighton Heath, the broadleaved woodland which covers this site consists of dominant {\it Quercus robur}, with {\it Betula pendula} and {\it Fraxinus excelsior}.  Much {\it Corylus avellana} and {\it Crataegus monogyna} exist in the understorey.

MANAGE:
This species mix in the woodland requires little or no management.


FAUNA:
The following is a summary of data collected from DWT and EN files.  The variety of habitats present support a diverse breeding bird community including Grasshopper Warbler and Nightingale. Red-backed Shrike, Nightjar, Dartford Warbler, Lesser Whitethroat and Blackcap have also been recorded.  The rich Lepidoptera fauna includes Green Hairstreak, Marbled White, Siver-washed Fritillary, Pearl-bordered Fritillary and Small Pearl-bordered Fritillary amongst 28 butterfly species and a number of locally scarce or nationally rare moth species including {\it Phoceuusa paupella, Stenoptilla zopholactylus, Monopsis weaverella} and the only British report for a Micro-moth {\it Nemapogon inconditella}.  The site is also important for the uncommon Red Data Book ant {\it Formica exsecta} and rare rove beetle {\it Staphylinus caesarus}.  The small pools on the heath provide breeding grounds for amphibia including Common Lizard, Frog and the uncommon Great-crested Newt as well as being good dragonfly habitat.  Adders and Grass Snakes have also been recorded on the site.

On Invertebrate Site Register Site No. 84/16  (44 records).

VEG:
The majority of the site comprises dry lowland heath and this is the largest of only two remaining fragments of heath within the Bovey Basin.  It is characterised by an abundance of {\it Ulex gallii, Calluna vulgaris, Erica cinerea, Molinia caerulea, Agrostis curtsii} and some {\it Ulex europaeus}.  This is a species mix characteristic of NVC H4 lowland heath.  This is being invaded by {\it Betula} sp. and {\it Salix} spp. scrub across the whole site and some areas are also affected by {\it Ulex europaeus} and {\it Pteridium aquilinum} encroachment.  {\it Potentilla erecta, Polygala serpyllifolia and Pedicularis sylvatica} are common herbs on the raised, drier areas of the heath.  Northern sections have been subject to burns in their recent history and the areas have re-vegetated with dominant {\it Molinia caerulea} and {\it Agrostis curtsii}, although young heath has begun to reappear.

According to a DWT site report in 1982, old concrete hut bases are present at (1) and surrounding soil has turned alkaline producing a contrasting flora to that of the adjacent acid heath, for example, {\it Potentilla reptans} replaces {\it P. erecta}.

The largest open section of heath occurs alongside the western boundary of the site.  Towards the southern end of this, at (2), the dry heath becomes wetter and the species mix changes to a dominance of {\it Molinia caerulea} with an increase in {\it Erica tetralix} and the appearance of {\it Sphagnum compactum, S. palustre}.  Other species present in this community include {\it Dactylorhiza praetermissa, Hypericum elodes} and {\it Hydrocotyle vulgaris}.  This area whas extensively burnt in 1990 with {\it Molinia caerulea} the dominant re-vegetating species.  In some areas of this, the {\it Molinia caerulea} has become extremely tussocky and small depressions vegetated by such tussocky {\it Molinia caerulea, Cirsium dissectum, Juncus acutiflorus, J. effusus, Ulex gallii} and {\it Rubus fruticosus} and reminicent of acid marshy grassland, NVC M24.  Overall, the area appears to be threatened by scrub encroachment and increased drying of the more raised areas since previous surveys. {\it Ulex europaeus} is establishing over these parts of the heath.

There has also been scrub encroachment over the section south of the railway at the expense of the heath.  The open area is now covered by {\it Pteridium aquilinum} and scattered {\it Betula pendula} and {\it Quercus robur} scrub, with dense scrub and mature woodland developed around the periphery.  Therefore, the heathland recorded in the 1982 vegetation survey has since been lost.  The old railway is bordered by {\it Betula} sp., {\it Salix} sp.,{\it Prunus spinosa, Quercus robur} scrub and woodland.  However, its sides support herbs such as {\it Odontites vernus, Centaurium erythraea, Hypericum perforatum, Euphrasia officinalis and Verbena officinalis}.

The common is bordered by woodland that generally consists of dominant {\it Quercus robur} in association with {\it Betula pendula, Salix cinerea}, locally common {\it Fraxinus excelsior}, with much {\it Corylus avellana} and {\it Crataegus monogyna} in the understorey.  The margins of the open heath and sides of the tracks support important food plants such as {\it Eupatorium cannabinum} and {\it Succisa pratensis}.

An improved playing field has been constructed in the north-east of the common and a large clay quarry operates over approximately a third of the site, with acid grassland vegetation found around and between digs.  Many open pools exist within the quarry.

Roadside verges support vegetation characteristic of more calcareous and disturbed soils.  This includes species rare or uncommon in Devon, such as {\it Gymnadenia conopsea, Erigeron acer, Chaenorhinum minus and Linum bienne}.

MANAGE:
Ponds were dug adjacent to the quarry by the Devon Wildlife Trust in 1990.  Grazing on the common ceased ten years ago allowing scrub to invade across the site and letting some areas of heath and {\it Molinia caerulea} grow rank and species-poor with constant risk of fires.

The lack of grazing is in turn threatening rare and restricted species through a loss of the heathland communities.  A recent fire at (2) threatened the nearby colony of {\it Formica exsecta}.  The DWT currently manages the site through {\it Pteridium aquilinum} scrub and sapling clearance, cutting, controlled burning of {\it Calluna vulgaris} and creation of fire breaks to prevent any unwanted burning.  However, this is not reversing the gradual decline of the common to scrub and litter accumulation.

The DWT is now attempting to re-introduce grazing to the site as the most effective and least damaging method of managing these important habitats.  As the site is crossed by open roads, this will require stock-fencing the grazed areas.  The DWT is seeking assistance to fund the required fencing from Devon County Council and other sources.


FAUNA:
As part of CL 171, this site shares a long list of scrubland birds such as Yellowhammer, Willow Warbler, Whitethroat, Chiffchaff, as well as breeding Stonechat, Linnet, Tree pipit, and also possibly, Nightjar and Dartford Warbler.

VEG:
This site lies along the north-west border of Ideford Common.  It is a small strip of land consisting predominantly of species-rich scrub.  In the denser areas, {\it Quercus robur, Fagus sylvatica} and {\it Sorbus aucuparia} are present with {\it Pinus sylvestris} as the dominant establishing trees, whilst where the scrub opens out, {\it Betula tormentosa} and {\it Ulex gallii} become dominant.  Here a good ground flora of lowland dry dwarf shrub heath remains, including the characteristic {\it Calluna vulgaris, Ulex gallii, Erica cinerea, E. tetralix, Molinia caerulea} and {\it Agrostis curtisii}.

MANAGE:
At present, there is no management of the site as it lies outside the Ideford Common SSSI.  It is however, part of Devon Wildlife Trust's Beacon Hill Reserve.  At one time part conifer plantation, a mixed scrub is developing across the site.  As this provides good shelter for birds and habitat for invertebrates, there is little management necessary.  The more open areas of scurb with a heathy ground flora provide a diversity of habitats.  The common essentially acts as a buffer between the edge of Ideford Common heath and Haldon conifer plantation, providing the transition from heath to the conifer wood.


FAUNA:
Important breeding birds found on the common include Nightjar and Stonechat.  It is also a well-known feeding and roosting station for birds of prey, notably Hobby and Hen Harrier and there exist winter records for Jack Snipe and Great Grey Shrike (1988).  The nationally scarce Bog Bush-cricket and Silver-studded Blue butterfly are present, as well as a good representation of other more common species.  Mammals are also well-represented including Fox, Stoat, Weasel, Rabbit and Hare.

VEG:
The majority of the common comprises of dry heathland (NVC H4a southern lowland heath) dominated by building {\it Calluna vulgaris} (c.70 per cent), {\it Ulex gallii} with varying proportions of {\it Erica cinerea} and {\it E. tetralix}.  Frequent within the community are {\it Cladonia impexa, Molinia caerulea} and characteristic of heaths in South West England, {\it Agrostis curtisii.  Potentilla erecta} and {\it Vaccinium myrtillus} occur occasionally.  Mature {\it Pinus sylvestris} trees are dotted across this dry heath increasing in density to between 60 and 80 per cent cover at location (2).  A small area of mixed woodland has developed to the south.  At the edges of the common, {\it Ulex gallii, Betula tormentosa} scrub and continuous {\it Pteridium aquilinum} are present and in the extensive area of continuous scrub along the north west border, this also includes {\it Quercus robur, Fagus sylvatica} and {\it Sorbus aucuparia}.  Where scrub is less dense, dry heath vegetation remains as ground flora.

MANAGE:
The common is actively managed to reduce habitat loss through scrub encroachment and to maintain good heather condition.  Rotational burning across the expanse of dry heath has resulted in initial recolonisation by {\it Molinia caerulea} and {\it Festuca ovina}, but pioneer {\it Calluna vulgaris} is also appearing.  Felling of {\it Pinus sylvestris} has opened up areas of common, as has the cutting of {\it Ulex} scrub and litter clearance, as observed at location (1) alongside the path.

A settlement exists in the western corner of the site comprising of caravans both inhabited and dumped.  An area of common stretching from this has been fenced off and grazing, combined with fertilizing, has drastically changed the vegetation to semi-improved and species-poor acid grassland.  The caravans extend into the small areas of {\it Quercus robur} woodland above the grassland.  Here there has also been some caravan and vehicle dumping.


FAUNA:
Birds seen during survey: Buzzard, Swallow, Meadow Pipit.
Amphibians: Frog.

VEG:
The common is a section of the west-facing side of Dartmoor and includes typical blanket bog on the higher parts with acid grassland, {\it Pteridium aquilinum} and marshy grassland on the slopes. The northern parts are the slopes above the West Okement River and Black-a-tor Copse.
Acid grassland areas include species such as {\it Deschampsia flexuosa, Galium saxatile, Carex binervis, Agrostis curtisii}. The acid grassland is NVC U3 and U5 communities.

Large areas of dense {\it Pteridium aquilinum} lie west of Arms Tor and below Gren Tor.
Valley mires on the common contain species such as {\it Wahlembergia hederacea, Pedicularis sylvatica, Sphagnum palustre, Ranunculus flammula, Juncus acutiflorus, Anagallis tenella, Hydrocotyle vulgaris, Potamogeton polygonifolius, Polytrichum commune, Potentilla erecta}.
The high blanket bog areas (NVC M17a) support {\it Sphagnum capillifolium, S papillosum, S. auriculatum, Molinia caerulea, Eriophorum vaginatum, E. angustifolium, Trichophorum cespitosum, Erica tetralix, Erica cinerea, Drosera rotundifolia}.

Boulders and rocks have {\it Cladonia} spp. and {\it Racomitrum lanuginosum}. The dry heathland areas (NVC H18, H12,H4) support {\it Ulex gallii, Vaccinium myrtillus, Calluna vulgaris, Erica tetralix}.

MANAGE:
The Heather Condition maps of English Nature show extensive damage to heather cover by both sheep and cattle, with healthy heather found only on the slopes of Kitty Tor and Woodcock Hill.
{\it Pteridium aquilinum} is likely to spread throughout the lower slopes unless treated.


FAUNA:
Birds seen during survey: Crow, Kestrel.

VEG:
This triangle of land is acid grassland, predominantly NVC U4. Species present include {\it Deschampsia flexuosa, Galium saxatile, Agrostis stolonifera, Thymus} sp. {\it Polytrichum commune, Potentilla erecta, Nardus stricta}. There are some heath species such as {\it Calluna vulgaris, Vaccinium myrtillus, Ulex} sp.

The area is heavily grazed and much heath vegetation has been lost from the site.

MANAGE:
A reduction of grazing may restore some heath vegetation. The contouring sequence of banks facing north make for some diversity in the otherwise fairly constant vegetation.


FAUNA:
Birds seen by WPC during survey (24 8 95): Meadow Pipit, Carrion Crow, Wheatear, Raven, Swallow, Peregrine. 
Seen by MLA (23 8 96)  Swallow, Meadow Pipit, Goldfinch, Wren, Crows.

VEG:
NVC communities include: Impoverished H4, U4a, U4b, M25/H4, M25,M15, M23b, M25a, M23a, M6d, M4, M6c, M29.
The following Phase 1 habitats occurred:

D11
Dry western heath, in which {\it Ulex gallii} is the main dwarf shrub, with ericoids at low cover/frequency. {\it Pteridium} sometimes occurs amongst this (D11/C12 intermediates). This kind of D11 occurs particularly around the eastern fringes of the common. In other parts of the common {\it U. gallii} is less prominent, or absent (especially on higher ground). For example towards Wild Tor in the W. it is {\it Calluna} that dominates In the Scorhill area the low, grazed-down heath is 'grassy', with co-dominant {\it Calluna vulgaris, Molinia caerulea, Agrostis curtisii}, with occasional {\it U. gallii, Erica tetralix, and Carex binervis}. It has roughly 50:50 ratio of grasses to heathers in a uniform mix, and in NVC terms is probably intermediate to H4 and H12.

D2
This consists mostly of M15

B11	
Species include: {\it Agrostis capillaris, Anthoxanthum odoratum, Agrostis curtisii, Nardus stricta, Danthonia decumbens, Galium saxatile, Potentilla erecta}, and occasionals such as {\it Achillea millefolium, Hypochaeris radicata, Rumex acetosella} on tracks, plus other species such as {\it Vaccinium myrtillus, Ulex gallii, Dicranum scoparium}, ericoids and {\it Carex binervis}, especially of bouldery turf. It includes U3 and U4.

B5
In NVC terms this is mostly M25b, composed of non- or slightly-tussocky {\it Molinia caerulea}, with {\it Potentilla erecta, Nardus stricta}, occasionally {\it Juncus effusus, J. squarrosus, Calluna vulgaris, Luzula multiflora} and {\it Carex panicea}.  Wetter hollows are sometimes poached peat with local abundance of {\it Juncus effusus} or {\it J. bulbosus}. There are also some areas of M25a (see below). In places (eg. around the Wallabrook valley mire area} much of the M25 forms a mosaic with heathy hummocks in a large expanse of {\it Molinia caerulea}-dominated vegetation. Along the sides of streams M23b occurs, lining the banks with dense {\it Juncus effusus. Wahlembergia hederacea} is locally frequent in this vegetation. Near the Wallabrook bridges in the E. of the site most of the B5 is M25a, M25b and M23b.

E31
This is 'Valley Mire', much of which is a mosaic that includes a considerable amount of B5. Species include {\it Molinia caerulea, Erica tetralix, Potentilla erecta, Calluna vulgaris, Sphagna, Eriophorum angustifolium, Polygala serpyllifolia, Carex binervis, Juncus squarrosus, Hypnum jutlandicum, Campylopus introflexus, Leucobryum glaucum, Dicranum scoparium, Cladonia impexa} and {\it Vaccinium myrtillus} -the last few being confined to the tops of {\it Molinia caerulea} tussocks or small hummocks). In wetter areas there is some M23a with abundant {\it Juncus acutiflorus, J. effusus, Lotus uliginosus, Hydrocotyle vulgaris, Cardamine pratensis, Myosotis} spp., {\it Carex nigra} and {\it Polytrichum commune}. This grades into M6d where {\it Sphagnum recurvum} is abundant. There are also patches of M6c. Very wet stands with {\it S. auriculatum, S. cuspidatum, Hypericum elodes, Eriophorum angustifolium, Potamogeton polygonifolius, Drosera rotundifolia} and {\it Carex panicea} have characteristics of M29 soakaway and bog pool communities. There is a tiny area with locally dominant {\it Carex rostrata} accompanied by {\it Equisetum fluviatile, Menyanthes trifoliata} (rather local on Dartmoor) and {\it Ranunculus flammula}. This may represent a small stand of M4.

Intermediate Habitat Types:-  There are sizeable stands with characteristics of B11,B5 and D11 in the south of the site. These appear to be transitional to H4 and M25b in NVC terms, and probably represent an ecological transition from dry heath to valley mire downslope. The principal species here include {\it Molinia caerulea} and {\it Agrostis curtisii}, plus frequent {\it Ulex gallii, Calluna vulgaris, Erica tetralix, Danthonia decumbens,} and {\it Nardus stricta} - all sparsely occurring. Occasionals include {\it Erica cinerea, Carex binervis} and {\it Cladonia impexa}. The {\it Ulex gallii} forms rather scattered, small, individual hummocks. Small boulders protrude through the vegetation. At first glance it resembles a grassland rather than a heath, but dwarf shrubs just about attain 25 per cent cover. Where there is equal {\it Molinia caerulea}:H4 species the community is virtually a H4/M25 'hybrid'. Where the dwarf shrubs are of low cover-abundance then U3/M25 descibes it better.

A22 and A31
Scattered areas of scrub and trees include the following species: {\it Sorbus aucuparia, Betula} sp. {\it Alnus glutinosa, Ulex europaeus, Fagus sylvatica, Acer pseudoplatanus, Fraxinus excelsior, Salix cinerea}. These are confined to the eastern edges of the common.

C11
Dense {\it Pteridium aquilinum} near the site perimeter and roadside slopes.

G2 streams
Several. In SE running in a small rocky 'gorge'. The rocks have a good cover of bryophytes, plus ferns, {\it Sorbus aucuparia} and {\it Salix cinerea}.

I141 - Rock exposures on small tors, plus protruding boulders on slopes.

The Roundy Pound area has mostly B11 (with {\it Agrostis capillaris, Anthoxanthum odoratum, Potentilla erecta, Galium saxatile, Hypnum cupressiforme}) or C11 with scrub. Quite tall hummocks of {\it Ulex gallii} occur in the D5 area which is a mixture of U3 and H4.
Bushes of {\it Ulex europaeus} and {\it U.gallii} line the lane and occur amongst the {\it Pteridium aquilinum}. {\it Sorbus aucuparia} and {\it Salix cinerea} occur in the valley bottom.

MANAGE:
The site is heavily grazed by sheep, cattle and ponies. The B11 and D11 near the eastern edges seem to be the most heavily grazed. In these areas there is some 'carpet' growth form, and in the B11/D11 areas ericoids are often sparse (possibly due to overgrazing ?).

Further into the moor towards the west of the site, grazing pressure seems lower, and the ericoids grow a little taller. Most is of 'middle-age', and much is in a healthy condition.


FAUNA:
Birds seen during survey: Rooks, lapwings.

VEG:
This small area of commonland lies on the peripheral NE slopes of the East Dartmoor SSSI.
The vegetation consists of {\it Pteridium aquilinum}-covered lower slopes, plus unimproved acid grassland on the crest of the spur. The B11 is mostly referrable to NVC U4a and U3 grasslands. Species include {\it Festuca ovina, Agrostis curtisii, Nardus stricta, Anthoxanthum odoratum, Danthonia decumbens, Galium saxatile, Potentilla erecta}, and a low cover of subshrubs ({\it Ulex gallii, Erica cinerea, Calluna vulgaris}). The U3 areas approach H4 in places, but the dwarf shrub cover/abundance is too low for heath. The whole area is closely cropped by sheep. A few small {\it Ulex gallii} bushes are scattered near the bracken threshold, but most shrubs are in the 'carpet' form.

MANAGE:
Reduced grazing would increase species diversity.
{\it Pteridium aquilinum} could be controlled by spraying.


FAUNA:
Rooks, Lapwing, Whinchat, Wheatear, Grouse, Snipe, Curlew, Ring Ouzel, many invertebrates, (incl Emperor Moth), Buzzard, Raven.

VEG:
Most of the following is derived from the 1987 NVC survey by the NCC.

The heather-clad moorlands rise to nearly 500m above sea level at Hookney Tor, and the common forms part of he East Dartmoor SSSI which contains an important area of some of the best remaining heather moorland in Dartmoor. There are smaller areas of acid grassland, {\it Pteridium aquilinum} and valley mires.

D11   The heathland is mainly either NVC H12 (the majority), or H4 (especially on peripheral, slightly lower slopes). Intermediates also occur at the transition zones as in some areas to the E. of Challacombe Cross.

{\it Calluna vulgaris} dominates the H12. Where it grades into H4 or U3, {\it Agrostis curtisii} is present at high frequency. In the H4 areas, {\it Ulex gallii, Calluna vulgaris, Erica cinerea, Agrostis curtisii, Molinia caerulea, Potentilla erecta} plus lesser amounts of {\it Vaccinium myrtillus},and {\it Erica tetralix}, occur in what is generally a shrub-rich vegetation. {\it Ulex gallii} generally dominates the H4. In some peripheral areas (e.g. the Bovey Head area, and parts of Shapely Common} grazing/burning pressure has resulted in D11/B11 intermediate vegetation of U3/H12 or U3/H4 with co-dominant {\it Calluna vulgaris} and {\it Agrostis curtisii}. Some D11 has been replaced by acid grassland in these areas.

B11	  
Unimproved acid grassland is of relatively limited extent,and mostly occurs around the site periphery on the lower slopes amongst the stands of {\it Pteridium aquilinum}. NVC communities include U3 and U4a. Species present include: {\it Agrostis curtisii, Agrostis capillaris, Festuca ovina, Nardus stricta, Molinia caerulea, Potentilla erecta, Galium saxatile, Carex panicea, Carex binervis, Danthonia, decumbens, Anthoxanthum odoratum, Luzula multiflora/ campestris} and {\it Rhytidiadelphus squarrosus}.  Areas with much {\it Nardus} may be referred to as U4e or even U5. There are a few dwarrf shrubs (grazed down) such as {\it Calluna vulgaris} and {\it Ulex gallii} in places.

C11		
Valley sides and peripheral slopes support quite extensive areas of {\it Pteridium aquilinum}. Most is NVC U20b with {\it Anthoxanthum odoratum, Galium saxatile}, various grasses, {\it Potentilla erecta, Rumex acetosa, R. acetosella} and {\it Carex binervis}, but generally species-poor. There are a few localised stands of U20a with a more heathy understorey of {\it Vaccinium myrtillus, Dicranum scoparium} and H12 type species.

B5	
Areas of {\it Molinia caerulea} vegetation are small and associated with the valley mires. NVC includes M25a.

