# file3

FAUNA:
The following birds were noted: house sparrow, reed bunting, rook, skylark.

VEG:
A very limited field survey was carried out; the site was viewed from the farm access track along the southern boundary using binoculars. 

Along the access track, at the eastern end of the common (for about 40m from the boundary), there is a small area of tall herb vegetation dominated by {\it Cirsium arvense} and {\it Urtica dioica}. A new {\it Crataegus monogyna} hedge (now about 0.4m high) has been planted along most of the remaining length of the access track. The disturbed ground along the hedge has been colonized by {\it Rumex obtusifolius, Silene alba} and {\it Urtica dioica}.

West of the {\it C. arvense/U. dioica} tall ruderal vegetation, mown semi-improved neutral grassland adjoins the southern boundary, on a gentle slope above the fen vegetation. Species recorded include locally frequent {\it Achillea millefolium, Centaurea nigra} and {\it Plantago lanceolata}. This grassland grades into discontinuous {\it Molinia caerulea} dominated marshy grassland downslope; species noted include locally frequent {\it Carex} sp., {\it Juncus effusus, Angelica sylvestris, Eupatorium cannabinum, Filipendula ulmaria} and {\it Lotus pendunculatus}, plus occasional {\it Juncus inflexus}. 

The {\it Molinia} dominated marshy grassland grades into tall swamp vegetation dominated by {\it Cladium mariscus} and {\it Phragmites australis}, with scattered {\it Crataegus monogyna} and {\it Fraxinus excelsior} (saplings).

The information shown on the map is based on field survey and the NCC survey map (July 1983) by M. Timms. 

The following information is reproduced from the SSSI citation for reference:

"Bugg's Hole is a small, spring fed calcareous fen situated in the valley of the Little Ouse River. A wide range of habitats occur from mown grassland on the driest soils to tall fen vegetation on shallow fen peats. The diversity of vegetation types is reflected in the richness of the flora which includes a number of uncommon species.

Bugg's Hole is situated on a shallow north facing slope with an area of semi-improved mown grassland on the highest ground along the southern margin. There is a clear zonation of vegetation types on the slope. Below the mown area is a band of species rich, fen grassland dominated by Red fescue ({\it Festuca rubra}) with frequent Common quaking grass ({\it Briza media}). Several uncommon species are found in this zone and include Common butterwort ({\it Pinguicula vulgaris}), Grass of Parnassus ({\it Parnassia palustris}), Bog pimpernel ({\it Anagalis tenella}), Fragrant orchid ({\it Gymnadenia conopsea}), Marsh helleborine ({\it Epipactis palustris}) and Adder's tongue fern ({\it Ophioglossum vulgatum}).

A band of marshy grassland occurs below the fen grassland. It is dominated by tussocks of Purple moor-grass ({\it Molinia caerulea}) with abundant Blunt-flowered rush ({\it Juncus subnodulosus}). The conditions are wetter in this zone and typical species include Marsh pennywort ({\it Hydrocotyle vulgaris}), Southern marsh orchid ({\it Dactylorhiza praetermissa}), Tormentil ({\it Potentilla erecta}) and Meadowsweet ({\it Filipendula ulmaria}).

Tall fen vegetation occupies the low lying northern part of the site. The area is wet with a number of springs arising in the zone. Common reed ({\it Phragmites australis}) and Saw sedge ({\it Cladium mariscus}) are dominant with abundant Blunt-flowered rush and Carnation sedge ({\it Carex panicea}). Several species are confined to the wet conditions including Marsh marigold ({\it Caltha palustris}), Tubular water dropwort ({\it Oenanthe fistulosa}) and Lesser Water Parsnip ({\it Berula erecta})."

MANAGE:
The grass on the slope above the fen is cut for hay; it is not clear if the site is subject to livestock grazing. It would be desirable to monitor the spread of scrub and saplings ({\it Fraxinus excelsior}) on the fen - these are now mostly located along the northern boundary.


FAUNA:
The following birds were noted: blackbird, chaffinch, chiffchaff, house sparrow, mallard, moorhen, woodpigeon, yellowhammer.

VEG:
The grassland was uncut at the time of survey, and dominated by {\it Alopecurus pratensis}, with locally abundant {\it Anthoxanthum odoratum,  Achillea millefolium, Plantago lanceolata} and {\it Rumex acetosa}, plus locally frequent {\it Arrhenatherum elatius, Bromus hordeaceus, Holcus lanatus, Poa} spp., {\it Centaurea nigra, Hypochaeris radicata} and {\it Leucanthemum vulgare}. The central area of the common is slightly more acidic; {\it Festuca} sp. and {\it Rumex acetosella} are frequent in the sward. 

In the SW corner of the common, there is a pond with steep banks (1 to 2.5m high), surrounded by a belt (10 to 20m wide) of amenity grassland. It contains 2 patches (each about 3m wide) of {\it Nymphaea alba}. There are occasional clumps of {\it Iris pseudacorus, Juncus effusus, J. inflexus} and {\it Typha latifolia} at the waters edge, with occasional {\it Glyceria fluitans}. There are two weeping willow trees on the southern side of the pond.

MANAGE:
The common did not look as if it had been grazed since the winter. It is likely that the grass is cut for hay in July or August.


FAUNA:
The following birds were noted: chaffinch, chiffchaff, house sparrow, yellowhammer. Several meadow brown butterflies were seen.

VEG:
The common was surveyed from the southern quarter only, using binoculars. There is a central area of species rich fen grassland fringed with {\it Salix} spp. scrub and scattered {\it Betula pendula} trees of various ages.

The fen appears to be dominated (at the southern end) by {\it Juncus subnodulosus}, with locally abundant {\it Holcus lanatus, Molinia caerulea} and {\it Filipendula ulmaria} with locally frequent {\it Carex panicea, Cladium mariscus, Schoenus nigricans, Angelica sylvestris, Cirsium palustre, Hydrocotyle vulgaris, Iris pseudacorus, Lotus pendunculatus, Mentha aquatica, Sanguisorba minor, Prunella vulgaris, Succisa pratensis} and {\it Valeriana dioica}, plus occasional {\it Phragmites australis}. Along the edges of the scrub, there is frequent {\it Arrhenatherum elatius} and {\it Elytrigia repens}, with occasional {\it Eupatorium cannabinum}. 
    
The {\it Salix} spp. scrub also contains occasional {\it Viburnum opulus} and {\it Humulus lupulus}. Under the canopy (at the southern end of the common), there is scattered {\it Phragmites australis} and occasional {\it Galium aparine} and {\it Urtica dioica}. 

Records exist for the nationally rare* {\it Liparis loeselii} up to the 1950's. {\it Carex diandra} has also been recorded on the common.

No further survey was carried out. The following information is reproduced from the SSSI citation for Blo' Norton and Thelnetham Fens:

"The site is of interest mainly because of the plant communities associated with the remaining areas of open fen. Additional interest is provided by the areas of carr woodland and by some of the meadows adjacent to the fen.

The areas of fen least affected by drainage still support calcareous valley fen vegetation with plants such as Black Bog Rush ({\it Schoenus nigricans}), Saw sedge ({\it Cladium mariscus}), which is dominant in some parts, and Purple moor grass ({\it Molinia caerulea}). A very large number of plant species are associated with these areas, including Fen orchid ({\it Liparis loeselii}), Devil's bit scabious ({\it Succisa pratensis}), Long stalked yellow sedge ({\it Carex lepidocarpa}), Quaking grass ({\it Briza media}), a small colony of Grass of Parassus ({\it Parnassia palustris}) and a number of rare mosses. In other parts of the fen, where there is some drying out in summer, this type of vegetation is replaced by taller vegetation dominated by Reed ({\it Phragmites australis}) and Meadowsweet ({\it Filipendula ulmaria}). This vegetation has a different range of associated species including plants such as Hemp agrimony ({\it Eupatorium cannabinum}), Purple loosestrife ({\it Lythrum salicaria}) and Great hairy willowherb ({\it Epilobium hirsutum}).

Woodland and scrub have invaded quite large areas of all three fens. The scrub consists mostly of dense Sallow, whilst the woodland is mostly Alder carr, with Ash and Oak on the drier parts of Blo' Norton Fen. Beneath the woodland canopy, the ground vegetation is made up of a restricted range of fen plants and weedy species such as nettle and cleavers.

In order to provide some control over the water table in the fen areas the [SSSI] site boundary also encompasses several small fields and ditches. These are of some interest in their own right with plants such as Ragged robin ({\it Lychnis flos-cuculi}), Marsh marigold ({\it Caltha palustris}) and Marsh thistle ({\it Cirsium palustre}) and Purple loosestrife all occuring in considerable numbers."

* Nationally rare species are those occurring in 15 or fewer 10km squares in Britain.

MANAGE:
There is evidence that the common was once used extensively for peat cutting. More recently, mowing and scrub removal has been undertaken by the Suffolk Wildlife Trust.


FAUNA:
The following birds were noted: blackbird, chiffchaff, house sparrow, robin, swallow.

VEG:
The sward is mostly dominated by {\it Lolium perenne}, with locally frequent {\it Alopecurus pratensis, Deschampsia cespitosa, Holcus lanatus, Poa} spp., {\it Potentilla anserina, Ranunculus repens} and {\it Trifolium repens} plus occasional {\it Festuca rubra} and {\it Cirsium arvense}. There are locallized areas of saturated ground near the drains, where the sward is a mixture of {\it Alopecurus geniculatus, Holcus lanatus} and {\it Glyceria} sp. (possibly {\it G. declinata}). 

The drains are open to livestock and mostly contain abundant {\it Glyceria maxima}, which in places extends over the bank top - areas large enough to map have been recorded as swamp (F1). Its spread is probably limited by livestock grazing. Other species recorded along the drains include locally frequent {\it Carex riparia, Eupatorium cannabinum, Mentha aquatica, Ranunculus sceleratus} and {\it Urtica dioica}, plus occasional {\it Phalaris arundinacea, Phragmites australis, Rumex hydrolapathum, Schoenoplectus lacustris, Scrophularia aquatica} and {\it Stachys palustris}. Along the widest drain (which is a tributary to the River Deben), there are also {\it Alnus glutinosa} and {\it Fraxinus excelsior} trees with {\it Crataegus monogyna, Prunus spinosa} and {\it Salix cinerea} agg. scrub. The channel reaches a width 3 to 4m at the water surface, and contains frequent {\it Nuphar lutea} and {\it Rorripa nasturtium-aquaticum}, plus occasional {\it Callitriche} sp. Within 40m of the River Deben, the steep banks support abundant {\it Conium maculatum} and {\it Epilobium hirsutum}, with frequent {\it Arrhenatherum elatius, Dactylis glomerata} and {\it Urtica dioica}, plus occasional {\it Artemisia vulgaris} agg. and {\it Dipsacus fullonum}.

MANAGE:
Used for cattle grazing. If grazing intensity declines, swamp (F1) will probably develop on the wetter ground along the drains.


FAUNA:
The following birds were noted: blackbird, chaffinch, chiffchaff, pheasant, yellowhammer.

VEG:
The common was surveyed from the southern edge only, using binoculars. There is an open area of fen vegetation here surrounded by {\it Alnus glutinosa} and {\it Betula pendula} woodland, with frequent young {\it Quercus robur} and {\it Salix} spp., plus occasional {\it Acer pseudoplatanus}. Under the canopy (near the footpath), there are scattered patches of {\it Glechoma hederacea} with frequent {\it Dryopteris dilatata}. Some coppicing of {\it A. glutinosa} has been caried out recently, and there is good regrowth from the stumps. 

The fen vegetation in this area contains abundant {\it Juncus subnodulosus}, with frequent {\it Carex panicea, Cladium mariscus, Holcus lanatus, Molinia caerulea, Schoenus nigricans, Angelica sylvestris, Cirsium palustre, Eupatorium cannabinum, Filipendula ulmaria, Hydrocotyle vulgaris, Lotus pedunculatus, Lychnis flos-cuculi, Polygala} sp., {\it Sanguisorba minor, Potentilla erecta} and {\it Succisa pratensis}, plus occasional {\it Briza media} and {\it Dactylorhiza praetermissa}. The southern part of the common was mapped as supporting tall herb vegetation in 1983 (on which the habitat map is based) comprising {\it Urtica dioica, Filipendula ulmaria, Galium aparine} and {\it Epilobium} sp. It would therefore appear that the fen vegetation has spread and is probably more extensive than shown on the habitat map. 

There are records for {\it Liparis loeslii} up to the late 1960's, and {\it Parnassia palustris} and {\it Pinguicula vulgaris} (1979).

No further survey was carried out. The following information is reproduced from the SSSI citation for Blo' Norton and Thelnetham Fens:

"The site is of interest mainly because of the plant communities associated with the remaining areas of open fen. Additional interest is provided by the areas of carr woodland and by some of the meadows adjacent to the fen.

The areas of fen least affected by drainage still support calcareous valley fen vegetation with plants such as Black Bog Rush ({\it Schoenus nigricans}), Saw sedge ({\it Cladium mariscus}), which is dominant in some parts, and Purple moor grass ({\it Molinia caerulea}). A very large number of plant species are associated with these areas, including Fen orchid ({\it Liparis loeselii}), Devil's bit scabious ({\it Succisa pratensis}), Long stalked yellow sedge ({\it Carex lepidocarpa}), Quaking grass ({\it Briza media}), a small colony of Grass of Parassus ({\it Parnassia palustris}) and a number of rare mosses. In other parts of the fen, where there is some drying out in summer, this type of vegetation is replaced by taller vegetation dominated by Reed ({\it Phragmites australis}) and Meadowsweet ({\it Filipendula ulmaria}). This vegetation has a different range of associated species including plants such as Hemp agrimony ({\it Eupatorium cannabinum}), Purple loosestrife ({\it Lythrum salicaria}) and Great hairy willowherb ({\it Epilobium hirsutum}).

Woodland and scrub have invaded quite large areas of all three fens. The scrub consists mostly of dense Sallow, whilst the woodland is mostly Alder carr, with Ash and Oak on the drier parts of Blo' Norton Fen. Beneath the woodland canopy, the ground vegetation is made up of a restricted range of fen plants and weedy species such as nettle and cleavers.

In order to provide some control over the water table in the fen areas the [SSSI] site boundary also encompasses several small fields and ditches. These are of some interest in their own right with plants such as Ragged robin ({\it Lychnis flos-cuculi}), Marsh marigold ({\it Caltha palustris}) and Marsh thistle ({\it Cirsium palustre}) and Purple loosestrife all occuring in considerable numbers."

MANAGE:
Mowing, coppicing and scrub removal has been undertaken by the Suffolk Wildlife Trust, which has produced a Management Plan (Woods {\it et al.}, 1992).


FAUNA:
The following birds were noted: blackbird, grey partridge, house sparrow, pheasant. Several rabbits seen.

VEG:
The dense scrub is dominated by {\it Ulex europaeus} with locally abundant {\it Rubus fruticosus} agg., plus scattered {\it Betula pubescens} and {\it Quercus robur} (young trees), {\it Cytisus scoparius, Lonicera periclymenum} and {\it Rosa} sp. 

The patches of acid grassland and dry heath scattered throughout the dense scrub are mostly too small to map. The acid grassland is dominated by {\it Festuca rubra}, with abundant {\it Rumex acetosella} plus occasional {\it Carex arenaria}. The dry heath is dominated by mature {\it Erica cinerea} and {\it Ulex gallii} (cover 90 to 100 per cent). There are more substantial areas of continuous {\it Pteridium aquilinum}, which contain abundant {\it Corydalis} sp. towards the edges of the canopy. 

Other species recorded on the common (mostly along informal footpaths and the roadsides) include locally frequent {\it Anthoxanthum odoratum, Arrhenatherum elatius, Galium saxatile, Pilosella officinarum, Plantago coronopus, P. major, Potentilla erecta} and {\it Teucrium scorodonia}, with occasional {\it Bromus hordeaceus, Dactylis glomerata, Achillea millefolium, Agrimonia eupatoria, Anthriscus sylvestris, Cruciata laevipes, Hypericum} sp., {\it Linaria vulgaris, Malva sylvestris, Papaver rhoeas, Silene vulgaris, Stellaria holostea} and {\it Tanacetum vulgare}.

MANAGE:
Appears to be ungrazed. The common may once have supported a much more substantial area of dry heath, which could have been reduced in area by {\it Ulex europaeus} encroachment. In time {\it Betula pubescens} will probably start to form areas of closed canopy woodland.


FAUNA:
The following birds were noted: blackbird, pheasant, skylark, yellowhammer. Numerous grasshoppers were found in longer areas of grass. Several rabbits and meadow brown butterflies were seen.

VEG:
All of the semi-improved neutral grassland was rank at the time of survey.  The area at TM304791 appears to have been abandoned - it is dominated by tall {\it Arrhenatherum elatius} (40 to 80cm) with locally frequent {\it Bromus hordeaceus, Dactylis glomerata, Achillea millefolium, Centaurea nigra, Convolvulus arvensis, Glechoma hederacea, Heracleum sphondylium} and {\it Linaria vulgaris}, plus occasional {\it Deschampsia cespitosa, Agrimonia eupatoria, Artemisia vulgaris} agg., {\it Malva sylvestris, Papaver rhoeas} and {\it Silene vulgaris}. There is frequent scattered {\it Crataegus monogyna, Prunus spinosa, Rubus fruticosus} agg. and {\it Salix} spp. scrub.

The remaining areas of semi-improved neutral grassland look as if they are cut at least once a year. The sward (height 20 to 40cm) is a mixture of {\it Arrhenatherum elatius, Dactylis glomerata, Holcus lanatus} and {\it Lolium perenne}, with locally frequent {\it Alopecurus pratensis, Anthoxanthum odoratum, Bromus hordeaceus, Deschampsia cespitosa, Poa} spp., {\it Achillea millefolium, Lotus corniculatus, Pulicaria dysenterica, Rumex acetosa, Silaum silaus, Tragopogon pratensis, Trifolium dubium, T. repens, Taraxacum officinale} agg., {\it Veronica chamaedrys} and {\it Vicia sativa}, plus occasional {\it Briza media}. Abundant {\it Ononis spinosa} was found in the most northerly area of semi-improved neutral grassland at TM298797.

An area recorded as poor semi-improved grassland (B6) at TM299790 had been cut recently and the cuttings removed; herb species in this area may have been under recorded. 

At the southern end of the common, there is a small area of arable land, and a small area used as a trailer park. At TM301787, there is a small pond which contains abundant {\it Ranunculus} sp. (water crowfoot); the banks are bare soil. 

The areas of dense scrub and wide, scrubby hedgerows (up to 5m high and 8m wide) are mostly a mixture of {\it Crataegus monogyna} and {\it Prunus spinosa} with locally frequent {\it Corylus avellana, Humulus lupulus, Rosa} sp., {\it Rubus fruticosus} agg., {\it Salix caprea, S. cinerea} and {\it Sambucus nigra}, plus scattered {\it Acer campestre} and {\it Fraxinus excelsior} of various ages (including mature standards).

MANAGE:
Except for the area at TM304791, all the areas of grassland on the common are probably cut for hay in summer or early autumn. No livestock were seen; grazing may take place on the autumn aftermath or overwinter. 

The dense scrub and wide, scrubby hedgerows provide a good area of cover for birds and small mammals in a predominantly open, arable landscape.


FAUNA:
The following birds were noted: blackbird, chaffinch, grey partridge, house sparrow, pheasant, yellowhammmer. Several rabbits seen.

VEG:
The dense scrub is dominated by {\it Ulex europaeus} with locally abundant {\it Rubus fruticosus} agg., plus scattered {\it Betula pubescens} and {\it Quercus robur} (young trees), {\it Cytisus scoparius, Lonicera periclymenum} and {\it Rosa} sp. 

The patches of unimproved acid grassland and dry heath scattered throughout the dense scrub are mostly too small to map. The acid grassland is dominated by {\it Festuca rubra}, with frequent {\it Rumex acetosella} and {\it Galium saxatile}, plus occasional {\it Carex arenaria}. The dry heath is dominated by mature {\it Calluna vulgaris, Erica cinerea} and {\it Ulex gallii} (height up to 50cm, cover 90 to 100 per cent). There are also scattered areas of continuous {\it Pteridium aquilinum}, which contain abundant {\it Corydalis} sp. towards the edges of the canopy. At the eastern end of the common, there is a small area of broadleaved woodland dominated by {\it Quercus robur} with frequent {\it Acer pseudoplatanus} and {\it Betula pendula}, plus occasional {\it Sorbus aucuparia}. Trunk diameters are generally less than 15cm at chest height. The ground flora is dominated by {\it Pteridium aquilinum} and {\it Rubus fruticosus} agg.

Other species recorded on the common (mostly along informal footpaths and the roadsides) include locally frequent {\it Anthoxanthum odoratum, Arrhenatherum elatius, Pilosella officinarum, Plantago coronopus, P. major, Potentilla erecta, Teucrium scorodonia} and {\it Urtica dioica}, with occasional {\it Bromus hordeaceus, Dactylis glomerata, Deschampsia cespitosa, Achillea millefolium, Agrimonia eupatoria, Anthriscus sylvestris, Chamerion angustifolium, Digitalis purpurea, Cruciata laevipes, Hypericum} sp., {\it Linaria vulgaris, Malva sylvestris, Papaver rhoeas, Silene vulgaris, Stellaria holostea} and {\it Tanacetum vulgare}.

MANAGE:
Appears to be ungrazed. The common may once have supported a much more substantial area of dry heath, which could have been reduced in area by {\it Ulex europaeus} encroachment. The area of closed canopy woodland on the common will probably increase gradually.


FAUNA:
The following birds were noted: chaffinch, woodpigeon. Several meadow brown, ringlet and small tortoiseshell butterflies were seen.

VEG:
The semi-improved neutral grassland is dominated by {\it Holcus lanatus} with frequent {\it Alopecurus pratensis, Anthoxanthum odoratum, Arrhenatherum elatius, Dactylis glomerata, Deschampsia cespitosa, Lolium perenne, Poa} spp., {\it Centaurea nigra, Medicago lupulina, Rumex acetosa, Ranunculus acris, Trifolium repens} and {\it Silaum silaus}, plus occasional {\it Achillea millefolium, Ononis spinosa, Pulicaria dysenterica, Senecio erucifolius, Trifolium medium} and {\it Vicia cracca}. Along the roadside, there is frequent {\it Heracleum sphondylium}. A small playing field, with a sward much poorer in herb species (recorded as poor semi-improved grassland, B6) has been created in the central area of the common.   

The small area of semi-improved calcareous grassland to the east of the road contains all the species above, but also frequent {\it Agrimonia eupatoria, Daucus carota, Galium mollugo} and the nationally scarce* {\it Trifolium ochroleucon}, plus occasional {\it Briza media}.

Pond 1 (near the eastern boundary of the common) is heavily shaded by young and mature {\it Alnus glutinosa, Fraxinus excelsior} and {\it Salix} sp. trees growing in its bank, with frequent {\it Prunus spinosa} and {\it Rubus fruticosus} agg., plus occasional {\it Ligustrum vulgare}. Only the northern edge of pond 2 (see map) is within the CL boundary. It is surrounded by a dense {\it Prunus spinosa} hedge (up to 4m high and 2m wide).

A discontinuous {\it Crataegus monogyna/Prunus spinosa} hedge (up to 4m high and 3m wide) runs along the southern CL boundary between Green Farm and Home Farm. 

* Nationally scarce species are those occurring in between 16 and 100 10km squares in Britain (D.A.Pearman {\it et al} 'Scarce Plants in Britain', JNCC, 1994).

MANAGE:
The grassland is probably cut for hay in the late summer. It does not appear to be used for livestock grazing. The small playing field is cut more frequently, but not maintained as closely cut amenity grassland.


FAUNA:
The following birds were noted: chiffchaff, house sparrow, yellowhammer. Narrow strips of uncut long grass along the hedgerows contain numerous grasshoppers.

VEG:
The semi-improved neutral grassland is dominated by {\it Holcus lanatus} with frequent {\it Alopecurus pratensis, Anthoxanthum odoratum, Dactylis glomerata, Lolium perenne, Poa} spp., {\it Achillea millefolium, Bellis perennis, Centaurea nigra, Convolvulus arvensis, Glechoma hederacea, Lathyrus pratensis, Potentilla anserina, P. reptans, Rumex acetosa} and {\it Trifolium repens}, plus occasional {\it Geranium molle} and {\it Leucanthemum vulgare}.

The small areas of semi-improved neutral grassland contain all the species above, but also frequent {\it Agrimonia eupatoria, Daucus carota} and {\it Galium mollugo}, plus occasional {\it Trifolium ochroleucon} (nationally scarce*).
 
The pond on the northern boundary (which is partly outside the CL boundary) is fringed with stands of {\it Typha latifolia} and {\it Juncus inflexus}. On the bank, there are dense stands of {\it Epilobium hirsutum}, with frequent {\it Arrhenatherum elatius}, plus occasional {\it Carex otrubae, Cirsium palustre, Papaver rhoeas} and {\it Silene dioica}. 

Discontinuous hedgerows up to 4m high and 3m wide run along some sections of the CL boundary - they are a mixture of {\it Crataegus monogyna, Cornus sanguinea, Prunus spinosa} and {\it Rubus fruticosus} agg., plus occasional {\it Acer campestre} and {\it Sambucus nigra}. Where hedgerows are absent, there is wire fencing with mature standard trees (mostly {\it Fraxinus excelsior}).

* Nationally scarce species are those occurring in between 16 and 100 10km squares in Britain (D.A.Pearman {\it et al} 'Scarce Plants in Britain', JNCC, 1994).

MANAGE:
The grass on most of the common had been cut within the last 2 weeks. Small areas of semi-improved calcareous grassland adjoining residential properties have been mown much more frequently than the rest of the common. It would be desirable to relax the mowing regime on these areas if the diversity of herb species is to be maintained.


FAUNA:
The following birds were noted: blackbird, house sparrow, woodpigeon. Several meadow brown butterflies were seen.

VEG:
The main area of grassland on the common (to the N. of the road running east-west) had been cut for hay recently, and the cuttings removed. It appears to be a mixture of {\it Alopecurus pratensis, Anthoxanthum odoratum, Arrhenatherum elatius, Festuca rubra, Holcus lanatus} and {\it Poa} spp. with frequent {\it Ranunculus repens, Taraxacum officinale} agg. and {\it Trifolium repens}, plus occasional {\it Centaurea nigra}. Herb species may have been under recorded as the grass had been cut recently. Further survey is required during the summer to determine if recording as poor semi-improved grassland (B6) is appropriate. 

On the south side of the road, there are areas of improved grassland,  enclosed arable ley ({\it Lolium perenne}) and tall herb vegetation ({\it Urtica dioica, Heracleum sphondylium} with frequent {\it Arrhenatherum elatius}).

The area described above is enclosed by scrubby, discontinuous hedgerows (up to 4m high and 6m wide) dominated by {\it Prunus spinosa} with frequent {\it Acer campestre, Crataegus monogyna, Fraxinus excelsior} and {\it Rubus fruticosus} agg., plus occasional {\it Acer pseudoplatanus, Cornus sanguinea, Malus} sp. and {\it Rosa canina}. There has been some coppicing of the tree species (not recent). On the southern side, the hedgerow contains occasional standard trees ({\it Aesculus hippocastanum, Fraxinus excelsior}). These hedgerows extend along the roadside in the western half of the common, where they also contain {\it Quercus robur}.

MANAGE:
It is not clear if the grassland which had been cut for hay is grazed. Some grazing may take place on the autumn aftermath or over the winter.
No evidence of recent management of the hedgerows was seen. The wider sections provide a good area of cover for birds and small mammals (especially where they adjoin tall herb/grass vegetation) in the predominantly open, arable landscape.


FAUNA:
There are no records for the fauna of this common.

VEG:
Unfortunately this common was omitted from the survey. The southern half of the common (south from where the minor road turns onto the common) was included in the 1986 County Phase 1 survey. The following species were recorded: {\it Trifolium pratense, T. repens, Plantago media, Cerastium fontanum} ssp. {\it holosteoides, Achillea millefolium, Ranunculus repens, Lolium perenne, Bromus hordaceous} ssp. {\it hordaceous, Agrostis capillaris, Centaurea nigra, Rumex acetosa, Cirsium arvense, Agrimonia eupatorium, Lotus corniculatus, Arrhenatherum elatius, Dactylis glomerata, Potentilla reptans, Heracleum sphondylium, Carex otrubae, Carex} sp., {\it Juncus effusus, J. inflexus, Rubus fruticosus} agg., {\it Prunella vulgaris, Medicago lupulina, Alopecurus pratensis, Ononis spinosa, Epilobium hirsutum, Solanum dulcamara} and {\it Glyceria fluitans}. The hedge bordering the western side and scrub supported the following species: {\it Sambucus nigra, Fraxinus excelsior, Crataegus monogyna, Prunus spinosa, Corylus avellana, Acer campestre, Populus nigra} var. {\it italica, Quercus robur} and {\it Rubus fruticosus} agg. The following additional species were also reported to occur on the common but were not recorded during the survey: {\it Primula veris, P. vulgaris, Orchis morio, Briza media, Anthoxanthum odoratum, Carex hirta} and {\it Ophrys apifera} (appeared for one year only). Further survey of this common is recommended.

MANAGE:
At the time of the 1986 Phase 1 survey, the management of the southern part of the common was cutting of hay and horse grazing.


FAUNA:
The following birds were noted: blackbird, chaffinch, pheasant. Several meadow brown butterflies seen.

VEG:
The grassland is dominated by {\it Holcus lanatus} with locally frequent {\it Agrostis capillaris, Alopecurus pratensis, Anthoxanthum odoratum, Arrhenatherum elatius, Bromus hordeaceus, Lolium perenne, Poa} spp., {\it Achillea millefolium, Centaurea nigea, Ranunculus repens, Rumex acetosa} and {\it Vicia sativa}, plus occasional {\it Deschampsia cespitosa, Elytrigia repens, Anthriscus sylvestris, Heracleum sphondylium, Lathyrus pratensis} and {\it Tragopogon pratensis}.

Along the eastern boundary, there is a belt of woodland (dominated by mature standard {\it Quercus robur}) and dense scrub, which is dominated by {\it Crataegus monogyna} and {\it Prunus spinosa} with frequent {\it Rosa} sp., {\it Rubus fruticosus} agg. and {\it Ulmus procera}. 

{\it Aesculus hippocastanum} saplings have been planted along the road which crosses the common.

MANAGE:
No evidence of recent livestock grazing was seen. The grass appears to be being managed for hay production; it is probably cut in late summer. Grazing may take place on the autumn aftermath or during the winter.


VEG:
The grassland is dominated by {\it Holcus lanatus} with locally frequent {\it Anthoxanthum odoratum, Arrhenatherum elatius, Dactylis glomerata, Poa} spp., {\it Ranunculus repens} and {\it Rumex acetosa}, plus occasional {\it Centaurea nigra}. In the central area of the common, there is a small spring surrounded by {\it Carex otrubae, Deschampsia cespitosa, Juncus inflexus, Calystegia sepium, Epilobium hirsutum} and {\it Solanum dulcamara}. It is partly shaded by young {\it Alnus glutinosa} and {\it Fraxinus excelsior} trees. The hedge on the SE boundary of the common is up to 6m wide and 5m high. It is dominated by {\it Crataegus monogyna} and {\it Prunus spinosa}, with occasional mature standard {\it Fraxinus excelsior} and {\it Quercus robur} trees.

MANAGE:
No livestock were seen. The grass had been cut recently and the cuttings removed.


FAUNA:
The following birds were noted: blackbird, chiffchaff, yellowhammer. Several rabbits seen.

VEG:
In the western half of the common, dense {\it Pteridium aquilinum} is interspersed with {\it Ulex europaeus} scrub, scattered trees and small areas of woodland ({\it Betula pendula} with occasional {\it Pinus} sp., {\it Quercus robur} and {\it Sorbus aucuparia}). In the remainder of the common, the dense scrub and bracken is broken up by golfing fairways - these generally consist of amenity grassland fringed with rougher areas of acid grassland dominated by {\it Festuca} sp. with frequent {\it Deschampsia cespitosa, Lotus corniculatus} and {\it Rumex acetosa}, plus occasional {\it Galium verum}. There are occasional patches (too small to map) of dry heath (up to 25cm high) dominated by {\it Calluna vulgaris} with occasional {\it Erica cinerea}.

Along some of the most frequently used paths, bare, sandy ground has been exposed - it is being colonized by {\it Carex arenaria}.

MANAGE:
No evidence of recent burning or scrub/tree removal or livestock grazing was seen. The common appears to be unmanaged, except for the area used as a golf course.


VEG:
The sward appears to be a mixture of {\it Alopecurus pratensis, Holcus lanatus} and {\it Poa} spp., with locally frequent {\it Anthoxanthum odoratum, Arrhenatherum elatius, Deschampsia cespitosa, Achillea millefolium, Plantago lanceolata, Potentilla reptans, Ranunculus acris, R. repens, Rumex acetosa, Trifolium repens} and {\it Taraxacum officinale} agg., plus occasional scattered {\it Crataegus monogyna}.

The grassland is enclosed by wide, discontinuous hedgerows dominated by {\it Crataegus monogyna} and {\it Prunus spinosa} with frequent {\it Rubus fruticosus} agg., {\it Rosa} spp. and {\it Sambucus nigra}, and occasional {\it Fraxinus excelsior} and {\it Quercus robur} of varying age, from saplings to mature standards.

MANAGE:
Appears to be managed for hay production. Grazing may take place on the aftermath or over winter.

The grass had been cut recently and the cuttings removed at the time of survey; it is possible that herb species may have been under recorded. Further survey is required earlier in the summer.


FAUNA:
The following birds were noted: blackbird, house sparrow, swallow. Several rabbits seen.

VEG:
The unimproved acid grassland is dominated by {\it Agrostis capillaris} and {\it Festuca} sp., with abundant {\it Rumex acetosella} plus locally frequent {\it Galium saxatile, Plantago coronopus} and {\it Rhytidiadelphus squarrosus}, and occasional {\it Calluna vulgaris}. Sward height is generally less than 3cm. The acid grassland is mostly surrounded by peripheral stands of dense {\it Pteridium aquilinum} and dense scrub dominated by {\it Ulex europaeus} with frequent {\it Rosa} sp. and {\it Rubus fruticosus} agg., plus occasional {\it Cytisus scoparius} and {\it Lonicera periclymenum}. At the eastern end of the common, there is a small area of broadleaved woodland dominated by {\it Betula pendula} with occasional {\it Quercus robur} and {\it Sorbus aucuparia}. Much of the {\it B. pendula} growth is from stumps. Height is in the range 4 to 6m. There is a line of standard {\it Quercus robur} trees along the western boundary of the common.

Other species recorded on the common include locally frequent {\it Senecio jacobaea, Torillis japonica} and {\it Urtica dioica}, plus occasional {\it Papaver rhoeas} and {\it Silene alba}.

MANAGE:
The common does not appear to be subject to livestock grazing. Some coppicing of {\it Betula pendula} has been undertaken in the eastern end of the common, also in this area, there has been some recent removal of {\it Ulex europaeus} scrub.


VEG:
The semi-improved neutral grassland at Church Green is dominated by {\it Arrhenatherum elatius} and {\it Holcus lanatus}, with locally frequent {\it Anthoxanthum odoratum, Alopecurus pratensis, Dactylis glomerata, Deschampsia cespitosa, Achillea millefolium, Centaurea nigra, Plantago lanceolata} and {\it Trifolium pratense}, plus occasional {\it Carex ovalis} and {\it Juncus effusus}. Along the western and northern boundaries, there are small areas of mature {\it Quercus robur} dominated woodland with frequent {\it Fraxinus excelsior} and {\it Ulmus procera}. The understorey consists of scattered {\it Crataegus monogyna, Prunus spinosa, Rubus fruticosus} agg. and {\it Sambucus nigra}. 

The hedgerows along the road to the north of Church Green are generally continuous, trimmed and up to 2m high and 1.5m wide. They are dominated by {\it Crataegus monogyna} and {\it Prunus spinosa}. The verges are generally 2 to 4m wide with a similar species composition to the grassland at Church Green, but there is also locally frequent {\it Lathyrus pratensis, Lotus corniculatus} and {\it Leucanthemum vulgare}, plus occasional {\it Agrimonia eupatoria} and {\it Convolvulus arvensis}. The verges were uncut at the time of survey.

MANAGE:
The grassland at Church Green appears to have been left ungrazed during the summer to allow production of a hay crop. Grazing may take place on the autumn aftermath or over winter.


FAUNA:
The following birds were noted: blackbird, chaffinch, house sparrow, yellowhammer. Several meadow brown butterflies were seen. The long grass along the roadside verges and at Middle Green contains numerous grasshoppers.

VEG:
The grassland at Middle Green was uncut and had not been grazed recently. It is dominated by {\it Arrhenatherum elatius} and {\it Holcus lanatus}, with locally frequent {\it Alopecurus pratensis, Anthoxanthum odoratum, Ranunculus repens, Rumex acetosa} and {\it Veronica chamaedrys}, plus occasional {\it Rumex crispus}. Along the eastern boundary, there is a narrow belt of mature {\it Quercus robur} dominated woodland with an understorey of scattered {\it Crataegus monogyna, Prunus spinosa, Rosa} sp., {\it Rubus fruticosus} agg. and {\it Sambucus nigra}. The groundflora is dominated by {\it Urtica dioica} with locally frequent {\it Alliaria petiolata} and {\it Hedera helix}. 

A detailed survey of the whole length of the roadside verges/hedgerows to the north of Middle Green was not carried out. Of those sections seen, the hedgerows were trimmed, up to 1.5m high and wide and often had substantial gaps. They are dominated by {\it Crataegus monogyna} with locally frequent {\it Acer campestre, Prunus spinosa} and {\it Rubus fruticosus} agg.,  plus occasional {\it Cornus sanguinea, Corylus avellana, Salix} sp. and {\it Tamus communis}. The grass verges (which are mostly 1 to 3m wide) are a mixture of {\it Arrhenatherum elatius, Dactylis glomerata} and {\it Holcus lanatus}, with frequent {\it Alliaria petiolata, Anthriscus sylvestris, Heracleum sphodylium, Silene dioica} and {\it Taraxacum officinale} agg., plus occasional {\it Mercurialis perennis}. Some sections of verge had been cut recently and the cuttings removed.

MANAGE:
The grassland at Middle Green appears to have been left ungrazed during the summer to allow production of a hay crop. Grazing may take place on the autumn aftermath or over winter. It would be desirable to re-plant some of the gaps in the roadside hedgerows to the north of Middle Green.


FAUNA:
The following birds were noted: chaffinch, chiffchaff, yellowhammer. Several meadow brown butterflies were seen.

VEG:
The eastern two thirds of the common includes roadside verges and boundary hedgerows along the A145 and the access road to North Green Cottages. The hedgerows are generally discontinuous, trimmed (1 to 2m high and wide) and dominated by {\it Crataegus monogyna} with frequent {\it Acer campestre, Prunus spinosa, Rubus fruticosus} agg., {\it Sambucus nigra} and {\it Ulmus procera}, plus occasional {\it Salix} sp. and mature standard {\it Quercus robur}. Those sections of the verges surveyed along the A145 and the access road were uncut at the time of survey and dominated by {\it Arrhenatherum elatius, Dactylis glomerata} and {\it Holcus lanatus}, with locally frequent {\it Anthriscus sylvestris, Cruciata laevipes, Urtica dioica} and {\it Veronica chamaedrys}, plus occasional {\it Heracleum sphondylium, Mercurialis perennis} and {\it Silaum silaus}. A detailed survey of the whole length of the verges and hedgerows was not carried out.

The main area of grassland in North Green is dominated by {\it Holcus lanatus} with locally frequent {\it Agrostis stolonifera, Alopecurus pratensis, Anthoxanthum odoratum, Arrhenatherum elatius} (around edges), {\it Achillea millefolium} and {\it Rumex acetosa}, plus occasional {\it Picris echiodes} and {\it Veronica chamaedrys}. Along the eastern boundary, there is a small area of {\it Quercus robur} dominated woodland.

MANAGE:
No evidence of recent grazing was seen. The grassland appears to being managed for hay production. Grazing may still take place on the autumn aftermath or over winter. The roadside hedgerows are cut at least once a year; the grass verges are probably also cut at least once a year.


FAUNA:
The following birds were noted: mallard, white domestic goose. Several rabbits seen.

VEG:
Most of the common was viewed through binoculars from the public footpath. It appears to be all improved, cattle grazed grassland, similar to the sward adjacent to the footpath. Along the drains, there is occasional {\it Crataegus monogyna} and {\it Alnus glutinosa}. The drains frequently contain abundant {\it Apium nodiflorum} and {\it Glyceria fluitans}, with locally frequent {\it Glyceria maxima, Mentha aquatica, Phalaris arundinacea, Ranunculus sceleratus} and {\it Veronica beccabunga}. The banks frequently support dense stands of {\it Epilobium hirsutum} and {\it Urtica dioica}.

A pond (diameter about 20m) situated on the southern boundary at TM282841 is fringed with frequent {\it Apium nodiflorum, Glyceria fluitans, G. maxima, Juncus inflexus} and {\it Ranunculus sceleratus}, plus occasional {\it Sparganium erectum}.


FAUNA:
About 20 mute swans had settled along the bank of the drain which runs along the NE facing boundary. Numerous banded demoiselle ({\it Calyopterix splendens}) damselflies were seen along the SE boundary, as well as several rabbits.

VEG:
The common was viewed through binoculars from CL115 and the public footpath along the southern boundary. It appears to be all improved, cattle grazed grassland, similar to the sward seen in CL115. Along the drains, there is occasional {\it Crataegus monogyna} and {\it Alnus glutinosa}. The drains along the SE boundary contain abundant {\it Apium nodiflorum} and {\it Glyceria fluitans}, with locally frequent {\it Glyceria maxima, Mentha aquatica, Phalaris arundinacea, Ranunculus sceleratus} and {\it Veronica beccabunga}. The banks frequently support dense stands of {\it Epilobium hirsutum} and {\it Urtica dioica}.


FAUNA:
The following birds were noted: blackbird, house sparrow, pheasant, woodpigeon, swallow, yellowhammer. Several small blue butterflies were seen.

VEG:
The semi-improved calcareous grassland is a mixture of {\it Alopecurus pratensis, Anthoxanthum odoratum} and {\it Poa} spp., with locally abundant {\it Achillea millefolium, Agrimonia eupatoria, Centaurea nigra, Galium verum} and {\it Ranunculus acris}, plus locally frequent {\it Dactylis glomerata, Carex panicea, Primula veris, Pulicaria dysenterica} and {\it Ranunculus repens}. A shallow depression about 30m wide in the southern half of the common (possibly the site of a pond) supports dense {\it Crataegus monogyna, Salix} sp. and {\it Sambucus nigra} scrub, which is fringed around the edges with occasional stands of {\it Epilobium hirsutum}, plus abundant {\it Glechoma hederacea} with occasional {\it Carex otrubae, Geum urbanum} and {\it Leucanthemum vulgare}.

The grassland is mostly enclosed by dense, scrubby hedgerows (occasionally over 10m wide) along the boundaries of the common. They are a mixture of {\it Crataegus monogyna, Cornus sanguinea, Prunus spinosa, Rosa} sp., {\it Rubus fruticosus} agg. and {\it Ulmus procera} (young trees). Along the edges of the hedgerows, there is frequently a narrow belt of tall grass/herb vegetation ({\it Arrhenatherum elatius, Dactylis glomerata, Anthriscus sylvestris, Epilobium hirsutum, Urtica dioica}).

Two mature {\it Salix alba} pollards are situated on the common, and a small group of saplings ({\it Fraxinus excelsior, Quercus robur}) has been planted in the central area.

MANAGE:
No livestock were seen, but according to the CL Register, cattle, horses and sheep may be grazed on the common. The abundance of {\it Ranunculus acris} flowers suggests grazing earlier in the year. The dense hedgerows with fringing tall grass/herb vegetation provide a valuable area of cover for birds and small mammals in a predominantly open, arable landscape.


FAUNA:
The following birds were noted: chiffchaff, chaffinch, house sparrow, jackdaw, magpie, rook. Longer areas of grass contain numerous grasshoppers. Several large white and meadow brown butterflies seen.

VEG:
The open area of the common is a mosaic of semi-improved acid grassland, neutral grassland and marshy grassland.