E31		
Valley mires associated with heads of tributaries of the R. Bovey and R. Webburn include a good range of species and NVC communities and cover a sizeable area. NVC communities present include M6a, M6c, M4, M6d, M23a, M25a, M15, M16, M29 and M21. These often intermingle to form complex mosaics divided by watery runnels/soakaways. Species present include: {\it Sphagnum recurvum, S. auriculatum, S. compactum, S. papillosum, Carex echinata, C. panicea, C. nigra, Deschampsia flexuosa, Anthoxanthum odoratum, Molinia caerulea, Nardus stricta, Juncus effusus, J. acutiflorus, J. bulbosus, Trichophorum cespitosum, Eriophorum angustifolium, Eleocharis multicaulis, Narthecium ossifragum, Drosera rotundifolia, Ranunculus flammula, Hypericum elodes, Potamogeton polygonifolius, Anagallis tenella, Pedicularis sylvatica, P. palustris, Viola palustris, Epilobium palustre, Lotus uliginosus, Scutellaria minor, Erica tetralix, Wahlenbergia hederacea, Cirsium palustre, Carex demissa, Succisa pratensis, Aulocomnium palustre, Polytrichum commune, Sphagnum palustre}.

E21		
Small acid flushes on steep valley sides above streams include communities and species similar to the above. NVC communities include M6a, M6c and M29. Species include  {\it Carex echinata, Sphagnum palustre, S. auriculatum, Polytrichum commune, Aulacomnium palustre, Juncus effusus, J. bulbosus, Carex viridula} ssp.{\it oedocarpa}, Drosera rotundifolia, Narthecium ossifragum, Eriophorum angustifolium, Molinia caerulea, Erica tetralix, Juncus squarrosus, Cirsium palustre, Viola palustre, Potomageton polygonifolius, Lotus pedunculatus}.

D2		
Small areas of M15b and sometimes M16 wet heath are mainly associated with the valley mires.

MANAGE:
Management and Heather Condition:
The common is grazed by sheep, ponies and cattle, and burning is permitted on small areas of the heath, although the bulk of the D11 area is prescribed to be left unburnt. Some areas (especially the B11 and B11/D11) are very hard-grazed, particularly by the sheep. The dwarf shrubs in these areas are 'carpet', except for scattered {\it Ulex gallii} clumps. However, much of the D11 is in good condition, especially the H12 areas, with no overgrazing. Overgrazing seems to be concentrated on the B11/D11 and H4 areas more. {\it Pteridium aquilinum} is quite extensive on some slopes (e.g.Green Combe) and may be encroaching onto the heathland, e.g. around Birch Tor and Shapely Tor. Comparison of the 1992 airphotos and 1987 NVC airphoto/NVC maps show bracken had spread into the heath particularly in these areas.

Dartmoor National Park has sprayed {\it Pteridium aquilinum} on this common over several seasons.
There has been considerable path erosion on this common in recent years which is of active concern to the DNP.


FAUNA:
Seen on site visit:
Swallow, Meadow Pipit, Carrion Crows, Lark, Red Admiral, Tortoiseshell and Small Heath Butterfly and Dragonfly species (not identified).

VEG:
Upland vegetation typical of north Dartmoor, with dry dwarf shrub heath on the hilltops and higher, drier ground; bracken on the drier slopes near roads at the eastern perimeter; plus "grass-heath"; acid grassland.  Towards the interior of Dartmoor in the west of the common, wet dwarf shrub heath and blanket bog occur.  On wetter slopes and in stream valleys are areas of {\it Molinia caerulea} dominated vegetation, plus valley mire communities and bog pools.

The probable NVC communities present include: U4a, U3, U20, H4, H4/U3, H12, M15, M23b, M25a, M25b and small areas of M1 with M17.

B11 - This is mostly limited to the eastern end of the common.  Species include {\it Agrostis capillaris} (often dominant), abundant {\it Festuca ovina}, frequent {\it Galium saxatile, Potentilla erecta} and {\it Anthoxanthum odoratum}.  There are also areas of locally frequent {\it Carex binervis} or {\it Hypochoeris radicata} - the latter especially on trampled paths.  Further uphill and further onto the moor, {\it Agrostis curtisii} appears and becomes increasingly abundant, so that U4a near the common margins gives way to U3 and H4 further up.  {\it Nardus stricta} is locally frequent in the acid grassland giving a U5 tendency in places.

D11 - Dry dwarf shrub heath is principally of two kinds on the common - with {\it Ulex gallii} as a prominent component, or with {\it Calluna vulgaris} as the principal sub-shrub.  The northeast spur of Kennon Hill mainly supports the former, Kennon Hill and higher ground supports the latter.

The {\it Ulex gallii} heath corresponds to NVC H4 and includes the following species at high frequencies: {\it Ulex gallii, Agrostis curtisii, Molinia caerulea, Erica cinerea, Calluna vulgaris, Galium saxatile, Carex binervis, Potentilla  erecta and Agrostis capillaris}.  On higher ground {\it Vaccinium myrtillus} enters this vegetation.  {\it Ulex gallii} is generally the dominant dwarf shrub.  The H4 is often grassy and short on this site, and in some places forms a small scale mosaic with U3 patches to give D5, but in other places the hummocks of dwarf shrubs coalesce crowding out the grass cover.

On Kennon Hill the D11 consists mainly of {\it Calluna vulgaris}, plus frequent non-tussocky {\it Molinia caerulea} and frequent {\it Agrostis curtisii} and {\it Erica tetralix} (i.e. the {\it Ulex gallii} and {\it Erica cinerea} drop out of the vegetation higher uphill).  Other species include {\it Pleurozium schreberi, Carex panicea, Polygala serpyllifolia} and {\it Vaccinium myrtillus}.  It is probably H12 in NVC.

B5 - Most of the marshy grassland is dominated by {\it Molinia caerulea} and occurs on wetter slopes above streams.  The {\it Molinia caerulea} consists of small tussocks due to the cattle grazing.  Most is referrable to M25a and M25b in NVC terms.  It also occurs alongside the streams in a mosaic with other communities.  Other species commonly occurring in this vegetation include:  {\it Nardus stricta, Juncus squarrosus, Anthoxanthum odoratum, Carex binervis, Calluna vulgaris, Erica tetralix, Juncus effusus, Polygala serpyllifolia, Luzula multiflora, Carex panicea, Potentilla erecta and Danthonia decumbens}.  Occasional/rare species are {\it Vaccinium myrtillus, Scirpus cespitosus, Sphagnum auriculatum, S. compactum, Campylopus spp}. and {\it Cladonia} spp..  There are local tendencies towards wet dwarf shrub heath.  In some stands the {\it Molinia caerulea} is closely grazed and forms a "lawn".

There are areas of vegetation intermediate between acid grassland and marshy grassland with abundant {\it Molinia caerulea} and {\it Agrostis curtisii} (U3/M25), and also between drier and wetter soils along slopes.  The above 3 communities also form mosaics in the central part of the common - to the east is drier and lower, to the west is higher and wetter ground.

D2 - West dwarf shrub heath belonging to the NVC community M15 covers a large area in the south west of the common towards Hound Tor, and across to the slopes of Kennon Hill.  It is generally a rather uniform, species-poor sward composed principally of {\it Molinia caerulea, Calluna vulgaris, Trichophorum cespitosum} and {\it Agrostis curtisii}.  {\it Calluna vulgaris} is the dominant species.  {\it Racomitrium lanuginosum} and {\it Cladonia impexa (portentosa)} occur occasionally.  On hummocks within this there are drier patches transitional to D11 which have a little {\it Erica cinerea} and no {\it Trichophorum cespitosum}.  It grades into marshy grassland and valley mire communities.  The M15 is mostly on relatively shallow peat and therefore, assigned to D2, however, where it occurs on deeper peat, it is referrable to blanket bog, E1.  It is mapped as E1/D2 in such areas.

E17 - Blanket mire on the slopes of Wild Tor and Hound Tor comprises the same species as the D2 described above, but is on deeper peat.  There is little {\it Sphagna} and no bog pools.  It is in effect still the NVC community M15.

E31 - Valley mires occur along the main streams and at the head of the streams grade into blanket mire and wet heath.  Species present include: {\it  Molinia caerulea, Eriophorum angustifolium, Sphagna} (including {\it S. auriculatum), Erica tetralix, Narthecium ossifragum, Drosera rotundifolia, Juncus squarrosus, Eriophorum vaginatum, Polytrichum commune, Sphagnum cuspidatum, Sphagnum papillosum} and {\it Sphagnum capillifolium}.  In NVC terms these mires probably include a mosaic of M25, M15, M1 and near Raybarrow Pool, M17.

G2 streams - Two main streams occur along the North and South CL boundaries.  The fording places are often poached by stock.  They are typical oligotrophic upland streams lined with patches of B5, C12 and with species such as {\it Ranunculus flammula, Sphagna} and {\it Ranunculus omiophyllus} present at the edges.  In poached areas, {\it Juncus bufonius} occurs.

C11 - Dense bracken grows over grassy species-poor swards in places.  In others it appears to be encroaching over the H4.  It only occurs in the eastern edges of the common on the lower slopes.

MANAGE:
Mostly the heather is moderately grazed only and appears healthy, growing as low hummocks in the H4 along with {\it Ulex gallii}, or as an even {\it Calluna vulgaris} dominated sward of young to medium aged plants in the M15 stands.

In areas more heavily grazed in the eastern half of the common, there is some "carpet" {\it Calluna vulgaris} in places.

Stocked with mainly cattle and sheep, plus a few ponies.  Grazing is (light to) moderate overall. {\it Pteridium aquilinum} appears to be showing some encroachment onto the {\it Ulex gallii} heath in places.


FAUNA:
Abundant Small Tortoiseshell were observed and Hedge Brown.  As well as typical scrub and woodland birds, a Buzzard was noted overhead.

VEG:
Nearest to the road, the vegetation has been heavily grazed and improved to a species-poor grassland.  A few acid species remain, but are joined by those characteristic of improvement, {\it Lolium perenne, Holcus lanatus, Cynosurus cristatus, Trifolium repens, Ranunculus repens} as well as {\it Agrostis capillaris} and {\it Deschampsia cespitosa} (possibly NVC MG5).  A large area of mature {\it Salix} scrub, with extensive bryophyte and lichen cover and the common {\it Juncus effusus, Deschampsia cesptosa} and {\it Holcus lanatus} ground flora, then encircles an open area of marshy grassland.  This habitat supports mixtures of dominant {\it Juncus effusus} and {\it Holcus lanatus} over abundant {\it Galium palustre, Angelica sylvestris, Lotus corniculatus, Ranunculus repens, Rumex acetosa, Stellaria alsine, Epilobium palustre} and frequent {\it Valeriana officinalis, Deschampsia cespitosa, Cirsium palustre} with occasional {\it Myosotis scorpioides}.

Further upslope, the wet {\it Salix} scrub becomes drier broadleaved woodland with old {\it Corylus avellana, Crataegus monogyna} and {\it Fraxinus excelsior}.  Some {\it Betula pubescens, Quercus robur} and {\it Sambucus nigra} occasionally join.  The wood does not appear to have been coppiced.  There is little sign of regeneration, possibly due to grazing.  The understorey and ground flora include {\it Lonicera periclymenum, Carex remota, Hedera helix} and {\it Mentha aquatica}.

Occasional areas have been cleared where the wood grades closest to the {\it Salix} scrub.  A {\it Rubus fruticosus} understorey has developed.

MANAGE:
Parts of the common have been heavily grazed whilst over the majority of the site, the scrub has become dense and seedlings of {\it Salix} are appearing throughout the remaining open area of marshy grassland.  Some wood felling has occurred, apparently for the purpose of scrub clearance. Note area at (1), there has been a large amount of waste dumping, which may pose a threat to the site.


FAUNA:
The site has been recorded as important for its healthy Silver-studded Blue butterfly colonies.  Common blue was also noted on the improved field during field survey.  The scrubbed areas and mature trees provide a good habitat for common woodland birds such as Chiffchaff and often Willow Warblers.

VEG:
A strip of broadleaved woodland borders the common consisting of {\it Quercus robur, Acer pseudoplatanus} and {\it Fraxinus excelsior} dominants.  This grades into {\it Betula pubescens} scrub which is encroaching onto the higher dry heath of well-developed {\it Calluna vulgaris} (c. 60 per cent), {\it Ulex gallii}, and {\it Erica cinerea}, found towards the centre of the common.  Patchy {\it Pteridium aquilinum}, both over heath and species-poor can be found here and {\it Betula} scrub and seedlings are scattered across the dry heath. 

The landfill area in the north-west corner is inaccessible and surrounded by scattered scrub and by woodland on the roadsides.

The bottom third of the site consists of improved grassland used for archery, goat-grazing and camping.  On some less improved areas a few acid grasses become more dominant in the sward.

MANAGE:
The site is managed by the RSPB to attempt to control the scrub and bracken encroachment across the open heath. 

The rest of the site is managed for recreational or landfill purposes with the consequent loss of semi-natural habitat.


FAUNA:
Ravens (quite numerous), Meadow Pipits, Buzzards, Kestrel, Stonechat, Wren, Wheatear, Lark, Jay, Snipe, Shrew, Rabbits, Red Admiral, Small Copper, Cuckoo Bee, Craneflies, Micromoths, Tree Pipit, Various orthoptera and Bumble Bee species.

VEG:
This large upland common abutts agricultural land in the south, and reaches into the heart of Dartmoor at its northern extremity.  It is bounded to the north, east and west by CLs 164, 161 and 195 respectively, and they all form part of a very large stretch of common land in the south of Dartmoor.  The vegetation is typical of Dartmoor and encompasses a range of habitats from the acid grassland, {\it Pteridium aquilinum} and dry western heath in the south of the CL, to the blanket bog, wet heath and marshy grassland in the north of the common.

D11 - Dry dwarf shrub heath is mostly confined to the slightly drier, southern arm of the CL.  There is also an ecological gradient exhibited within the NVC heath communities present, which reflects altitude and drainage/soils.  NVC community H4 occupies the lower and drier areas in the extreme south of the CL.  With increased altitude and going northwards into the heart of the moor, H12 replaces the H4.

Species characteristic of the H4 include frequent/abundant {\it Ulex gallii, Calluna vulgaris} and {\it Agrostis curtisii}, frequent {\it Vaccinium myrtillus, Molinia caerulea} and {\it Anthoxanthum odoratum}.  In many areas (eg. Spurrells' Cross area) the sward is hard-grazed and very 'grassy' with low growth of dwarf shrubs and is intermediate to acid grassland (mapped as "D11/B11").  However, some of the H4 is well-characterised and also has frequent {\it Erica cinerea}, but this quality of sward is patchy.  {\it Ulex gallii} is often the most prominent/conspicuous dwarf shrub present, particularly in overgrazed areas.

D11 probably assignable to NVC H12 has abundant {\it Vaccinium myrtillus}, frequent-to-abundant {\it Calluna vulgaris}, abundant {\it Deschampsia flexuosa}, abundant {\it Agrostis curtisii} (indicating affinities with H4), plus {\it Molinia caerulea, Galium saxatile, Potentilla erecta} and the moss {\it Pleurozium schreberi} at high frequencies.  This community grades into H4 and U3 to the south, and M25b to the north, and often forms mosaics and intermediates.  Like the H4, some of the H12 is very 'grassy', almost a 'grass-heath' with co-dominance of {\it Calluna vulgaris, Vaccinium myrtillus} and {\it Molinia caerulea} and {\it Agrostis} spp.

B11 - Acid grassland is quite extensive in the south of the site and occupies dry hummocky areas (eg. old tin workings) in the north of the CL.  NVC communities present include U3, U4 and U5.  A narrow band of B12 between Owley and Peek Moor Gates is NVC U4b.  U3 covers large areas (eg. on the east side of Butterdon Hill) and grades locally into H4.  It is dominated by {\it Agrostis curtisii}, with small amounts of {\it Calluna vulgaris} and occasional {\it Ulex gallii}.

U4a, U4e and localised areas of U5 also occur (eg. in the Spurrells' Cross - Glasscombe Ball area).  Prominent species include {\it Agrostis capillaris, Festuca ovina, Nardus stricta, Potentilla erecta, Galium saxatile, Carex binervis} and occasional {\it Ulex gallii} and {\it Vaccinium myrtillus} higher up where the grassland grades into dry heath vegetation.  {\it Molinia caerulea} and {\it Juncus squarrosus} are locally frequent in some areas.

B11/D11 - Intermediate 'grass-heath' vegetation superficially resembles U3, but is intermediate H4/U3 in the south of the site, around Ugborough Beacon and Butterdon Hill.  {\it Agrostis curtisii} is very abundant, but closely-grazed {\it Erica cinerea, Calluna vulgaris} and {\it Ulex gallii} are also frequent in the sward.

Other areas of D11/B11 (eg. in the Crossways area) more to the north and on higher ground, are a kind of grazed-down {\it Vaccinium myrtillus} heath, and a 'grass-heath' of 'carpet' {\it Vaccinium myrtillus} hummocks with {\it Calluna vulgaris, Agrostis capillaris, Festuca ovina, Galium saxatile, Potentilla erecta, Nardus stricta,} etc., ie. an H12/U4 or H12/U5 intermediate.  H12/U3 also occurs in the middle of the CL.

D5 - Differs from the above in being a true mosaic of U3 and H4 patches.

C11 and C12 - Dense continuous and scattered {\it Pteridium aquilinum} associated with B11, are extensive on the lower slopes, particularly in the southern half of the CL.  Scattered {\it Sorbus aucuparia} and {\it Crataegus monogyna} tend to be present in much of this vegetation, with the occasional bush of {\it Ilex aquifolium} also found.  {\it Ulex europaeus} is also locally frequent (eg. the southern slope of Western Beacon).  Small patches of {\it Pteridium aquilinum} often line streambeds and sides where they often form a mosaic with B11 and E21 patches.

E17 - Modified blanket bog occurs on higher ground, on deeper peat, in the northern half of the common.  It mostly consists of {\it Molinia}-dominated vegetation, much of which is referrable to NVC communities M25a, M25b and M15.  Most of it is on peat deeper than 0.5m and therefore, falls into Phase 1 category E17.  However, on shallower peat the same NVC communities fall into the Phase 1 categories B5 "marshy grassland", for the M25, or D2 "wet heath", for the M15 stands.  Since it is not always possible to ascertain peat depth, these stands are mapped as E17/B5 or E17/D2, according to which NVC community (M25 or M15 respectively) is predominant in an area.  The M25b and M15 also form mosaics and intermediates.  The M25 is generally slightly tussocky, {\it Molinia}-dominated, species-poor vegetation with a low cover of {\it Calluna vulgaris, Vaccinium myrtillus, Agrostis capillaris, Nardus stricta} and occasional {\it Potentilla erecta} and {\it Trichophorum cespitosum}.

The M15 is generally short-cropped sward with small areas of bare peat, sparse 'lawn' non-tussocky {\it Molinia caerulea}, abundant {\it Trichophorum cespitosum}, frequent {\it Erica tetralix, Calluna vulgaris, Vaccinium myrtillus, Narthecium ossifragum, Potentilla erecta, Hypnum jutlandicum/cupressiforme, Campylopus} spp. and occasional {\it Sphagna} spp. (including {\it S. subnitens}).

Few true bogpools were seen, although in some of the D2/E17, there are wet peaty hollows with {\it Sphagnum cuspidatum} (dry at time of survey).  However, there is not a well-developed hummock-and-hollow system as in true, unmodified blanket bog.  This is closer to M15 wet heath on deeper peat, with occasional hollows/wet spots.  {\it Sphagna} are not very abundant over much of the E17 area.

E21 - Acid flushes associated with the streams often consist of mosaics of NVC communities M6a, M6c and M29.  Species present include {\it Molinia caerulea, Juncus effusus, Eriophorum angustifolium, Narthecium ossifragum, Hydrocotyle vulgaris, Potamogeton polygonifolius, Hypericum elodes, Agrostis canina, Viola palustris, Drosera rotundifolia, Erica tetralix, Carex panicea, C. viridula} spp. {\it oedocarpa}, Polytrichum} sp., {\it Sphagnum recurvum} and {\it S. auriculatum.}  In the West Glazebrook area this is very poached by stock.  Along streams there is often a hummocky mosaic of riverine bouldery/shingle I141 deposits midstream, supporting B11 and D11, with E21 areas in hollows and along the banks and slopes above the streambed.  Springheads give rise to many of the streams and support E21 also.  The springhead at Scadbrook in the SW of the CL supports a small E22 bryophyte flush.

G2 and G1 - Most of the streams are typical upland oligotrophic streams (G2).  There is a small pool (G1) just north of Butterdon Hill, which is very poached and of little interest botanically, being mainly peat with {\it Ranunculus omiophyllus}.  A small, deep, peaty lake, in old workings in the Leftlake mires area, supports few aquatics other than {\it Potamogeton} spp..

I141 - Granite tors and outcrops often attract stock to congregate and shelter, and may also have increased trampling pressure by visitors.  B12 is often present with species such as {\it Agrostis capillaris, Rumex acetosella} abundant amongst the sheep droppings!  {\it Sedum anglicum} occurs amongst the rocks.

In summary, the main NVC communities on the common include U3, U4, H4, H12, U20, M15, M25 and lesser amounts of M6, M23, U5 and M29.

MANAGE:
The area is grazed mainly by cattle and sheep, but also by a few ponies.  The stocking rate in the south seems to be fairly high, and the sheep seem to concentrate on the B11 there, which is often very closely-grazed.  On the {\it Molinia}-dominated areas in the northern half, the cattle seem to be more prevalent than sheep, and overgrazing seems less of a problem.

Severe overgrazing is mainly in the south of the CL, between Butterdon and Ugborough Beacon to the west of Spurrels' Cross on the grassy slopes there and on the southern slopes of Three Barrows and Glasscombe Ball Hills.

North of Three Barrows much of the heather is healthy in the E17 and along the ridge running south from Three Barrows it is slightly overgrazed.  The latter is allowed to be burnt.  Much of this is NVC H12 and althought the heather is fairly short, and ericoids are not dominant, they are in good condition.  Amongst the {\it Molinia} tussocks of the M25, the ericoids, thought often sparse, are slightly protected and relatively healthy.  The M15 is often more heavily grazed than the M25, with 'carpet' heathers in some stands.

Much of the B11/D11 especially the U3/H4 stands in the south, are heavily grazed, with sparse, carpet growth of the sub-shrubs - even the {\it Ulex gallii} in places.


VEG:
The site occupies a lowland position on gentle south-facing slopes on the outskirts of Dartmoor.  It mainly supports {\it Pteridium aquilinum}, scrub and a tiny area of woodland and grassland.

Species present in the scrub and {\it Pteridium aquilinum} include {\it Salix} sp., {\it Crataegus monogyna}, sapling {\it Quercus} sp., {\it Rubus fruticosus}, and {\it Ulex europaeus}.  Species present in the tiny area of oak woodland include {\it Quercus} sp., {\it Fraxinus excelsior, Prunus spinosa, Corylus avellana} understorey, {\it Salix} sp., {\it Crataegus monogyna, Rubus fruticosus, Hedera helix, Urtica dioica, Ranunculus repens, Filipendula ulmaria, Holcus mollis, Juncus effusus, Cardamine flexuosa, Mentha aquatica, Cirsium vulgare, C. palustre, Centaurea nigra, Lotus pedunculatus, Hypericum tetrapterum, Angelica sylvestris, Eupatorium cannabinum} and on the older {\it Quercus} sp., {\it Polypodium} ferns, mosses such as {\it Hypnum mammillatum}, lichens such as {\it Usnea} sp..

Species in the intact boundary hedge along the road include: {\it Crataegus monogyna, Sambucus nigra, Salix} sp., {\it Acer pseudoplatanus, Ulex europaeus, Rubus fruticosus, Rosa} cf.{\it  canina, Lonicera periclymenum, Artemisia vulgaris, Silene dioica, Pteridium aquilinum} and {\it Eupatorium cannabinum}.

MANAGE:
The site is rather overgrown for the most part and appears largely unmanaged.  However, boundaries and gates are intact and stock (cattle) footprints in the mud of the A111 in the north end suggest some use of stock.  None were present at the time of survey.


FAUNA:
Fauna seen: Blackbird, Carrion Crow, Robin, Wren, Wheatear, Meadow Pipit.

VEG:
Most of the common consists of Bracken-covered slopes (C11) amongst which is scattered scrub (A22) of {\it Crataegus monogyna} and {\it Rubus fruticosus}.  Less frequent scrub species include {\it Ulex europaeus}, {\it Prunus spinosa, Corylus avellana} and sapling {\it Acer pseudoplatanus}. In places the C11 is very tall and dense, with little growing beneath it, in others the Bracken canopy is less dense and grows over acid grassland.  In NVC terms, these are U20c and U20a.  Stands of semi-improved acid grassland (B12) referrable to NVC community U4b occur in the open and beneath Bracken.  U1 occurs on hummock tops.  Acid grassland (B11) is of the NVC type U4a.  It occurs as small closely cropped open areas in gaps in the Bracken, and beneath the Bracken canopy (where it is more open) and forms part of the U20a.  Species occuring in the acid grassland and beneath Bracken in the U20a include: {\it Agrostis capillaris, Festuca rubra, Poa pratensis, Galium saxatile, Potentilla erecta, Hypochoeris radicata, Leontodon autumnalis, Taraxacum officinale} agg., {\it Achillea millefolium, Bellis perennis, Veronica chamaedrys, V. officinalis, Glechoma hederacea, Rumex acetosa, R. acetosella, Ranunculus repens, Cerastium fontanum, Lolium perenne, Trifolium repens, Digitalis purpurea, Luzula campestris/multiflora, Plantago lanceolata, Eurynchium praelongum, Rhytidiadelphus squarrosus} and {\it Pseudoscleropodium purum}.

Small boulders/rocky outcrops in the grass have {\it Sedum anglicum, Dicranum scoparium} and {\it Pleurozium schreberi} associated with them.

Thre is a small area of neutral, poor grassland (MG6) with {\it Lolium perenne, Agrostis capillaris} and {\it Holcus lanatus}, adjacent to the carpark.

Two small wooded areas are mainly {\it Quercus} spp. with {\it Corylus avellana} understorey.  Other canopy species are {\it Betula pendula, Acer pseudoplatanus, Fraxinus excelsior} and {\it Fagus sylvatica} (all at lower frequency).  Other species in the understorey include: {\it Sambucus nigra, Lonicera periclymenum, Salix cf. cinerea} (near the stream), {\it Sorbus aucuparia} (rare) and {\it Prunus spinosa}.  Ground flora species include {\it Pteridium aquilinum, Hedera helix, Silene dioica, Atrichum undulatum} and {\it Eurynchium striatum}.  This is possibly NVC community W10, it grades locally into areas of dense scrub (A21).  Areas of dense scrub are principally composed of {\it Crataegus monogyna}, with {\it Prunus spinosa, Hedera helix, Lonicera periclymenum, Rosa} sp. (cf.{\it  canina}), {\it Pteridium aquilinum, Sorbus aucuparia} (rare),{\it  Ulex europaeus} (rare) and {\it Rubus fruticosus} agg..  Most is referrable to NVC community W21, with lesser areas of W25.

A small oligotrophic stream, roughly 1m across at widest, runs parallel to the NE site boundary.  Wetland species associated with the stream include:  {\it Filipendula ulmaria, Cardamine flexuosa, C. pratensis, C. hirsuta, Mentha aquatica, Ranunculus repens, R. aquatilis, Nasturtium officinale and Mimulus guttatus}.

MANAGE:
Appears mostly unmanaged with scrub and {\it Pteridium aquilinum} in abundance.  Possibly some sheep-grazing (no stock seen).


FAUNA:
The fauna seen are described for the 7 main sections. See maps.

Section 1: Lydford Inner Common (Main N. Dartmoor area) 
Birds seen during survey: Meadow pipits, Chaffinch, Magpie, Buzzard, Kestrel.
Recorded: Golden Plover, Dunlin, Whinchat, Ring Ouzel, Wheatear.

Section 2: Ter Hill, Skir Hill, Ryders Hill, Nakers Hill, Caters Beam and Green Hill area.
Birds recorded: Red grouse, Ring ouzel, Golden plover, Snipe, Dunlin, Whinchat, Wheatear, Buzzard, Kestrel, Raven.

Section 2b: Down Ridge, Hexworthy and Swincombe area.
Birds seen during survey: Great tit, Swallow, Meadow pipit, Stonechat, Raven, Carrion Crow, Buzzard.
Also Dragonflies, various craneflies, Bumble bees, Red Admirals.

Section 3: Forest of Dartmoor (South), Merripit Hill, Water Hill and Statts Bridge.
Birds seen during survey: Meadow pipit, Snipe.

Section 4: Riddon Ridge: 
Birds seen during survey:  Buzzard, Carrion Crow, Swallow, Meadow pipit, Stonechat, Snipe, Raven, Dipper, Grey Wagtail. Also Foxmoth caterpillar, Craneflies, water skaters.

Section 5: Crane Hill, Green Hill.
Not visited but adjacent S Dartmoor SSSI supports Red grouse, Dunlin, Snipe, Whinchat, Wheatear.

Section 6: Between Stonetor and Thornworthy Hills
No fauna records.

Section 7: by Lower Cherrybrook Bridge.
Birds seen during the survey:  Grey Wagtail, Pied wagtail, Meadow pipit, Carrion Crow, Heron.
Foxmoth caterpillars.

MANAGE:
SECTION 1  North Dartmoor. Lydford Inner Common.

Large areas of good heather cover still exist on the blanket bog and heathland of this section, such as on Wild Tor. However the northern areas have considerable heather damage due to overgrazing and damage by military exercises. The Great Kneeset, Fur Tor and Meads area shows livestock damage. The Commoners argue that the relative dryness of this area has exacerbated damage and that there has not been much heather cover here in living memory.

The grazing of the damaged areas north of Okement Hill should be reduced and burning restricted to areas such as Hound Tor and Wild Tor

SECTION 2a.   Ter Hill, Skir Hill, Ryder's Hill, Naker's Hill, Cater's Beam and Green Hill area.

Cattle are the most numerous grazers, although ponies and sheep are also present. The cattle and ponies make heavy use of the {\it Molinia} vegetation. There is also some management by burning of bogs, heath and {\it Molinia}. Near Crossways and between Naker's Hill and Ter Hill are areas of D2/E1 that are designated to be left unburnt.

Many areas are rather unsuitable for heather e.g. the large valley mires. Slightly overgrazed heather occurs on valley sides around the periphery of the common. There is some severely overgrazed heather just north of Cater's Beam. However, much of the heather is rather sparse amongst the wet bog vegetation and is protected to a degree by this.

SECTION 2b.Down Ridge, Hexworthy and Swincombe area
Cattle, ponies and sheep graze this area of common. Most of the {\it Molinia} is moderately grazed (mostly by cattle) and slightly tussocky on the drierslopes. In some of the E21 and E31 large tussocks occur where it is very wet and less grazed.

In other areas of E21 and E31 there is considerable poaching by stock especially near pools in the stream of Deep Swincombe and the E2 (M29) near the R. Swincombe Reservoir area.
Much of the D5 and B11 show signs of quite severe overgrazing, with 'carpet' {\it Calluna} and short aparse growth of dwarf shrubs in general.
With the {\it Molinia}-dominated B5 there are some signs of overgrazed heather ('drumstick' growth, of {\it Calluna} and leggy {\it Ulex gallii}) but less so than in the D5. East of the D5 near R. Swincombe has 'leggy' drumstick {\it Ulex gallii} plus 'carpet' {\it Calluna}.
The blanket mire has sparse but generally healthy heather, though some of the M15 areas are closely grazed. 

SECTION 3  Forest of Dartmoor within Lydford Parish including Merripit Hill, Water Hill and Statts Bridge.
The heather on this section is in good condition and older than 10 years. There is some damage on the southern edge of the common and {\it Pteridium aquilinum} invasion above Walla Brook.

SECTION 4. Riddon Ridge.

The common is grazed by cattle, sheep and ponies - quite closely grazed in places, particularly the B11 and D2 areas.
Healthy heather occur on the summit of Riddon Ridge, where there are reasonable size {\it Erica cinerea} hummocks amongst the H4. Elsewhere there are signs of overgrazing with closely-grazed 'carpet' {\it Calluna vulgaris} and {\it Erica tetralix} in the D2, carpet {\it Calluna vulgaris} in the D5 and B11 areas. In most of the areas mapped as B11, and in the north and southernmost stands D5 stands, any heather present is quite severely overgrazed.
Burning is allowed and several recently burned areas wrere present at the time of the survey 9seepositions on the map). The {\it Ulex gallii} was beginning to regenerate amongst a U3 type sward in these areas.

SECTION 5.  Crane Hill, Green Hill, Nun's Cross and areas above Whiteworks.
Cattle, sheep and probably ponies graze this area. The areas around Plym Head support good heather but otherwise the heather in in retreat and generally in poor condition. Quoting the English Nature text that accompanies the Heather Condition maps remedial measure is an overall reduction in stock numbers and the halting of the practice of over-wintering cattle'. 


SECTION 6.
This section was not covered in detail in this survey. It is a mosaic of acid grassland and dry/wet heaths of unknown grazing level.

SECTION 7. 
Area of common land near Dunnabridge. 
The main common area is grazed by cattle, ponies and sheep. The {\it Molinia caerulea} is moderately tussocky and grazed fairly lightly. The B11 and B12 areas, especially near Cherry Brook and the car parks are closely-grazed.  Some of the E21 and E31 areas are quite heavily poached and species-impoverished. In the M25/H4 areas (B5/D5) some of the {\it Ulex gallii} is rather 'leggy' but mostly it forms clumps. In the North half amongst the M25b the dwarf shrubs are sparse and tend to be 'leggy' and 'drumstick' in growth form. Some areas of 'carpet' {\it Calluna vulgaris} growth occurs on the slopes above Cherry Brook.


FAUNA:
Fauna seen: Meadow Pipits, Ravens (flying over), as for surrounding commons.

VEG:
This very small common is in the midst of several  huge commons covering much of the uplands of south Dartmoor.  It lies near the head of the Erme Valley and the vegetation is that of the surrounding commons.  It mostly supports acid grassland, grass-heath, dry heath and a small area of marshy grassland.  Species include: {\it Molinia caerulea, Potentilla erecta, Vaccinium myrtillus, Galium saxatile, Festuca ovina, Deschampsia flexuosa, Juncus effusus, Calluna vulgaris, Hypnum jutlandicum, Pleurozium schreberi, Rhytidiadelphus squarrosus} and a good lichen cover on the boulders.  The remains of the original walls are partly overgrown with dry heath species.  

NVC communities probably include U4a, M25b, H12(?).

MANAGE:
Sheep, ponies and cattle graze the common.  The grazing is most intensive on the acid grassland.


FAUNA:
Ravens, Carrion Crows, Buzzards (x3), Snipe, Green Woodpecker, Blackbird, Meadow Pipits, Tree Pipits, Stonechats, Wrens, Long-tailed Tits, Blue Tits, Rabbits, Fox Moth caterpillar.

VEG:
This sizeable CL supports mainly dry heath, acid grassland, {\it Pteridium aquilinum} on the slopes, marshy grassland and blanket bog, with lesser areas of flush, woodland and scrub.  The northern half of the site is covered by translation from the 1987 NVC survey, the southern half by fieldwork.  NVC communities include: U3, U4, U5, U20, H4, H10, H12, M6, M15, M25, M17.

D11 - Dry heath occupies the upland areas in the southern half, and occurs on the highest areas in the north.  On the highest ground most is referrable to NVC communities H10 or H12.  Slightly lower lying hilltops mainly support NVC community H4.

Species occurring in the H12-type heath include {\it Calluna vulgaris, Vaccinium myrtilllus, Deschampsia flexuosa, Galium saxatile, Dicranum scoparium, Pleurozium schreberi, Cladonia impexa, C. uncialis} and various 'cup' {\it Cladonias.  Ulex gallii} is rare or at most occasional in this vegetation.  However, downslope of the H12 stands, U. gallii increases in abundance, and H12 gives way to H4, in which it is generally the dominant dwarf shrub.  Intermediate H4/H12 transitions also occur.  The H4 is generally well-characteristed in the south of the CL, with {\it Erica cinerea} and other constants, frequent.

B11 - Acid grassland includes 3 NVC communities: U4a and U5 tend to be on the lower slopes and are often heavily grazed.  U3 occurs on higher ground, especially amongst the H4 stands (into which it grades).  Transitional U3/U4 and U5/U4 both occur.  Near Lud Gate, for example, is U4a/U5 with frequent {\it Agrostis capillaris, Festuca ovina, Nardus stricta, Anthoxanthum odoratum} and {\it Galium saxatile}.  Other species include {\it Carex binervis} (occasional, locally frequent), {\it Rumex acetosella} (rare), {\it Potentilla erecta} (occasional to frequent), {\it Carex panicea} (occasional) and with increased altitude, more {\it Agrostis curtisii} as U3 takes over, and occasional dwarf shrub species at low cover where the B11 grades into the D11.

D5 - Dry heathland and acid grassland mosaic occurs mainly in the southern half of the CL in a zone between the B11 and true D11.  The principal species occurring include {\it Calluna vulgaris, Vaccinium myrtillus, Deschampsia flexuosa, Agrostis capillaris, Anthoxanthum odoratum, Galium saxatile, Carex binervis} and {\it Nardus stricta} in areas (eg. Pupers Hill) where H12 and acid grassland form a mosaic and intergrade, with transitions such as U4/H12 present.  In places the H12 is so "grassy" as to resemble a "grass-heath", but is still true D11 in phase 1 terms.  Other stands are genuinely mosaics or halfway between heath and grassland.

In the southern arm of the CL, the D5 is mainly composed of H4 and U4 or U5.  It resembles grassy, impoverished H4 in places with U. gallii in a grassy 'matrix'.

D2 - Wet dwarf shrub heath covers a small area of wet ground in the col between Pupers Hill and Snowdon.  In NVC terms it is M15, and has frequent {\it Trichophorum cespitosum, Calluna vulgaris} and {\it Molinia caerulea}, with occasional {\it Juncus squarrosus, Erica tetralix, Carex panicea and Sphagna}.

B5 - Marshy grassland covers extensive areas of slope in the of the CL.  It is dominated by {\it Molinia caerulea} and is NVC community M25b.  It grades locally into the H12 and intermediates occur with abundant, slightly tussocky {\it Molinia caerulea} with the H12 dwarf shrubs (D11/B5) frequent at lower cover.  This approaches M25a or M15 in character, but really resembles H12 with a lot of {\it Molinia caerulea}.  The areas mapped as D5/B5 are similar.

E1 - Blanket bog, referrable to NVC community M17, covers the area of upland between Ryders Hill and Snowdon.  It grades into the B5/D11 vegetation, which if it were on deeper peat, would probably classify as E1 also in Phase 1 habitat terms.  M17 is western blanket bog on deep peat on plateax above ca. 450m.. The main species include {\it Trichophorum cespitosum, Molinia caerulea} and {\it Eriophorum vaginatum.  Drosera rotundifolia} and {\it Narthecium ossifragum} occur in the wettest areas.  The peat surface is intact, although some modification by fire has resulted in less {\it Sphagna} cover.  In Phase 1 it is probably mostly E17/E16.

Some of the area of M25b mapped as B5 may also be on sufficiently deep peat to fall into Phase 1 category E1.  However, there was insufficient time to check this on the survey.

E21 - Acid flushes occur in mosaics with M25b around springs and streamheads, eg. at Snowdon Brook.  M6a and M6c are the main NVC types present.  Species include: {\it Molinia caerulea} (short and non-tussocky), {\it Sphagnum auriculatum, S. palustre, S. rubellum, Narthecium ossifragum, Drosera rotundifolia, Erica tetralix, Eriophorum angustifolium, Carex panicea, Aulacomnium palustre, Juncus effusus} and {\it Hydrocotyle vulgaris}.  Most is short, wet turf with a mosaic of communities.

A111 - Small wooded areas in the Chalky Ford area consist mainly of {\it Betula pendula, Sorbus aucuparia, Crataegus monogyna, Ilex aquifolium, Hedera helix},and {\it Salix cinerea} near the stream banks.

A22 - Scattered scrub mostly occurs amongst the {\it Pteridium aquilinum} and includes primarily {\it Crataegus monogyna, Sorbus aucuparia}, and some {\it Ulex europaeus}.

C11 - Extensive areas of dense, tall {\it Pteridium aquilinum} cover much of the eastern slopes.  In places it forms a 80:20 mosaic with acid grassland (C11 and B11).

G2 - Several oligotrophic, bouldery streams rise in the higher ground and form the east and west CL boundary in the north of the site.  The Rivers Mardle and Wellabrook have deposited heaps of boulders along their lower courses, which largely form islands or (I141) banksides, with D5 on them.  Many areas are poached by stock.  M6, H12 and H4 occur on banksides.

J2 - J25, drystone walls form intact boundaries along much of the eastern edge of the CL.  There are some stretches of fencing.  The western and northern boundaries are marked by boundary stones on slight earthbanks or by streams.

In summary, the site supports extensive areas of grass-heath (H12) on higher ground, with blanket bog in the northern half.  This gives way beneath to either M25b or H4, and below this is a mix of C11, A22 and B11.  Small areas of A111 are found in the combes and areas of E21 at the hands of some of the streams.

MANAGE:
{\it Pteridium aquilinum} and {\it Ulex europaeus} invasion could be a problem, and impoverishment of the H4 areas (? overgrazing) in the south of the CL.  On the whole, the site is in fair condition, although parts show signs of overgrazing and poaching.  Recent heather condition survey maps most of the site as being slightly overgrazed, with severely overgrazed areas on the south flanks of Snowdon Hill.  Most of the 'heather' is {\it Calluna vulgaris} or {\it Vaccinium myrtillus} (some {\it Erica cinerea} and {\it E. tetralix}) - 'drumstick', 'carpet' and healthy heather all occur.  South of Pupers' there are sizeable areas with 'carpet' growth.  North of this the heather is generally healthy.  Overgrazed areas in the south tend to have much {\it Ulex gallii} and grass species, with paucity of other sub-shrubs present mainly in 'carpet'form.  On the high ground of Pupers Hill and Snowdon, are indications of stock congregating in the lee of the tors and cairns up there - and large quantities of sheep droppings with resulting eutrophication of the vegetation locally.  {\it Agrostis capillaris} and {\it Rumex acetosella} are abundant in such areas, with locally dominant {\it Juncus effusus}.


FAUNA:
Fauna seen: Magpie.  Little wildlife interest - due to disturbance.

VEG:
Acid grassland (B11) includes U4a on the less trampled areas, and U4b in the vicinity of the carpark.  It is hard-grazed and trampled around the carpark and near the river.  Species include: {\it Agrostis capillaris, Plantago major, Rumex acetosa, Hypochoeris radicata, Potentilla erecta} and scattered {\it Pteridium aquilinum} (C12) or scattered {\it Ulex europaeus} (A22).  Quite tall stands of dense {\it P. aquilinum} (C11) occupy slopes in the SW corner.  Tiny areas of woodland are mainly {\it Quercus} sp., {\it Fraxinus excelsior, Salix} sp. and {\it Crataegus monogyna}.

A tiny stream (G2) is shallow, pebbly and trampled.  Species along it include {\it Juncus bulbosus, J. effusus} and {\it Sphagunum recurvum} with B11 on its banksides.  It flows into the River Avon at the bridge.  The Avon is a typical oligotrophic upland river, with good bryophyte cover on its boulders.  A metalled track runs parallel to it up to the reservoir to the north.

MANAGE:
Recreation - parking area for the Avon Valley.  Sheep and pony grazing.  Some bare ground around carpark area.


FAUNA:
The Common provides an excellent habitat for a range of wood and scrub birds including Chiffchaff, Song Thrush, Robin, Blue tit, Great tit, Wrens. Adders are also present.

VEG:
The common is edged and covered to the north, in broad-leaved woodland of {\it Corylus avellana, Fraxinus excelsior, Carpinus betulus, Quercus robur, Sorbus aucuparia,} and {\it Acer pseudoplatanus}. Understorey vegetation includes {\it Rosa canina, Crataegus monogyna, Frangula alnus, Hedera helix,} and the ground flora is present as a mix of {\it Iris foetidissima, Solanum dulcamara, Rubus fruticosus} and {\it Galium aparine}. This occasionally grades into {\it Rosa canina - Crataegus monogyna} scrub, both dense where the ground flora is species-poor, and scattered where it encroaches upon the common's open grassland.

Open areas of calcareous grassland with occasional exposed limestone still exist in small pockets within the scrub, though these are often associated with invading {\it Crataegus monogyna}. The grassland supports a large number of calcareous species including {\it Ranunculus bulbosus, Poterium sanguisorba, Potentilla anserina, Glechoma hederacea} as well as {\it Veronica chamaedrys, Plantago lanceolata, Anthoxanthum odoratum} and {\it Festuca ovina}.
The exposed limestone face in the disused quarry has {\it Sorbus aucuparia} scrub revegetating its ledges. Dense scrub has encroached across the quarry floor leaving only a small area of calcareous grassland remaining. This has been heavily trampled, used for dumping rubbish and for small bonfires. The grassland has therefore largely been destroyed and species indicatve of improvement, such as {\it Lolium perenne} have become dominant.