The semi-improved acid grassland is dominated by {\it Agrostis capillaris} and {\it Festuca} sp., with abundant {\it Rumex acetosella} (from a distance, this appears to give the sward an orange-red sheen) and frequent {\it Galium saxatile} and {\it Potentilla erecta}. The semi-improved neutral grassland is mostly dominated by {\it Alopecurus pratensis} and {\it Holcus lanatus}, with locally frequent {\it Anthoxanthum odoratum, Arrhenatherum elatius, Dactylis glomerata, Poa} spp., {\it Achillea millefolium, Centaurea nigra, Potentilla reptans, Rumex acetosa, Taraxacum officinale} agg., {\it Trifolium pratense, T. repens} and {\it Veronica chamaedrys}, plus occasional {\it Leucanthemum vulgare}. These two habitats grade into areas of marshy grassland, which contain species from both. It is dominated by {\it Juncus conglomeratus} and {\it Juncus effusus}; other species recorded include locally frequent {\it Carex ovalis, Cardamine pratensis, Filipendula ulmaria, Ranunculus acris} and {\it R. repens}, plus occasional {\it Chamerion angustifolium} and {\it Hydrocotyle vulgaris}. 

In the central area of the common, and near the western boundary, the marshy grassland surrounds large ponds. Pond 1 (see map) near the western boundary, contains abundant {\it Chara} sp. (water stonewort). The water is fringed with abundant {\it Eleocharis palustris} with frequent {\it Juncus acutiflorus, Glyceria fluitans} and {\it Mentha aquatica} plus occasional {\it Rorippa nasturtium-aquaticum, Solanum dulcamara} and clumps of {\it Typha latifolia}. Pond 2 contains abundant blanket weed and {\it Potamogeton natans}. The water is fringed with abundant {\it Eleocharis palustris}, plus frequent {\it Cardamine pratensis, Lycopus europaeus} and {\it Mentha aquatica}, and occasional {\it Caltha palustris}. 

The open area of the common is fringed with dense and scattered scrub with scattered trees, and wide, scrubby hedgerows. {\it Crataegus monogyna, Prunus spinosa, Rubus fruticosus} agg. and {\it Sambucus nigra} are the most abundant species; there is also locally frequent {\it Acer campestre, Fraxinus excelsior, Rosa} sp. and {\it Quercus robur}, with occasional {\it Salix cinerea} and {\it Sorbus aucuparia}. Most of the trees are young or semi-mature; there are some prominent mature standards.

MANAGE:
There are no grazing rights, but the common was being grazed by tethered horses at the time of survey. 

The scrub, wide hedgerows, trees and mosaic of grassland habitats with ponds provide a valuable area of habitat for birds, small mammals and amphibians in a predominantly arable landscape.


FAUNA:
The following birds were noted: chaffinch, house sparrow, magpie, woodpigeon and yellowhammer.

VEG:
The scrub is dominated by {\it Prunus spinosa}, with locally abundant {\it Ulex europaeus}, plus frequent {\it Corylus avellana, Crataegus monogyna, Prunus spinosa, Rosa} sp., {\it Rubus fruticosus} agg. and {\it Sambucus nigra}. There are scattered young {\it Acer campestre} and {\it Ulmus procera} trees. The scrub appears to spread into the central area of the common from the unmanaged boundary hedges, possibly after the cessation of grazing. A belt (of varying width) of tall grass/herb vegetation remains along the RUPP - it is dominated by {\it Arrhenatherum elatius} and {\it Alopecurus pratensis}, with frequent {\it Dactylis glomerata, Holcus lanatus, Achillea millefolium, Centaurea nigra, Cirsium arvense, Glechoma hederacea, Heracleum sphondylium} and {\it Vicia cracca}, plus occasional {\it Agrimonia eupatoria} (eastern end), {\it Anthriscus sylvestris,  Arctium} sp., {\it Convolvulus arvensis, Galium verum} (eastern end), {\it Lathyrus pratensis, Silene vulgaris} and {\it Urtica dioica}.

MANAGE:
There are rights entries to graze cattle, sheep, horses, goats and geese, but the scrub encroachment on the common suggests that they have not been exercised to any great extent in recent years. In its present state, the rough grassland and scrub provides a valuable area of woodland edge habitat in a predominantly open, arable landscape. In time, without management, the scrub would be expected to gradually  encroach further on the remaining grassland, and eventually develop into broadleaved woodland.


FAUNA:
The following birds were noted: blackbird, bluetit, chiffchaff, swallow, yellowhammer.

VEG:
The poor semi-improved grassland is dominated by {\it Dactylis glomerata} and {\it Holcus lanatus}, with locally frequent {\it Alopecurus pratensis, Anthoxanthum odoratum, Arrhenatherum elatius, Poa} spp., {\it Ranunculus acris, R. repens} and {\it Trifolium repens}, plus occasional {\it Centaurea nigra, Heracleum sphondylium, Trifolium dubium} and {\it Vicia cracca}.

The hedgerows situated on the CL boundary are up to 5m high and wide. They are dominated by {\it Crataegus monogyna} with frequent {\it Fraxinus excelsior, Rosa} sp., {\it Rubus fruticosus} agg., {\it Prunus spinosa} and {\it Ulmus} sp., plus occasional {\it Humulus lupulus, Sambucus nigra} and {\it Tamus communis}.

There are two small ponds on the boundary of the common which are heavily shaded by {\it Crataegus mongyna, Salix} sp. and {\it Fraxinus excelsior} on their banks.

MANAGE:
The grassland looked ungrazed at the time of survey (sward height 20 to 40cm). It may be cut for hay in the late summer, with grazing taking place on the autumn aftermath or overwinter.


FAUNA:
Many pheasants were seen during the brief site visit.

VEG:
This common was unfortunately ommitted from the survey and visited only briefly in December, 1998. Bare earth tracks run along each 'arm' of the common. On the northern 'arm' this is bordered by coarse semi-improved neutral grassland with much {\it Dactylis glomerata} with {\it Urtica dioica, Ranunculus repens} and {\it Anthriscus sylvestris} (?species-poor). The western boundary was hedged and there were scattered young broadleaved trees along the eastern boundary. 

The southern 'arm' supported continuous scrub (dominated by {\it Prunus spinosa} on the western side of the track) in the northern half with a semi-improved neutral grassland to the south with much {\it Holcus lanatus}. West of the track the grassland was ranker with much {\it Arrhenatherum elatius}. The boundary to the common near Ash Tree Farm had been removed. 

The eastern 'arm' also supported apparently semi-improved neutral grassland dominated by {\it Holcus lanatus} with frequent {\it Plantago lanceolata} (at least locally) and also {\it Ranunculus repens}. Scrub was encroaching on the grassland from the boundary hedge. The northern boundary here was also hedged. 

Where these sections of the common meet there was an area of tall ruderal vegetation dominated by {\it Urtica dioica} with scattered scrub.

MANAGE:
The main areas of grassland had clearly been cut or grazed that year having a sward height of approximately 10cm. There has been some scrub encroachment on the common.


FAUNA:
Please see under the entry for CL19 of which this common forms an additional part.

VEG:
This common mainly comprises a number of lengths of road and track adjoining CL120. Other habitats include continuous scrub of {\it Crataegus monogyna} and {\it Rubus fruticosus} agg., semi-improved acid grassland, species-poor, semi-improved neutral grassland and a strip of amenity grassland to the south of Knodishall common.

MANAGE:
No management observations were made on this part of the common.


FAUNA:
The following birds were noted: chiffchaff, blue tit, house sparrow, song thrush. Several small tortoiseshell butterflies and 2 rabbits were seen in the central area of the common.

VEG:
The poor semi-improved grassland and allotments are situated in the NE corner of the common and enclosed by {\it Crataegus monogyna/Ligustrum vulgare} hedgerows (up to 3m high and 2m wide) and wire fencing. Many of allotments look disused, and support tall ruderal species (eg. {\it Cirsium arvense, Urtica dioica, Heracleum sphondylium}). It is not clear if the small area of poor semi-improved grassland is used for livestock grazing.

The semi-improved neutral grassland occupies the floor of the pit and is dominated by {\it Holcus lanatus} with frequent {\it Arrhenatherum elatius, Anthoxanthum odoratum, Dactylis glomerata, Medicago lupulina, Poa} spp., {\it Achillea millefolium, Centaurea nigra, Geranium molle, Glechoma hederacea, Plantago lanceolata} and {\it Potentilla anserina}, plus occasional {\it Agrimonia eupatoria} and {\it Verbascum thapsus}.                                                     

The grassland is fringed with tall herb vegetation ({\it Anthriscus sylvestris, Conium maculatum, Torillis japonica}) and scrub on the slopes of the pit. The scrub is dominated by {\it Crataegus monogyna} with frequent {\it Prunus spinosa, Rosa canina, Rubus fruticosus} agg. and {\it Sambucus nigra} and interspersed with scattered {\it Acer pseudoplatanus, Fraxinus excelsior} and {\it Quercus robur} trees of various ages (saplings to semi-mature). In the southern quarter of the common, the scrub grades into broadleaved woodland dominated by {\it Fraxinus excelsior} and {\it Acer pseudoplatanus} with occasional {\it Quercus robur}. There is a varied age structure, but trunk diameters are no more than 20cm at chest height, except for the boundary trees which are much older, mature standards. A few {\it Acer pseudoplatanus} trees have been coppiced (not recent). The understorey is composed of scattered {\it Crataegus monogyna} and {\it Sambucus nigra}. {\it Hedera helix} is the most abundant ground flora species; there is also  frequent {\it Circaea lutetiana, Dryopteris filix-mas, Geranium robertianum, Glechoma hederacea, Rubus fruticosus} agg., {\it Silene dioica, Stachys sylvatica} and {\it Urtica dioica}, plus occasional {\it Arum maculatum}.

MANAGE:
It is not clear if the enclosed areas (poor semi-improved grassland and allotments) in the NE corner of the common are still in regular use. The semi-improved neutral grassland does not appear to be regularly cut or grazed. Gradual scrub encroachment and the development of present areas of scrub into broadleaved woodland is likely.


FAUNA:
The following birds were noted: chaffinch, house sparrow, magpie.

VEG:
West of the power lines which cross the common, there is a strip of amenity grassland 5 to 10m wide on the north side of the track; the remaining area up to the CL boundary is dense scrub dominated by {\it Crataegus monogyna} and {\it Prunus spinosa} with occasional {\it Sambucus nigra} and scattered, young {\it Quercus robur} trees. Near the powerlines, there is a group of mature standard Lombardy Poplars.

East of the power lines, there is grass clearing (mown recently) which is used for horse grazing and jumping practice. This area is enclosed by scrubby hedges up to 5m high and wide. They are a mixture of {\it Acer campestre, Corylus avellana, Crataegus monogyna, Prunus spinosa, Rubus fruticosus} agg. and {\it Sambucus nigra}, with occasional coppiced {\it Fraxinus excelsior} trees.

MANAGE:
The dense scrub area appears to be unmanaged. It provides a valuable area of cover for birds and small mammals.


FAUNA:
The following birds were noted: blackbird, chaffinch, house sparrow, swallow, yellowhammer. Several small blue butterflies were seen.

VEG:
The grassland is dominated by {\it Arrhenatherum elatius} and {\it Dactylis glomerata}, with abundant {\it Achillea millefolium, Agrimonia eupatoria, Centaurea nigra} and {\it Galium verum}, plus frequent {\it Vicia sativa} and occasional {\it Cardamine pratensis}. There are also scattered patches of {\it Urtica dioica} and {\it Anthriscus sylvestris}. The pond shown on the map are all overgrown with dense {\it Rubus fruticosus} agg. and {\it Urtica dioica}, except for one which is fringed with frequent {\it Lycopus europaeus} and {\it Solanum dulcamara}, plus occasional {\it Juncus inflexus}. The banks support dense stands of {\it Epilobium hirsutum}. 

The discontinuous scrubby hedge along the SE boundary of the common is a mixture of {\it Acer campestre, Crataegus monogyna, Rosa} sp. and {\it Rubus fruticosus} agg., with frequent {\it Humulus lupulus} and occasional {\it Fraxinus excelsior} trees.

MANAGE:
No livestock were seen, but horses, cattle and sheep may be grazed on the common according to the CL Register. The common does not appear to have been grazed recently, unlike the adjacent common (CL119).


FAUNA:
The following birds were noted: blackbird, blue tit, chiffchaff, yellowhammer. Several large white and meadow brown butterflies seen, also several rabbits.

VEG:
In the northern half, the dense {\it Pteridium aquilinum} is interspersed with frequent, scattered {\it Crataegus monogyna, Ulex europaeus, Betula} spp. and occasional {\it Acer pseudoplatanus} and {\it Pinus} sp. Areas of grassland (too small to map) dominated by {\it Festuca} sp. along tracks and paths contain frequent {\it Carex arenaria, Deschampsia flexuosa} and {\it Plantago coronopus}, plus occasional {\it Erodium cicutarium, Galium aparine, Silene alba} and {\it Verbascum thapsus}. Along the edges of the scrub, there is occasional {\it Carduus nutans, Chamerion angustifolium, Urtica dioica} and {\it Verbascum thapsus}.

The southern half borders a golf course and is composed mainly of dense {\it Pteridium aquilinum} with scattered and dense {\it Crataegus monogyna, Salix} spp. and {\it Ulex europaeus} scrub. There are also frequent scattered trees, ({\it Acer pseudoplatanus, Quercus robur}) with some small areas of continuous canopy.

MANAGE:
No ongoing management apparent. Any livestock grazing would be limited because of the extensive and dense nature of the bracken on the common.


FAUNA:
The following birds were noted: chaffinch, house sparrow, yellowhammer. Several rabbits seen.

VEG:
The dense bracken is interspersed with scattered {\it Crataegus monogyna, Prunus spinosa, Rubus fruticosus} agg. and {\it Ulex europaeus}. Along the boundaries, there are small patches of dense {\it Ulex europaeus} scrub, with occasional young {\it Betula pendula} and {\it Acer pseudoplatanus}. Some {\it A. pseudoplatanus} trees have been coppiced. Along the RUPP, there are patches (mostly too small to map) of acid grassland dominated by {\it Agrostis} sp. and {\it Festuca} sp.  

A continuous {\it Crataegus monogyna} hedge runs along the eastern boundary of the common.

MANAGE:
No ongoing management apparent, apart from limited coppicing of {\it Acer pseudoplatanus}. Any livestock grazing on the common would be very limited as dense bracken occupies over 95 percent of its area.


FAUNA:
The following birds were noted: chaffinch, house sparrow, swallow, yellowhammer. Several meadow brown and ringlet butterflies seen, also several rabbits.

VEG:
The dense bracken is interspersed with frequent, scattered {\it Ulex europaeus, Rubus fruticosus} agg. and {\it Betula} sp. saplings, plus occasional {\it Rosa} sp. and {\it Sambucus nigra}. A few {\it Pinus} sp. trees have been planted near the southern end of the common. 

Fringing the bracken along the RUPP and public footpaths, there is abundant {\it Arrhenatherum elatius} and {\it Holcus lanatus} with frequent {\it Agrostis} sp., {\it Chamerion angustifolium} and {\it Silene alba}, plus occasional {\it Carduus nutans, Galium verum} and {\it Lonicera periclymenum}.

MANAGE:
No ongoing management apparent apart from limited planting of {\it Pinus} sp. trees. Any livestock grazing on the common would be very limited as dense bracken occupies over 95 percent of its area.


FAUNA:
The following birds were noted: blackbird, chiffchaff, swallow, woodpigeon, yellowhammer. 

The common lies within the North Warren and Thorpness Mere SSSI which supports a wide variety of breeding birds including a large population of {\it Acrocephalus} warblers (SSSI citation). It also lies within the North Warren and Thorpness Mere RSPB reserve and the 1991 Management Plan for the reserve states that 175 species have been recorded and that 63 species breed in 1990. The following species of particular interest are listed:

Breeding Red Data Book: Marsh Harrier, Grey Partridge, Woodlark, Bearded tit and the candidate RDB species Lapwing, Snipe, Redshank, Turtle dove, Kingfisher, Yellow Wagtail, Nightingale, Stonechat, Sedge Warbler, Whitethroat and Linnet.

Wintering RDB? species: Shoveler (nationally important).

Regionally important species: Bean Goose, White-fronted goose, Gadwall, Teal, Ringed plover, Dunlin and Snipe.

Also, 20 species of mammal have been recorded on the reserve. Otter was recorded in the 1960s but seems to have become extinct. Common lizard, adder, common toad and common frog all occur plus 23 species of butterfly including Swallowtail (probably an immigrant) and Grayling. There has been extensive recording of moths on the reserve and the shingle beach since the early 1960s with many rare and notable species having been recorded including the British Red Data Book species Reed leopard, {\it Scythris potentillae, Aethes margarotana}, Ground Lackey, Tawny wave, White-mantled Wainscot, Marbled Clover, Shaded Fan-foot, Bright Wave, Concolorous, Flame Wainscot and {\it Pima boisduvaliella}. 7 species of Odonata have been recorded including {\it Brachytron pratense} new to the reserve in 1990 (1991 Management Plan). 

The site is listed on the Invertebrate Site Register which notes the following species: the moths Bright Wave and Tawny Wave (typical of dry open ground) and the micro-moth {\it Coleophora hydrolapathella}, the soldier fly {\it Stratiomys potamida} and the Silky Wainscott moth which are found in wetland conditions.

VEG:
No detailed survey was carried out. The common was viewed from the bridge at TM462596 only, using binoculars. From this vantage point, a large expanse of {\it Phragmites australis} dominated swamp with scattered {\it Typha latifolia} can be seen. The swamp is fringed with dense {\it Salix cinerea/S. caprea/Salix} sp. scrub with scattered {\it Alnus glutinosa} trees of various ages. There are a few small areas of continuous {\it A. glutinosa} canopy.

The following extract relevant to this area is taken from the SSSI citation.

"To the north [of North Warren], the heathland slopes down to the valley of the Hundred River; a substantial area of which is wet fenland dominated by reed ({\it Phragmites australis}). Associated marshland plants include Common spotted and Southern Marsh Orchids ({\it Dactylorhiza fuchsii} and {\it D. praetermissa}), Ragged robin ({\it Lychnis flos-cuculi}), Large Birdsfoot Trefoil ({\it Lotus pedunculatus}), Water Mint ({\it Mentha aquatica}) and an exceptionally large population of Bog Bean ({\it Menyanthes trifoliata}) which is locally rare." 

The RSPB reserve was subject to an NVC survey in 1990 which covered the common. Communities identified on the common were S4b ({\it Phragmites australis} swamp and reed-bed, {\it Galium palustre} sub-community), W1 ({\it Salix cinerea-Galium palustre} woodland) and W6a ({\it Alnus glutinosa-Urtica dioica} woodland, typical sub-community). The former is the dominant community on the common but no botanical description is given. W1 fringes the common and this community is described as dense and often impenetrable containing much dead wood and low branches. The field layer is patchy containing a mixture of remnant swamp plants, the most frequent of which are {\it Urtica dioica, Phragmites australis} and {\it Cirsium palustre} and those characteristic of drier habitats that the community tends to turn into. The most frequent of these are {\it Rubus fruticosus} agg. and {\it Holcus lanatus}. The W6 was recorded along the south-western boundary with a closed canopy of {\it Alnus glutinosa} with occasional {\it Salix cinerea} in the understorey and rarely {\it Sambucus nigra}. The field layer is lush and fairly diverse, constant species being {\it Rubus fruticosus} agg., {\it Galium aparine} and {\it Urtica dioica}. 

The swamp was described in 1982 as species-rich {\it Phragmites} fen with {\it Dactylorhiza praetermissa, D. fuchsii, Lychnis flos-cuculi, Juncus effusus, Carex riparia, Typha latifolia, Cirsium palustre, Hypericum tetrapterum, Vicia sepium, Mentha aquatica, Lythrum salicaria, Eupatorium cannabinum} and {\it Lotus pedunculatus} recorded at the edges and also {\it Menyanthes trifoliata, Hydrocotyle vulgaris, Solanum dulcamara, Pulicaria dysenterica, Urtica dioica} and {\it Linaria vulgaris}.

MANAGE:
No evidence of recent cutting or other management was seen.

The following relevant management policies are reporduced from the 1991 RSPB management plan: 

To rehabilitate the reedbed and fen principally to attract the typical breeding assemblage of birds, especially Bittern, Marsh Harrier and Bearded Tit and to maintain the species-rich botanical communities. In the first instance this will be by scrub removal and raising the water levels by greater control.

To manage the woodland and scrub areas largely by non-intervention, with limited coppicing of scrub on the boundary of the reedbed to encourage reedbed warblers and removal of invasive rhododendron. 

To monitor important species/assemblages of birds, plants and invertebrates in relation to habitat management, particularly reedbed and heathland rehabilitation, grazing and hydrological management of lowland wet grassland.

The most likely reason for the absence of those rare birds associated with large reedbeds, especially Bitterns and Bearded Tits, is considered to be the lack of standing water beneath the {\it Phragmites}. Marsh Harriers nested just outside the reserve in 1990 and the reedbed was considered to be probably suitable for this species which will breed in quite small areas of {\it Phragmites} and even in arable crops (NVC survey, 1990). The following management was recommended for the fen:

1) Dam the ditch that drains the fen to prevent the continued succession to fen and eventually carr and to provide standing water beneath the {\it Phragmites} for species such as Bitterns.

2) Remove a large proportion of the {\it Salix scrub} that has already invaded and which threatens to oust the {\it Phragmites} although leaving occasional bushes for Reed Warblers and possibly Cettis Warblers.

3) If possible, dig more ditches and small pools within the fen to provide feeding areas for Bitterns.

4) Reed cutting and removal of the deep {\it Phragmites} litter layer might be considered and in any case, option 1 is likely to increase the ornithological interest of the reed-bed, also attracting small numbers of wildfowl, Water rails and if lucky Savi's Warblers or Spotted Crakes. 

It was considered that these measures would convert the S4b into the species-poor subcommunity S4a, but not over the whole fen. The maintenance of the more species-rich community was also considered likely to benefit breeding Reed Buntings and Sedge Warblers. The creation of pools and new ditches through the reed bed was considered likely to increase the botanical interest providing habitat for aquatic plant species and would also benefit aquatic invertebrates, especially Odonata.


FAUNA:
The following birds were noted: house sparrow, song thrush, yellowhammer. Several rabbits seen. The are numerous grasshoppers (species not identified).