Paths leading across the common support a range of species including {\it Vicia sepium, Orchis mascula, Dactylorhiza fuchsii} and {\it Plantanthera chlorantha}.

MANAGE:
Scrub encroachment has led to a loss of potential calcareous grassland sites on the common. However, those areas remaining appear well maintained and are either rabbit grazed or mown to a short sward.  Paths which have been maintained through mowing have a transitional margin of uncut, tall grass species, thus increasing habitat diversity.

The Council has also undertaken scrub clearance in several areas surrounding the open grassland.
The common offers a range of habitats from short calcareous grassland to dense scrub and woodland, and so current management practices should be continued to ensure that the diversity of the common is maintained.


FAUNA:
The hill plateau is closely grazed by rabbits and its calcareous grassland potentially attracts a variety of butterflies.  Those observed on the site visit include Small Heath and Small Copper.  The woodland supports a typical birdlife.

VEG:
Broadleaved woodland covers the sloping western side and boundaries of the common.  Of varied canopy age, it consists of {\it Quercus robur, Acer pseudoplatanus} and {\it Fraxinus excelsior} dominants with {\it Corylus avellana} and {\it Ilex aquifolium}.  The diverse understory and ground flora include {\it Rosa canina, Hedera helix, Phyllitis scolopendrium, Euphorbia amygdaloides, Crataegus monogyna, Rubus fruticosus, Iris foetidissima, Solanum dulcamara} and {\it Carex sylvatica} providing combined 100 per cent ground cover.  On approaching the hill plateau, this woodland thins to {\it Crataegus monogyna, Ulex europaeus, Rosa canina} scrub, often with {\it Pteridium aquilinum, Lotus corniculatus, Cirsium palustre, Sambucus nigra, Viburnum lantana} and {\it Carex panicea}.

The hill plateau is a closely grazed calcareous grassland with many projecting limestones.  The extremely diverse flora includes {\it Poterium sanguisorba, Bellis perennis, Carex flacca, Thymus praecox, Ranunculus bulbosus, Euphrasia nemorosa, Medicago lupulina, Leontodon hispidis} and {\it Linum catharticum}, as well as many others.  These are all species common on chalk grassland.  However, chalk and limestone are sparsely scattered across Devon, making it a rare habitat amongst the county's commons.  This site is therefore, an important part of Devon's habitat diversity.

MANAGE:
Rabbit grazing maintains the short sward of the limestone grassland.  Some form of scrub removal may be necessary to prevent encroachment onto the hill plateau. The broadleaved woodland itself is full of seedlings and therefore, is demonstrating successful regeneration.


FAUNA:
Common woodland birds are frequent on the site such as Chiffchaff and Blackbird.  The high level of dead wood is beneficial to a diverse invertebrate fauna.  The clearings are intensively rabbit grazed.

VEG:
Part of an old plantation, the woodland is dominated by {\it Fraxinus excelsior}, and frequent {\it Acer pseudoplatanus}, with {\it Frangula alnus, Rosa canina, Crataegus monogyna, Solanum dulcamara}.  Its ground flora includes {\it Euphorbia amygdaloides, Rubus fruticosus, Carex sylvatica, Phyllitis scolopendrium, Iris foetidissima} and the usual {\it Hedera helix}.  There is much dead wood and leaf litter also present.  The canopy occasionally opens to small grassy clearings.  To the north east of the site, the woodland opens to a large clearing of predominantly calcareous grassland.  The species-rich ground flora includes abundant {\it Helictotrichon pubescens, Veronica chamaedrys, Ranunculus bulbosus,  Sanguisorba minor, Potentilla anserina, Cerastium fontanum, Glechoma hederacea, Dactylis glomerata, Cynosurus cristatus and Anthoxanthum odoratum}.  The more calcareous associated plants such as {\it Ranunculus bulbosus} and  {\it Sanguisorba minor} increase in frequency further upslope, where projecting limestone becomes more noticable. Away from the paths the vegetation is dominated by the tall grasses.  Surrounding and encroaching upon the clearing are {\it Crataegus monogyna} and {\it Rosa canina} scrub.

MANAGE:
Current management appears to be the possible maintainance of grassy paths in clearings by mowing.  However, the calcareous sward is kept short by intense rabbit grazing.  Apart from this there appears to be little or no management of the woodland.

The two sites described as disused quarries are both in commercial use.  The more western of the two (target note (1)) is a kennel with buildings and many large vehicles parked in a concrete yard.  The second site appears to be used as a storage or dumping site for gravel material extracted from the nearby quarry workings.


FAUNA:
Birds seen during survey: Chaffinch, Buzzard.
Red Admiral Butterfly.

VEG:
A small area of acid grassland near the highest point of the common supports {\it Achillea millefolium, Rumex acetosella, Hypochoeris radicata, Potentilla erecta, Euphrasia} agg. {\it Lotus corniculatus, Viola} sp.{\it Prunella vulgaris, Thymus polytrichus, Digitalis purpurea}
A flush from a spring  near the highest point of the common supports {\it Mentha aquatica, Juncus bufonius, Hypericum tetrapterum, Polygonum hydropiper, Trifolium repens, Lemna minor, Bellis perennis, Scutellaria minor, Anagallis tenella, Potentilla anserina}.

The woodland has {\it Fraxinus excelsior, Acer pseudoplatanus} near the top of the slope with increasing proportions of {\it Corylus avellana} and {\it Betula pendula} downslope. The ground flora is limited by shading but includes thallose liverworts, and {\it Mnium hornum, Mentha aquatica, Circaea lutetiana, Lysimachia nemorum},with {\it Chrysosplenium oppositifolium}.

MANAGE:
No current active management other than fencing near the top of the common.


FAUNA:
Seen during survey: Magpie, Wheatear, Chaffinch.
Butterflies: Red Admiral.

VEG:
The acid grassland has much {\it Poa annua, Deschampsia flexuosa, Hypochoeris radicata} with {\it Bellis perennis, Potentilla anserina, Prunella vulgaris, Euphrasia} agg.and {\it Achillea millefolium}. 

Most of the area is {\it Pteridium aquilinum} with {\it Ulex europaeus}.

Of interest are the surrounding walls which are topped with substantial growth that includes {\it Quercus robur, Prunus spinosa, Digitalis purpurea, Hedera helix, Sedum anglicum, Polytrichum commune, Achillea millefolium. Polypodium vulgare, Rubus fruticosus, Deschampsia flexuosa, Hypochoeris radicata, Succisa pratensis, Crataegus monogyna}.

MANAGE:
The walls of this common are a prominent feature and appear well maintained. {\it Pteridium aquilinum} has spread as far as trampling by sheep, horses and walkers will allow. If {\it Pteridium aquilinum} is ever shown to be a health hazard such sites will need considerable treatment e.g. by spraying. This would also increase species diversity.


FAUNA:
Birds seen during survey: Skylark, Meadow pipit, Chaffinch.

Meadow Brown butterflies.

VEG:
The heathland comprises {\it Calluna vulgaris, Erica cinerea, Agrostis curtisii, Potentilla erecta, Vaccinium myrtillus, Carex binervis, Polygala serpyllifolia, Cladonia} sp. In wetter patches downslope some {\it Molinia caerulea} and {\it Erica tetralix} and {\it Carex panicea}.

{\it Vaccinium myrtillus} increases upslope and on top of Gibbet Hill. The old mining disturbance at the top of the hill and the more recent trials on the south facing side have some bare ground with heather species much in evidence.

The valley mire on the north-west facing side is extensive with {\it Erica tetralix, Potentilla erecta, Rhynchospora alba, Drosera rotundifolia, Drosera intermedia, Sphagnum} spp. {\it Narthecium ossifragum, Dactylorhiza praetissima, Carex panicea, Potamogeton polygonifolius, Pinguicula lusitanica} Drier areas have {\it Molinia caerulea} and {\it Ulex europaeus}.

MANAGE:
The areas of heathland are over-grazed. Some {\it Ulex} sp. bushes have been burnt back on the western and south-western  sides this year.
There is no obvious immediate threat to the valley mire but it is particularly species-rich and worthy of protection. 

A fence was erected, in 1994, by the Mary Tavy Commoners along the A386 by Black Down.


FAUNA:
Birds seen during survey: Pipits, Crows, Stonechat, Thrush.

VEG:
The valley mire on the north-west facing side is extensive with {\it Erica tetralix, Potentilla erecta, Rhynchospora alba, Drosera rotundifolia, Drosera intermedia, Sphagnum} spp. {\it Narthecium ossifragum, Dactylorhiza praetissima, Carex panicea, Potamogeton polygonifolius, Pinguicula lusitanica}. Drier areas have {\it Molinia caerulea} and {\it Ulex europaeus}. 

Much of the rest of the western part of this common is close cropped acid grassland and {\it Ulex} scrub. 

The eastern section of the common has grazed acid grasslands with some heath communities (H4c), substantial {\it P. aquilinum} in areas near the A386. There are small areas of mire on the southern sides of the eastern section. A small section near Horndon was not surveyed but supports much broad-leaved scrub and woodland.

MANAGE:
The valley mire (shared with CL3) should be surveyed, monitored and protected at all costs. Much of the rest of the common is heavily grazed with substantial heather loss.


FAUNA:
Birds seen during survey: Chaffinch, Crow, Magpies.

VEG:
The main part of this common is now dominated by {\it Pteridium aquilinum} on acid grassland. There are occasional trees such as {\it Crataegus monogyna} and, by the side of a minor road a small area  of {\it Fraxinus excelsior}.
The main section marked Bowden Down supports, within the {\it Pteridium aquilinum}, some {\it Ulex} spp.

A small section of the common on the NW facing side has a mixture of {\it Pteridium aquilinum} stands, {\it Rubus fruticosus} with {\it Ulex} sp. and some grassier areas that include {\it Lolium perenne, Arrenatherum elatius} and, in disturbed areas {\it Heracleum sphondylium, T. maritimum}.

MANAGE:
Grazing must be sporadic in light of the {\it Pteridium aquilinum} infestation. Some of the common on the south side has been fenced.


FAUNA:
Birds seen during survey:
Chaffinch, Magpie, Yellowhammer.

Painted Lady butterfly.

VEG:
Most of Liddaton Down is now dominated by {\it Pteridium aquilinum} although in some areas {\it Ulex europaeus} is well established. Acid grassland strips appear by the sides of the road and on earth banks that run parallel to the road.
Other tall ruderal species can found such as {\it Eupatorium cannabinum} and  {\it Urtica dioica}
There is some {\it Rubus fruticosus} present. Downslope, scrub woodland species such as {\it Corylus avellana, Crataegus monogyna, Betula pendula, Prunus spinosa, Sambucus nigra} appear  with {\it Sorbus aucuparia, Quercus robur}.
The smaller section of the Common, by Liddaton Green is divided by a minor road. The eastern half has thorn scrub with {\it Corylus avellana, Quercus robur} with {\it Pteridium aquilinum, Chamerion angustifolium, Rubus fruticosus, Heracleum sphondylium} understorey. The western half has developed into woodland with {\it Quercus robur, Fraxinus excelsior} and {\it Acer pseudoplatanus}. There is a lot of illegal tipping here.

MANAGE:
There appears to be very little active management of either section of this Common.

The {\it Pteridium aquilinum}-invaded larger section could be sprayed to eventually permit grazing. The dumping of rubbish on the smaller section could be prevented by fencing of the access from the minor road.


FAUNA:
None seen owing to bad weather at time of survey.

VEG:
This site is typical of the fringes of Dartmoor.  Drystone walls with {\it Quercus} sp. standards surround the common. The common is surrounded by agricultural land, except to the east where it is bounded by broadleaved woodland.  The terrain slopes gradually to the south and east, with short steep slopes along the eastern margin.  Most of the area is covered by dense {\it Pteridium aquilinum} (C11) growing over acid grassland, or species-poor {\it P. aquilinum}.  {\it Crataegus monogyna} trees are frequent in the C11, plus occasional {\it Prunus spinosa} with {\it Hedera helix}, and occasional {\it Ulex europaeus} bushes.  These are the principal scattered scrub (A22) species.  Areas of dense scrub (A21) are mainly groves of {\it Crataegus monogyna} trees, beneath which is a species-poor, somewhat sparse, ground flora, which is slightly poached in places.  There is a single stand of dense {\it Ulex europaeus} scrub on the eastern slope.

The small broadleaved woodland areas are {\it Quercus-Betula pendula} woodland (W16 in NVC) on the steepest part of the site, where it abutts Bicklime Wood.  The ground flora appears limited (this may be due to the time of year and presence of stock) as does the understorey.  {\it Quercus robur} is the dominant species, although {\it Betula} sp. are frequent.  Lichen cover is good both on the scrub and woodland trees.

Areas of acid or neutral grassland are small, and mostly slightly modified (B12) referrable to the NVC community U4b, and dominated by {\it Agrostis capillaris}.  Beneath some of the {\it Pteridium aquilinum}, and on paths, U4a occurs.  U1 is present on the tops of small hummocks/old anthills.  Species occuring in the grassland include: {\it Agrostis capillaris, Potentilla erecta, Galium saxatile, Carex pilulifera, Viola riviniana, Rumex acetosella, Rhytidiadelphus squarrosus, Hypochoeris radicata} and {\it Bellis perennis}.

NVC communities present: U1, U4a, U4b, U20, W16, W21, W23.

MANAGE:
Sheep and ponies present at time of survey.  Heavily grazed.


FAUNA:
Birds seen during survey: Starlings, Wheatear, Crows, Buzzard.

VEG:
Due to time constraints the wider acid grassland sections were not surveyed in detail but generally support {\it Achillea millefolium, Ulex europaeus, Ulex gallii, Potentilla erecta, Cynosurus cristatus, Holcus lanatus, Stellaria} sp. {\it Cirsium} sp. {\it Euphrasia} agg. {\it Prunella vulgaris, Galium saxatile, Hypochoeris radicata, J. effusus, Anthoxanthum odoratum, Digitalis purpurea, Athyrum filix-femina, Lotus corniculatus, Plantago lanceolata, Carex flacca, Carex nigra, J. squarrosus, Odontites verna}. 

Lynch Tor (part of N. Dartmoor SSSI), Cock's Hill and Langstone Moor has blanket bog with heather that is in fairly healthy condition. These areas include {\it Calluna vulgaris, Erica cinerea, E. tetralix} with {\it Deschampsia flexuosa, Galium saxatile, Carex binervis, Agrostis stolonifera, J. squarrosus} present.

The thin common section south of S. Common plantation, much of Cudlipptown Down and White Tor has acid grassland. The Tor tops have much acid rock exposure with boulder fields that afford good micro-habitats for lichens and bryophytes. Rock ledges support {\it Vaccinium myrtillus, Solidago virgaurea, Deschampsia flexuosa}.

{\it Pteridium aquilinum} dominates large patches north of Cudlipptown Down, Smeardon Down and the western and southern slopes of Cox Tor.
In some places ( e.g. the thin 'isthmus' of common that leads to Smeardon Down ) high boundary walls support excellent growth of {\it Achillea millefolium, Potentilla erecta, Galium saxatile, Thymus polytrichus, Hypochoeris radicata, Succisa pratensis, Lotus corniculatus, Sedum anglicum}.

MANAGE:
The heather is much impoverished throughout most of this common due to long-term heavy grazing, except on Lynch Tor and Cock's Hill where the blanket bog is quite healthy.

Winter feeding of cattle has lead to poaching in some areas.

Reduction in grazing may improve the heather cover and condition. No burning should take place until the quality of heather warrants it.
There is much recreational use of the common which does not seem to cause erosional problems.
{\it Pteridium aquilinum} in the western areas could be sprayed to limit further invasion.


FAUNA:
Otter, Badger, Hare, Rabbit, Mole, Common Shrew.
Robin, Blackbird, Buzzard, Carrion Crow, Meadow Pipit, Chaffinch, Stonechat, Rook, Magpie, Pied Flycatcher, Wood Warbler, Redstart, Heron, Raven, Hobby, Jay, Great Tit, Blue Tit, Dipper, Swallow.
Small Pearl-bordered Fritillary, High Brown Fritillary, Dark Green Fritillary, Gatekeeper, Meadow Brown, Speckled Wood, Small Tortoiseshell, Bumble Bees.

VEG:
This large, complex common supports vegetation typical of the fringes of the Dartmoor Uplands.  There are extensive areas of dry heath with {\it Ulex gallii, Pteridium aquilinum} , and some acid grassland (especially around the tors).  The river valleys of the Dart and West Webburn support mainly {\it Quercus} sp. and {\it Betula} sp. woodland.  Probably NVC communities present on the CL include: H4, U20, U4, (H12), W23, W7, W16, M25, M6, M29, and possibly H12 or H4/12.

D11 - Dry dwarf shrub heath covers large areas of higher ground on the common, notably on Cordon Down, Yartor Down, around Sharp Tor and Aish Tor and a lesser area on Sherberton Common.  Most is NVC type H4a and some H4b on the highest, rockiest parts of the tors.  {\it Ulex gallii} is generally the dominant dwarf shrub, and in some areas, the ericoids are sparse.  However, in most of the H4, there is abundant {\it Ulex gallii, Erica cinerea,} and {\it Calluna vulgaris}.  Other species at high frequencies include {\it Agrostis curtisii, Molinia caerulea, Potentilla erecta} and locally frequent {\it Festuca ovina, Vaccinium myrtillus, Erica tetralix, Polygala serpyllifolia, Cladonia impexa, Dicranum scoparium, Hypnum cupressiforme} and {\it Pleurozium schreberi.  Ulex europaeus} occurs locally near roads and paths.

In places, especially around the rocky tor tops, {\it Calluna vulgaris} cover/abundance increases relative to {\it Ulex gallii} and the vegetation tends towards NVC community H12.  Near the tops of tors {\it Vaccinium myrtillus, Calluna vulgaris, Deschampsia flexuosa, Hypnum cupressiforme/jutlandicum, Pleurozium schreberi, Pseudoscleropodium purum} and lichens increase in abundance, {\it Ulex gallii} and {\it Erica cinerea} decrease.

D5 - There are areas of acid grassland (B11) and dry heath vegetation mosaic (D5) and also intermediate areas between the two (B11/D11).  Species in these stands include {\it Agrostis capillaris, Festuca ovina, Galium saxatile, Potentilla erecta}, (ie. U4a species), plus ericoids and {\it Vaccinium myrtillus} (H4 species).  {\it Agrostis curtisii} also occurs, and there are U3/H4 mixtures and intermediates in some areas.  Corndon Tor has a mix of H4/H12 (probably H4b) species in a 'ground matrix' of U4a species.  The relative cover of B11:D11 is approximately 60:40 per cent.

I141 - Clitter slopes and rocky tors of Sharp Tor, Yar Tor, Corndon Tor and Mel Tor support D4 of U4a/H4/12, plus on the rocks, {\it Sedum anglicum}, a variety of saxicolous and crustose lichens, various {\it Cladonia} spp. (eg. {\it Cladonia cf. pyxidata, C. uncialis, C. floerkeana), Coelocaulon} sp., {\it Rhacomitrium lanuginosum} and {\it Hylocomium splendens}.

B11 - Acid grassland consists mainly of NVC U4a and U3.  Species present include {\it Agrostis curtisii, A. capillaris, Festuca ovina}, sparse {\it Molinia caerulea, Potentilla erecta, Galium saxatile, Carex binervis, C. panicea, C. pilulifera} and {\it Rhytidiadelphus squarrosus}.  It tends to be closely grazed and {\it Agrostis capillaris} is often the dominant species.

B31 - Near Mel Tor (GR. 694725) are a few tiny stands of CG10 with species including {\it Festuca ovina, Agrostis capillaris, Thymus polytrichus, Prunella vulgaris, Viola riviniana, Linum catharticum, Hieracium pilosella} and {\it Carex caryophyllea}.

C11 - Large stands of {\it Pteridium aquilinum} cover many of the slopes below the dry heath.  In places, {\it P. aquilinum} is frequent in the D11 and may be encroaching on to it.  Some of the dense stands are growing over heathy vegetation with H4 species beneath the canopy (eg. NE part of Corndon Down).  Intermediate C11/D11 is mapped where {\it Pteridium aquilinum} and H4 heath species are roughly co-dominant.  {\it Pteridium aquilinum} sometimes follows the lines of old field boundaries (as on the west slopes of Corndon Down).

A22 - Growing in many of the bracken expanses, are scattered {\it Crataegus monogyna, Sorbus aucuparia} and occasional {\it Ulex europaeus}, young {\it Betula} sp., or tall {\it Ulex gallii} (eg. Newbridge Hill).

A21 - Dense scrub is mainly associated with the wooded areas and includes {\it Ulex europaeus, Rubus fruticosus, Crataegus monogyna} and {\it Salix} sp..  {\it Rubus fruticosus} and {\it Crataegus monogyna} scrub often borders the woodland and young {\it Betula} scrub also occurs.

A111 - Semi-natural broadleaved woodland occupies the slopes and valley bottoms along the River Dart and River West Webburn.  The common includes a Devon Wildlife Trust Reserve, Blackadon, which is part of the Holne Woods SSSI.  Blackadon is a biologically rich area of ancient western {\it Quercus petraea} woodland which supports important lichen communities.  {\it Quercus} and {\it Betula} spp. are the main canopy trees.  There is some {\it Fagus sylvatica} near Buckland Bridge and a grove of coppice stools with {\it Tilia cordata} at the southern tip of the site.  The woodland floor is dominated by {\it Vaccinium myrtillus} and {\it Luzula sylvatica} and ferns are also frequent including {\it Oreopteris limbosperma} and {\it Osmunda regalis}.  Mosses are also prolific on the woodland floor.

Most of the wooded areas are of {\it Quercus petraea, Q. robur} and {\it Betula pendula}.  In the valley bottoms, alongside the rivers, {\it Alnus glutinosa, Salix, Corylus avellana } and small flushes occur.  Other species occurring at lower frequencies in the woodland include: {\it Fraxinus excelsior, Sambucus nigra, Prunus spinosa, Malus sylvestris, Sorbus aucuparia, Pteridium aquilinum, Crataegus monogyna, Acer pseudoplatanus} and {\it Rosa sp.}

E31 & E21 - Valley mires and acid flushes cover a relatively small area of the site.  Flushes often occur in mosaics with marshy grassland and wet heath.  NVCs include M6a, M6c and M29.  Species present include: {\it Molinia caerulea, Narthecium ossifragum, Drosera rotundifolia, Carex panicea, C. echinata, C. viridula} ssp.{\it oedocarpa, Juncus bulbosus, J. squarrosus, J. effusus, Succisa pratensis, Potentilla erecta, Viola palustris, Cirsium palustre, Lotus pedunculatus, Hydrocotyle vulgaris, Anagallis tenella, Wahlenbergia hederacea, Hypericum elodes, Eleocharis} sp., {\it Potamogeton polygonifolius, Ranunculus flammula, Galium palustre, Scutellaria galericulata, Sphagnum palustre, S. papillosum, S. recurvum, S. auriculatum} and {\it S. subnitens.}

There are also some heathy species such as {\it Calluna vulgaris, Erica tetralix} and {\it Ulex gallii}.  Sometimes the flushes are rather poached by stock drinking.  In the NE of Corndon Down is a sizeable excellent flush complex (GR. 6975) with an abundance of all the above species, plus {\it Rhynochspora alba}, with extensive stands of well-characterised M29 soakaway.
NB.  There was insufficient time to visit Newbridge Marsh and Hockingston Marshes.