VEG:
The dense {\it Pteridium aquilinum} is interspersed with scattered scrub ({\it Ulex europaeus} plus occasional {\it Crataegus monogyna} and {\it Sambucus nigra}). Along the western boundary, the {\it Ulex europaeus} forms dense scrub; in this vicinity, there is also a small area of mature (30 to 50cm high) {\it Calluna vulgaris} dominated dry heath, with occasional {\it Erica cinerea} and {\it Humulus lupulus}.  

Along informal footpaths and around the edges of the common, there are patches (mostly too small to map) of acid grassland dominated by {\it Agrostis capillaris} with frequent {\it Holcus lanatus, Galium saxatile} and {\it Rumex acetosella}, plus occasional {\it Corydalis} sp. and {\it Erodium} sp.

MANAGE:
No evidence of recent burning, livestock grazing,  scrub or bracken removal. No ongoing management apparent. The area of heathland on the common could once have been much more extensive.


FAUNA:
Yellowhammer, rabbits and grasshoppers were abundant on the common with frequent chaffinch. Swallow, skylark and the butterflies meadow brown and small copper were also recorded. 

Fauna observed during the 1993 NVC survey (N. Sibbett) of the SSSI (which also includes CLs 61 and 62) included rabbit, oystercatcher and the butterflies grayling, meadow brown, small copper, common blue, peacock and red admiral.

The SSSI citation states that the site "has a subsidiary ornithological interest and forms a regular roost for Hen Harrier. Long-eared Owls breed together with a variety of other heathland species."

The areas known as Sutton Common and Sutton Heath which encompass CL40 are listed on English Nature's Invertebrate Site Register for "recent records for three local butterfly species; Dingy Skipper, Green Hairstreak and Grayling. The first species has declined in the county in recent years and it is not known whether it is still present at this site. The latter two are widespread on dry sandy or heathy areas in the county". A requirement for further survey is noted on the register.

78 species of bird have been recorded from Sutton Heath (encompassing the western part of CL40, 1985-1992) including Shelduck, Montague's Harrier, Oystercatcher, Lapwing, Woodcock, Turtle Dove, Cuckoo, Long-eared Owl, Sand Martin, Tree Pipit, Waxwing, Redstart, Stonechat, Wheatear, Fieldfare, Song Thrush, Redwing, Spotted flycatcher, Tree sparrow, Brambling, Siskin, Linnet, Redpoll and Crossbill (1993-98 Management Plan). Common Lizard and Adder and the butterflies small tortoiseshell, small heath, grayling, peacock, small copper, meadow brown, gatekeeper, large white, small white, comma, red admiral and painted lady were also recorded from Sutton Heath 1985-1989 (1993-98 Management Plan).

VEG:
Sutton common comprises two portions of common land. The western (eastern?) portion is dominated by {\it Calluna vulgaris} up to 50cm high, but mostly between 20 and 40cm. There is frequent scattered {\it Pteridium aquilinum, Betula} sp. and {\it Ulex europaeus} and some {\it Quercus robur}. There is scattered {\it Carduus nutans} near the tracks. In parts there is a very short sward of {\it Agrostis} with patches of short {\it Calluna} (less than 3cm in height). Locally frequent {\it Erodium cicutarium} and occasional {\it Plantago coronopus} were recorded in these areas. 

The eastern (western?) part supported patchy {\it Calluna vulgaris} on the western half forming 50-100 percent cover. This grades into {\it Pinus/Betula} woodland on the western (eastern?) half. Towards the airfield is mature {\it Calluna vulgaris} with frequent scattered {\it Pinus} sp., {\it Pteridium aquilinum, Betula} sp. and {\it Ulex europaeus} grading into {\it Pinus/Betula} woodland fringed with {\it Ulex europaeus}. 

(NB - the surveyor has confused east and west?)

The SSSI includes CLs 40, 61 and 62. The citation states that:

"Sutton and Hollesley Heaths form one of the largest remaining fragments of the once extensive Sandlings heaths of the Suffolk coast. They consist of characteristic dry acidic grass and {\it Calluna vulgaris}-dominated heathland with much scrub, {\it Pteridium aquilinum} and self-sown {\it Pinus sylvestris} and {\it Betula pendula}.

Substantial areas of {\it Calluna vulgaris}-dominated heathland are scattered throughout the site. In some areas this is intermingled with dry acidic grassland characterised by {\it Festuca ovina} and {\it Agrostis} spp. Elements of these communities are still widespread beneath encroaching {\it P. sylvestris} and {\it B. pendula} scrub and {\it Pteridium aquilinum}. {\it Ulex europaeus} and the scarce {\it U. gallii} occur as continuous and scattered scrub over small areas especially to the south of the Commons.

There are large areas of semi-natural woodland most of which has originated from self-set {\it Pinus sylvestris, Betula} sp. and some {\it Quercus} sp. Most of this is less than 60 years old. Heathland elements can be found beneath the younger stands. There are also small areas of broadleaved high forest composed chiefly of {\it Quercus robur, Betula pendula, Castanea sativa, Acer pseudoplatanus} and {\it Fagus sylvatica}. Beneath this the ground layer is chiefly {\it P. aquilinum} but patches of {\it C. vulgaris} and acid grassland also occur..." 

The local {\it Geranium rotundifolia} is listed amongst the vascular plants recorded from the common (1993-98 Management Plan). 

The SSSI was subject to an NVC survey in 1993 (N. Sibbett) and it is this information on which the habitat maps (also CLs 61 and 62) are based. The major communities recorded on the common were H1e ({\it Calluna vulgaris-Festuca ovina} heath, species-poor sub-community), areas of continuous bracken (U20, {\it Pteridium aquilinum-Galium saxatile}), U1 {\it Festuca ovina-Agrostis capillaris-Rumex acetosella} acid grassland (in places with much scattered bracken and therefore intermediate between U1 and U20) with areas of W16 {\it Quercus} spp.-{\it Betula} spp.-{\it Deschampsia flexuosa} woodland. 

The H1e is characterised by {\it C. vulgaris} forming a continuous canopy with very few gaps and few other plants are able to survive within it. The U1 is often short and well grazed by rabbits and sheep and found in a large number of small patches. It contains much {\it F. ovina} and scattered {\it Agrostis capillaris} with {\it R. acetosella, Galium saxatile} and sometimes {\it Campanula rotundifolia} (it is unclear from the NVC survey whether areas of acid grassland are unimproved or semi-improved and have therefore just been mapped as B1). 

U20 includes those areas where {\it P. aquilinum} excludes most other plants with just mosses, {\it R. acetosella} and {\it Galium saxatile} beneath the deep shade. Where less dense, {\it Teucrium scorodonia, Chamerion angustifolium, Stellaria pallida, Holcus lanatus} and {\it Luzula campestris} are sometimes found. 

W16 consists of {\it Quercus robur, Betula pendula} and {\it Pinus sylvestris} woodland which has grown up on unmanaged heaths in the last few decades. The field layer is often dominated by {\it P. aquilinum} and can also contain remnant {\it C. vulgaris, Festuca ovina, Rubus fruticosus} agg., {\it R. acetosella, Deschampsia flexuosa} and seedlings of the main tree species. This community also includes plantations of {\it Pinus nigra} ssp. {\it laricio} or broadleaved plantations with {\it Castanea sativa, Quercus} sp. or {\it Fagus sylvatica} as the field layer remains similar under the replacement canopy. Therefore, unfortunately, plantation woodland and semi-natural woodland were not separated and neither were broadleaved, mixed and coniferous woodland and therefore could not be distinguished on the habitat map. All of the woodland has been mapped as A13 (mixed woodland).

Also on the eastern part of Sutton Common there are large areas of U20/H1 transition where {\it P. aquilinum} has a high cover (greater than 50 per cent) on heathland. The vegetation has characteristics of both communities as described above. This type also includes patchy vegetation where stands of heathland and stands of bracken occur as identifiable communities within a matrix of the transition community but where each individual patch was not able to be mapped in this survey. 

Finally there are small areas of H1c ({\it Teucrium scorodonia} sub-community) and H1d ({\it Carex arenaria} sub-community) on this common. The former was recorded at TM308479 and has vigorous and extensive {\it C. vulgaris} with open patches containing a number of small plants such as {\it Campanula rotundifolia, Festuca ovina, R. acetosella} and {\it Galium saxatile}. The latter was recorded at TM330471 with {\it Carex arenaria} becoming dominant, usually where disturbance has created areas of bare sandy soil for the sedge to rapidly colonise. (H1c is also found in the area known as Parsnip to the south of the common at TM328460 and both of these communities were also recorded from a triangle of land at TM332474 outside the common boundary).

MANAGE:
The western (eastern?) part of the common is fenced and was being grazed by sheep (managed by SWT). Some young regenerating {\it Calluna} was observed on the eastern part in areas of acid grassland. The adjoining fields appear to have encroached on the western boundary of the common, there no longer being a boundary marked here on the Ordnance Survey 1:10 000 map. The current western boundary of the SSSI follows the RUPP.

Some areas of {\it Pteridium aquilinum} had been cut at the time of the NVC survey (N. Sibbett, 1993). The following information on vegetation change on the common is reproduced from the report by N. Sibbett (1994) comparing the findings of the 1993 NVC survey with a previous survey (1983-85):

Sutton heath (including the western section of the common):

There has been an increase in woodland cover on to bracken areas but no great change in the areas of heathland or acid grassland. Bracken stands occupied about one quarter of Sutton Heath in 1983-85, but is now much less abundant, occupying just 5 per cent of the heath. Woodland, consisiting of pine plantations or recent self-sown pine, birch and oak woods, now occupies most of this site.

Sutton Common (the eastern section of the common):

Interpretation of changes in each habitat is difficult, but perhaps a small increase in heathland at the expense of bracken or woodland may have occurred. 

Sutton Heath Management plan (Suffolk County Council?)

The land has a long history of use for pastoral agriculture. The land has not supported livestock since the 1930's and over the past 20 years has become established as a popular area for informal countryside recreation. Mediaeval earthworks which incorporate a rabbit warren are also features of historical significance being registered as an Ancient Monument.

In the absence of any significant grazing pressure since the 1930s a large part of the site has become colonised by {\it Betula pendula, Pinus sylvestris} and occasional {\it Quercus robur} and {\it Castanea sativa} trees. The remaining heathland areas were maintained by rabbit grazing, the impact of which was reduced greatly following the introduction of myxomatosis in the 1950s. A subsequent lack of management has resulted in much of the remaining heath being colonised by trees or dominated by bracken. In recent years efforts have begun to reverse this process of degradation.

During the past 20 years the recreational use of Sutton Heath has increased significantly. The popularity of the area has implications for the ecology, the principal impact resulting from unrestrained dogs which can adversely affect the breeding success of ground nesting birds. 

The conservation management should be directed towards restoring the remnants of the Sandlings Heath and ensuring its continued maintenance by establishing a sheep grazing regime wherever feasible. Within the woodland the emphasis should be on maintaining a mixed broadleaved/conifer structure with coppiced oak/birch in selected areas. The woodland boundary should be thinned to grade into heathland.

The recreational use of the site should be managed to prevent disturbance to rare ground nesting heathland specialists. The emphasis of recreational management should be towards providing visitors with information and guidance to encourage the safe and responsible use of the area. The popularity of the site may justify the provision of a Visitor centre with toilets. Such a focal point could be used both for the Sutton Heath and Sandlings Heaths generally. A visitor centre would help with the development of the educational use of the site. Public perception of the natural importance of Sutton Heath could be enhanced by designating the site as a Local Nature Reserve, or perhaps in conjunction with neighbouring heathlands at Sutton and Hollesley Commons, considering the designation of a National Nature Reserve.

The prime objective for the site is to restore heathland on c. 50 per cent of the site over a 10 year period. 

Management prescriptions:

1) To maintain and enhance heathland through establishing sheep grazing plots and introducing a seasonal grazing regime, clearing light scrub by swiping and heavy scrub by felling, controlling bracken by spraying/cutting/pulling, encouraging heathland regeneration by forage harvesting and reseeding where practical, preventing accidental burning by regular patrolling at sensitive times and surveying and monitoring heathland regeneration

2) To maintain and enhance populations of specialist heathland species involving survey and monitoring population levels of nightjar and woodlark and increasing their population levels by introducing special habitat management where feasible and surveying and monitoring invertebrate populations.

3) To maintain and enhance woodland habitat by surveying and monitoring woodland regeneration in storm-damaged areas, establishing a coppicing regime in selected areas, thinning out conifers and birch to encourage oak, sweet chestnut and rowan regeneration, planting scattered pine trees in picnic area to enhance mature shelter belt and establish grazing exclosure in shelter belt to monitor pine regeneration.

4) To maintain and enhance populations of woodland species by providing nest boxes to increase the population of woodland birds, leaving timber to rot down on the woodland floor where feasible and providing bat boxes in woodland clearings. 

Other objectives are to ensure site safety, maintain Rights of Way, to encourage responsible recreational use, to develop interpretive facilities and to provide educational opportunities. 

Sutton Heath is under Countryside Stewardship.

Sutton Common is also under Countryside Stewardship together with Upper and Lower Hollesley Heaths (CLs 61 and 62), managed by Suffolk Wildlife Trust, Sandlings project. Heathland is considered to be regenerating well.


FAUNA:
The following birds were noted: blackbird, house sparrow, robin, swallow. Several meadow brown butterflies were seen. The grassland contains numerous grasshoppers (species not identified).

VEG:
The grass had been cut recently and the cuttings removed: species composition information may be incomplete. Further survey is required earlier in the year to determine if recording as semi-improved neutral grassland (B22) would be more appropriate.

The grassland appears to be dominated by {\it Dactylis glomerata} and {\it Holcus lanatus} with frequent {\it Anthoxanthum odoratum, Arrhenatherum elatius, Bromus hordeaceus, Poa} spp. and {\it Taraxacum officinale} agg., plus occasional {\it Centaurea nigra} and {\it Convolvulus arvensis}. 

The are 2 ponds on the common (see map); the largest contains occasional {\it Nymphaea alba} and is fringed with discontinuous stands of {\it Typha latifolia} plus occasional {\it Ranunculus sceleratus}. The bank supports dense stands of {\it Epilobium hirsutum} with frequent {\it Arrhenatherum elatius}; it is partly shaded by {\it Salix alba} pollards. The grassland immediately around the pond is managed as amenity grassland. The smaller pond, about 90m to the NE, is 10 to 12m wide and contains dense stands of {\it Typha latifolia} with occasional {\it Cyperus longus} (*nationally scarce).  

Discontinuous hedgerows dominated by {\it Crataegus monogyna} and {\it Ulmus procera} run along the northern-most boundary of the common.  

* Nationally scarce species are those occurring in between 16 and 100 10km squares in Britain (D.A.Pearman {\it et al} 'Scarce Plants in Britain', JNCC, 1994).

MANAGE:
The main area of the common appears to be managed for hay production, it appears that the right of estovers relating to this is still being exercised.


FAUNA:
The following birds were noted: chaffinch, yellowhammer. 1 rabbit was seen. Areas of longer grass contain numerous grasshoppers. 

No information regarding the fauna of the site is given in the SSSI citation.

VEG:
Only a very limited field survey was carried out, covering an area up to 120m wide on each side of the B1078. This contains unimproved acid grassland, dry heath, bracken and scattered trees and scrub. At the eastern end of the B1078, there are small areas of pine plantation. The information shown on the map is reproduced from a survey map by Nick Sibbett of English Nature (Bury St. Edmunds) resulting from on-site survey on 1st July 1993.

The acid grassland is dominated by {\it Agrostis capillaris} and {\it Festuca ovina} with locally frequent {\it Carex arenaria} and {\it Galium saxatile}; this grades into areas of mature dry heath dominated by {\it Calluna vulgaris} with locally frequent {\it Erica cinerea}. Height is mostly in the range 20 to 50cm, although where the heath grades into acid grassland, there are patches of heavily rabbit grazed heather (less than 5cm high). The scattered scrub is mostly {\it Ulex europaeus}, with localized {\it Rubus fruticosus} agg. and {\it Crataegus monogyna}, plus occasional {\it Sambucus nigra}. 

The scattered trees are mostly {\it Betula pendula}, with occasional {\it Pinus} sp. Trunk diameters are generally less than 8cm at chest height. A few more mature trees are situated close to the CL boundary. In the {\it Pinus} sp. plantations at the eastern end of the B1078, there is a groundflora of scattered {\it Rubus fruticosus} agg., with frequent {\it Corydalis claviculata}. 

Along the western half of the B1078, there are occasional patches (mostly too small to map) of tall herb vegetation dominated by {\it Urtica dioica} with frequent {\it Arrhenatherum elatius} plus occasional {\it Carduus nutans, Chamerion angustifolium} and {\it Verbascum thapsus}.

As only a very limited field survey was carried out, the following information is reproduced from the SSSI citation for reference:

"Tunstall Common is a fragment of the once extensive 'Sandlings' heath of coastal Suffolk and is a good example of this dry lowland heath type. Substantial losses of lowland heathland have occurred in the Sandling Heath area and elsewhere in lowland England.

Most of the site is dominated by {\it Calluna vulgaris} but {\it Erica cinerea} occurs locally especially in stands of young {\it C. vulgaris} and on {\it C. vulgaris} to grassland margins. Mature and degenerating stands of {\it C. vulgaris} support a variety of heathland lichens and mosses. Impoverished acid grassland characterised by {\it Agrostis capillaris} and {\it Festuca ovina} occurs to the north, west and south but is subject to invasion by {\it Ulex europaeus} and {\it Pteridium aquilinum} which now occupies substantial areas. {\it Pinus} sp. scrub originating from adjacent plantations has invaded part of the eastern boundary."

The acid grassland was described as species-poor in the 1990 NVC survey but with more species present along the tracks where the turf is much shorter from trampling. The following species were noted: {\it Geranium molle, Potentilla erecta, Crepis capillaris, Chamerion angustifolium, Erica cinerea, Leontodon autumnalis, Senecio jacobaea, Taraxacum} sp., {\it Plantago lanceolata, Carex arenaria, Pilosella officinarum, Achillea millefolium, Plantago coronopus, Hypericum perforatum, Erodium cicutarium} and {\it Deschampsia flexuosa}.

MANAGE:
The short visit to the site gave an initial impression that control of the spread of {\it Betula pendula, Ulex europaeus} and bracken will be required to maintain the open areas of dry heath. Some management of the heath may be desirable to create a more varied age structure; this could be achieved by localized cutting or burning. 

The 1990 NVC survey referred to the acid grassland being only moderately well grazed and richer in diversity where the grass was shorter along the paths. It would probably therefore benefit from higher grazing levels.

In comparing the 1986 and 1993 surveys of the common it would appear that the total area of heathland has remained stable. No conclusions on scrub encroachment could be drawn as this was not measured during the later survey. There has been an increase in {\it Pteridium aquilinum} which has resulted in loss of grassland (EN internal report). 

The common is under a Countryside Stewardship agreement.


FAUNA:
The following birds were noted: blackbird, house sparrow, chaffinch, woodpigeon, yellowhammer. Several large white, orange tip and small tortoiseshell butterflies were seen.

VEG:
The character of the verges varies widely over the area of the common. Almost all border arable fields and are between 0.3 and 5m wide. 

Where the edge of an arable field directly abutts the verge and hedgerows are absent, rank grassland dominated by {\it Arrhenatherum elatius} and {\it Dactylis glomerata}, with frequent {\it Anisantha sterilis, Holcus lanatus} and {\it Poa} spp. is generally predominant. The range of herb species present in these sections is generally composed of {\it Anthriscus sylvestris, Brassica napus, Cirsium arvense, Equisetum arvense, Heracleum sphondylium, Lamium album, L. purpureum, Papaver rhoeas, Silene vulgaris, Sisymbrium officinale, Taraxacum officinale} agg. and {\it Urtica dioica}.  

The size, shape and level of management of the hedgerows is very variable. Some sections look as if they are trimmed at least once a year and are between 1.5 and 2.5m high and wide. Where the road is in a shallow cutting, the hedgerow lies at the top of an embankment with its base at chest level. The horizontal width of the steep verges in these sections is less than 0.5m. Less intensively managed hedgerows (often situated along the wider sections of verge), have developed a scrubby appearance and often contain young trees (mostly {\it Quercus robur} and {\it Fraxinus excelsior}); they are up to about 4m high and 6m wide.

The range of shrub/tree species in the hedgerows includes {\it Cornus sanguinea, Crataegus monogyna, Prunus spinosa} and {\it Ulmus procera} (all are locally dominant), with locally frequent {\it Acer campestre, Corylus avellana, Fraxinus excelsior, Quercus robur, Rosa} spp., {\it Rubus fruticosus} agg. and {\it Salix cinerea} agg. Five climbing species were noted: locally frequent {\it Bryonia dioica, Galium aparine, Humulus lupulus} and {\it Tamus communis}, plus occasional {\it Calystegia sepium} and {\it Lonicera periclymenum}. Most sections of hedgerow contain mature standard trees (mostly {\it Quercus robur}, occasionally {\it Fraxinus excelsior}). 

Ground flora species under the hedgerows include {\it Arum maculatum, Geranium robertianum, Glechoma hederacea, Hedera helix} and {\it Ranunculus ficaria}. 

Wider sections of verge generally have a similar range of grass species (but in different proportions) as those directly adjoining arable fields as described above; they also contain frequent {\it Alopecurus pratensis} and {\it Anthoxanthum odoratum}. Herb species recorded include locally frequent {\it Achillea millefolium, Agrimonia eupatoria, Anthriscus sylvestris, Heracleum sphondylium, Plantago lanceolata, Potentilla reptans, Taraxacum officinale} agg., {\it Torillis japonica, Trifolium pratense, T. repens} and the nationally scarce* {\it T. ochroleucon}, plus occasional {\it Digitalis purpurea, Geranium dissectum, G. pratense, Leucanthemum vulgare} and {\it Plantago media}. The sward height along most of the sections of verge surveyed was in the range 15 to 40cm. 

{\it Fragaria vesca, Geranium molle, Primula veris} and {\it Stellaria holostea} were recorded in the shorter sward (5 to 20cm) on the steep, narrow sections of verge below embankment hedgerows. 

* Nationally scarce species are those occurring in between 16 and 100 10km squares in Britain (D.A.Pearman {\it et al} 'Scarce Plants in Britain', JNCC, 1994).