B5 & D2 - Areas of marshy grassland mostly line streams and river valleys and include M23b and M25a.  There are also very small areas of M15.

G2 - Fast-flowing, oligotrophic upland rivers and streams with moss-covered boulders.

MANAGE:
The common is grazed by sheep, ponies and cattle.  It is moderately grazed.  There is some {\it Pteridium aquilinum} encroachment on some D11 and a degree of scrub invasion.  There is some poaching of flushes and streamsides.  There are areas where the heath has been recently burnt on Corndon Down and which are regenerating with species of U4a and {\it Ulex gallii} heath.

In Blackadon wood the DWT manage the reserve by controlling alien species and grazing levels, mechanical cutting of {\it Pteridium aquilinum} for High Brown Fritillaries, and maintenance of footpaths and access, with some burning of the centre of the site in the dry heath area.

Heather Condition:
On Yar Down and Corndon Down it grows to approximately 0.33m in height and is in the building phase, or younger, and mingled with the {\it Ulex gallii}.  There is no 'drumstick' heather, on most of the heath.  There are also some areas where grazing is heavier around the flushes or acid grassland, where the D5 has closely grazed 'carpet' heathers and also mature and 'drumstick' heather growth form.

Most of the heather on Corndon and Yar Tor Downs is healthy, but there are also considerable areas which are slightly overgrazed (eg. Sharp Tor, Sherberton Common, Mel and Aish Tor areas).


VEG:
This common forms the southern arm of a large block of common land (much of which is SSSI).  Most of the common supports a mosaic of the NVC communities H4 and U3, ie. D5.  Discrete areas of both B11 and D11 also occur.  There is a large D11 stand (all H4), running along the 'spine' of the common on the highest ground.

The principal species present include: {\it Ulex gallii, Calluna vulgaris, Erica cinerea, Agrostis curtisii, A. capillaris, Potentilla erecta} and {\it Galium saxatile}.

There are areas of well-characterised  H4, with more healthy growth of dwarf shrubs, and good vegetation structure and diversity, but much of the common supports impoverished H4 in a 'ground matrix' of U3 grassland.  In this, {\it Ulex gallii} is dominant and the main dwarf shrub, with {\it Calluna vulgaris} and {\it Erica cinerea} frequent, but at rather low cover.  The H4 mainly consists of rather leggy {\it Ulex gallii} clumps in U3 grassland.  There is a large area of this {\it Ulex gallii}-dominated U3, H4 and intermediates all grade into each other.

MANAGE:
Intensively grazed by sheep, ponies and cattle, resulting in hard-grazed acid grassland (U3) between, often leggy, {\it Ulex gallii}-dominated, impoverished, dry heath (H4) patches.  Over-grazing has probably resulted in this vegetation structure.  These is some sparse, 'carpet' growth of {\it Erica cinerea, Calluna vulgaris} and {\it Ulex gallii} amongst the acid grassland.  Most of the common is severely overgrazed, except the north which is slightly so.  On the Dartmoor Habitats and Management Map (1995) all the heathland is mapped as "heathland that may be burnt".


FAUNA:
Fauna seen: Meadow Pipit, Carrion Crow, Raven, Magpie, Wheatear, Small White butterfly, Small Heath, Tortoiseshell, various Craneflies, Honey Bee, Demoiselles, Trout.

VEG:
1.	BELSTONE COMMON.

This is the main part of this group of commons and is an upland area with granite tors on a ridge of clitter slopes of heathy boulder scree below.  It mainly supports dry dwarf shrub heath and acid grassland with {\it Pteridium aquilinum} on the lower slopes.  The probable NVC communities present include: U3, U5, H4, H12, M6a, M6c, M15, M25b, M23b and M29.  The whole area is boulder strewn.

B11 - An extensive area of acid grassland occupies the northern part of the common on Watchett Hill.  This is very closely grazed and isolated bushes of {\it Ulex europaeus} (browsed to a form like "topiary") occur throughout.  Species include:  {\it Agrostis curtisii, A. capillaris, Nardus stricta, Anthoxanthum odoratum, Festuca ovina, Danthonia decumbens, Galium saxatile, Potentilla erecta, Carex binervis, Rhytidiadelphus squarrosus} and {\it Hypnum cupressiforme}.  Occasional protruding boulders form a focus for species like {\it Polytrichum piliferum, P. juniperinum} and {\it Cladonia uncialis}, plus a variety of foliose and saxicolous lichens.  Near tracks, there is local frequency of {\it Aira praecox, Rumex acetosella, Pilosella officinalis} and {\it Hypochoeris radicata}, indicating tendencies to NVC U1, but most of the acid grassland is U3 with local areas approaching U5, where N. stricta is most abundant, and U3/U5 "hybrid" grassland occurs.  Other species at lower cover/abundance include: {\it Calluna vulgaris, Erica cinerea, Carex panicea, Ulex gallii, Molinia caerulea, Dicranum scoparium} and {\it Polygala serpyllifolia}.  The dwarf shrubs are very grazed-down and of very low cover (possibly this area of grassland could represent overgrazed heath).  Near Scarey Tor are sizeable patches of U5.

D11 - Most of the vegetation on the common falls into the dry dwarf shrub heath category.  It largely falls into the NVC H4 community.  {\it Ulex gallii} is the principal sub-shrub.  Other species present include: {\it Erica cinerea, Calluna vulgaris, Agrostis curtisii, Molinia caerulea, Nardus stricta, Festuca ovina, Carex binervis, Juncus squarrosus, Galium saxatile, Cladonia impexa.  Ulex gallii} is a very prominent hummocky growth, particularly on the clitter slopes beneath the tors.  On the highest ground other dwarf shrubs increase their cover and the gorse decreases - particularly {\it Vaccinium myrtillus} and {\it Calluna vulgaris}.  The {\it Agrostis curtisii} remains constant throughout.  In some of the highest areas {\it Vaccinium myrtillus} is the main sub-shrub and {\it Deschampsia flexuosa} enters the vegetation, to give areas of H12 in NVC terms, but more of a {\it  Vaccinium myrtillus} heath.

D5 and "D11/D5" - Areas intermediate to U3 and H4 occur and also approach forming a small-scale vegetation mosaic of these two communities. {\it  Ulex gallii} hummocks occur in a grass-dominated ground "matrix" of {\it Agrostis curtisii} etc. as described for B11.  On higher ground {\it Ulex gallii} is replaced by {\it Vaccinium myrtillus}, ericoids and {\it Deschampsia flexuosa} and {\it Molinia caerulea} are frequent, ie. H12 and U3/U4 mosaic and intermediate vegetation.  There are extensive areas of "D11/D5" which is borderline D11, but rather too "grassy", but not with sufficiently distinct patches of B11 and D11 to be a true mosaic.

I141 and I121 - Rocky tors and boulder scree (clitter) slopes beneath the tors.  Amongst the rocks of the tors species include {\it Vaccinium myrtillus, Polypodium vulgare, Cystopteris} sp., {\it Sedum anglicum, Hypnum juniperinum} and a variety of lichens.  {\it Juncus effusus} is locally abundant around the base of Scarey and Higher Tors - possibly due to stock sheltering and concentrating in the lee of the rock outcrops.

D2 - A sizeable stand of wet heath occus between Scarey Tor and Belstone Tor on an area of more or less level ground.  The principal species are: {\it Molinia caerulea} (short and non-tussocky), {\it Erica tetralix, Calluna vulgaris, Juncus squarrosus, Carex panicea} and {\it Polygala serpyllifolia}.  These are accompanied by {\it Sphagnum papillosum, S. cuspidatum} (dry form), {\it Cladonia impexa, Rhacomitrium lanuginosum, Dicranum scoparium, Leucobryum glaucum, Trichophorum cespitosum} and {\it Eriophorum angustifolium}.  The whole area is heavily grazed with bare peat present and small boulders protruding through the peaty soil.  In NVC terms the closest fit is M15.

B5 - Marshy grassland occurs alongside the rivers in the valley bottoms.  It is dominated by {\it Molinia caerulea}, generally moderately-grazed and non-tussocky, or small tussocks only, with areas referrable to NVC communities M25a and M25b.  Other species include:  {\it Anthoxanthum odoratum, Agrostis capillaris, Holcus lanatus, Nardus stricta, Danthonia decumbens, Agrostis canina, Potentilla erecta, Juncus squarrosus, Carex panicea, C. binervis and C. viridula} ssp. {\it oedocarpa}.  The vegetation is very much dominated by grasses, and is rather species deficient overall.  {\it Calluna vulgaris} and {\it Erica tetralix} are locally frequent.

B11/B5 - Has co-dominant {\it Agrostis curtisii} and non-tussocky {\it Molinia caerulea}, plus occasional to frequent {\it Nardus stricta} and occurs around Higher Tor as a transition between the B11 and B5, and D11 stands ({\it Molinia caerulea} is frequent in much of the D11, although not often particularly prominent).  

E21 - Acid flush vegetation occus along a spring line on the western most slopes of the common between Scarey Tor and West Cleave.  A series of long narrow flushes run down to the River Okement.  The include areas of M6a and M6c, with lesser areas of M29 soakaway vegetation.  Species occuring in these flushes include:  {\it Carex panicea, C. viridula} ssp. {\it oedocarpa, Molinia caerulea, Nardus stricta, Viola palustris, Anagallis tenella, Ranunculus flammula, Sphagnum auriculatum, S. palustre, S. papillosum, Drepanocladus revolvens, Campylium stellatum, Cirsium palustre, Lotus uliginosus, Potentilla erecta, Narthecium ossifragum, Hydrocotyle vulgaris, Juncus bulbosus, J. effusus, Holcus lanatus, Scutellaria galericulata, Drosera rotundifolia, Eriophorum angustifolium, Eleocharis palustris, Pellia} sp. and {\it Marchantia} sp..  The M29 is wetter with more {\it Hypercium elodes, Potamogeton polygonifolius} and {\it Sphagna}.  Near Scarey Tor, there is quite a complex mosaic of D5 and E21, composed of U3, U5, M6a, M6c, M29 and U. gallii heath.  Some of the flushes are considerably poached by stock, with areas of bare mud.

C11 and C12 - West Cleave and the lower eastern slopes of Belstone Tor have large stands of dense {\it Pteridium aquilinum}, often with scattered {\it Crataegus monogyna}, or occasionally, {\it Ilex aquifolium} bushes.  The {\it Pteridium aquilinum} grades into adjoining habitats and is frequent at low cover in some of the D11 - it may be encroaching slightly.

A22 and A31 - Scattered trees and scrub on the lower valley sides in the west of the common include {\it Crataegus monogyna, Sorbus aucuparia, Ulex europaeous, Ilex aquifolium} and {\it Betula} sp..

A21 - Mostly thickets of {\it Ulex europaeus} with species-poor grassy swards beneath (of {\it Holcus lanatus, Agrostis capillaris, Rumex acetosa, Digitalis purpurea} and {\it Hypochoeris radicata}).

A111 - Very small area of {\it Quercus robur, Betula} sp., {\it Salix} sp. and {\it Sorbus aucuparia} in the East Okement valley bottom.

G2 - Small oligotrophic rivers and streams.  The common is bounded by the East Okement River in the west and the River Taw in the east.  They reach 2-4m. in width, with gravelly bottoms, are bouldery, and fairly deep in places. The Taw runs in a shallow grassy "gorge".  The steeper banksides are lined with a mix of acid grassland, {\it Pteridium aquilinum}, rush-pasture (M23b) and {\it Ulex gallii} heath.  {\it Sorbus aucuparia} and {\it Crataegus monogyna} also occur as small scattered trees.  The vegetation near the waterline includes species such as {\it Wahlembergia hederacea, Ranunculus flammula, Polypodium} sp., {\it Cirsium palustre, Viola palustris, Blechnum spicant, Digitalis purpurea} and {\it Polytrichum commune}.

2.	BELSTONE CLEAVE.

This steep sided narrow valley is a popular visitor area.  The River Taw runs through the valley and forms the boundary between CL73 and CL176.  The north side of the valley only is in CL73.  The area appears unmanaged apart from path clearance by conservation volunteers.  

Horseriding and walking are popular here.  There is a small carpark near Skaigh.  No stock were present and probably the area is not stocked at all.  Deciduous woodland and scrub are the principal habitat types.

A111 - The woodland is mainly of {\it Betula} sp., but {\it Quercus robur} and {\it Fraxinus excelsior} are locally frequent. Canopy species include: {\it Betula pubescens, Fraxinus excelsior, Quercus robur, Fagus sylvatica} and {\it Acer pseudoplatanus}.  The understorey includes {\it Corylus avellana}, {\it Salix} sp., {\it Sorbus aucuparia, Crataegus monogyna, Acer pseudoplatanus, Ilex aquifolium} and {\it Prunus spinosa}.  Species on the ground layer include {\it Oxalis acetosella, Hedera helix, Rubus fruticosus} agg., {\it Pteridium aquilinum, Cirsium palustre, Prunella vulgaris, Viola} sp. (cf. {\it odorata}), shaggy {\it Pholiota}, fly agarics and a variety of fungi.  Lichen cover on branches is quite high, especially of {\it Usnea} sp..  The woodland is damp and there is a very high bryophyte cover on trunks and boulders - species include {\it Thuidium tamariscinum, Plagiomnium undulatum, Rhizomnium punctatum, Mnium hornum, Dicranum scoparium, Isothecium myosuroides, Hypnum mammillatum, Eurynchium} spp., {\it Rhytidiadelphus squarrosus} and {\it Fissidens} cf. {\it adianthoides}.

Whilst much of the A111 is on the lower slopes, the upper slopes are mostly covered in gorse scrub and {\it Pteridium aquilinum}, with scattered {\it Sorbus aucuparia, Prunus spinosa} and {\it Crataegus monogyna}.  The extreme western end of the common is part of Belstone village green and includes species-poor semi-improved neutral grassland nearest the buildings (B4), whilst the steeper slopes support acid grassland as described previously for the main common area.  A minor road runs through the western end of the Cleave from Skaigh to South Zeal.

3. BRENAMOOR COMMON: B12, A22, A31, and G1 ponds

This small area of common land comprises a mostly level expanse of grassland and gorse, which is rather heavily grazed by sheep and cattle.  A minor road crosses the common, there is a car park for tourists at the southern end, (most visitors by-pass this common and visit Belstone village and Tor).  The common appears to be used recreationally by local children, but most visitors go further into the moor.  The boundary is a drystone wall with {\it Corylus avellana} and {\it Crataegus monogyna} trees.  Probable NVC communities include: U4b, M23b/M6c, M29-type vegetation.

B12 - Semi-improved acid grassland is the main vegetation type.  It is mostly closely-cropped lawns of U4b.  The ground is slightly hummocky with wetter patches in the hollows having more {\it Agrostis canina} and {\it Juncus effusus} and occasional {\it Montia fontana}.  Species generally present include {\it Agrostis capillaris, Potentilla erecta, Danthonia}, sparse {\it Molinia caerulea}, and {\it Luzula campestris/multiflora}.  Less frequent species include {\it Succisa pratensis, Pedicularis sylvatica, Calluna vulgaris, Lotus corniculatus, Rumex acetosella, Polytrichum piliferum, Rhytidiadelphus squarrosus, Hypnum cupressiforme, Brachythecium rutabulum and Thuidium tamariscinum}.

* A notable species occurs in the SW of the common near houses, the nationally scarce Chamomile ({\it Chamaemelum nobile}).

A22 & A31 - Scrub and scattered trees.  {\it Ulex europaeus} scrub occurs throughout the common.  There are scattered trees in the western third - mainly {\it Acer pseudoplatanus, Crataegus monogyna, Ilex aquifolium}, and a small grove of {\it Sorbus aucuparia.  Hedera helix, Digitalis purpurea} and {\it Ilex aquifolium} occur amongst these.

G1 ponds - Two small ponds in the north ofthe common and the wetter hollows, support the following species: {\it Ranunculus flammula, Hydrocotyle vulgaris, Lotus uliginosus, Juncus effusus, Eleogiton fluitans, Hypericum elodes, Montia fontana, Agrostis canina, Polygonum hydropiper, Ranunculus cf. hederaceus, Sphagnum papillosum, S. cuspidatum, S. recurvum, Polytrichum commune} and {\it Drepanocladus} sp..  There is quite rich flora around the ponds.

4.	LOWER PREISTACOTT: A111

Damp semi-natural, secondary deciduous woodland, with a public footpath running through it.  This small roadside woodland does not appear to be heavily used and is apparently unmanaged.  The footpath is well-maintained with a signpost and stiles at each boundary.  It is mostly {\it Fraxinus excelsior} woodland, with some {\it Quercus robur} and {\it Betula} sp..  There are accompanied by {\it Salix} sp., {\it Ilex aquifolium, Corylus avellana, Sambucus nigra, Sorbus aucuparia, Hedera helix, Pteridium aqulinum, Urtica dioica} and {\it Rubus fruticosus}.  The ground flora includes {\it Circaea lutetiana, Glechoma hederacea, Chrysosplenium oppositifolium, Ranunculus repens, Montia sibirica, Geranium robertianum, Rumex obtusifolius, Eupatorium cannabinum, Filipendula ulmaria, Dryopteris dilatata, D. filix-mas, Geum urbanum, Carex remota, Juncus bufonius}, and a good bryophyte cover including {\it Plagiomnium undulatum}.  {\it Polypodium vulgare} and {\it Hedera helix} growing in the trees.  There is a small clearing overgrown by Hops.

5.	COMBE HEAD: C11, A22 and A31.

An unmanaged area largely overgrown by scrub and {\it Pteridium aquilinum} alongside the main A-road.  A track runs along the southern edge and it is bounded by an overgrown hedgerow to the west.  Species include {\it Quercus robur, Betula} sp., {\it Sorbus aucuparia, Sambucus nigra, Fraxinus excelsior, Acer pseudoplatanus, Corylus avellana, Prunus spinosa, Ulex europaeus, Hedera helix, Salix} sp., {\it Rubus fruticosus, Urtica dioica, Pteridium aquilinum, Agrostis capillaris, Dactilis glomerata, Cirsium arvense, Heracleum sphondylium, Centaurea nigra, Geranium pratense, Silene dioica, Plantago lanceolata, P. major, Solanum dulcamara, Viola riviniana} and {\it Galium mollugo}.

6. 	TORS PARK: B12, A21, and A31.

A tiny patch of land at the junction of a road and bridlepath to West Cleave bounded by a hedgerow on top of an old drystone wall/bank.  The hedgerow is mainly of fairly tall {\it Corylus avellana} trees.  Other species present are {\it Crataegus monogyna, Salix} sp., {\it Rubus fruticosus, Sorbus aucuparia, Quercus robur, Ilex aquifolium, Urtica dioica, Digitalis purpurea, Rumex obtusifolius, R. acetosa, Prunus spinosa, Cirsium palustre, Glechoma hederacea, Silene dioica, Ranunculus repens, Stellaria alsine, Montia sibirica, Poa annua}, good bryophyte cover on the walls, including {\it Polygonatum aloides}.

MANAGE:
The main part of the common is sheep and cattle grazed.  There is some bracken encroachment, and possibly some degree of overgrazing in places.  Most of the small outlying parts of the common are apparently unmanaged.  Scattered {\it U. europaeus} in closely grazed grassland occurs in Brennamoor and Belstone Common itself, although dense {\it Ulex} scrub is not extensive.

In the acid grassland and the D11/D5, the ericoids are generally sparse and either closely grazed down to the ground, or growing up amongst {\it Ulex gallii} and gaining a degree of protection from it although having to compete with it.  In places, the dwarf shrubs form low, grazed hummocks of young growth.  On higher ground and steeper riverside slopes, and in the most bouldery places where there is some degree of protection from grazing, the ericoids are growing more strongly, attain higher cover and are in better condition, eg. {\it Erica cinerea, Vaccinium myrtillus} and {\it Calluna vulgaris} are taller and more abundant.

Some of the acid grassland is intensively sheep-grazed with {\it Nardus stricta} present.  {\it Ulex europaeus} is "topiaried" by browsers and the {\it Ulex gallii} is grazed very close to the ground - especially in the north of the common.


FAUNA:
Across the Pebble Bed Heaths SSSI, over 70 breeding birds species have been recorded, notable Nightjar, Hobby and Dartford Warbler.  The Heaths are soon to be made a Specially Protected Area for Nightjar.  Curlews have also been present.  Among the 21 breeding dragonfly species are the Small Red Damselfly, Southern Coenagrion and the Downy Emerald.  The Bog Bush Cricket {\it Metrioptera brachyptera} has also been recorded.

Breeding Lepidoptera include the High Brown, Grayling and Silver-studded Blue.  Adder, Grass Snake, Common Lizard and Slow Worm are also present.

VEG:
The site is part of the largest block of lowland heath in Devon, and as such, is a nationally important representative of the inland Atlantic-climate, lowland heathlands of Britain and north-west Europe.  A significant feature of the site is the diversity of heathland-associated communities, related to its large area and the range of substrate and topography.

The higher, drier areas on the valley hills are vegetated by heath dominated by {\it Calluna vulgaris, Erica cinerea, Ulex gallii, Agrostis curtisii} and {\it Molinia caerulea} (NVC H4a and some c).  These areas are being encroached upon by {\it Betula pubescens, Salix} spp., {\it Rubus fruticosus, Ulex europaeus} and occasional {\it Pinus sylvestris} and by areas of {\it Pteridium aquilinum}.  Scattered scrub and {\it Pinus sylvestris} can be found in varying degrees across the heath.  The small north-east section of the site contains some areas of dense scrub beside Blackberry Marles, which include {\it Quercus robur, Corylus avellana, Fraxinus excelsior} and {\it Ilex aquifolium}.  This species mix has developed to a thin strip of broad-leaved woodland alongside Crook Plantation.

Shallow valleys give rise to distinct changes of vegetation, as dry heath changes to wet heath with patches of {\it Salix} spp. scrub on the valley floors. {\it Erica cinerea} is replaced by {\it E. tetralix, Molinia caerulea} increases in abundance and other characteristic species are {\it Carex nigra, Pedicularis sylvatica, Dactylorhiza maculata, Juncus acutiflorus, Narthecium ossifragum, Drosera rotundifolia} and {\it Sphagnum compactum} (NVC M16a).  

Acid flushes with {\it Juncus} and {\it Sphagnum} spp. are present draining into the steeper valleys (NVC M6dii), in which small areas of valley mire can occasionally be found.  These are characterised by abundant {\it Eriophorum angustifolium, Carex panicea, C. echinata, Trichophorum cespitosum, Dactylhoriza maculata} and {\it Drosera rotundifolia} and {\it Sphagnum tenellum} and {\it S. papillosum}.

Mineral-rich flushes support {\it Carex hostiana, C. panicea, Schoenus nigricans, Succisa pratensis}, together with the brown mosses, {\it Scorpoidium scorpioides, Campylium stellatum} and {\it Drepanocladus revolvens}.

MANAGE:
The common is under Tier One of the Countryside Stewardship Scheme prescribing control of {\it Ulex europaeus, Pinus sylvestris, Betula} sp. and other invasive trees and shrubs.  Also as part of the scheme, fire breaks have been maintained, areas of heath rotationally burnt and bracken removed to encourage heather.  As yet, there does not appear to have been any cattle grazing introduced to the site, but the Clinton Estates does plan to do so.  Areas of {\it Ulex europaeus} have been coppiced.  A pond has been created to encourage dragonfly breeding.

The site is used by the MoD for military training, but neither this, nor public use, appears to be damaging the vegetation.  Generally the heath appears to be of a diverse age and in good condition.  The current management practices are aimed at maintaining and encouraging the lowland heath habitats and therefore, ensuring the survival of the Pebble Bed Heath.


FAUNA:
Fauna seen at the time of survey:  Carrion Crow, Buzzard, Stonechat, Wren, Magpie, Jackdaw, Orthoptera, close grazed/trampled areas on paths have Bee holes, Song Thrush, Blue Tit, Blackbird, Pied Wagtail, Rook, Black-headed Gull, Dipper, Grey Wagtail, Green Woodpecker.

VEG:
The southern part of the common supports a complex mosaic of large stands of dry dwarf shrub heath, acid grassland (B11) with scrub and {\it Pteridium aquilinum}.  The northern half of the common is quite different to the southern half in that there is more woodland (A111), {\it Pteridium aquilinum} (C11), semi-improved grassland (B12 and B6) and very little dry dwarf shrub heath (D11).  The central part of the common is intensively used for recreation and is botanically rather uninteresting with extensive tracts of semi-improved neutral and acid grassland and {\it Ulex europaeus} scrub.  The south is heathy, the north is more wooded with extensive {\it Pteridium aquilinum}, the centre has much semi-improved grassland and {\it Ulex europaeus} scrub.  Grenofen Wood SSSI is in the north of the common.

C11 - Dense Bracken covers large tracts of the common.  Where the canopy is less dense, it grows over a ground flora of acid grassland species similar to those of NVC community U4a (eg. {\it Agrostis capillaris, Galium saxatile} and {\it Viola riviniana}).  Where the {\it Pteridium aquilinum} has been cut, (eg. grid square 4970), U4a is regenerating.  There is little growing beneath the densest {\it Pteridium aquilinum}.  The {\it Pteridium aquilinum} is criss-crossed by numerous grassy paths and bridlepaths.  Scattered scrub of {\it Ulex europaeus} and {\it Crataegus monogyna} occur in many stands, particularly in the northern half of the common.  The {\it Pteridium aquilinum} forms extensive stands, but also commonly occurs in mosaics with acid grassland and scrub.  In the south half, {\it Rubus fruticosus} agg. and {\it Ulex europaeus} are present in some C11.

B11 - Acid grassland covers a sizeable area, generally as part of mosaics with {\it Pteridium} and scrub.  In the north of the site, much of it is referrable to NVC community U4a, although in the south there is some U3 present, and tiny patches of U1 on hummocks.  The most intensively grazed/trampled paths and lawns are generally dominated by {\it Agrostis capillaris}.  Other species found include: {\it Agrostis curtisii, Festuca ovina, Galium saxatile, Potentilla erecta, Danthonia decumbens, Anthoxanthum odoratum, Viola riviniana, Taraxacum} agg., {\it Hypochoeris radicata, Euphasia officinalis} agg., {\it Hypnum cupressiforme, Veronica officinalis, Carex pilulifera, Calluna vulgaris, Pedicularis sylvatica, Rumex acetosella} and {\it Rhytidiadelphus squarrosus}.

B12 - Slighly modified acid grassland is mainly U4b.  It occurs on paths, roadsides, intensively used or closely grazed areas.  It is dominated by {\it Agrostis capillaris}, with various other species including {\it Bellis perennis, Trifolium repens, Hypochoeris radicata, Taraxacum} agg., and {\it Plantago lanceolata}.  There are large areas of B12 on the golf links and other amenity areas.  It is often associated with {\it Ulex europaeus} scrub (A22 and A21).

B6 - Poor semi-improved grassland occurs in the most intensively used amenity areas in the environs of Yelverton.  It is mainly NVC community MG6, and is of low interest.  Species include: {\it Lolium perenne, Plantago lanceolata, P. major} and {\it Bellis perennis}.  There are extensive areas of this with patches of dense {\it Ulex europaeus scrub}, plus several car-parking areas in grid square 5167.

A22 and A21 - There is a great deal of scrub throughout the site.  {\it Ulex europaeus} is the main species, occurring both as scattered bushes and sizeable thickets.  Other species are {\it Crataegus monogyna}, and lesser amounts of {\it Rubus fruticosus} agg. and {\it Prunus spinosa}.  Some of the latter forms dense, tall patches along the SW parts of the common boundary in places.  Tall, dense {\it Ulex europaeus} may provide good bird habitat.  Also along the SW boundary, are areas of A21 dominated by tall {\it Crataegus monogyna} over B11 and C12.  There is good lichen cover on some older {\it Crataegus monogyna} (including {\it Usnea, Parmelia} and {\it Evernia} spp.).  In the north of the site, A21 is either {\it Crataegus monogyna} dominated or {\it Ulex europaeus} thickets.  There are also occasional {\it Salix} sp., {\it Corylus avellana, Sambucus nigra, Rubus fruticosus} agg., {\it Hedera helix} and {\it Prunus spinosa} in the A21.  NVC scrub communities are W21, W23 and W25.

D11 - Dry dwarf shrub heath occurs mainly in th southern part of the common, where it forms large stands and also occurs in vegetation mosaics with acid grassland, {\it Pteridium} and scrub.

{\it Ulex gallii} and {\it Calluna vulgaris} are the most abundant species.  Both are locally dominant.  Sizeable stands dominated by {\it Calluna vulgaris} with frequent {\it Erica cinerea} and very little {\it Ulex gallii} are probably referable to NVC community H10.  Areas with abundant {\it Ulex gallii} and {\it Calluna vulgaris}, frequent {\it Erica cinerea, Agrostis curtisii, Deschampsia flexuosa} and {\it Potentilla erecta} are NVC community H4.  {\it Molinia caerulea} also occurs locally at a low cover.  Dwarf shrubs dominate with a very low cover of grass spp. amongst them.  Grassy "runnels" perculate some of the heath stands with acid grassland - these are generally very narrow and closely grazed.  {\it Pteridium aquilinum} and {\it Ulex europaeus} are locally frequent in some of the D11.  The {\it Ulex gallii} is locally dense, reaches 1-2m height and is more like scrub than heath (impoverished H4), to the exclusion of most of the ericoids.  {\it Pseudoscleropodium purum} is locally abundant and lush amongst the {\it Calluna vulgaris} dominated stands.

The entire southern third of the common supports a complex mosaic of H4, H10, U4, U3, {\it Ulex europaeus} scrub, scattered {\it Crataegus monogyna}, scattered {\it Pteridium aquilinum} and U20 (dense {\it Pteridium aquilinum}).  Estimated relative cover of D11:B11:A21:C11 in this part of the common is 40:10:20:30% cover respectively.  This mix of dense scrub, tall {\it Ulex europaeus, Crataegus monogyna}, grassland and open heath is probably good habitat overall, although botanically the individual communities may not be very species-rich.

A111 - Semi-natural broadleaved woodland is found mainly along the northern edges of the site along the valley sides of the River Walkham.  Small areas also occur along the western common periphery.  Grenofen Wood SSSI is partially within the CL93 boundary.  It is an example of western acid Oak woodland, and occupies the valley floor and steep slopes of the River Walkham.  On slopes, both {\it Quercus robur} and {\it Quercus petraea} dominate the canopy, with frequent {\it Betula pendula}.  The understorey includes high frequencies of: {\it Sorbus aucuparia, Corylus avellana, Ilex aquifolium, Hedera helix} and {\it Lonicera periclymenum}.  Ground flora species are: {\it Pteridium aquilinum, Vaccinium myrtillus, Rubus fruticosus} agg., {\it Holcus mollis} and 60 per cent cover of bryophytes.  There is good epiphytic growth on the {\it Quercus} spp. and a diverse lichen flora, which includes several rare and uncommon species, for example {\it Parmelia horescens, Cetrelia cetrarioides, Desmatina quercus} and {\it Usnea articulata}.  NVC is possibly W16.

There is some {\it Fagus sylvatica} and {\it Betula} sp. regeneration, but sheep grazing occurs.

On flatter ground beside the river, there is wet {\it Alnus/Quercus} wood, with abundant {\it Alnus glutinosa}, frequent {\it Frangula alnus}, and wet flushes with abundant {\it Chrysosplenium oppositifolium} in addition to most of the species already mentioned above.  The woodland is mature with fallen trees and bryophyte-covered boulders.  NVC may be related to W16 and W7.

Just south east of the SSSI, scree-covered slopes which were mined in the past, support {\it Fagus sylvatica} (which is regenerating), {\it Fraxinus excelsior, Corylus avellana, Sorbus aucuparia, Ilex aquifolium, Rubus fruticosus} agg., {\it Pteridium aquilinum, Lonicera periclymenum, Oxalis acetosella} and a high bryophyte cover on the rock-strewn floor.  There is some bare ground and a not very rich ground flora.

Sticklepath Wood is similar to Grenofen Wood, in being mainly Oak-Birch woodland, with understorey of {\it Crataegus monogyna, Corylus avellana, Ilex aquifolium, Hedera helix, Lonicera periclymenum}, and some {\it Fagus sylvatica}.  The ground flora includes {\it Vaccinium myrtillus, Digitalis purpurea} and local bryophyte-dominated seepages with abundant {\it Chrysosplenium oppositifolium.  Rhododendron ponticum} is locally present and could threaten to encroach.  Mostly it is secondary woodland.

Other woodland areas are also mainly Oak-Birch wood or Oak-Birch-Ash wood.  The area between the disused railway and Bedford Bridge (grid square 4970) is Oak-dominated, with frequent {\it Betula} sp., {\it Pteridium aquilinum, Crataegus monogyna, Prunus spinosa} and {\it Hedera helix}.  The roadside wood just south of Horrabridge is also {\it Quercus} sp., {\it Betula} sp., {\it Fraxinus excelsior, Crataegus monogyna}, etc. and is deficient in both understorey and ground flora (grazed by sheep).  There are a few {\it Rhododendron ponticum} by the main road.

A31 - Scattered trees associated with dense scrub, or growing along roadsides include mainly the following species: {\it Quercus} sp., {\it Betula} sp., {\it Fraxinus excelsior, Acer pseudoplatanus, Crataegus monogyna, Salix} sp., {\it Fagus sylvatica, Sorbus aucuparia, Sambucus nigra} and {\it Malus sylvestris}.

Summary of probable NVC communities occurring: U1, U3, U4a, U4b, H4, H10, U20a, U20c, W21, W23, W25, W16 and MG6.

MANAGE:
The common is grazed by sheep and ponies.  Much of the acid grassland is closely-grazed.  There is a good deal of {\it Pteridium aquilinum} and scrub encroachment.  The {\it P. aquilinum} is being managed by cutting in the north of the site.  Some B11 is overgrazed.  Some of the heath has {\it P. aquilinum} and scrub encroaching.  There is evidence of burning {\it Ulex} spp. near Clearbrook (but this is ?accidental).  A few cattle were present at the time of survey near the village of Clearbrook, but sheep are the most numerous grazing stock.

Cattle grids and fencing to keep stock off the main A386 effectively divide the common in half as regards stocking.

Much of the central part of the common is managed for recreation (golf course, parking areas, etc.) and erosion to the turf has occurred in some areas.  There are notices requesting visitors not to park on the grass in wet conditions, and indicating that further restrictions will be made if erosion becomes more severe.

Heather condition varies.  There are areas whre there is heather in the building phase that is quite healthy, and much seems in good condition.  "Carpet", "topiary" and "drumstick" heather growth forms are most prevalent near grassy, heavily grazed areas and alongside paths.  In denser heathland stands, the condition is mostly healthy.  On the Habitat and Management Maps (1995) heathland near Clearbrook in the SE arm of the common, and that in grid square 5065 and the NE sector of square 5064 may be burnt, but that around the golf course and in the extreme southern tip of the site may not be burnt.  Most heather is mapped as healthy or slightly overgrazed.


FAUNA:
Fauna seen: Meadow Pipits, Yellowhammer, Stonechat, Buzzard, Carrion Crow, Rabbit, Fox Moth caterpillar.

VEG:
The common occupies the summit plateau and slopes of a large 'double-topped' hill surrounded by agricultural land to the east of Moretonhampstead just outside Dartmoor. The highest ground supports dry dwarf shrub heath dominated by {\it Ulex gallii}.  The surrounding slopes are covered by an extensive blanket of {\it Pteridium aquilinum}.

C11 - The largest area of {\it P. aquilinum} is on the eastern branch of the common, although there are also large stands on the western side.  Species mingled with the {\it P. aquilinum} include scattered scrub and young trees or saplings - {\it Ulex europaeus, Cytisus scoparius, Rubus fruticosus} agg., {\it Betula pendula, Crataegus monogyna, Sorbus aucuparia} and occasional-rare {\it Fagus sylvatica, Acer pseudoplatanus} and {\it Quercus robur}.  The latter mostly near the perimeter roads.

Beneath the {\it Pteridium aquilinum}, are species-poor acid grassland (NVC U4a type) plus {\it Hyacinthoides non-scripta}, or elements of dwarf shrub heath which may have been overgrown by the {\it P. aquilinum}.  Sizeable areas of {\it Ulex gallii} mingled with dense {\it P. aquilinum} occur.

D11 - The dry dwarf shrub heath is NVC H4 community.  It is dominated by {\it Ulex gallii}, with abundant {\it Agrostis curtisii}.  The {\it Ulex gallii} grows densely to .33-.5m in height in clumps, between which a thick growth of {\it Agrostis curtisii} in the "runnels" crowds out most other herbs, which only occur at low cover.  Ericoids occur only sparsely amongst the Ulex gallii.  Other species present include: {\it Erica cinerea}, (frequent, locally abundant), {\it Calluna vulgaris} (frequent), {\it Potentilla erecta, Galium saxatile, Danthonia decumbens, Vaccinium myrtillus, Pteridium aquilinum, Sorbus aucuparia} and {\it Quercus} sp. saplings.

The H4 is somewhat impoverished, possibly due to the dominants ({\it Ulex gallii} and {\it Agrostis curtisii}), being more unpalatable to stock.  In parts of the western half of the commom, the {\it Ulex gallii} is so dense as to be almost impenetrable in places, and is more like {\it U. gallii} scrub than heath.

B11 - Acid grassland occurs along paths, alongside roads and totals only a small area.  Most of this belongs to the NVC community U4a, with high frequencies of the following species: {\it Festuca ovina, Agrostis capillaris, Galium saxatile, Potentilla erecta} and {\it Hypochoeris radicata}.  Other species present include: {\it Danthonia decumbens, Carex caryophyllea, Leontodon autumnalis} and {\it Cladonia} spp.

B12 - Some of the acid grassland is of U4b - somewhat agriculturally modified.

MANAGE:
The common is grazed by sheep and cattle, but scrub and {\it Pteridium aquilinum} invasion are occurring.  Small patches of acid grassland mark out feeding stations.  There is a small burnt area (? from bonfire).  In one area near the roads, there is considerable rut formation due to tractor track damage.

The heathland areas with heather, are slightly overgrazed, according to the Dartmoor Heather Condition Maps.  This area may have been overgrazed in the past (?) resulting in the dominance of {\it Agrostis curtisii and Ulex gallii}.  The heath areas are permitted to be burnt.  There are some areas where {\it Erica cinerea} is growing well and in the building phase.


FAUNA:
Across the Pebble Bed Heaths SSSI over 70 breeding bird species have been recorded, notably Nightjar, Hobby and Dartford Warbler.  The Heaths are soon to be made a Specially Protected Area for Nightjar.  Curlew have also been present.  Among the 21 breeding dragonfly species are the Small Red Damselfly, Southern Coenagrion and Downy Emerald.  This common is one of the few remaining locations for recent records of Damselfly {\it Coenagrion mercuriale}, whose larvae live in shallow, boggy, slow seeps characterised by the presence of {\it Schoenus nigricans}, which are base-rich, but low in nitrate.  They are poor fliers and so can be easily isolated.  The Bog Bush Cricket {\it Metrioptera brachyptera} has also been recorded.

Breeding Lepidoptera include the High Brown, Grayling and Silver-studded Blue.  Adder, Grass Snake, Common Lizard and Slow Worm are also present.

VEG:
The attached map is largely drawn from collated information.

The site is part of the largest block of lowland heath in Devon and as such, is a nationally important representative of the inland Atlantic-climate, lowland heathlands of Britain and north-west Europe.  A significant feature of the site is the diversity of heathland associated communities, related to ist large area and the range of substrate and topography.

The higher, drier areas on the valley hills are vegetated by heath dominated by {\it Calluna vulgaris, Erica cinerea, Ulex gallii, Agrostis curtisii} and {\it Molinia caerulea} (NVC H4a and occasionally c), representing a good example of lowland heath.  However, these are being invaded by {\it Betula pubescens} and {\it Ulex europaeus} scrub with scattered {\it Pinus sylvestris} trees.  {\it Pteridium aquilinum} is also present in isolated blocks.

On the lower slopes and low-lying areas, more affected by the water table, extensive areas of wet dwarf shrub heath have developed.  Characteristic of NVC M16a, {\it Erica cinerea} is replaced by {\it E. tetralix, Molinia caerulea} increases in abundance and other species are {\it Polygala serpyllifolia, Potentilla erecta, Narthecium ossifragum, Pedicularis sylvatica, Hypericum pulchrum, Carex nigra} with {\it Sphagnum compactum}.  These generally tend to follow the stream courses.  In some places, at the western stream head and where the two streams meet, large areas of {\it Molinia caerulea} dominated marshy grassland exist (NVC M24).  Generally these areas are dominated by {\it Molinia caerulea} and its litter, but a few small stands to the east support {\it Cirsium dissectum, Succisa pratensis, Lotus uliginosus, Juncus acutiflorus, Erica tetralix, Dactylorhiza maculata, Cirsium palustre, Galium palustre} and {\it Calliergon cuspidatum}, amongst an extremely herb-rich species list.  The species mix present where the two streams meet is of the {\it Eupatorium cannabinum} NVC sub-community.

At location (1) along the steep south-easterly facing slope the {\it Cirsio-Molinietum} vegetation grades into a mire with dominant {\it Schoenus nigricans} and {\it Narthecium ossifragum}.  {\it Schoenus nigricans} and {\it Molinia caerulea} are equally dominant and the intervening spaces between the large, dry tussocks are mainly litter-filled.  Where water has exposed the substrate, {\it Sphagnum subnitens, S. papillosum} and the brown mosses {\it Campylium stellatum, Drepanocladus revolvens} and {\it Scorpidium scorpiodes} demonstrating some basic enrichment, are found.  {\it Carex panicea, C. hostiana} and {\it C. pulicaris} are also present.  This vegetation is characteristic of NVC M14.  Towards the head of the stream at location (2), is a small area of {\it Narthecium ossifragum - Sphagnum papillosum} valley mire of NVC M21a, {\it Sphagnum auriculatum -Rhynchospora alba} sub-community with a carpet of {\it Sphagnum}.  Species present include {\it Eriophorum angustifolium, Drosera rotundifolia, Odontoschisma sphagni} and {\it Sphagnum tenellum}.  A similar area of mire can be found towards the south of the site on a level terrace above broadleaved plantation.  At the head of the western stream several {\it Osmunda regalis} plants are reported as present at location (3) and {\it Carex pseudocyperus} is present, in profusion, at location (4).

Blocks of encroaching {\it Betula, Ulex europaeus} scrub and {\it Pteridium aquilinum} with an understorey of {\it Rubus fruticosus} are present around the site's periphery.  These grade awary from the heathland into a predominantly {\it Quercus robur - Betula pubescens} woodland (NVC W10).  The western stream course is bordered along its length by {\it Quercus robur, Betula, Salix} and {\it Fraxinus excelsior} wet woodland, which transitions at the stream head to an NVC W4 {\it Betula pubescens, Molinia caerulea} wood.  

In the separate section of the common to the north, the frequency of {\it Pinus sylvestris} increases and {\it Molinia caerulea} becomes more dominant and tussocky on the lower slopes of the dry heath, as vegetation grades to wet heath.

Mineral-rich flushes support {\it Carex hostiana, C. panicea, Schoenus nigricans, Succisa pratensis} together with the brown mosses {\it Scorpoidium scorpioides, Campylium stellatum} and {\it Drepanocladus revolvens}.

{\it Genista anglica} has been recorded along a bank at location (5).

MANAGE:
The common is leased by the RSPB from Clinton Devon Estates and is under Tier One and Two of the Countryside Stewardship Scheme.  The prescribed management practices therefore, carried out are the control of {\it Ulex europaeus, Pinus sylvestris, Betula} sp. and other invasive trees and shrubs with scrub wood and invasive tree removal, planting and coppicing and of {\it Ulex europaeus}, improving and maintaining fire breaks, footpaths, rotational burning and mowing of wet heath, and bracken removal to encourage heather.  Bracken is removed in a variety of ways including scraping, rolling and spraying.  Under the second tier the lowland heath undergoes controlled grazing by cattle of approximately 50-100 livestock unit days, in order to increase the habitats' diversity and in some areas the water level has been raised.  This management has succeeded in increasing the area of wet heath present and structurally diversifying the site's vegetation.