MANAGE:
The lack of scrub encroachment from hedgerows along most sections of verge suggests that they are mown at least once a year. Around 80 percent of the length of hedgerow surveyed looks as if it is trimmed at least once a year, the remaining 20 percent being less intensively managed wide, scrubby hedgerow.


FAUNA:
The following birds were noted: blackbird, magpie, skylark, yellowhammer. Several meadow brown, small copper and small tortoiseshell butterflies seen, also several rabbits. Areas of longer grass contain numerous grasshoppers.

VEG:
In the southern section of the common, around the fairways and along the CL boundary, there are areas of dense and scattered scrub dominated by {\it Ulex europaeus}, with frequent {\it Rubus fruticosus} agg., plus occasional {\it Bryonia dioica, Buddleja} sp., {\it Lonicera periclymenum} and {\it Sambucus nigra}. Around the edges of the scrub, there are occasional areas of rank grassland (too small to map) dominated by {\it Arrhenatherum elatius} with frequent {\it Dactylis glomerata, Holcus lanatus, Poa} spp. and {\it Chamerion angustifolium}. There are also localized scattered trees of various ages (but mostly saplings); some of the older trees appear to have been coppiced at an early stage in their growth. Species recorded: {\it Acer campestre, A. pseudoplatanus, Betula pendula, Pinus} sp., {\it Quercus robur} and {\it Sorbus aucuparia}.

The areas of acid grassland which surround the fairways are dominated by {\it Agrostis capillaris} and {\it Festuca} sp., with locally frequent {\it Galium saxatile, Pilosella officinarum} and {\it Rumex acetosella}, plus occasional {\it Erodium cicutarium, Galium verum, Geranium molle} and {\it Spergularia rubra}. 

The SE quarter of this section of the common is not used for golf. It contains a mosaic of acid grassland and dry heath with scattered scrub and trees. The heath is dominated by {\it Calluna vulgaris} with occasional {\it Erica cinerea}. It varies in condition from short heavily rabbit grazed carpets (less than 5cm high) to a more mature state (up to 40cm high).

The small detached section to the north of the A12 looks as if it was once used for mineral extraction; the centre is over 6m below the level of the road. It is a mosaic of dense and scattered scrub, scattered young trees, dense {\it Pteridium aquilinum}, tall herb vegetation ({\it Chamerion angustifolium, Conium maculatum, Urtica dioica}) and rank grassland dominated by {\it Arrhenatherum elatius}. The scrub and scattered trees are the same species as those in the southern section. 

All the herb species found in the southern section were recorded, but there is also occasional {\it Artemisia vulgaris} agg., {\it Ballota nigra, Carduus nutans, Echium} sp., {\it Filago} sp., {\it Hypericum} sp., {\it Lamium album, Lepidium latifolium} (nationally scarce*), {\it Lupinus arboreus, Oenothera} sp. and {\it Papaver rhoeas}. 

* Nationally scarce species are those occurring in between 16 and 100 10km squares in Britain (D.A.Pearman {\it et al} 'Scarce Plants in Britain', JNCC, 1994).

MANAGE:
It would be desirable to maintain the more open areas of dry heath and acid grassland in the SE quarter of the southern section of the common, by controlling encroachment of {\it Ulex europaeus} and {\it Betula pendula}.


FAUNA:
Noted during the site visit were: wren, chiff chaff, jay, greenfinch, grey squirrel.

VEG:
The common lies along either side of a minor road to the western side of the village of Shamley Green (Waverley district).

The northern part of the common comprises several small blocks of secondary broadleaved woodland. The canopy comprises {\it Quercus robur} and {\it Betula pendula}, with occasional trees of {\it Salix fragilis} and smaller individuals of {\it Aesculus hippocastanum} and {\it Acer pseudoplatanus}. In parts of the common, the trees are clearly multi-stemmed in growth form. The shrub layer is generally sparse and includes locally occasional {\it Salix cinerea, Crataegus monogyna} and {\it Corylus avellana} (often multi-stemmed/old coppice); {\it A. pseudoplatanus} and {\it A. hippocastanum} (saplings), plus {\it Ilex aquifolium}. The field layer contains {\it Rubus fruticosus} agg., {\it Galium aparine, Hedera helix, Urtica dioica, Holcus mollis, H. lanatus, Poa trivialis, Agrostis capillaris, Lapsana communis, Stellaria holostea, Lonicera periclymenum, Heracleum sphondylium} and {\it Aegopodium podagraria}, plus in one area, locally occasional {\it Juncus effusus} and {\it Deschampsia cespitosa}. The woodland floor also has abundant leaf litter and quite frequent fallen small branches/twigs etc.

A clearing in the woodland to the east of the road comprises a coarse neutral grassland with a small clump of trees of {\it Betula pendula} and {\it Pinus sylvestris}.

Toward the south of the common the woodland gives way to areas of mown amenity grassland. This appears to be rather infrequently cut in places and has a sward dominated by {\it Festuca rubra} with frequent/abundant {\it Agrostis capillaris} and {\it Holcus lanatus}, locally frequent {\it Rumex acetosa, Potentilla reptans, Cerastium fontanum, Hypochaeris radicata, Stellaria graminea, Ranunculus repens, Plantago lanceolata, Trifolium repens} and {\it Achillea millefolium}, plus locally occasional {\it Dactylis glomerata, Ranunculus acris} and {\it Centaurea nigra}. Occasional ornamental trees (largely planted) on this part of the common include {\it Salix} sp. ("weeping" variety), {\it Sorbus aria, C. monogyna, Prunus} sp. and {\it A. hippocastanum}.

MANAGE:
The wooded parts of the common appear unmanaged at present, although there is evidence of past thinning/clearance/coppicing. Grassland areas to the south are mown to maintain them as open amenity areas (clippings left in-situ). Situated on this part of the common is a childrens' play area, plus a variety of ornamental trees at varying stages of maturity.

The site on its own is not of any great nature conservation importance. However, it forms a small element in a network of surrounding commons which, taken as a whole and in conjunction with other associated habitats, may represent an important local wildlife resource.


FAUNA:
Noted during the site visit were: blackbird, chiff chaff, yellowhammer, plus nearby skylark (this latter being a "Priority Species" of the UK BAP).

VEG:
The common lies along a narrow lane to the south-west of Shamley Green (Waverley district).

The site comprises a series of small blocks of secondary woodland interspersed with areas of open neutral grassland habitat. Much of this grassland had been recently cut at the time of the site visit. The open boundaries of the common have well-developed hedges/trees (some multi-stemmed; these include {\it Fraxinus excelsior, Quercus robur, Ilex aquifolium, Corylus avellana} and, where a ditch crosses the site, {\it Salix fragilis}. Often these boundaries have a growth at the base of {\it Rubus fruticosus} agg. and {\it Urtica dioica}. Other species noted along ditches include locally frequent {\it Apium nodiflorum} and locally occasional {\it Scrophularia aquatica}.

Within the wooded blocks, canopy trees are mainly {\it Quercus robur} and {\it Betula pendula}. Undershrubs are generally sparse but include {\it Ulmus procera, Corylus avellana, Sambucus nigra, Salix cinerea, Prunus spinosa, Ilex aquifolium} and {\it Crataegus monogyna}. Dense shrub layer in the most northerly compartment.

The field layer contains {\it R. fruticosus} agg., {\it Stellaria holostea, Urtica dioica, Galium aparine, Hedera helix, Holcus lanatus, Poa trivialis, Ranunculus repens, Silene dioica, Dactylis glomerata, Dryopteris filix-mas} and {\it Stachys sylvatica}.

A small pond to the north of the common has abundant {\it Lenma minor} in the open water and is fringed with {\it Phalaris arundinacea, Glyceria fluitans, Typha latifolia} and {\it Iris pseudacorus}. There is a large infestation of {\it Fallopia japonica} in grassland at the edge of the pond.

Small part of the common lies within the boundary of a private garden.

MANAGE:
The grassland of the common is periodically mown, probably through the combined efforts of adjacent property owners and the local authority. Cut material appears to be left in-situ. Survey of the grassland is recommended in early summer, before cutting has taken place. If it is found to be botanically interesting, it is suggested that the frequency of cutting is limited to twice a year, not commencing until mid-summer (following seed-setting) and that cut grass is raked-off.

The site as whole was probably once a series of common grazing verges along the course of a track. As such, it is likely to be of historic, rather than ecological importance. However, the boundary features and mosaic of small wooded blocks may form a significant element of the local habitat resource and in particular the site is part of a complex of other generally linear commons in this part of the county.


FAUNA:
Noted during the site visit: chiff chaff.

VEG:
The common forms verges to the B2128 a short distance to the north of Cranleigh (Waverley district). The most extensive habitat present is mown amenity grassland. Other habitats include coarse neutral grassland - often with tall ruderal species present, scattered scrub and broadleaved trees, plus areas where this has progressed to small stands of secondary broadleaved woodland. 

Across the site as a whole, the coasre grassland/ruderals include {\it Arrhenatherum elatius, Holcus lanatus, Phleum pratense, Festuca rubra, Heracleum sphondylium, Urtica dioica, Achillea millefolium} and {\it Cirsium arvense}.

Occasional ornamental trees occur on some of the amenity grassland areas, including a mix of native and non-native species (including some conifers). Scattered broadleaved trees also occur in association with some of the tall grassland and scrub areas. Tree/shrub species noted from these various habitats include {\it Quercus robur, Fraxinus excelsior, Salix cinerea, Crataegus monogyna, Acer campestre, Fagus sylvatica, Rubus fruticosus} agg., {\it Sambucus nigra, Sorbus aucuparia, Prunus spinosa} and {\it Corylus avellana}. 

Localised wooded areas tend to have a canopy formed from {\it Quercus robur}. Shrub layer species include {\it Crataegus monogyna, Corylus avellana} and {\it Ilex aquifolium}. The field layer includes {\it Holcus lanatus, Hedera helix, Geranium robertianum} and {\it Arum maculatum}.

MANAGE:
Parts of the common are mown by the local authority, with other parts maintained by adjacent property owners. This includes cutting of the grass and in some instances, the planting of various ornamental trees.

Although the common is not of any botanical merit, parts clearly provide cover for birds and other fauna which live in close proximity to built-up areas. The site is one of a number of linear commons that form quite an extensive matrix in this part of the county. In addition to this potential value to urban widlife, the verges of the common clearly provide scenic enhancement to the local environs.


FAUNA:
Noted during the site visit were: wren, blackcap, blackbird, chiff chaff, green woodpecker, robin, greenfinch, chaffinch, housemartin.

VEG:
The common forms verges of the B2128 at Wonersh (Waverley district). The northern section of the common has been surveyed by Surrey Wildlife Trust as part of the SNCI project, although none of this area has been subsequently designated as SNCI. This includes a general description which has been consulted for the purposes of the Common Land Survey. The SNCI boundary includes all of the common north of GR 0175 4610 lying to the east of the B2128. 

Additional target notes were made for the whole site during the course of the present survey.

(1). The northern part of the common largely now comprises secondary broadleaved woodland with a sub-mature canopy generally dominated by {\it Quercus robur. Betula pendula} is a constant associate and locally becomes the dominant species. The shrub layer includes {\it Ilex aquifolium, Crataegus monogyna, Sambucus nigra, Corylus avellana} and {\it Ulmus} sp. The field layer is quite varied and includes locally abundant {\it Deschampsia cespitosa, Holcus molls, H. lanatus, Rubus fruticosus} agg., {\it Ranunculus repens, Agrostis capillaris, A. stolonifera, Hedera helix} and {\it Poa trivialis}, plus locally occasional {\it Lapsana communis, Carex remota, Epilobium montanum} and {\it Geum urbanum}. Abundant leaf litter. Some dead branches evident on the oaks. Strip of trees cleared beneath a power line - now with abundant regenerating/sapling trees.

(2). Along this part of the common the woodland is wet with {\it Alnus glutinosa, Salix fragilis, S. capraea, Quercus} sp. and a field layer of dense {\it Urtica dioica}.

(3). Open grassland clearing. Rather disturbed sward of rank, semi-improved neutral grassland. Dominated by {\it Arrhenetherum elatius}. Occasional/frequent {\it Deschampsia cespitosa, Holcus lanatus, Urtica dioica} and occasional {\it Centaurea nigra, Cirsium arvense, Vicia cracca} and {\it Angelica sylvestris}. Locally there are areas of shorter grassland dominated by {\it Festuca rubra}, also often with locally frequent {\it Galium saxatile} and therefore may represent a transition to a somewhat acidic sward type. Also present in these areas: locally abundant {\it Agrostis capillaris}, locally frequent {\it Corydalis claviculata} and {\it Rumex acetosa}, locally occasional {\it Carex ovalis} and rare {\it Potentilla erecta}. Several hummocks present, apparently resulting from past dumping of some material. These have the moss {\it Pseudoscleropodium purum} in abundance on top. Also present in this area are scrub transition zones developing along the margins of the surrounding woodland. One small stand of {\it Ulex europaeus} noted (with rarely, {\it U. minor}), plus a dense thicket of {\it Rosa} sp. scrub. 

Note second, smaller grassland clearing in woodland to the SW of here.

(4). Small pond shaded by the surrouding trees of {\it Alnus glutinosa} and {\it Salix cinerea}. The margins are totally engulfed by growth of tall {\it Urtica dioica}. Species noted from pond: {\it Iris pseudacorus} and {\it Epilobium hirsutum}. The adjacent woodland is locally quite wet and dominated by {\it Alnus glutinosa} and {\it Salix} spp.

Several small ponds elsewhere in the woodland - not target noted during the present survey.

(5). - now beyond the SNCI boundary. Further area of rather coarse neutral grassland. Dominant species are {\it Festuca rubra, Dactylis glomerata, Arrhenetherum elatius, Holcus lanatus} and {\it Agrostis capillaris}. Forbs include locally occasional {\it Ranunculus acris, R. repens, Veronica chamaedrys, Rumex acetosa, Heracleum sphondylium, Anthriscus sylvestris, Stellaria graminea} and {\it Tragopogon pratensis}. Local indication of transition to an acidic sward in the form of {\it Galium saxatile}. Sward taller towards the woodland edge with locally frequent {\it Urtica dioica, Cirsium} spp. and {\it Anthriscus sylvestris} etc. One small clump of broadleaved trees: {\it Fraxinus excelsior, Q. robur} and {\it Crataegus monogyna}. One stand of {\it Spiraea} sp. (garden escape).

(6). This area has the appearance of a village green, comprising mown amenity grassland and various ornamental broadleaved trees. Part is managed as a cricket pitch, with overlooking seats. Alongside the road are a number of trees of {\it Prunus} sp, which have been pollarded at some time and have a very distinctive outline. The small triangular plot to the NW has a single large tree of {\it Quercus rubra}. Along the southern part of this area and running into the play area in the south-eastern corner, other ornamental trees include: {\it Tilia} sp., {\it Aesculus hippocastanum, Quercus} sp., {\it Acer platanoides, A. pseudoplatanus, Sorbus aucuparia, Robinia pseudoacacia, Fagus sylvatica} ('copper' variety), {\it Betula pendula, Fraxinus excelsior} and {\it Alnus glutinosa}.

(7). Southernmost parts of the common: mostly pavements and narrow mown grassland. Occasional trees include {\it Aesculus hippocastanum, Acer} sp. (cultivated, variegated variety), {\it Acer} sp. ('copper' variety), {\it Carpinus betulus} and a conifer, possibly {\it Tsuga} sp.

MANAGE:
The woodland of the northern part of the common is unmanaged, apart from the clearance of trees beneath an overhead power line. The southern portion of the common (6) is managed as a formal amenity area with frequent mowing. Smaller areas of grassland elsewhere on the common are periodically mown.

The main focus of nature conservation interest lies in the northern (SNCI) section. This has a mosaic of different habitats which provide high degree of structural diversity, ranging through woodland, scrub margins, tall grassland and shorter grassland.
 
The open area of grassland vegetation at (3) was former grazing land, but has not been managed for some time. This area, and the smaller stand to the SW, still retain some botanical interest. The tall, structurally diverse grassland may be of importance for small mammals and a variety of invertebrates. Ideally this part of the common should be managed to maintain the different structural elements of the habitat; otherwise it will possibly develop into a more uniform area of secondary woodland.

Suitable management of this area may include a programme of rotational mowing or grazing by tethered animals. The aim should be to create a mosaic of shorter grassland areas, while maintaining the structral features and continuity of the tall grassland habitat. In general, mowing should be delayed until late summer (to allow herbs to set seed), all clippings removed and the cutting done on a rotational basis. Management of the developing scrub/woodland ecotone might aim to 'scallop' the edges to maximise the interface area and also to encourage a more gradual transition from open grassland, through a band of scrub, into the woodland canopy.

Other areas of occasionally-cut grassland further south on the common may similarly benefit from a carefully controlled management regime.

Note that "Wet woodland" is one of the "Priority Habitats" of the UK Biodiversity Action Plan.


FAUNA:
Noted during the site visit were: blue tit, chaffinch, jackdaw, greenfinch and robin.

VEG:
This common lies adjacent to both the A281 and the B2133 in the south of the county at Alfold Crossways (Waverley district).

1. Northerly sections: mainly a roadside verge of mown amenity grassland. Scattered ornamental trees (to north) include {\it Fraxinus excelsior, Acer pseudoplatanus, Crataegus monogyna} and {\it Quercus} sp. Adjacent to the road junction there is also a driveway formed from bare ground, with some dumping of brick rubble here.

2. Section along A281 (moving west-east): Mown verge of amenity grassland crossed by metalled pavement. Large tree of {\it Quercus robur} (15m), showing considerable crown die-back. This narrows into a line of tall trees of {\it Populus nigra} var. {\it italica}. The easternmost part is similarly amenity grassland. However, to the rear, runs a ditch, with abundant vegetation growth: locally abundant {\it Urtica dioica, Rubus fruticosus} agg., {\it Galium aparine, Epilobium hirsutum}, locally frequent {\it Juncus effusus, Silene dioica, Anthriscus sylvestris, Rumex obtusifolius, Pulicaria dysenterica} and {\it Typha latifolia}, plus locally occasional {\it Angelica sylvestris}. There are also several trees/bushes of {\it Salix} spp. and one of {\it Populus} sp.

3. Along the B2133. Amenity grassland crossed by drives to adjacent houses. Tall ornamental trees along the roadside (plus some more recent plantings). These include {\it Acer platanoides, Acer} sp. (with leaves red below) and {\it Quercus robur}.

4. Less-frequently mown verge with trees of {\it Quercus} sp., {\it F. excelsior} and {\it A. pseudoplatanus}. Damp ditch to rear shaded by several trees of {\it Salix fragilis/S. cinerea}. Also noted: locally frequent {\it Oenenthe crocata, Solanum dulcamara} and occasional {\it Arctium minus}.

This leads southwards to an overgrown hedge with trees: {\it Acer} sp. (the one with red undersides to the leaves), {\it A. pseudoplatanus, A. campestre, F. excelsior, Corylus avellana, Quercus} sp., {\it Prunus spinosa} and {\it Rosa canina}. The narrow verge here includes {\it Dactylis glomerata, Arrhenatherum elatius, Urtica dioica, Galium aparine, Stellaria holostea, Poa trivialis} and {\it Achillea millefolium}.

5. Small block of broadleaved woodland (still with wet ditch to rear). Tree composition effectively the same as the adjacent hedge. Field layer includes: {\it Bromus sterilis, Urtica dioica, Galium aparine, Arctium minus, Rumex obtusifolius, Anthriscus sylvestris, Rubus fruticosus} agg. and {\it Aegopodium podagraria}.

MANAGE:
Much of the grassland on the common is mown, presumably by the local authority, who have also in the past planted ornamental trees. The common does not appear to be of any significant nature conservation value.


FAUNA:
Noted during the site visit were: great spotted woodpecker, robin, blackbird, blue tit, wren, blackcap, chiff chaff, chaffinch, coot, moorhen, mallard, swallow, plus speckled wood and large white butterflies. Also seen: rabbits and grey squirrel.

VEG:
The common lies to the south of Dunsfold Aerodrome in the south of the county (Waverley district). In part it folows the course of the Wey and Arun Navigation, while a further section forms a series of narrow roadside verges along a minor road.

(1). Rather scrubby broadleaved woodland. Mainly comprises scattered standard trees of {\it Quercus robur} with occasional trees of {\it Betula} sp. The shrub layer has frequent coppiced {\it Corylus avellana}, plus occasional {\it Crataegus monogyna, Sorbus aucuparia} and {\it Ilex aquifolium}, plus rarely, {\it Carpinus betulus}. The field layer is mainly dominatd by {\it Rubus fruticosus} agg., with locally frequent {\it Hyacinthoides non-scripta, Silene dioica, Viola riviniana, Ajuga reptans, Lonicera periclymenum, Dryopteris dilatata, D. filix-mas, Circaea lutetiana, Stellaria holostea, Geum urbanum, Geranium robertainum, Brachypodium sylvaticum, Melica uniflora, Potentilla sterilis} and {\it Oxalis acetosella} plus, less commonly, {\it Mercurialis perennis}.

(2). Rather similar woodland with {\it Q. robur} standards. Several large canopy gaps dominated by a mixture of {\it R. fruticosus} agg., {\it Lonicera periclymenum} and {\it Pteridium aquilinum}. A bridleway to the north of the metalled drive has recently been re-surfaced with clinker. Several patches noted of {\it Circaea lutetiana} and {\it Sanicula europaea}. Also noted: locally abundant {\it Glechoma hederacea, Lysimachia nemorum, Galeopsis tetrahit}, plus locally occasional {\it Teucrium scorodonia, Primula vulgaris, Veronica chamaedrys} and {\it Stellaria holostea}.

(3). Again, similar woodland. Mature {\it Q. robur} with abundant dead branches (some trees almost completely dead). Coppiced {\it C. avellana} frequent. Several large trees of {\it Fagus sylvatica} along the northern boundary, which appears to be an old wood-bank.

(4). This comprises a section of the Wey and Arun Navigation. A towing path runs along the northern side. The canal contains open water with well-developed marginal and aquatic vegetation. Species noted include: {\it Iris pseudacorus, Alisma plantago-aquatica, Oenenthe aquatica, O. crocata, Scrophularia aquatica, Lycopus europaeus, Lemna minor, Solanum dulcamara, Ranunculus} sp. (i.e. water crowfoot), {\it Carex otrubae, C. remota, C. sylvatica, C. pseudocyperus, Typha latifolia} and {\it Glyceria fluitans}.