Particular management is aimed at the Southern Damselfly and Silver-studded Blue Butterfly.  Old war bunkers are being used to encourage bat breeding.

Therefore, the common is extremely well managed to ensure that the maintenance of the diverse heathland communities and associated wildlife.  Removal of encroaching scrub is continually needed and pressure of erosion on steeper slopes is increasing from mountain bikes, local riding stables and other recreational uses.  At present, the heather generally appears in good condition.

The smaller sections of the common to the north, are privately owned and not managed by the RSPB.  On this part of the site large areas of dense Bracken have been left unmanaged.


FAUNA:
Blackbird, Carrion Crow, Meadow Pipit and Wren.

VEG:
Dense {\it Pteridium aquilinum} (C11) is the main habitat present.  Scrub species are frequent scattered throughout the {\it P. aquilinum} (A22), principally {\it Crataegus monogyna} and {\it Rubus fruticosus} agg., but also {\it Prunus spinosa}, occasional {\it Ulex europaeus} and {\it Corylus avellana}.  Most of the dense scrub (A21) is composed of {\it Crataegus monogyna} thickets with {\it Prunus spinosa} and {\it Corylus avellana}.  Scattered trees (A31) and trees in the boundary hedges and walls are mainly {\it Acer pseudoplatanus}.  There are also occasional {\it A. pseudoplatanus} amongst the {\it Pteridium}, and the whole common is probably developing towards scrub and woodland.  The small area of broadleaved woodland at the western end is mainly {\it Quercus robur} with occasional {\it Betula pendula, Acer pseudoplatanus} and {\it Fraxinus excelsior}, with {\it Corylus avellana} as understorey and sparse ground flora.  The dense vegetation may be good cover for fauna.  

A tiny area of acid grassland consists of NVC community U4b.  Therefore, the main NVC communities present are U20c and W21.

MANAGE:
Appears unmanaged with scrub, {\it Pteridium aquilinum} encroaching the whole site.  No evidence of grazing by stock.


FAUNA:
Written from IP's survey notes:
Woodland Birds as per other Pebblebed Heath reports.
Common Lizard.

VEG:
Written from IP's survey notes.

The main body of the common is dry heath with {\it Calluna vulgaris, Ulex gallii, Agrostis capillaris, Molinia caerulea}. The western end grades to D5 wet heath/acid grassland mosaic with {\it Calluna vulgaris} and {\it Erica cinerea} evident. The grassier areas have 20 per cent {\it Festuca rubra} with 60 per cent {\it Calluna vulgaris} and 20 per cent {\it Erica cinerea} There are several patches of dense {\it Pteridium aquilinum}.

The mixed woodland plantation on the western side has {\it Pinus sylvestris} with {\it Quercus robur} and {\it Betula pendula} seedlings and an understorey of {\it Pteridium aquilinum} which is dense in clearings.

The southern edge and the eastern end of the common has scrub which is often dominated by {\it Ulex europaeus} with {\it Ulex gallii, Betula} sp.

MANAGE:
From IP's notes.
Controlled burning of grass/heath has lead to some path erosion. Refer to RSPB for further management issues.


FAUNA:
Across the Pebble Bed Heaths SSSI, over 70 breeding bird species have been recorded, notably Nightjar, Hobby and Dartford Warbler.  Curlew are also present.  Among 21 breeding Dragonfly species are the Small Red Damselfly, Southern Coenagrion and the Downy Emerald.  The Bog Bush Cricket {\it Metrioptera brachyptera} has also been recorded.

Breeding Lepidoptera include the High Brown, Grayling and Silver-studded Blue which has a particularly healthy colony on the site.

Adder, Grass Snake, Common Lizard and Slow Worm are present.

VEG:
The western hill slopes and southern section of dry dwarf shrub heath represents the least degraded area of the habitat.  Here the lowland heath of mainly {it Calluna vulgaris} and {\it Ulex gallii} with varying proportions of {\it Erica cinerea} and {\it E. tetralix}, together with the presence of {\it Agrostis curtisii} and {\it Molinia caerulea} covers approximately 70 per cent of the area and is characteristic of NVC H4a and c.  Towards the base of hill slopes the degree of {\it Molinia caerulea} increases and {\it Erica cinerea} decreases, sometimes lost altogether.  These small areas grade into wet heath, although {\it Sphagnum} presence is sometimes sparce (NVC M16).

A band of scrub surrounds the site and has greatly invaded the areas of heath to the east.  The heath is therefore, less open and joined by {\it Pteridium aquilinum, Rubus fruticosus} and {\it Betula pubescens, Salix, Ulex europaeus} scrub with scattered {\it Pinus sylvestris}.

In some drier areas, the heath has been degraded through trampling and excess grazing to a short mat, mosaicing with acid grass.  In one place where many paths meet, the heather has been lost altogether and replaced by an {\it Agrostis - Festuca} grassland.  The tracks seem frequently used by mountain bikes.

The site also supports an extensive area of both plantation and semi-natural woodland consisting mainly of {\it Pinus sylvestris} with mixed scrub in the transition to heath.  A small area of broadleaved wood along the eastern boundary includes dominant {\it Betula pubescens}, with occasional {\it B. pendula} and {\it Quercus robur}.

MANAGE:
Areas of scrub have been cleared and the {\it Ulex} has been coppiced. The common was not being grazed at the time of the site visit, but did appear to have been burnt in small areas to the east.  These may have been accidental. The large area of heath to the west is of homogenous age and the vegetation of a quite mature age, but invasives have been cleared.

The common is under Tier One of the Countryside Stewardship Scheme prescribing control of {\it Ulex europaeus}, {\it Pinus, Betula} and other invasive trees and shrubs.  Fire breaks are to be incorporated, the heath rotationally burnt and {\it Pteridium aquilinum} to be removed to encourage heather.


FAUNA:
Suitable habitat for Nightjar and common heathland invertebrates such as Adder and Common Lizard.  Birds associated with scrub habitat, for example Chiffchaff and Blackbird were recorded on the site visit.

VEG:
On the drier slopes, along the periphery of the common, areas of continuous {\it Pteridium aquilinum} grade through frequent {\it Carex binervis} and {\it Molinia caerulea} into typical lowland dry dwarf shrub heath (NVC H4).  This supports the characteristic mix of {\it Calluna vulgaris} (80 per cent), {\it Erica cinerea} (30 per cent), {\it E. tetralix} (15 per cent), {\it Ulex gallii} (20 per cent), {\it Agrostis curtisii} and {\it Molinia caerulea} as well as, the occasionals {\it Cladonia impexa/portentosa} and {\it Hypnum} spp.  The majority of the stand appears of homogenous (medium to mature) age through management, as the shrubs have not been grazed.

This grades into a wetter form of heath as the frequency of {\it Molinia caerulea} and {\it Erica tetralix} increases downslope, whilst the drier elements of the vegetation, such as {\it Cladonia} sp. and {\it Erica cinerea} are lost.  Scattered {\it Pinus sylvestris} and {\it Betula pubescens} are seen to invade here, alongside dense {\it Ulex europaeus}.  The final community is {\it Betula - Quercus} robur scrub.  This follows the common boundary to the north and as it reaches higher ground, it develops into broadleaved woodland with {\it Rubus fruticosus} and {\it Pteridium aquilinum} understorey, where the canopy opens.  Along the roadside are tall {\it Acer pseudoplatanus} and {\it Pinus sylvestris} standards together with continuous {\it Pteridium aquilinum, Molinia caerulea, Cytisus scoparius} and {\it Digitalis purpurea}.

MANAGE:
As part of the Clinton Devon Estates, the common is under LH1 Countryside Stewardship.  The common is therefore, actively managed in a number of ways, with the aim of sustaining the heathland.  Areas of {\it Pteridium aquilinum} across the common are scarified (1. on the map) or rolled (2. on the map) and there has been general {\it Pinus} and {\it Betula} tree removal.  Rotational burning and fire breaks maintain the heather shrubs.  This management appears to be successfully preventing increasing habitat loss from scrub and {\it Pteridium} invasion, with a low level of seedling regeneration.


FAUNA:
The open grassy areas attract a diversity of butterflies and insects including Speckled Wood, Small White, Common Blue and Pearl-bordered Fritillary.  The sward is heavily rabbit-grazed.  Common woodland birds such as Cuckoo and Wood Pigeon were recorded as present in the scrub and small area of broadleaved woodland.

VEG:
The path from Shortwood Lane leads first through a small area of {\it Quercus robur} woodland, with {\it Lonicera periclymenum}, {\it Rubus fruticosus, Solanum dulcamara} and {\it Sambucus nigra} around its periphery.  A large area of the common has been planted with blocks of {\it Picea} spp., with broad grassy rides in between.  These open, grassy areas support a rich flora of {\it Veronica chamaedrys, Luzula multiflora, Anthoxanthum odoratum, Festuca ovina, Galium saxatile, Viola riviniana, Cirsium palustre, Bellis perennis, Ranunculus repens, Leontodon autumnalis, Vicia sativa, Chamerion angustifolium} and {\it Myosotis ramosissima}, with scattered {\it Pteridium aquilinum}.

The edges of the plantation blocks grade through {\it Ulex europaeus, Digitalis purpurea, Silene dioica} and {\it Cirsium palustre} vegetation into the scattered {\it Pteridium aquilinum.  Crataegus monogyna, Ulex europaeus} scrub borders Shortwood Lane and is encroaching up-slope where it is joined at one point by scattered mature {\it Fagus sylvatica}.

MANAGE:
The common is managed as a coniferous plantation.  Despite a species-poor ground flora under the plantation, the grassy rides support a rich and interesting fauna and flora.


FAUNA:
Across the Pebble Bed Heaths SSSI, over 70 breeding birds species have been recorded, notable Nightjar, Hobby and Dartford Warbler.  The Heaths are soon to be made a Specially Protected Area for Nightjar.  Curlew have also been present.  Among the 21 breeding dragonfly species are the Small Red Damselfly, Southern Coenagrion and the Downy Emerald.  The Bog Bush Cricket {\it Metrioptera brachyptera} has also been recorded.

Breeding Lepidoptera include the High Brown, Grayling and Silver-studded Blue.  Adder, Grass Snake, Common Lizard and Slow Worm are also present.

VEG:
The site is part of the largest block of lowland heath in Devon, and as such, is a nationally important representative of the inland Atlantic-climate, lowland heathlands of Britain and north-west Europe.  A significant feature of the site is the diversity of heathland-associated communities, related to its large area and the range of substrate and topography.

The higher, drier areas on the valley hills are vegetated by heath dominated by {\it Calluna vulgaris, Erica cinerea, Ulex gallii, Agrostis curtisii} and {\it Molinia caerulea} (NVC H4a and c), representing a good example of lowland heath.  However, these are being invaded by {\it Betula pubescens} and {\it Ulex europaeus} scrub with scattered {\it Pinus sylvestris} trees.  {\it Pteridium aquilinum} is also present in isolated blocks.  On the eastern hill, this scrub has covered a large proportion of its east-facing slope with only a few pockets of dry shrub heath remaining.

The vegetation of the western hill slope grades through dry to wet heath, to {\it Molinia caerulea} dominated marshy grassland and back to wet heath again on its downward approach to the valley floor.  The wet heath is characteristic of NVC M16 where {\it Erica cinerea} is replaced by {\it E. tetralix, Molinia caerulea} increases in abundance and other characteristic species are {\it Polygala serpyllifolia, Potentilla erecta, Narthecium ossifragum, Pedicularis sylvatica, Hypericum pulchrum, Carex nigra} with {\it Sphagnum compactum}.  The area of wet heath adjacent to the valley stream, has been invaded by frequent {\it Pteridium aquilinum} and scattered scrub.  An area to the north of this is completely dominated by species-poor continuous {\it Pteridium aquilinum}.  Acid flushes of {\it Juncus acutiflorus} and {\it Carex echinata} over {\it Sphagnum palustre} and {\it S. auriculatum} spp.  lead into the valley floor (NVC M6dii).  Species of more peaty, wet conditions can be found here, including {\it Trichophorum cespitosum, Drosera rotundifolia, Dactylorhiza maculata} and {\it Potentilla erecta}.  An area of valley mire (NVC M21) can be found at location (1) associated with disturbance caused by the laying of a gas pipeline.  {\it Eriophorum angustifolium, Carex echinata, C. panicea, Trichophorum cespitosum, Drosera rotundifolia, Dactylorhiza maculata, Sphagnum auriculatum} spp. are abundant here, with {\it Cirsium dissectum, Potentilla erecta} and occasional {\it Calluna vulgaris}.

Mineral-rich flushes support {\it Carex hostiana, C. panicea, Schoenus nigricans, Succisa pratensis}, together with the brown mosses, {\it Scorpoidium scorpioides, Campylium stellatum} and {\it Drepanocladus revolvens}.

Around the majority of the commons' periphery, and along the bisecting stream sides, a woodland dominated by {\it Quercus robur} and {\it Betula} spp. has developed (NVC W10c).  A small section along the north border also contains {\it Pinus sylvestris}.  The understorey and ground flora generally consists of {\it Rubus fruticosus}.

A few herb-rich glades appear within the wood along the northern part of the stream.

MANAGE:
The common is leased by the RSPB from Clinton Devon Estates and is under Tier One and Two of the Countryside Stewardship Scheme.  The prescribed management practices therefore carried out, are the control of {\it Ulex europaeus, Pinus sylvestris, Betula} sp. and other invasive trees and shrubs with scrub wood and invasive tree removal, planting and coppicing and of {\it Ulex europaeus}, improving and maintaining fire breaks, footpaths, rotational burning and mowing of wet heath, and {\it Pteridium aquilinum} removal to encourage heather. {\it Pteridium aquilinum} is removed in a variety of ways including scraping, rolling and spraying.  Under the second tier, the lowland heath undergoes controlled grazing by cattle of approximately  50-100 livestock unit days in order to increase the habitat's diversity and in some areas, the water level has been raised.  This management has succeeded in increasing the area of wet heath present and structually diversifying the site's vegetation.

Particular management is aimed at the Southern Damselfly and Silver-studded Blue Butterfly.  Old war bunkers are being used to encourage bat breeding.

The common is therefore, extremely well and imaginatively managed to ensure the maintenance of the diverse heathland communities and associated wildlife.  Removal of encroaching scrub is continually needed, and pressure of erosion on steeper slopes is increasing from mountain bikes, local riding stables and other recreational uses.  At present, the heather appears to be in good condition.


FAUNA:
Across the Pebble Bed Heaths SSSI, over 70 breeding birds species have been recorded, notable Nightjar, Hobby and Dartford Warbler.  The Heaths are soon to be made a Specially Protected Area for Nightjar.  Curlew have also been present.  Among the 21 breeding dragonfly species are the Small Red Damselfly, {\it Southern Coenagrion} and the Downy Emerald.  The Bog Bush Cricket {\it Metrioptera brachyptera} has also been recorded.

Breeding Lepidoptera include the High Brown, Grayling and Silver-studded Blue.  Adder, Grass Snake, Common Lizard and Slow Worm are also present.

VEG:
The site is part of the largest block of lowland heath in Devon and as such, is a nationally important representative of the inland Atlantic-climate, lowland heathlands of Britain and north-west Europe.  A significant feature of the site is the diversity of heatland-associated communities, related to its large area and the range of substrate and topography.

The higher, drier area, covering a large expanse in the eastern half of the site is vegetated by heath dominated by {\it Calluna vulgaris, Erica cinerea, Ulex gallii, Agrostis curtisii} and {\it Molinia caerulea} (NVC H4), and represents a good example of lowland heath.  However, it is being encroached upon by a scrub of {\it Betula pubescens, Salix} spp., {\it Rubus fruticosus, Ulex europaeus} and many scattered {\it Pinus sylvestris} trees.  {\it Pteridium aquilinum} is also present at the site's periphery.  Scattered scrub and {\it Pinus sylvestris} trees can be found in varying degrees, across the common.

On the lower valley slopes and low lying areas, more affected by the water table, extensive areas of wet heath can be found where, {\it Erica cinerea} is replaced by {\it E. tetralix}, and {\it Molinia caerulea} increases in abundance. Other characteristic species are {\it Polygala serpyllifolia, Potentilla erecta, Narthecium ossifragum, Pedicularis sylvatica, Hypericum pulchrum, Carex nigra} and patchy {\it Sphagnum compactum}.  Acid flushes of {\it Juncus acutiflorus} and {\it Carex echinata} over {\it Sphagnum palustre} and {\it S. auriculatum} spp. lead into the south-east facing valley floor (NVC M6dii).  Species of more peaty, wet conditions can be found here, including {\it Carex echinata, C. panicea, Trichophorum cespitosum, Drosera rotundifolia, Dactylorhiza maculata} and also {\it Cirsium dissectum, Potentilla erecta} with occasional {\it Calluna vulgaris.  Sphagnum auriculatum} spp. are abundant.  

Mineral-rich flushes support {\it Carex hostiana, C. panicea, Schoenus nigricans, Succisa pratensis}, together with the brown mosses, {\it Scorpoidium scorpioides, Campylium stellatum} and {\it Drepanocladus revolvens}.

In some low-lying areas to the west of the site and enclosed by mixed woodland, the {\it Molinia caerulea} has become dominant and formed large tussocks, more often associated with a species-poor marshy grassland.  A diverse and abundant {\it Sphagnum} presence of {\it S. auriculatum, S. compactum} and {\it S. subnitens} has a cover of approximately 60 per cent.

Around the periphery of the site, and along stream sides and on ground to the west, a {\it Quercus robur - Betula pubescens} woodland has developed.  This is joined by {\it Rubus fruticosus} and {\it Pteridium aquilinum}.  Along the north-western border, frequent {\it Pinus sylvestris} are mixed with broadleaved trees and become the dominant species where Canterbury Green Plantation encroaches onto the common.

Where the broad tracks cross the heath, a mixture of {\it Agrostis curtisii - Festuca ovina} grassland occasionally replaces the heathland shrubs.

MANAGE:
The common is under Tier One and Two of the Countryside Stewardship Scheme.  The prescribed management practices carried out, are the control of {\it Ulex europaeus, Pinus sylvestris, Betula} sp. and other invasive trees and shrubs with scrub wood and invasive tree removal, planting and coppicing and of {\it Ulex europaeus}, improving and maintaining fire breaks, footpaths, areas of heath rotationally burnt and mown, and {\it Pteridium aquilinum} removal to encourage heather.  {\it Pteridium aquilinum} is removed in a variety of ways including rolling and cutting. 

Despite following the lowland heath management prescriptions detailed in the Countryside Stewardship Scheme, there remain some areas of heath in danger of losing their species diversity from scrub invasion.  In some areas, where Molinia caerulea tussocks have become the dominant vegetation, a build-up of {\it Molinia caerulea} litter has reduced the area's diversity.

The heather on the site is generally in good condition, although frequent use by riding stables and mountain biking may potentially erode steeper slopes.


FAUNA:
Stoat, Weasel, Fox, Badger, Shrew, Frog, Toad, Slow Worm, Adder, Grass Snake, Dormouse, Lizard, Rabbit, Ponies, Grey Squirrel. 
Linnet, Wren, Coal Tit, Blue Tit, Nuthatch, Robin, Blackbird, Jay, Grey Wagtail, Green Woodpecker, Willow Warbler, Yellowhammer, Carrion Crow, Buzzard, Dipper, Swallow, Meadow Pipit, Long-tailed Tit, Pied Flycatcher.
Red Admiral, Wall Brown, Comma, Hedge Brown, Meadow Brown, Grayling, Speckled Wood, Silver-washed Fritillary, Ringlet, Clouded Yellow, Large White, Small Tortoiseshell, Small Heath, Micromoths, Small White, Green-veined White, Holly Blue, Peacock, Wood Ants, Grassland Ants, White Admiral, Small Skipper, Large Skipper, Common Blue, Small Copper, Marbled White, Purple Hairstreak, High Brown Fritillary, Brown Hairstreak.

VEG:
The common is part of an important woodland SSSI/NNR that occupies the Bovey Valley and gorge and Becka Valley.  Lustleigh Cleave lies on the SW facing side of the Bovey Valley, and supports young {\it Betula} and {\it Quercus} sp. scattered trees and {\it Ulex europaeus} scrub.  A relatively small area of western gorse heath and acid grassland occupies the higher ground in the north of the common.

Notable species include {\it Botrychium lunaria, Ophioglossum vulgatum} and a rich saxicolous lichen flora on granite boulders (eg. {\it Cetraria hepatizon} and {\it Massalongia carnosa}).  The lichen flora is of national importance and the rich bryophyte flora is of regional interest.

Most of the woodland is relatively recent in origin, and is continuing to colonise the slopes. There is much young {\it Betula} sp. encroaching the {\it Pteridium aquilinum} areas.  

Well-drained ground mostly supports a mixture of {\it Quercus petraea, Q. robur} and {\it Betula pendula}.  On wetter ground {\it Alnus glutinosa, Fraxinus excelsior, Populus tremula, Salix} sp., {\it Quercus robur} and {\it Betula} sp. are present.  Species in the understorey include {\it Corylus avellana, Sorbus aucuparia, Sambucus nigra, Crataegus monogyna, Betula} sp. saplings and {\it Ilex aquifolium}.  Small clearings generally are filled with {\it Pteridium aquilinum} and young {\it Betula} sp., and species such as {\it Lapsana communis, Urtica dioica, Heracleum sphondylium} and {\it Chamerion} agg..  Natural regeneration is occurring well.

The ground flora varies from relatively uninteresting {\it Pteridium aquilinum, Rubus fruticosus, Hedera helix, Oxalis acetosella, Melampyrum pratense} and a few calcifuge herbs, to more herb-rich ground flora including species such as  {\it Sanicula europaea, Primula vulgaris, Hyacinthoides non-scripta, Dryopteris dilatata} and other ferns, and {\it Mercuralis perennis}.  There are sizeable areas of {\it Quercus-Betula-Pteridium aquilinum} woodland however.  Boulders are rich in bryophytes, and older trees have good lichen and bryophyte cover, plus epiphytic ferns including {\it Polypodium vulgare} and {\it Polypodium interjectum}.  Boulders and trees near the river are particularly rich in lichens and bryophytes, with several notable species occurring (eg. {\it Lobaria amplissima, Hookeria lucens}).  {\it Hymenophyllum tunbrigense} occurs on streamside boulders.  The riverside boulders are important for cryptograms.  In NVC terms W16 is the principal community on the slopes, and W7 occurs alongside the river and W10 also occurs.

There is a wealth of detailed information, species lists and management details at the local English Nature Office on these woodlands and the present description is very much a precis of the site.

The extensive stands of {\it Pteridium aquilinum} included scattered scrub, and young woodland trees (in places coalescent to form young A111).  Species occurring amongst the {\it Pteridium aquilinum} include {\it Ulex europaeus, Sorbus aucuparia, Crataegus monogyna}, young {\it Betula} and {\it Quercus} sp., {\it Digitalis purpurea}, plus occasional species from the {\it Ulex gallii} heath community.

{\it Ulex gallii} heath (H4 in NVC) presently occupies a comparitively small area on high ground near Hunters Tor.  It is dominated by {\it Ulex gallii} which is so dense as to preclude most other H4 species.  This could be due to past overgrazing perhaps.  The expanses of {\it Ulex gallii} are mingled with {\it Pteridium aquilinum, Ulex europaeus, Agrostis curtisii} and few other species.  Strictly speaking, in Phase 1 terms, the dominance of {\it Ulex gallii} classifies this vegetation as dwarf shrub heath (D11), however, physiognomically it resembles {\it Ulex gallii} scrub.  {\it Calluna vulgaris} and {\it Erica cinerea} occur at low frequency and cover only, and in NVC terms this is a very species-impoverished form of H4.  {\it Cuscuta} sp. is present on the {\it Ulex} in places.

Acid grassland forms a mosaic with the {\it Ulex gallii} Heath (D5) on the hilltops in the north.  Species characteristic of the grassland include: {\it Festuca ovina, Agrostis curtisii, A. capillaris, Galium saxatile, Anthoxanthum odoratum, Pleurozium schreberi} and {\it Pseudoscleropodium purum}.  Most is referrable to NVC community U3, but some areas near Hunters Tor are U4a and U4b.  The ratio of D11:B11 in the D5 is roughly 75:25 per cent cover.  Intermediate D11/B11 occurs where the vegetation is transitional from U3 to H4 communities.

MANAGE:
As part of the Bovey Valley SSSI/NNR, which has a recent history of a lack of management, the woodland has a large amount of natural regeneration occurring, and appears natural and unmanaged.  Non-intervention is the current management policy to maintain this character.  {\it Fagus sylvatica} and {\it Acer pseudoplatanus} invasion may present a threat. 

The management for the important bryophyte communities is also non-intervention since disturbance and change in microclimate could damage the sensitive Atlantic woodland species.  

In the absence of much grazing by commoners much of former upland acid grassland - dry heath (D5) on the slopes of Lustleigh Cleave is rapidly reverting to woodland by natural regeneration.

Sheep were present at the time of survey in the D5 area around Hunters Tor.  The acid grassland here is heavily grazed and dung is concentrated in the B11 just south of the north boundary drystone wall, where the animals congregate to shelter and drink.

The Ulex gallii heath is very dense growth of the gorse in places.  Some bushes are very leggy and 'scraggy' and reach 1-2m in height in places, though most is 0.5-0.75m in height.  {\it Pteridium aquilinum} and {\it Ulex europaeus} are spreading into it.  Heather species are extremely sparse in this dense growth, and the Cleave is all mapped as 'gorse' and heathland that should be left unburnt on the Dartmoor Habitats and Management Map. (There was a small, probably accidental, burnt area of heath that was regenerating with {\it Ulex gallii} and U3 grassland species, at time of survey).


FAUNA:
The butterflies Small Tortoiseshell and Meadow Brown were noted, as were Chiffchaff, Magpie, Crow and a hunting Kestrel.

VEG:
The meadow had been mown prior to the visit therefore, not all its ground flora was apparent.  Species present include dominant {\it Lolium perenne} with {\it Agrostis capillaris, Dactylis glomerata, Phleum pratense, Alopecurus pratensis, Trifolium repens, Ranunculus repens} and {\it Plantago lanceolata}.

The slopes down from this meadow plateau become increasingly covered by continuous {\it Pteridium aquilinum} and occasional {\it Ulex europaeus} bushes and {\it Salix} spp.  In the damp hollow, {\it Holcus lanatus, Cirsium palustre, Potentilla reptans, Juncus effusus, Deschampsia cespitosa, Foeniculum vulgare} and {\it Rubus fruticosus} combine in a small area of grassland (NVC MG10).

A hedge of {\it Fagus sylvatica} surrounds part of the common with {\it Salix} spp. and {\it Quercus robur} scattered amongst.  It is species-rich, often with a similar mix as that previously listed within the meadow, as well as {\it Vicia sativa} and localized patches of dense {\it Urtica dioica} suggesting areas of eutrophication.

MANAGE:
The level areas of common are mown for hay whilst the lower slopes have been left.  This practice encourages a diversity of habitats and ensures the survival of interesting marshy species.  {\it Pteridium aquilinum} and scattered scrub are present on the site and the present management is seen as beneficial in discouraging their encroachment.  The hedgerow along the common's periphery has been left uncut in front and is up to 2 metres wide in places.  This provides good habitat for a diverse range of invertebrates, birds and small mammals.


VEG:
Areas of semi-improved neutral grassland on this small common have frequent to abundant {\it Holcus lanatus, Arrhenatherum elatius, Heracleum sphondylium} and {\it Rumex obtusifolius}, plus {\it Centaurea nigra, Dactylis glomerata, Lamium album} and {\it Aegopodium podagraria}.  Piles of dumped soil occur on part of the common, and species on spoilheaps include {\it Sonchus asper, Tripleurospermum inodorum, Silene dioica, Polygonum aviculare} and {\it Linaria vulgaris}.  Improved grassland and tall ruderal vegetation occur, the latter containing {\it Chamerion angustifolium, Rubus fruticosus, Arctium minus} and {\it Artemisia vulgaris}.  Several mature {\it Quercus robur} are present along the eastern boundary.

MANAGE:
Extensive dumping of soil has occurred on the common, and other signs of management were not apparent.


FAUNA:
Fauna typical of the lowland marshy habitats such as Small Heath Butterfly and Stonechat are present.  Arachnids were also notably abundant withing the marshy grassland.

VEG:
The site forms a continuation of the Black Down Common marshy habitats and is a small, old field boundary at the base of the Black Down plateau.  Marshy grassland dominated by {\it Molinia caerulea} with {\it Erica tetralix, Sphagnum auriculatum, S. subnitens} and some {\it Narthecium ossifragum} and {\it Carex panicea} (NVC M25a), is joined by continuous {\it Pteridium aquilinum} and wet carr woodland on poorly drained soil to the western boundary of the site.  This woodland consists of {\it Betula pubescens} as the dominant canopy tree, singled from old coppice stools, with locally abundant {\it Alnus glutinosa}.  The wettest parts support {\it Deschampsia cespitosa} and {\it Sphagnum palustre} on the woodland floor.

MANAGE:
English Nature holds a management agreement with the owner over part of Black Down Common to prevent uncontrolled fires.  Occasional rotational burning does occur within the extensive area of marshy grassland, which includes part of this site, to prevent the build up of species-reducing {\it Molinia caerulea} litter.  The other habitats present require little management.


FAUNA:
The only recorded species on the site visit were woodland birds such as Chiffchaff and Song Thrush.

VEG:
Sections of the common in the western half have been enclosed and improved to create a species-poor paddock with a schooling area of bare earth, a semi-improved, species-poor mesotrophic pasture including {\it Dactylis glomerata, Poa trivialis, Holcus lanatus, Achillea millefolium, Plantago lanceolata, Ranunculus acris, R. repens} and an area of enriched grassland, grazed by sheep and chickens, with {\it Juncus effusus} and {\it Betula} scrub encroachment.  These areas are part of land belonging to the adjacent Hillmoor House.  Several houses have also been built on this half.

The rest of the common is under Council and private ownership and consists of dense {\it Salix} spp. scrub with an overgrown ground flora of {\it Rubus fruticosus, Urtica dioica}, and {\it Ilex aquifolium.  Filipendula ulmaria, Juncus acutiflorus, Potentilla anserina} and {\it Lychnis flos-cuculi} occur along an occasionally water-logged track which runs through the scrub.  To the north, adjacent to the road, {\it Quercus robur, Crataegus monogyna} and {\it Betula pubescens} become dominant forming a small pocket of broadleaved woodland.

MANAGE:
Thirty years ago, the Parish Council cleared the {\it Salix} scrub with intentions to build a football pitch.  However, the site was too boggy for the tractors and so was not developed further.  The scrub has now re-established to a dense habitat.  The value of the common has been lost in the developed half, and so merely making the track through the {\it Salix} scrub more accessible and negotiable by vegetation clearance and laying down chippings along the path may benefit the local community and create some more open habitat.


FAUNA:
The high level of dead wood present provides a good habitat for invertebrates.  Common Frog was also recorded, as were birds typical of this woodland habitat such as Chiffchaff, and Whitethroat.  The Green-veined White butterfly was noted in a clearing of marshy grassland.

VEG:
A large area of the level ground to the south of the site has been 'ploughed' or cleared of vegetation, leaving bare earth.  A few {\it Quercus robur} and {\it Betula pubescens} trees have been left as standards and in places, the earth is being recolonised by {\it Pteridium aquilinum}.  Approximately 60 per cent of the area is now covered by {\it Pteridium aquilinum} and {\it Ulex europaeus} litter.

Further north, a downward slope becomes increasingly steep and the vegetation passes through bands of continuous {\it Pteridium aquilinum} with a poor ground flora of {\it Hyacinthoides non-scripta} and scattered scrub, to a thick band of dense scrub.  This consists predominantly of {\it Quercus robur, Betula pubescens} and {\it Sorbus aucuparia}.  The bottom fringe of broadleaved woodland is part on an extremely steep slope, and part water-logged.  It therefore, supports a mix of species, with dominant {\it Betula pubescens} together with {\it Salix} sp. and {\it Corylus avellana}, giving way to an increasing abundance of {\it Fagus sylvatica} and {\it Fraxinus excelsior} as the woodland becomes thicker.  The ground flora reflects this change with wet areas of {\it Molinia caerulea, Polytrichum} sp., {\it Viola palustris, Juncus effusus} and occasional carpets of {\it Sphagnum palustre} and {\it S. recurvum} giving way to {\it Holcus lanatus, Agrostis} spp., {\it Oxalis acetosella, Blechnum spicant} and {\it Veronica officinalis} in drier parts. 

An area of at one time, semi-improved mesotrophic grassland exists in the middle of the woodland, delineated by earth embankments.  A few species indicative of slight improvement remain, with {\it Alopecurus pratensis} and {\it Cynosurus cristatus} together with some {\it Juncus effusus} and {\it Cardamine pratensis} of more marshy grassland habitat.  Several spruce have been planted at (1) but these look unhealthy and the ground is really too wet for this species.  At target note (2), and occasionally within open areas of {\it Pteridium aquilinum, Vaccinium myrtillus} and scattered {\it Erica tetralix} at approximately 1 per cent cover, can be found.

MANAGE:
There has been extensive scrub and bracken clearance on the hill top to the extent that no vegetation remains.  The bare earth seems to have been ploughed.  Occasional {\it Quercus} trees have been marked and left as standards and simple fencing has been erected along the contours of the slope in the strip of scattered scrub.  The fencing is not being used to actually enclose a part of the common, but seems more like a marker.  The heavy machinery used to clear scrub and remove felled trees, has created a new track and caused much vegetation disturbance.  There does not appear to be any management within the woodland.

The vegetation clearance to ploughed earth seems too drastic for simple scrub removal.  However, it has created a new open area with potential for recolonisation.  The common may benefit from the introduction of grazing to prevent further scrub invasion and dominance of a species-poor {\it Pteridium aquilinum} habitat.


FAUNA:
The sites' variety of habitats support a rich and varied fauna. Butterfly species recorded at Ashculm Turbary include pearl-bordered fritillary and silver studded blue, and it is Invertebrate Site Register Grade C for both these and two other notable invertebrates: cranefly species {\it Pilaria fuscipenris} and {\it Tipula yerburi}. Other species such as marsh fritillary, small pearl-bordered fritillary and a long list of common species are recorded in DWT site files.
Birds recorded: Hobby, Barn Owl, Sparrowhawk, Buzzard, Tawny Owl, three species of Woodpecker, Marsh tit, Fieldfare, Redwing, Stonechat.
Chiffchaff and Treecreeper recorded for Owlecombe Wood and Dippers for the stream bordering Lickham Bottom.
Mammals present in the wet/heath marshy grassland vegetation of the commons include Dormouse, Harvest mouse and Badgers.
Reptiles and Amphibians include Grass snake, Smooth Newt, Frog.
Ashculm Turbary supports the keeled skimmer dragonfly - scarce in Britain. The dense marshy grassland of Lickham Bottom is good for slow worms and its stream supports river limpet and caddis flies.

VEG:
Ashculm Turbary:
Most of the site lies below the spring line of the surrounding hills and so the soil is permanently wet. The subsequent wet heath vegetation appears to be gradually degrading in places to marshy grassland (M25b) as a result of {\it Molinia caerulea} tussock formation and litter build-up. This habitat change has developed since the SSSI notification of 1986. The resulting marshy grassland supports a flora characteristic of the water-logged conditions, for example {\it Narthecium ossifragum, Drosera rotundifolia, Pedicularis sylvatica, Sphagnum compactum, Polygala serpyllifolia} and {\it Carex panicea}. At the northern end is a terrace feature, close to the quicksand enclosure, with areas of species-poor M25. The area downslope is still dominated by {\it Molinia caerulea} but due to the presence of {\it Narthecium ossifragum, Erica tetralix, Trichophorum cespitosum, Pinguicula lusitanica, Anagallis tenalla, Carex pulicaris} and a good {\it Sphagnum} cover of {\it Sphagnum palustre, Sphagnum capillifolium} and {\it Sphagnum auriculatum} the vegetation type has similarities with the NVC M15 ({\it Carex panicea} subcommunity. The vegetation occurs on approxiamately 80cm. shallow substrate and not a pure organic deposit, therefore can be described as a wet heath. It is an interesting and floristically valuable site. Both wet heath and {\it Molinia} M25 are important communities as they represent habitats much reduced in Devon.

Occasional depressions now support mire and acid flush vegetation including {\it Carex viridula} ssp. {\it oedocarpa}, Carex panicea, Eriophorum angustifolium, Juncus acutiflorus, Potamogeton polygonifolius, Drosera rotundifolia, Drosera intermedia, Sphagnum palustre, Cirsium dissectum, Anagallis tenella, Stellaria alsine, Rhynchospora alba, Hypericum elodes, Viola riviniana} and {\it Pinguicula lusitanica}. The pools which are created to enhance conditions for {\it Colonata} are still full of the algae as observed by Charles Putteney (1987) with no {\it Sphagnum cuspidatum}. A small fenced area enclose a patch of 'quick sand' containing bog pool and mire vegetation as previously listed and including frequent {\it Eriophorum vaginatum}.
Scattered {\it Betula} scrub is invading these habitats from the wet broad-leaved and coniferous woodland of {\it Betula pubescens, Salix cinerea, Quercus robur, Pinus sylvestris} and {\it Alnus glutinosa} which fringe the common. The wet woodland ground flora includes {\it Polytrichum} spp. {\it Sphagnum palustre, Carex viridula} ssp. {\it Oedocarpa}, Molinia caerulea, Chrysosplenium oppositifolium, Equisetum sylvaticum} and {\it Geum urbanum} and its understorey becomes more varied further south with {\it Lonicera periclymenum} and occasional open areas of {\it Urtica dioica} and {\it Silene dioica}. Adding to the site diversity are occasional patches of dry heath (H4) containing {\it Erica cinerea, Ulex gallii, Calluna vulgaris} (15 per cent) and {\it Pteridium aquilinum}.

Lickham Bottom
Occupying the lower slopes of Lickham valley, this site supports varied wet communities typical of the Blackdown springline mire vegetation. A central area of {\it Molinia caerulea} mire (M25b) is dominated by {\it Molinia} tussocks, also with {\it Viola palustris, Galium saxatile, Sphagnum compactum}. One section (note 1) of this contains a high proportion of {\it Myrica gale}, a shrub unusual to common land in Devon. This {\it Molinia} mire is species-poor with a bryophyte cover, mainly consisting of {\it Hypnum cupressiforme}.

Surrounding and encroaching upon this is {\it Betula, Salix} scrub. At point 2 trees have been felled and the exposed vegetation has developed into marshy grassland (M23) of dominant {\it Juncus effusus} over {\it Cardamine pratensis, Cirsium palustre, Galium saxatile} and occasional {\it Sphagnum palustre. Molinia caerulea} and {\it Pteridium aquilinum} are also invading. Coppiced plots occur at point 3, within the scrub. Continuous {\it P. aquilinum} covers the dryer slopes (U20). Wet woodland exists around the common fringes including {\it Quercus robur, Betula} spp. {\it Salix cinerea} and {\it Frangula alnus} with {\it Sphagnum} species {\it Dicranum scoparium, Brachythecium velutinum, Polytrichum formosum} and {\it Thuidium tamariscinum}. Therefore the community can be descibed as more of a marshy grassland than a wet heath in Phase One terms, as there is no {\it Calluna vulgaris} and very low {\it Erica tetralix} within M25b. This change in emphasis of species appears to have occurred since the DWT description.

Hemycock Common
A flat area of wet heath and marshy grassland on Hackpen Hill at the head of spring lines. A central area of this site is typical open wet heath found in the area, with {\it Calluna vulgaris} (10 per cent), {\it Erica tetralix} (25 per cent), {\it Ulex gallii, Molinia caerulea} and associates as previously described for above CL 139 commons. However, due to the build-up of {\it Molinia} litter, the {\it Calluna vulgaris} has declined to such a low coverage, and the {\it Molinia} tussocks have become so dominant, as to change the vegetation category in Phase One terms from wet heath to one of a marshy grassland (NVC M25b {\it Molinia} mire with {\it Erica tetralix} sub-community). The mire supports locally abundant {\it Sphagnum recurvum} as opposed to the {\it Sphagnum compactum} that is more associated with the wet heath community. A large part of these communities, to the east side of the common, have been badly degraded and trampled until there has been total shrub loss and replacement with acid grassland supporting {\it Agrostis capillaris, Festuca ovina, Festuca rubra, Potentilla erecta, Succisa pratensis, Carex binervis, Luzula multiflora, Dactylorhiza maculata} (U4) and also scattered {\it Pteridium aquilinum}. Scattered {\it Betula pubescens} and {\it Pinus sylvestris} trees, and {\it Ulex europaeus} scrub, are invading the wet heath and marshy grassland, which is also fringed with dense {\it Betula, Salix} wet scrub. A high frequency of {\it Rubus fruticosus} is present in the understorey and the {\it Calluna vulgaris} is short as a result of severe trampling or a previous burn. Large {\it Quercus robur} standards line a section of the bordering road.

Shuttleton Common

This site consists primarily of marshy grassland, degrading from the wet heath as with the previous units due to lack of appropriate management. As before, the habitat has been invaded, and is fringed, by wet {\it Betula} scrub with some {\it Quercus robur} on the common boundary. {\it Calluna vulgaris} (10 per cent), {\it Erica tetralix} (15 per cent) are only present at low levels, and the general appearance of the common is extremely overgrown and hummocky. Some areas of the {\it Erica tetralix} even seem to be drying out and dying. Drains have been constructed around some of the common periphery. A section to the north of the site also includes some {\it Corylus avellana} which has been coppiced at one time. Down the eastern side, a strip of the common has been improved, indicated by the presence of {\it Urtica dioica, Cirsium} spp., Rumex crispus, Holcus lanatus, Dactylis glomerata} and other mesotrophic grassland species. At location 1 mesotrophic grassland covers a waste earth tip adjacent to an area of bare ground apparently cleared for dumping with waste and manure. Tractor erosion has occurred from the track which follows this boundary to a field gate. Scattered {\it Pteridium aquilinum} and {\it Ulex europaeus} surround this area.

MANAGE:
The current situation is very different between the commons which are Nature Reserves and managed by the Devon Wildlife Trust and those which are not. Ashculm and Lickham are leased from Hemyock Parish Council. Ashculm Turbary is under a Countryside Stewardship agreement.

Both Ashculm Turbary and Lickham Common are actively managed to maintain and enhance the existing wet heath/marshy grassland communities through felling invading {\it Betula} and {\it Pinus sylvestris}; scrub clearance; and {\it Pteridium aquilinum} control. The brash from scrub clearance were observed to be stacked on site, not removed, thus creating good invertebrate habitat. Further scrub clearance is planned in order to enlarge the area of wet heath. As the name indicates Ashculm Turbary was once cut for peat but there is also a possible area of land slippage which may mask the evidence of peat cutting. Detailed management plans exist for all of CL139.

Hemyock Common is currently managed for clay pigeon shooting with shooting stands having been erected along the Eastern boundary. Vegetation is kept short, no threatening levels of scrub encroachment. Future scrub control and tree felling will be necessary to prevent invasion and subsequent of wet heath and marshy grassland. {\it Calluna vulgaris} appears healthy and does not seem to be grazed. Paths cross the open areas.

Shuttleton Common has lost a strip of mire vegetation through improvement and manure dumping and is also in danger of drying out as a result of a drainage pipe in the SE corner. This drains the common, feeding the water into a ditch which runs alongside the access track. It is also threatened by a {\it Betula} and {\it Ulex} scrub invasion from its margins. {\it Erica tetralix} shrubs appear to unhealthy with little signs of new growth, possibly as a result of the drying soil.

Owlcombe Common: This area needs grazing to prevent {\it Molinia caerulea} becoming dominant. Scrub invasion needs to be monitored and controlled.

With appropriate management this CL unit provides habitat diversity and sites for important, declining communities, providing great biological interest.


VEG:
Deciduous woodland is the most extensive habitat type on this small common, and this contains frequent {\it Quercus robur}, plus {\it Q. petraea, Fraxinus excelsior, Fagus sylvatica, Corylus avellana} and {\it Ilex aquifolium}, together with a few {\it Pinus sylvestris}.  Ground flora includes {\it Teucrium scorodonia, Digitalis purpurea}, and {\it Pteridium aquilinum} and the latter species also dominates some patches.  Area 1 is dominated by {\it Betula pubescens} and a small group of {\it Pinus sylvestris} occurs at 2.

Stands of scrub contain {\it Rubus fruticosus}, young {\it Salix cinerea} and {\it Betula pubescens} and {\it Ulex gallii}.  Patches of bare ground occur near the woods.

MANAGE:
The common appeared unmanaged, other than ditches having been dug along some of the edges adjacent to roads, possibly to prevent vehicular access. Some dumping had occurred.