(5). A rather scrubby broadleaved woodland: {\it Q. robur, Crataegus monogyna, Ilex aquifolium, C. avellana, Viburnum opulus, Rosa canina, Salix} spp. and {\it Sambucus nigra}. One small tree of {\it Taxus baccata} noted. Abundant {\it Urtica dioica} along stream.

(6). The canal continues on the other side of the road (although the water body is no longer connected on either side of the road). On the southern side lies an old towing path with coarse grassland/tall ruderal species: {\it Dactylis glomerata, Deschampsia cespitosa, Rubus fruticosus} agg., {\it Hypericum tetrapterum, Urtica dioica, Oenanthe crocata, Veronica chamaedrys, Scrophularia nodosa, Geum urbanum, Mercurialis perennis, Stachys sylvatica, Cirsium arvense, Angelica sylvestris, Anthriscus sylvestris, Lotus pedunculatus, Mentha} sp. and {\it Vicia sativa}. A number of trees of {\it Alnus glutinosa} lie alongside the canal, plus several saplings of this species and also {\it Q. robur}. 

The water level in the canal at this side appears much higher than the section west of the road crossing. The open water has abundant {\it Potamogeton natans} and {\it Lemna minor}. Marginal vegetation includes frequent/abundant {\it Iris pseudacorus, Alisma plantago-aquatica} and {\it Epilobium hirsutum}. 

Woodland to the south of the canal here is {\it Q. robur/C. avellana}, while that to the north appears wet and is dominated by {\it Alnus glutinosa}.

(7). Narrow wooded roadside verges. Again {\it Q. robur} with coppiced {\it C. avellana}. The field layer generally sparse, but has locally abundant {\it Hedera helix} and {\it Mercurialis perennis}. There is a clear ditch and bank along either side of the common along this section.

(8). Damp neutral grassland, probably mown periodically. Dominant grasses are {\it Agrostis capillaris} and {\it Holcus lanatus} with locally abundant {\it Festuca rubra}. Associated forbs include locally abundant {\it Ranunculus acris, Stachys officinalis, Stellaria graminea} and {\it Plantago lanceolata}, locally frequent {\it Potentilla anserina, P. reptans, Rumex acetosa} and {\it Juncus effusus}, plus locally occasional {\it Oenanthe crocata, Centaurea nigra, Lathyrus pratensis, Lotus pedunculatus, Cardamine} sp., {\it Angelica sylvestris, Cirsium palustre, Luzula campestris, Potentilla erecta} and {\it Veronica chamaedrys}.

(9). The verge at this point is mown. A pond in this area has a small island in the centre with a tree of {\it Salix} sp. The pond contains occasional/frequent {\it Eleocharis palustris, Typha latifolia, Alisma plantago-aquatica, Ranunculus} sp. (i.e. a water crowfoot), {\it Oenenthe crocata, Juncus effusus, Mentha} sp., {\it Iris pseudacorus, Nymphaea alba, Lycopus europaeus} and {\it Glyceria maxima}.

MANAGE:
This particular common includes a number of features of significant nature conservation value. First is the section of the Way and Arun Navigation. This supports a wide diversity of aquatic plant species and appears to be managed to maintain an open water habitat with well-developed marginal vegetation. More detailed survey of this feature would be recommended, should this have not already have been undertaken.

The narrow strip of woodland running south-west from here is a well-developed coppice with standards, again appearing quite diverse botanically. This area offers potential for a range of woodland birds. There are also a number of mature and senescent oak trees which may have some invertebrate interest. It appears to be of secondary origin, not being highlighted in the Surrey Ancient Woodland Inventory.

Finally, to the east, lie two parcels of grassland, possibly former grazing verges. Again this vegetation is botanically diverse and retains species indicative of a non-improved sward (eg. {\it Stachys officinalis}). This area is probably cut periodically, but the precise management regime is not known. In order to retain and encourage the species composition, this vegetation should ideally be cut twice a year after mid-summer and the cut grass removed to prevent eutrophication. Full Phase 2 survey of this area is recommended.

The small pond and surrounding area to the south-east appears to be managed by the adjacent householder as part of their own garden. The pond has a thriving vegetation and is probably regularly cleared-out.


VEG:
This common lies close to the southern boundary of the county, approximately mid-way between Crawley and East Grinstead (Tandridge district). The rights indicate that it was in the past used as a communal quarry. However, it now forms a small part of a golf course. The site was viewed from the road.

The common comprises a closely-mown amenity grassland sward with occasional planted ornamental trees: {\it Pinus} sp., {\it Salix} sp. ("weeping" variety) and {\it Betula} sp. The site includes part of a small pond shaded with trees of {\it Salix} sp. ("weeping" variety).

A small triangular plot in the north-western corner lies outside the boundary of the golf course, at the junction of the B2037 and the B2028. Again, this has amenity grassland.

Along the northern edge of the common runs a boundary fence and along here is a discontinuous row of planted trees/bushes: {\it Prunus} sp., {\it Crataegus monogyna, Ulex europeus, Salix capraea} and various planted conifers.

The western edge has a number of taller trees: {\it Pinus sylvestris, Corylus avellana, Crataegus monogyna, Aescuclus hippocastanum, Robinia pseudoacacia, Quercus robur} and {\it Ilex aquifolium}.

MANAGE:
Managed as part of a golf course. Unlikely to be of any significant nature conservation value.


FAUNA:
No fauna noted during very brief site visit.

VEG:
Only a very brief site visit undertaken, as this common appears to have been removed from the register. Tandridge district.

Habitats are a mix of dense bracken {\it Pteridium aquilinum}, scattered scrub and broadleaved (occasionally coniferous) trees, progressing locally to secondary broadleaved woodland.

Speices present include {\it Crataegus monogyna, Sorbus aucuparia, Populus tremula, Lonicera periclymenum, Corylus avellana, Rubus fruticosus} agg., {\it Betula pendula, Taxus baccata} and {\it Pinus sylvestris}.

MANAGE:
This common appears totally unmanaged and is progressing to secondary woodland.


FAUNA:
Noted during the site visit were: blue tit, robin, green woodpecker, grey squirrel, greenfinch, house sparrow, carrion crow, blackbird, nuthatch, wren, magpie, roe deer.

VEG:
This common lies in Guildford district, at the eastern edge of Guildford itself. Most of the common has been covered under a survey (of a larger area) undertaken by the Surrey Wildlife Trust as part of the SNCI project (see map). This includes a general description of the site, which has been consulted for the purposes of this project. All of this land has subsequently been selected as SNCI. Additional information was gathered during the course of the present survey.

The site comprises several parcels of land. The most extensive habitat type is secondary broadleaved woodland dominated mainly by {\it Quercus robur} with occasional trees of {\it Fraxinus excelsior} and {\it Betula pendula} and, rarely, {\it Fagus sylvatica} and {\it Taxus baccata}. One clump of {\it Populus x canescens} was also noted, as were occasional mature, open-grown specimen trees of {\it Q. robur}, plus  fallen dead individuals of {\it Q. robur} and {\it Betula pendula}. Undershrub species include {\it Crataegus monogyna, Corylus avellana} (some as relatively small past coppice stools), {\it Rubus fruticosus} agg., {\it Lonicera periclymenum, Ilex aquifolium} and {\it Acer campestre}. The field layer includes {\it Pteridium aquilinum, Circaea lutetiana, Geum urbanum, Geranium robertianum} and {\it Dryopteris filix-mas}.

In the area to the north-east surrounding a stream (1) is an area of more diverse (base-rich?) woodland with a canopy co-dominated by {\it Q. robur} and {\it F. excelsior}. There is quite a well-developed shrub layer containing past coppice {\it C. avellana}. Other shrubs include {\it C. monogyna, Acer campestre, Sambucus nigra, Prunus spinosa} and an occasional individual of {\it Euonymus europaeus}. The field layer here includes frequent/abundant {\it Mercurialis perennis} and {\it Circaea lutetiana}, locally abundant {\it Glechoma hederacea, Viola} sp. and {\it Geum urbanum}, plus locally frequent {\it Brachypodium sylvaticum}. 

(2) marks a change to a mixed {\it Q. robur-C. avellana} wood with an understorey of frequent/abundant {\it Rubus fruticosus} agg. and abundant {\it Hyacinthoides non-scripta}.

(3) marks a ditch at the eastern edge where the wood is quite damp. The canopy here has frequent/abundant {\it Populus x canescens} and {\it F. excelsior}, while the understorey has locally frequent {\it Filipendula ulmaria} and {\it Urtica dioica}.

(4) is an arable field (maize crop at time of survey). 

The western side of the common has been extensively altered by the construction/upgrading of the local roads. A part of the land still registered as common lies at the centre of a new roundabout. Some small remnant wooded blocks remain, with much of the rest forming a complex mix of coarse grassland, tall ruderals, scattered scrub and broadleaved trees.  

To the far south-west of the common lies a remnant of old pasture/hayfields, now completely surrounded by housing (5). The boundaries of the fields in this area clearly run across the common itself. Now that the surrounding land has been built-upon, those old boundaries remaining on the common are a rather unusual feature (6). Almost all of the old boundary lines on the map are still present in the form of hedge-lines across this part of the common. Species noted were: {\it Corylus avellana, Sambucus nigra, Salix capraea, Ulmus procera, Crataegus monogyna, Fraxinus excelsior, Acer pseudoplatanus}, plus a single large tree of {\it Q. robur}. 

The surrounding grassland is mainly now improved and dominated by {\it Lolium perenne} with abundant {\it Trifolium repens}. However, on a sloping area to the north-east (7) there is a neutral sward dominated by {\it Agrostis capillaris} and {\it Holcus lanatus} with locally frequent {\it Lotus corniculatus, Trifolium arvense, T. repens, Prunella vulgaris, Ranunculus acris} and {\it Lolium perenne}. Garden rubbish has been dumped over the adjacent fences causing dense stands of {\it Urtica dioica} to develop along the edges.

Close to here lies a small depression (8) which may once have contained a dew pond, surrounded by a band of scrubby/ruderal vegetation - {\it Sambucus nigra, C. monogyna, Prunus spinosa, Urtica dioica, Epilobium hirsutum, Ranunculus repens} and {\it Rubus fruticosus} agg. There is the site of a small bonfire close to here, probably lit by children.

MANAGE:
The majority of the common is unmanaged. Small areas of grassland are mown by the local authority as roadside verges.

The woodland, although of secondary origin, may have some importance for woodland birds and appears to have some sources of standing and fallen dead wood (ie. potential invertebrate habitat) and planty of leaf litter. Various woodland rides, too may be important for some invertebrates. Parts are relatively disturbed, as the common lies close to a residential area. There appears to be some evidence of some of the hazels in the wood being coppiced at some time, albeit on only a few occasions.

The remnant grassland in the south-west corner is an interesting historical remnant, quite clearly saved from development by its status as common land. Although the grassland is of no nature conservation interest, the persistence of the former hedgerow lines is of note. Their precise origin and historical status has not been researched, but their trees and shrubs may offer cover for birds visiting local gardens.


FAUNA:
Noted during the site visit were: wren, robin, blackbird, green woodpecker and blackcap.

VEG:
The common lies just off the B2128, mid-way between Shamley Green and Wonersh (Waverley district). Most of the common lies within an area surveyed by the Surrey Wildlife Trust as part of the SNCI project, although none of this land was subsequently selected as SNCI. This includes a general description, which has been consulted for the purposes of the Common Land Survey.

Most of the common comprises a secondary broadleaved woodland occupying former wet grassland. This woodland generally has a canopy of {\it Betula pendula} and {\it B. pubescens} with sub-mature {\it Quercus robur}. Adjacent to the school the canopy grades into {\it F. excelsior/Acer pseudoplatanus}. A generally sparse shrub layer includes {\it Ilex aquifolium, Corylus avellana} and {\it Crataegus monogyna}. The field layer comprises locally abundant {\it Holcus mollis, Urtica dioica, Rubus fruticosus} agg. and {\it Lonicera periclymenum}, locally frequent {\it Galeopsis tetrahit, Stellaria holostea, Deschampsia flexuosa, Aegopodium podagraria, Heracleum sphondylium, Stachys sylvatica} and {\it Galium aparine}, plus locally occasional {\it Dryopteris filix-mas} and {\it D. dilatata}. Areas with a more open canopy tend to have a field layer dominated by {\it R. fruticosus} agg.

{\it Salix cinerea} and other {\it Salix} spp. become prominent in wet areas, such as to the west of the site and along the ditch running along much of the southern boundary of the common. Field layer species here include {\it Oenanthe crocata, Urtica dioica} and {\it Cirsium palustre}. There are also several large trees of {\it Salix fragilis} at the extreme western tip of the common. In this part of the site, canopy trees of {\it F. excelsior} and {\it Q. robur} are more prominent, and old/overstood coppice stools of {\it Corylus avellena} were noted here.  

Abundant leaf litter and small fallen branches/twigs, but not much in the way of dead timber, fallen or otherwise. 

In front of Norley Farm is an area of the common which has been mown by the owner of this property. This amenity grassland has occasional trees of {\it Q. robur} one clump of {\it Rhododendron ponticum}, several overstood coppice stools of {\it C. avellana} and two sizeable trees of {\it Araucaria araucana}.

MANAGE:
The common is managed by the Borough Council Countryside Management team. Recent management includes small-scale re-coppicing and piecemeal scrub cutting. Also note the small area which is mown/gardened by the adjacent property owner.

Most of the common is believed to have been formerly managed as grassland (up to the early part of this century). In addition, the strip of woodland along the southern boundary was formerly managed as coppice-with-standards.

Although the common does not appear to have major ecological or historical importance, it forms one element of a number of relatively small and inter-linking commons in this part of the county and is therefore important in a local context.

Note that "Wet woodland" is one of the "Priority Habitats" of the UK Biodiversity Action Plan.


FAUNA:
Noted during the site visit were: chiff chaff, blackbird, blue tit, moorhen, 7-spot ladybird plus ringlet, speckled wood, small skipper and meadow brown butterflies.

VEG:
The common lies on the western edge of Guildford and forms a minor element in a swathe of common land running eastwards from the edge of the city towards Wanborough. A significant part of this complex, including most of this particular common, lies within a site which has been surveyed by the Surrey Wildlife Trust as part of the SNCI project. All of this area has subsequently been selected as SNCI. This includes a general description which has been consulted for the purposes of the common land survey. Additional target notes were made during a field visit to the site.

The common includes areas of secondary broadleaved woodland and a range of different grassland communities. There are smaller areas of dense bracken and scrub etc. with at least two small ponds present, together with various streams. The site as a whole is particularly noted for the extent and diversity of the various grassland communities.

The woodlands generally have a canopy dominated by {\it Quercus robur} with some {\it Betula} spp. and occasional {\it Fraxinus excelsior. Salix} spp. occur along streams ({\it S. alba, S. fragilis}). The shrub layer includes {\it Ilex aquifolium, Crataegus monogyna, Salix cinerea, Prunus} sp., {\it Sambucus nigra, Frangula alnus} and {\it Corylus avellana}. Field layer associates: {\it Hedera helix, Rubus fruticosus} agg., {\it Deschampsia cespitosa, Rumex sanguineus, Urtica dioica, Geum urbanum, Viola} sp., {\it Pteridium aquilinum, Stachys sylvatica, Dryopteris filix-mas, Galeopsis tetrahit, Stellaria holostea, Geranium robertianum} and {\it Brachypodium sylvaticum}.

Field layer in wet areas (streams etc.) includes {\it Urtica dioica, Galium aparine, Phalaris arundinacea, Cirsium arvense, C. vulgare, Pulicaria dysenterica, Juncus effusus, Carex otrubae, Angelica sylvestris} and {\it Artemisia vulgaris}.

Scrubby areas etc. include {\it R. fruticosus} agg., {\it Crataegus monogyna, Salix cinerea, Rosa} sp. and trees of {\it Q. robur, Fraxinus excelsior, Malus} sp. and {\it Betula} sp. often also with areas of bracken {\it Pteridium aquilinum}.

Grassland communities are generally neutral in character. The most diverse sward appears to be that adjacent to the A323 (1). This is dominated by {\it Festuca rubra} and {\it Agrostis capillaris}, with locally co-dominant {\it Holcus lanatus}. Other associates include {\it Phleum bertolonii, Deschampsia cespitosa} and {\it Anthoxanthum odoratum}. Herbs etc. noted: {\it Centaurea nigra, Rumex acetosa, Stellaria graminea, Pimpinella saxifraga, Achillea millefolium, Leontodon autumnalis, Vicia cracca, Rhytidiadelphus squarrosus, Lotus corniculatus, L. pedunculatus, Ranunculus repens, Cerastium fontanum, Agrimonia eupatoria, Potentilla reptans, Hypochaeris radicata, Trifolium repens, T. pratense, Carex flacca} and {\it Tragopogon pratensis}. One area with {\it Succisa pratensis} and occasional {\it Achillea ptarmica}. Single plant noted of {\it Ononis} sp. (? {\it O. spinosa}).

Grassland at (2) is wet and dominated by tall {\it D. cespitosa} with frequent/abundant {\it Holcus lanatus}. Occasional/frequent {\it Ranunculus repens, Rumex acetosa, Lotus pedunculatus, Achillea ptarmica} and {\it Stellaria graminea}, plus locally occasional {\it Cirsium palustre, Iris pseudacorus} and {\it Centaurea nigra}. 

Grassland at (3) is species-poor, dominated by {\it A. capillaris} and {\it Holcus lanatus} with locally frequent {\it Lolium perenne}.

Two ponds were also target noted: (4). Shaded by a large tree of {\it Salix fragilis}. Sparse marginal vegetation includes locally abundant {\it Typha latifolia} and locally occasional {\it Lycopus europaeus, Alisma plantago-aquatica} and {\it Iris pseudacorus}. Locally abundant {\it Epilobium hirsutum} at pond edges.

(5). Second pond. Quite open surrounds. locally abundant marginal {\it Typha latifolia}. Locally frequent {\it Myosotis} sp. (? {\it M. scorpioides}), {\it Mentha aquatica, Galium palustre, Lycopus europaeus} and rare plants of {\it Ranunculus sceleratus}. Open water with locally abundant water crowfoots ({\it Ranunculus} sp.). 

The small pond shown to the north of here has dried out.

MANAGE:
The common is managed by Surrey County Council primarily for amenity purposes. The site contains a diverse mosaic of habitats which, taken as a whole, appear to be of nature conservation interest on a local level. Ideal management would be aimed at maintaining this structural habitat diversity, with areas of open grassland communities, scrub and woodland. 

Elsewhere within the SNCI, experimental grazing by horses of some of the grassland has been introduced. This may not be feasible on this particular common, with mowing being the only practicable alternative. In order to maintain the botanical diversity of the grassland sward, mowing should be undertaken twice a year, but with the first cut being in late summer - thereby allowing plants to set seed. Cut material should be removed to prevent eutrophication of the sward. A rotational cut may allow a continuity of habitat for invertebrates/small mammals etc. Taller/uncut areas could be allowed to develop adjacent to scrubby margins to optimise the range of microhabitats available for invertebrate populations. In addition, scrubby woodland margins will further enhance the structural diversity of the habitat, with an overall aim of achieveing a gradual transition through open grassland, through a scrub zone and eventually to a closed woodland canopy.


UK BAP "Priority Habitats": "Wet woodlands" plus "Mesotrophic" and "Eutrophic standing waters".


FAUNA:
No fauna noted specifically on this common during the site visit.

VEG:
The common lies in Cranleigh (Waverley district). The site comprises several small parcels of land adjacent to the B2130 at the western side of the town. The site is entirely maintained for amenity use, with the largest portion being a formally managed playing field. A band of scrub/trees runs alongside the edge of the adjoining disused railway. This comprises {\it Salix cinerea, Quercus robur, Ulex europaeus, Betula pendula, Crataegus monogyna} and {\it Rosa} sp. 

The remainder of the site largely takes the form of narrow mown amenity grassland verges, in places also used for parking cars.

MANAGE:
The common is maintained entirely for amenity purposes. The larger portion is managed as a formal playing field. At the southern tip of this is a childerns play area. Various planted ornamental broadleaved trees elsewhere. The site does not appear to have any nature conservation interest.


FAUNA:
Noted during the site visit were: chiff chaff, magpie, blackbird, meadow brown butterfly.

VEG:
The common lies on the western edge of Guildford and forms a minor element is a swathe of common land running eastwards from the edge of the city towards Wanborough. A significant part of this complex, including most of this particular common, lies within a site which has been surveyed by the Surrey Wildlife Trust as part of the SNCI project and which has subsequently been selected as SNCI. This includes a general description which has been consulted for the purposes of the common land survey. Additional target notes were made during a brief field visit to the site.

The common includes areas of secondary broadleaved woodland and an extensive area of open grassland. There are smaller areas of dense bracken and scrub etc. The site as a whole is particularly noted for the extent and diversity of the various grassland communities.

The fringe of secondary broadleaved woodland has a canopy of {\it Quercus robur} and {\it Betula} spp. with some {\it Fraxinus excelsior}, while the field layer typically comprises {\it Hedera helix, Pteridium aquilinum} and {\it Rubus fruticosus} agg. Areas of scrub are mainly dominated by {\it Crataegus monogyna} and {\it Salix} spp.

A range of different neutral grassland communities were noted whilst walking across the site.....

(1). Grassland here seems generally species-poor: Dominated by {\it Agrostis capillaris, A. stolonifera, Holcus lanatus} and {\it Anthoxanthum odoratum}, with locally frequent {\it Lolium perenne}. Locally occasional {\it Ranunculus acris, Rumex acetosa, Trifolium repens, T. pratense, Lotus corniculatus} and {\it Carex hirta}. The track crossing the open grassland at this point has narrow scrubby strips to either side: {\it Salix cinerea, Crataegus monogyna, Quercus robur, Rosa canina} and {\it Salix fragilis}. 

(2). Slightly more diverse grassland: Dominated by {\it H. lanatus} and {\it A. capillaris} with frequent/abundant {\it Festuca rubra}. Occasional/frequent {\it Trifolium repens, T. pratense, Ranunculus acris, Centaurea nigra, Stellaria graminea} and {\it Lotus corniculatus}. Locally occasional {\it Deschampsia cespitosa, Prunella vulgaris} and {\it Achillea millefolium. Arrhenatherum elatius} and {\it Dactylis glomerata} coming in locally.

(3). Grassland here appears slightly damp and the sward height was somewhat greater than above. Dominated by {\it Agrostis capillaris} with frequent/abundant {\it Holcus lanatus} and {\it Festuca rubra}. Locally frequent {\it Achillea ptarmica} and {\it Centaurea nigra}. Locally occasional {\it Lotus pedunculatus} and {\it Silaum silaus}.

(4). Taller sward than above, dominated by {\it Deschampsia cespitosa}. Frequent {\it H. lanatus} and {\it L. pedunculatus}. Locally frequent {\it A. ptarmica, Centaurea nigra, Persicaria maculosa, F. rubra, Anthoxanthum odoratum, Potentilla erecta, Juncus effusus, Vicia cracca} and {\it Festuca} sp. ? {\it F. pratensis}. Locally occasional {\it Cirsium palustre, D. glomerata} and {\it Juncus conglomeratus}.

Occasional trees have been planted here (in guards) at the boundary of the woodland on the contiguous CL 11: {\it Alnus glutinosa, Acer campestre, Sorbus aucuparia} and {\it Crataegus monogyna}.

(5). Grassland here is 30-40cm tall. Dominated by {\it H. lanatus} with abundant {\it A. capillaris}. Occasional/frequent {\it Persicaria maculosa, Ranunculus acris, Lotus pedunculatus} and {\it Anthoxanthum odoratum}. Locally frequent {\it Potentilla erecta, Trifolium repens} and {\it Vicia cracca}, plus locally occasional {\it Festuca ? pratensis} and {\it Juncus conglomeratus}.

In general, {\it Lolium perenne} is frequent-abundant alongside paths.

MANAGE:
The common is managed by Surrey County Council primarily for amenity purposes. The site contains a diverse mosaic of habitats which, taken as a whole, appear to be of nature conservation interest on a local level. Of particular importance is the significant area of open neutral grassland habitat. Ideal management would be aimed at maintaining the botanical diversity of these grasslands, together with adjacent transitions through scrub, to woodland.

To the south of the common, experimental grazing by horses of some of the grassland has been introduced. This area has been marked-off by temporary electric fencing, although at the time of the site visit, no stock were present in this area. 

In the absence of grazing, mowing is the only feasible alternative. In order to maintain the botanical diversity of the grassland sward, mowing should be undertaken twice a year, but with the first cut being in late summer - thereby allowing the plants to set seed. Cut material should be removed to prevent eutrophication of the sward. A rotational cut may allow a continuity of habitat for invertebrates/small mammals etc. 

Taller/uncut areas could be allowed to develop adjacent to scrubby margins to optimise the range of microhabitats available for invertebrate populations. In addition, scrubby woodland margins will further enhance the structural diversity of the habitat, with an overall aim of achieveing a gradual transition through open grassland, through a scrub zone and eventually to a closed woodland canopy. 

In general, it is not advisable to plant trees within grasslands of nature conservation value. However, there is a very marked transition between the grassland on this common and the woodland of the contiguous CL 11 along the eastern edge. Trees planted in grassland at this edge of the site may help to create a more gradual transition between the two habitats. Thinning the edges of adjoining woodland would also help to achieve this effect.

Eutrophication by dogs may pose a significant threat to the nature conservation value of the neutral grasslands.


FAUNA:
Smarts and Prey Heaths form part of the Thames Basin Heaths proposed Special protection Area (pSPA), put forward under the EC Directive 79/409 on the Conservation of Wild Birds (the Birds Directive). In particular, these heaths are important for breeding nightjar. This species has been declining in Britain for many years, mainly due to loss of suitable heathland habitat. The bird is listed in Annexe 1 of the Birds Directive and has also been highlighted among the "Priority Species" of the UK Biodiversity Action Plan. The Thames Basin Heaths as a whole support an estimated 9.0 per cent of the British breeding population of nightjar.

Other birds recorded from the two commons as a whole include: songthrush, bullfinch and reed bunting (also UK BAP "Priority Species"), plus woodcock, sparrowhawk, green woodpecker, great-spotted woodpecker, goldcrest, goldfinch, starling, snipe and tawny owl.

Mammals: hedgehog, rabbit, grey squirrel, fox, roe deer, bats (species unknown).

Reptiles and amphibians: common lizard, grass snake, common frog, common toad, slow worm, newts (species unknown).

Butterflies and moths: brimstone, speckled wood, ringlet, orange tip, peacock.

Dragonflies and damselflies: beautiful demoiselle {\it Calopteryx virgo}.

VEG:
The common lies in the south-western part of Woking Borough. Most of this particular common, together with the greater portion of its neighbour, CL 118, lie within the boundary of the Smarts and Prey Heaths SSSI (see map). This site in turn forms a small part of the Thames Basin Heaths pSPA (see under Fauna). Smarts Heath is owned and managed by Woking Borough Council. There is a large amount of survey and monitoring information available for this particular site, in addition to an extremely detailed management plan. It has been possible to provide only an overview within this site report, and the reader is referred to the primary sources (see references section).

Both sites comprise a mosaic of wet heath grading into marginal secondary woodland at varying stages of maturity. Scrub and woodland development has resulted from the cessation of traditional grazing which would have once maintained open heathland. However, active thinning and removal encroaching scrub and trees have been undertaken as part of an extensive programme active management aimed at restoring the heathland habitat. In addition, grazing has been recently reintroduced (see management section).

The site is situated over Bagshot Beds which are overlain by a thin layer of Lower Terrace River Gravels. Soils comprise base-poor stagnogley-podzols subject to periodic waterlogging.

The heath is largely of the "wet" category in Phase 1 terms, with the dominant species being {\it Calluna vulgaris, Erica tetralix} and {\it Molinia caerulea}. Other species typical of the most diverse swards include {\it Salix repens, Ulex minor, Trichophorum cespitosum, Drosera rotundifolia, D. intermedia, Eriophorum angustifolium, Sphagnum compactum} and {\it S. tenellum} (NVC type M16). 

In drier areas the vegetation comprises {\it Calluna, Erica cinerea} and {\it Ulex minor}, becoming grassy in places with {\it M. caerulea, Agrostis capillaris, Festuca ovina, Rumex acetosella} and {\it Juncus squarrosus}. Other species associated with the heathland habitats include {\it Hypnum jutlandicum, Cephaloziella} sp., {\it Carex nigra} and (in burnt areas) {\it Polytrichum} sp. 

Scrub/trees remain along roads and paths and in scattered clumps. This grades into more continuous secondary woodland dominated largely by {\it Betula} spp. and {\it Quercus robur}. In addition, {\it Pinus sylvestris} occurs more locally both as scattered trees across some of the heaths and also locally in mixed woodland canopies. Other species of these woodlands, more frequently occurring towards the site boundaries, include {\it Ilex aquifolium, Sorbus aucuparia, Fagus sylvatica, Carpinus betulus, Corylus avellana} and {\it Acer pseudoplatanus}.

The common also has a number of small ponds (GR's SU 982 557, SU 983 559, 987 559) and wet ditches. Species recorded from these features include {\it Glyceria notata, G. fluitans, Solanum dulcamara, Alisma plantago-aquatica, Lysimachia vulgaris, Ranunculus flammula, Callitriche stagnalis, Lemna minor, Epilobium adenocaulon, Iris pseudacorus, Mentha aquatica, Carex remota, Phalaris arundinacea, Galium palustre, Juncus effusus, J. bulbosus, Agrostis canina} and {\it Apium nodiflorum}.

MANAGE:
The common is of significant nature conservation importance in that it encompasses an area of lowland heath, a habitat which formerly covered extensive parts of southern England, including Surrey. There have been many accounts of the decline of the habitat, with the suggestion that some 85 per cent of Surrey's Heathlands have disappeared over the last two hundred years. In addition, a further 16 per cent decline has taken place between 1975 and 1985 (NCC/Surrey County Council, 1988). In addition, it is estimated that the UK contains around one fifth of Europe's remaining lowland heathland. The causes of this decline include a cessation of traditional grazing (leading to scrub, bracken and ultimately, succession to woodland), plus intensification of agriculture, forestry, afforestation, land enclosures and, more recently, building, especially of housing.

These heaths support a distinctive assemblage of flora and fauna which is severely at risk due to the decline in the extent of the habitat. The importance of the habitat has been widely recognised, with the preparation of an inventory of remaining heathland sites in the county and the preparation by English Nature of a strategy for the conservation of the habitat in the county (English Nature/SCC, 1988). More recently, "Lowland heathland" (and "Lowland acidic grassland") have been highlighted amongst the "Priority Habitats" of the UK Biodiversity Action Plan.

In addition, both Smarts and Prey Heaths are referred to as proposed Local Nature Reserves in the Woking Borough Local Plans and Countryside Strategy, although this statement has not yet been formally confirmed.

A detailed management plan for the common was prepared in 1994 taking account of separate surveys undertaken by both Penny Anderson Associates and Surrey Wildlife Trust in 1987 as well as a survey by Woking Borough Council in 1993. The common was also re-surveyed by SWT during October 1996 as part of monitoring activity on the site.

The plan identifies a range of key nature conservation issues to be considered in establishing an appropriate management regime for the site. A major objective is that of restoring as much heath as practicable through scrub and woodland clearance around the margins of common, in addition to continuing scrub control on existing remnants of heath. Management of heather swards is also taking place to increase the diversity of both age and structure within the vegetation. In addition, there is also the need for action aimed at minimising the risk of accidental fires and resisting further encroachments onto the site by adjacent property owners.

A particular feature of the common is that the heath is cut into several separate blocks of land by various roads dissecting the site. This fact will have significant implications in the way that the site is managed.

In the longer term, the ideal form of management for the common is the reintroduction of a light grazing regime which is thought to be how the site was maintained before this activity was abandoned and scrub encroachment took hold on all but the wettest parts of the site. In recent years, under English Nature's "Wildlife Enhancement Scheme", much of the common has been fenced, with this area now summer-grazed by cattle (and horses?).

The management plan also stresses that, beacuse such intensive management effort is being undertaken, there is a need for appropriate long-term monitoring of the common. Monitoring projects recommended include:

- Fixed-point photography to provide a visual record of changes in vegetation structure and composition. 

- Appropriate monitoring of fauna: groups that are either of particular ecological importance or sensitive to changes in management. 

It has also been suggested that it may be appropriate to restore further areas of heathland habitat through turf stripping and re-seeding. For example, turf stripping could be considered for areas dominated by {\it M. caerulea}, whereas re-seeding could be attempted in burnt areas if natural regeneration is inadequate. Possibly, seed should be collected from mowing areas of mature heather on the site. Finally, there is also one area where control of bracken {\it Pteridium aquilinum} may be required.

The areas of more mature woodland should be retained under a policy of non-intervention, although removal of non-native species, such as {\it Pinus sylvestris, Acer pseudoplatanus, A. platanoides, Aesculus hippocastanum, Rhododendron ponticum, Quercus cerris, Prunus laurocerasus} and {\it Picea abies}, is seen as desirable.

The management plan also considers several other key issues that include landscape, recreational use, education/interpretation and illegal tipping.

For a more detailed account of management work being undertaken at the site, please refer to the appropriate literature sources.


FAUNA:
Smarts and Prey Heaths form part of the Thames Basin Heaths proposed Special Protection Area (pSPA), put forward under the EC Directive 79/409 on the Conservation of Wild Birds (the Birds Directive). In particular, these heaths are important for breeding nightjar. This species has been declining in Britain for many years, mainly due to loss of suitable heathland habitat. The bird is listed in Annexe 1 of the Birds Directive and has also been highlighted as a "Priority Species" of the UK Biodiversity Action Plan. The Thames Basin Heaths as a whole support an estimated 9.0 per cent of the British breeding population of nightjar. On Prey Heath itself, nightjar is known to have been present as a breeding bird in the past.

Other birds recorded from the two commons as a whole include: songthrush, bullfinch and reed bunting (also UK BAP "Priority Species"), plus woodcock, sparrowhawk, green woodpecker, great-spotted woodpecker, goldcrest, goldfinch, starling, snipe and tawny owl.

Mammals: hedgehog, rabbit, grey squirrel, fox, roe deer, bats (species unknown).

Reptiles and amphibians: common lizard, grass snake, common frog, common toad, slow worm, newts (species unknown).

Butterflies and moths: brimstone, speckled wood, ringlet, orange tip, peacock.

Dragonflies and damselflies: beautiful demoiselle {\it Calopteryx virgo}.

VEG:
The common lies in the south-western part of Woking Borough and is divided into two separate portions by a north-south railway line.

Most of this particular common, together with the greater portion of its neighbour, CL 23, lie within the boundary of the Smarts and Prey Heaths SSSI (see map). This site in turn forms a small part of the Thames Basin Heaths pSPA (see under Fauna). Smarts Heath is owned and managed by Woking Borough Council. There is a large amount of survey and monitoring information available for this particular site, in addition to an extremely detailed management plan. It has been possible to provide only an overview within this site report, and the reader is referred to the primary sources (see references section).

Both sites comprise a mosaic of wet heath grading into marginal secondary woodland at varying stages of maturity. Scrub and woodland development has resulted from the cessation of traditional grazing which would have once maintained open heathland. However, active thinning and removal encroaching scrub and trees have been undertaken as part of an extensive programme active management aimed at restoring the heathland habitat. In addition, grazing has been recently reintroduced (see management section).

Other habitats represented on this common include "humid heath", grass-heath, mesotrophic/neutral grassland and two ponds. In recent years around 240 species of vascular plant have been recorded from the site, including "notable" species such as {\it Genista anglica, Drosera intermedia} and {\it Eleogiton fluitans} - see below.

The site is situated over Bagshot Beds. A high water table gives rise to base-poor stagnogley-podzols. The heath is largely of the "wet" category in Phase 1 terms, with the dominant species being {\it Calluna vulgaris, Erica tetralix} and {\it Molinia caerulea}. The wettest vegetation appears to occur in the eastern portion of the site. Other species typical of these communities include {\it Salix repens, Ulex minor, Trichophorum cespitosum, Drosera rotundifolia, D. intermedia, Eriophorum angustifolium, Carex panicea} and {\it C. nigra}, plus a variety of Sphagna, mainly {\it S. compactum} and {\it S. tenellum} but also with {\it Sphagnum capillifolium, S. recurvum} and {\it S. auriculatum} var. {\it inundatum} (this latter described as "very rare"), in addition to {\it Aulacomnium palustre} and {\it Polytrichum commune} (NVC type M16). Also recorded: {\it Dactylorhiza maculata}.

Elsewhere however, the heath is somewhat drier, as indicated by a decline in the abundance of {\it Sphagnum} and an increased cover of the moss {\it Hypnum jutlandicum}. Scattered trees of {\it Betula} spp. and {\it Pinus sylvestris} occur throughout much of this area. 

This tree and scrub cover grades into marginal secondary woodland dominated largely by {\it Betula} spp., accompanied locally by {\it P. sylvestris}. Where this woodland has developed over former open heath, there tends to be a wet field layer dominated by {\it M. caerulea}. However, in more marginal parts of the site, the woodlands tend to be drier. Such communities are shown by an increasing frequency of {\it Quercus robur}, a decline in abundance of {\it M. caerulea} and a general increase in both canopy and field layer diversity. Thus the shrub layer may include species such as {\it Ilex aquifolium} and {\it Corylus avellana}. Other field layer species of note include {\it Melampyrum pratense} and {\it Eupatorium cannabinum}.

A further woodland type is represented on the common. This is a narrow strip of wet woodland that runs along the stream marking the extreme eastern boundary of the site. The canopy is dominated by {\it Betula pubescens} with occasional {\it Alnus glutinosa}, plus a shrub layer with bushes/saplings of {\it Fraxinus excelsior, Frangula alnus, Ilex aquifolium, Ligustrum vulgare} and {\it Sorbus aucuparia}. 

Heath on the western part of the site represents a discrete central area surrounded by a thin marginal woodland. This area has been enclosed by temproary electric fencing and is subject to light grazing by ponies (see management section). Again, the main species are {\it M. caerulea, Calluna vulgaris} and {\it Erica tetralix}, although their relative frequency varies throughout. For example, in one area {\it M. caerulea} is overwhelmingly dominant (strictly speaking 'B5' - marshy grassland in Phase 1 terms). Other species occurring here include {\it Juncus squarrosus, J. bufonius, J. acutiflorus} (especially in wetter situations), {\it Genista anglica, Carex nigra, Trichophorum cespitosum, Veronica serpyllifolia, Senecio jacobaea, Ulex europaeus} and {\it Potentilla erecta}. 

In addition, there is again scattered cover of seedling/sapling {\it B. pubescens} and {\it P. sylvestris}, especially on the heath margins.

The common also has two small ponds (GR's SU 992 554 and SU 990 556). Species recorded from here include: Aquatics - {\it Juncus bulbosus} and {\it Potamogeton natans}. Marginals - {\it Glyceria notata, Lythrum portula, Sphagnum tenellum, Juncus bufonius, J. acutiflorus, Potentilla erecta, Ranunculus flammula} and {\it Eleogiton fluitans}.

There are a number of other notable plant species which have been recorded from the common in the past (1960s), but with no recent records, and which are considered to have become extinct at the site. These are: {\it Lycopodiella inundata} (NS), {\it Rhynchospora alba} and {\it Sanguisorba officinalis}.

N.B. NS = nationally scarce species, occurring in 16 - 100 ten km squares of the Ordnance Survey Grid (JNCC, 1994).

MANAGE:
The common is of significant nature conservation importance in that it encompasses an area of lowland heath, a habitat which formerly covered extensive parts of southern England, including Surrey. There have been many accounts of the decline of the habitat, with the suggestion that some 85 per cent of Surrey's Heathlands have disappeared over the last two hundred years. In addition, a further 16 per cent decline has taken place between 1975 and 1985 (NCC/Surrey County Council, 1988). In addition, it is estimated that the UK contains around one fifth of Europe's remaining lowland heathland. The causes of this decline include a cessation of traditional grazing (leading to scrub, bracken and ultimately, succession to woodland), plus intensification of agriculture, forestry, afforestation, land enclosures and, more recently, building, especially of housing.

These heaths support a distinctive assemblage of flora and fauna which is severely at risk due to the decline in the extent of the habitat. The importance of the habitat has been widely recognised, with the preparation of an inventory of remaining heathland sites in the county and the preparation by English Nature of a strategy for the conservation of the habitat in the county (English Nature/SCC, 1988). More recently, "Lowland heathland" (and "Lowland dry acidic grassland") have been highlighted amongst the "Priority Habitats" of the UK Biodiversity Action Plan.

In addition, both Smarts and Prey Heaths are refereed to as proposed Local Nature Reserves in the Woking Borough Local Plans and Countryside Strategy, although this statement has not yet been formally confirmed.

A detailed management plan for the common was prepared in 1994 taking account of separate surveys undertaken by both Penny Anderson Associates and Surrey Wildlife Trust in 1987 as well as a survey by Woking Borough Council in 1993. The common was also re-surveyed by SWT during October 1996 as part of monitoring activity on the site.

The plan identifies a range of key nature conservation issues to be considered in establishing an appropriate management regime for the site. A major objective is that of restoring as much heath as practicable through scrub and woodland clearance around the margins of the common, in addition to continuing scrub control on existing remnants of heath. Management of heather swards is also taking place to increase the diversity of both age and structure within the vegetation. In addition, there is also the need for action aimed at minimising the risk of accidental fires and resisting further encroachments onto the site by adjacent properties.

In the longer term, the ideal form of management for the common is the reintroduction of a light grazing regime which is thought to be how the site was maintained before this activity was abandoned and scrub encroachment took hold on all but the wettest parts of the site. Work aimed at the reintroduction of grazing is being funded under English Nature's "Wildlife Enhancement Scheme". Much of the heath on the western part of the common has now been enclosed with temporary electric fencing and is subject to light pony grazing. It is also hoped that grazing can be reintroduced on the eastern portion of the common as well (due for fencing over the winter of 1998/99?). As well as resisting the encroachment of scrub and trees, grazing is also a useful management tool in suppressing the spread of {\it M. caerulea}. 

The management plan also stresses that, beacuse such intensive management effort is being undertaken, there is a need for appropriate long-term monitoring of the common. Monitoring projects recommended include:

- Fixed-point photography to provide a visual record of changes in vegetation structure and composition. 

- Appropriate monitoring of fauna, of groups that are either of particular ecological importance or sensitive to changes in management. 

It has also been suggested that it may be appropriate to restore further areas of heathland habitat through turf stripping and re-seeding. For example, turf stripping could be considered for areas dominated by {\it M. caerulea}, whereas re-seeding could be attempted in burnt areas if natural regeneration is inadequate. Possibly, seed should be collected from mowing areas of mature heather on the site. 

A hydrological survey of the site has been suggested, as it is important that a high ground water level is maintained for the wet heath. Enhanced drainage of surrounding land, in addition to groundwater abstraction, may be lowering the water table and encouraging the spread of {\it M. caerluea}. Blocking of existing ditches may help to minimise these effects.

The areas of more mature woodland should be retained under a policy of non-intervention, although removal of non-native species, such as {\it Pinus sylvestris, Acer pseudoplatanus, A. platanoides, Aesculus hippocastanum, Rhododendron ponticum, Quercus cerris, Prunus laurocerasus} and {\it Picea abies}, is seen as desirable.

The management plan also considers several other key issues that include landscape, recreational use, education/interpretation and illegal tipping.

For a more detailed account of management work being undertaken at the site, please refer to the appropriate literature sources.


FAUNA:
Noted during Penny Anderson's 1987 survey were several common woodland birds such as blackbird, magpie, blue tit and willow warbler, in addition to speckled wood butterflies.

VEG:
The common lies in the southern part of Woking Borough to the north of CL 23, Smarts Heath. This small site was covered by Penny Anderson's 1987 Survey of Woking Borough Commons and was not visited during the course of the present survey.

The site forms a narrow strip of secondary broadleaved woodland situated in between a bowling club and a small area of residential housing.

The woodland lies to either side of a track which runs along the length of the site. The main canopy trees are {\it Quercus robur, Acer platanoides} and {\it A. pseudoplatanus}, with locally occasional {\it Betula pendula} and {\it Castanea sativa}. Of particular note are some very old trees of {\it Q. robur} and, in addition, a very large tree of {\it Fagus sylvatica} occurs to the north. The shrub layer comprises {\it Corylus avellana, Crataegus monogyna} and {\it Ilex aquifolium}.

The field layer is quite diverse with {\it Rubus fruticosus} agg., {\it Poa trivialis, Holcus lanatus, Aegopodium podagraria} and {\it Stellaria holostea}. Of more occasional occurrence are {\it Geum urbanum, Stachys sylvatica} and {\it Veronica chamaedrys}.

MANAGE:
The site is too small to be of significant nature conservation value. However, it represents a "wildlife corridor" linking with surrounding fields and hedgerows and provides a wildife habitat close to a residential area. The presence of "large oaks" increases the overall potential of the site.

Such a small site has limited scope for positive management and a policy of non-intervention is probably the most ideal form of management. However, it has been suggested that non-native tree species, especially {\it Acer platanoides} and {\it A. pseudoplatanus} are gradually thinned from the woodland. 

The site also appears to suffer from tipping of garden and other refuse from adjacent houses.


FAUNA:
Noted during the site visit were: blue tit, chiff chaff, willow warbler, gatekeeper, robin, woodpigeon, jay, grey squirrel and a dragonfly {\it Aeshna cyanea}. 

Additional birds noted during 1987 survey were: songthrush (UK BAP "Priority Species"), plus treecreeper, nuthatch, chaffinch, blackbird, wren, magpie, garden warbler, collared dove, spotted flycatcher, great tit and great spotted woodpecker. 

Mammals noted were: rabbit, grey squirel, fox, hedgehog and mole. 

Butterflies: speckled wood, ringlet, meadow brown, orange tip. 

Dragonflies/damselflies: banded demoiselle, azure damselfly, a chaser dragonfly. 

Snail: Cepaea hortensis.

Important amphibian site. (the only record found is for common frog).

VEG:
The common comprises several parcels of land on the southern edge of Woking. As such, the site was covered by the 1987 survey of Woking Commons by Penny Anderson Associates. Based on this source, the greater part of the common has subsequently been selected as SNCI. 

With an existing detailed survey available, a fairly brief visit to the site was considered appropriate (with the need to allocate very limited field time to those sites about which the least was known). However, at the time of site visit, the habitat map from the above source was not available and therefore the common was mapped and brief target notes made. These are listed below in an un-edited form to enable direct comparisons to be made with the situation at the time of the 1987 survey.

The greater part of the common comprises secondary broadleaved woodland. There are smaller areas of scrub and open grassland of various types. In addition, there are a number of ponds, with associated wetland habitats.

TARGET NOTES FROM PRESENT SURVEY........

(1). Northernmost portion (non-SNCI). This is bisected by a metalled drive. To the north lies an area of amenity grassland with a roadside avenue of mature {\it Tilia} sp. trees. Part also used as a car park. To the south is coarse (infrequently cut?) grassland characterised by {\it Agrostis capillaris, Dactylis glomerata, Festuca rubra} and {\it Lolium perenne}, with occasional patches of {\it Urtica dioica}. The avenue of {\it Tilia} sp. trees continues alongside the road.

(2). Block of secondary broadleaved woodland with a canopy of {\it Quercus robur} and occasional {\it Betula} sp. A number of well-developed mature trees of {\it Q. robur} noted, some with dead branches present. Shrub layer contains {\it Corylus avellana, Sorbus aucuparia, Prunus} sp. and smaller trees of {\it Q. robur}. The field layer is mainly dominated by {\it Agrostis capillaris} with locally abundant {\it Hedera helix} and {\it Rubus fruticosus} agg., plus locally frequent {\it Molinia caerulea} and {\it Lonicera periclymenum}. Occasional {\it Hieracium} sp. (? {\it H. perpropinquum}). 

Additional species noted during 1987 survey: {\it Ilex aquifolium, Taxus baccata, Acer pseudoplatanus} (occasional saplings), {\it Holcus mollis} and {\it Poa nemoralis}. Woodland to the south of here is broadly similar, with much {\it Dryopteris dilatata} present.

(3). Stand of dense, even-aged trees of {\it Betula} sp. with locally occasional {\it Populus tremula} and small areas of dense {\it Salix cinerea} scrub. Field layer includes locally abundant {\it Molinia caerulea} and {\it Rubus fruticosus} agg.

1987 survey: broadly similar at this time. However, the 'scrub' was described as locally slightly less dense, with some patchy remnants of dwarf shrub heath vegetation present - mainly {\it Calluna vulgaris}. Other associates include {\it Potentilla erecta, Polytrichum} sp., {\it Sphagnum} spp., {\it Juncus} spp., {\it Carex nigra, Erica tetralix} and {\it Salix repens}.

Situated within this area is a somewhat degraded pond, which appears to be extensively used by playing children and also as a site for dumping of rubbish. Marginal plants include locally abundant {\it Glyceria} sp., {\it Eleocharis palustris}, locally occasional {\it Alisma plantago-aquatica} and {\it Galium palustre}, plus rare {\it Bidens tripartita}. The open water contains abundant {\it Lemna} sp. while fringing the margins of the pond is a dense band of {\it Salix cinerea} scrub. In addition, there is also an adjacent patch of transitional swamp/marshy grassland dominated by {\it Juncus effusus} with locally frequent {\it Lythrum salicaria}.

1987 survey: at this time, the southern part of this pond had been recently deepened. Additional 'wetland' species recorded were {\it Persicaria amphibia, Lythrum portula, Callitriche} spp., {\it Ranunculus flammula} and {\it R. lingua}.

(4). Area of unmanaged coarse grassland/tall ruderals comprising {\it Arrhenatherum elatius, D. glomerata, Artemisia vulgaris, Urtica dioica, Solidago canadensis, Vicia cracca, Heracleum sphondylium, Centaurea nigra, Stellaria graminea, Holcus lanatus, Ranunculus acris, Lotus corniculatus, Agrostis stolonifera, Plantago lanceolata, Cirsium arvense, Achillea millefolium, Taraxacum officinale} agg., {\it L. perenne} and {\it Hypericum perforatum}.

(5). Amenity grassland with a fenced chidrens play area. Also contains an ornamental pond used extensively by mallards etc. The adjacent vegetation is closely mown right to the edge of the water, with no development of marginal aquatic vegetation. Occasional scattered trees on this area include {\it Q. robur, Salix cinerea} and {\it S. fragilis}.

1987 survey: At this time, the pond here was overshadowed by trees with poorly-developed marginal vegetation (and has thus been converted to amenity use since this time).

(6). Generally unmanaged area with a mosaic of coarse grassland/tall ruderals, scrub and trees: {\it Chamerion angustifolium, Urtica dioica, Q. robur, Crataegus monogyna, Ulex europaeus, Betula} sp., {\it R. fruticosus} agg., {\it Salix cinerea, Fraxinus excelsior} and {\it Calystegia sepium}. South-western edge is formally mown.

1987 survey: species noted from this area - {\it Deschampsia cespitosa, Arrhenatherum elatius, Festuca} sp., {\it Vicia} spp., {\it J. effusus, Potentilla erecta} and {\it Lotus pedunculatus}. In addition, {\it Iris pseudacorus, Mentha aquatica} and {\it Phalaris arundinacea} found in a drain.

(7). This is one of several smaller blocks of {\it Q. robur} secondary woodland in the vicinity of a cricket ground. Occasional {\it Betula} sp. Mature avenues of planted {\it Tilia} sp. alongside the road. Shrub layer of {\it C. monogyna, R. fruticosus} agg., {\it Ulex europaeus} etc. To the rear of this area is a heavily-shaded pond surrounded by very dense growth of {\it Salix} sp. scrub. Difficult to investigate in any detail, but abundant {\it Typha latifolia} and {\it Juncus effusus} present, plus abundant wet leaf litter (appears like this as at 1987).

1987 survey: Woodland to the west of the cricket ground with a well-established canopy of {\it Q. robur}. Shrub layer well-developed with {\it I. aquifolium, S. aucuparia, C. avellana, C. monogyna} and {\it Sambucus nigra}. Wood margins dominated by {\it Anthriscus sylvestris} and {\it Urtica dioica}. Occasional {\it Hyacinthoides non-scripta} and {\it D. dilatata}.

(8). Secondary broadleaved woodland dominated by {\it B. pendula} with locally occasional {\it Q. robur}. Many canopy trees appear multi-stemmed. Quite frequent fallen dead branches noted. Field layer dominated by {\it R. fruticosus} agg., {\it Holcus lanatus} and {\it Agrostis capillaris}, with locally frequent {\it Stellaria holostea} and {\it Lonicera periclymenum}, plus locally occasional {\it Deschampsia cespitosa}.

1987 survey: The northern part of this area (not visited during present survey) has a hummocky topography, with wet patches, but no pools. Tall {\it Betula} sp. and {\it Salix} sp. scrub dominate much of this area. Also noted from wet area were {\it Oenanthe crocata, Mentha aquatica, Phalaris arundinacea} and {\it Equisetum palustre}.

(9). Further south, {\it Q. robur} is the dominant canopy tree and there is a dense shrub layer of {\it Corylus avellana} (some as old coppice stools), plus {\it Sorbus aucuparia} and {\it Ilex aquifolium}. Other field layer associates include {\it Stachys sylvatica, Urtica dioica, Ranunculus repens} and {\it Dryopteris filix-mas}. Abundant {\it Rhododendron ponticum}, plus some {\it Prunus laurocerasus} noted along the drive to the south of here.

(10). Woodland canopy here with {\it B. pendula} dominant and {\it Q. robur} only occasional. Occasional fallen dead trees noted. Area of bare ground to SE edge comprises a dried-up pond with a deep layer of litter layer. Large bushes of {\it Salix cinerea} at the edges.

A metalled lane runs along the southern edge of the common here. Some parking of cars on the common by adjacent householders and also dumping of grass cuttings at the roadside edge.

(11). This is a wet depression with a series of overgrown and drying-up pools, again with dense growth of {\it Salix cinerea} scrub. In fact there is a narrow strip of similar vegetation running for some distance northwards along this side of the road.

1987 survey: Overall, the block of woodland described by target notes (8) - (11) appears, at the present time, to be broadly the same as before.

(12). Small wet area with old pond site used for dumping brick rubble, now scrubbed over.

(13). Area of grassland not surveyed in detail during present survey, appearing as regularly-mown grassland. As at 1987, mown in July. Abundant {\it A. capillaris} and {\it Poa trivialis} with {\it Ononis spinosa, Ranunculus repens, Centaurea nigra, Stellaria graminea, Trifolium repens, T. pratense, Achillea millefolium, Plantago lanceolata, Prunella vulgaris} and {\it Rhinanthus} agg. A total of 48 species were recorded. The present state of this vegetation needs evaluation.

The earlier survey also records a small pond here, heavily infested with {\it Crassula helmsii}, plus {\it Apium nodiflorum, Galium palustre, R. flammula, Myosotis laxa} subsp. {\it cespitosa, I. pseudacorus, Glyceria fluitans} and {\it Typha latifolia}. There was insufficient time to evaluate the present condition of this particular feature during the course of the present survey, although ideally, this should be done.

(14). 1987 survey: An area of wet grassland recently planted with {\it Salix} spp. (not mapped separately during present durvey). Contains a number of 'wetland' species: {\it L. pedunculatus, P. arundinacea, D. cespitosa, Carex hirta, J. effusus} and {\it Angelica sylvestris}.

(15). 1987 survey: roadside verge with {\it J. effusus, L. pedunculatus, Angelica sylvestris, Oenanthe crocata} and {\it Urtica dioica}. Encroaching scrub and trees.

The 1987 survey also notes the presence of various ditches with species such as {\it O. crocata, Epilobium hirsutum} and {\it Mentha aquatica}.

MANAGE:
The common at the present time, appears largely unmanaged, save for the occasional areas of mown amenity grassland and the area adjacent to the ornamental pond (5). The site is the responsibility of Woking Borough Council.

The site as a whole has a diverse mosaic of habitats present, with a number of 'notable' plant species being recorded. Of the sites surveyed by Penny Anderson Associates, it was considered to be the most important non-heathland site. Effective management of the site will need to integrate the needs of nature conservation with those of public use of the common. 

At present, despite earlier signs of some active management, the other ponds, are in a very neglected state and are in urgent need of active management if they are not to dry-up completely. Such management would take the form of extensive clearance of shading scrub/trees and excavation to restore the open water. In view of the fact that this site is SNCI and is of importance for its amphibians, it would appear especially important that these management needs are addressed with some priority.

Rotational clearance of ditches recommended to create a greater diversity of habitat for invertebrates and aquatic plants.

The area of species-rich grassland to the SE of the common was not investigated in any great detail during the present survey. It appeared at this time to have a closely-mown grassland sward. The 1987 survey report outlines a suggested management regime for this area, involving the cutting of an annual hay crop in July or August, or mowing with removal of the clippings. It may have been that, at the time of the present survey, this area had been recently cut. A return visit needs to be made to this area earlier in the summer to enable a full survey of this grassland. Similarly, the condition of the pond here needs to be re-evaluated.

Other areas of frequently-mown grassland may benefit from a less-intensive management regime, allowing areas of taller grass to develop.

The wooded areas of the site are probably best managed with the minimum of intervention, but possibly with localised thinning of birch trees to increase the structural diversity of the canopy. It may also be valuable to re-coppice some areas and remove non-native tree and shrub species such as {\it Acer pseudoplatanus, A. platanoides, Rhododendron ponticum, Prunus laurocerasus} and {\it Symphoricarpos albus}. Where woodland grades into scrub or open grassland, selective thinning could be used to create a more gradual and structurally varied transition across this ecotone.

Being situated close to residential areas, the northern part of the common in particular, has considerable scope for educational purposes. For example, the ponds are important in this regard - a further factor supporting a case for their reinstatement. With the co-operation of local people, it may be possible to clear dumped rubbish from parts of the common. 

In addition to {\it Ononis spinosa} and {\it Salix repens}, two other 'notable' plants were recorded from the common during 1987: {\it Ranunculus hederaceus} and {\it R. aquatilis}.


FAUNA:
Records of fauna from the common are as follows:

Mammals: rabbit, grey squirrel, mole.

Birds: tree sparrow and songthrush (UK BAP "Priority Species"), plus kingfisher, mallard, goldfinch, greenfinch, woodpigeon, carrion crow, mute swan, housemartin, great spotted woodpecker, robin, kestrel, chaffinch, coot, moorhen, swallow, black-headed gull, pied wagtail, blue tit, great tit, house sparrow, pheasant, magpie, dunnock, starling, wren and lapwing.

The northern pond on the common is notable for the presence of great crested newt (UK BAP "Priority Species"). Common frog also recorded for the site.

Fish records for carp and three-spined stickleback.

Odonata (dragonflies and damselflies): brown hawker {\it Aeshna grandis}, common hawker {\it A. juncea}, banded demoiselle, {\it Calopteryx splendens}, beautiful demioselle {\it C. virgo, Coenagrion} sp. (a dragonfly), common blue damselfly {\it Enallagma cyathigerum}, blue-tailed damselfly {\it Ischnura elegans}, white-legged damselfly {\it Platycnemis pennipes} and common darter {\it Sympetrum striolatum}.

Lepidoptera (butterflies and moths): small tortoiseshell and meadow brown.

An addition, a variety of other invertebrates have also been recorded.

VEG:
The common lies to the south of Old Woking and represents one of the largest areas of neutral grassland occurring on common land within the Borough of Woking. The site is bounded by streams and ditches, and includes several ponds with associated wetland communities.

To the north of the common lies residential housing, while the other sides are surrounded by improved pasture land.

The site has been the focus of very extensive and detailed ecological survey and monitoring and therefore was not visited during the course of the present survey. The following site description has been compiled from the quoted sources. Note that the site has been designated as SNCI.

The common is low-lying (c. 20m asl) and is situated on river alluvium within the Wey valley (leading to periodic flooding). Soils are mainly sandy in character.

Most of the common supports a semi-improved neutral grassland sward (NVC type MG6). In places, this is considered to have been reseeded or otherwise modified by intensive agricultural practices and is generally species-poor. The main area supports a sward where {\it Holcus lanatus} is the most abundant species, with frequent and locally dominant {\it Agrostis capillaris}. Other locally abundant species include {\it Cynosurus cristatus, Lolium perenne, Alopecurus pratensis, Festuca rubra, Poa trivialis} and {\it Poa annua}. Common associates include {\it Trifolium repens, Ranunculus acris, R. repens, Cirsium arvense, Rumex acetosa, Taraxacum officinale} agg., {\it Plantago lanceolata, Centaurea nigra} and {\it Geranium dissectum}, plus occasional tussocks of {\it Deschampsia cespitosa}.  

Locally the sward is wet in character, with an abundance of {\it Juncus effusus} and {\it H. lanatus}, marking a transition to NVC type MG10. This mosaic of communities is represented in particular to the north of the common, where a mixture of these two grassland types also includes {\it Glyceria maxima} (see below) accompanied by stands of {\it Urtica dioica}.

A further grassland community is represented by a drier, more acidic type, occurring in a small area of higher and better-drained grassland in the NW corner of the site. This vegetation is dominated by {\it Agrostis capillaris} and acrocarpous mosses with frequent {\it Rumex acetosella, Festuca} spp. and {\it Hypochaeris radicata} (NVC type U1).

{\it Cirsium arvense} and {\it Rubus fruticosus} agg. are frequent in the SW tounge of land, where the main cattle and tractor access is situated (NVC type W24).

Also present within the main grassland area is a small patch of dense scrub dominated by {\it Crataegus monogyna} and {\it Prunus spinosa} - NVC type W21. In addition, there are several small parts of the grassland where native trees and shrubs have been planted.

The south-eastern arm lies on the other side of the stream, outside the grazed portion, and comprises an area of mown amenity grassland adjacent to a factory.

Running along the eastern edge of the site is a fast-flowing stream. The boundary of the common here is marked by a hedge with mature trees of {\it Quercus robur}. Along the edge of the ditch are stands of {\it Urtica dioica} with {\it R. fruticosus} agg., {\it Anthriscus sylvestris} and {\it Impatiens glandulifera}. At the northern end, the banks are shallower and {\it Ranunculus fluitans}, described as 'relatively uncommon' in Surrey, has been recorded from here.

The remaining boundaries have slow-flowing dykes with low, but steep banks. They are typically about 1.0m wide, although they widen in the NW corner to form a pond. Most stretches are quite thickly clogged with emergent vegetation - predominantly {\it Glyceria maxima} (NVC type S5). Aquatic vegetation is best-developed along the western and southern dykes and includes {\it Ranunculus flammula, Lycopus europaeus, Galium palustre, Sparganium erectum, Carex pseudocyperus, Lythrum salicaria, Lychnis flos-cuculi} and {\it Alisma plantago-aquatica}. The northern strip also includes stands dominated by {\it Phalaris arundinacea} (NVC type S28), with fragmented stands elsewhere.

In addition to the northern pond, there is a second pond to the south of the site. Both were covered by the Woking Pond Survey.

(1). Northern Pond - "Mill Moor, corner pond".

This is fringed by wide marginal stands of {\it Glyceria maxima}. The open water is dominated by {\it Potamogeton natans} (90 per cent cover) with abundant {\it Elodea canadensis}, occasional {\it Callitriche platycarpa} and {\it Typha latifolia}, plus rare {\it Lemna minor} and {\it L. trisulca}. In addition to {\it G. maxima}, the marginal vegetation also includes abundant {\it Galeopsis tetrahit, Juncus effusus} and {\it Lythrum salicaria}, frequent {\it Persicaria hydropiper} and {\it Filipendula ulmaria}, occasional {\it Angelica sylvestris, Galium palustre, Myosotis scorpioides, Phalaris arundinacea, Solanum dulcamara} and {\it Stachys palustris}, plus rare {\it Impatiens glandulifera}. Pond fringed on northern margin by various trees including {\it Salix fragilis}. 

(2). Southern Pond - "Mill Moor, southern pond".

This pond was dug around 1993 and the excavated material piled-up in high banks, quite close to the pond margin.

Open water vegetation dominated by {\it Ceratophyllum demersum} and {\it Elodea canadensis} with abundant {\it Lemna minor}, frequent {\it Lemna trisulca}, occasional {\it Callitriche platycarpa} and rare {\it Nymphaea alba}. Marginal vegetation dominated by {\it Sparganium erectum} with abundant {\it P. arundinacea}, frequent {\it A. plantago-aquatica} and {\it Lythrum salicaria}, plus occasional {\it Galium palustre, Iris pseudacorus, Juncus effusus, Lycopus europaeus, Myosotis scorpioides} and {\it Persicaria hydropiper}. Again marginal trees, mainly of {\it Salix cinerea}, with some {\it Alnus glutinosa}.

Other vascular plants listed for the site include:

{\it Apium nodiflorum, Barbarea vulgaris, Cannabis sativa, Cardamine armara, C. flexuosa, C. pratensis, Carex acutiformis, C. remota, C. riparia, Conium maculatum, Coronopus didymus, Daucus carota, Epilobium ciliatum, E. hirsutum, Eupatorium cannabinum, Galium saxatile, Geranium molle, Gnaphalium uliginosum, Lactuca serriola, Lotus corniculatus, Lythrum portula, Mentha spicata, Oenanthe crocata, Potamogeton crispus, Ranunculus sceleratus, Rorippa amphibia, R. nasturtium-aquatica, Saxifraga spathularis, Scrophularia aquatica, Symphytum officinale, Verbascum thapsus} and {\it Veronica anagallis-aquatica}.

MANAGE:
The common is owned by Woking Borough Council and managed by the Landscape and Countryside Service of the Planning Department. This also involves a voluntary organisation known as the Old Woking Nature Conservation Group.

The site is of local ecological importance for the diverse variety of habitats present. The grassland sward, despite not having a high botanical diversity, and having some past agricultural "improvement" does contain some "interesting" species. Additional diversity is added by the variety of ponds and wet ditches, in addition to the boundary hedges/trees.

The 1987 survey by Penny Anderson Associates identified the presence of four plant species which were considered to be of note (in a county context): {\it Ranunculus fluitans, R. aquatilis, Veronica anagallis-aquatica} and {\it Carex pseudocyperus}. These are all associated with wet habitats, thereby stressing the importance of these to the overall make-up of the site.

In addition, several of the birds recorded are "Priority Species" of the UK Biodiversity Action Plan, and one of the ponds provides habitat for breeding great crested newt - also a UK BAP "Priority Species" and protected under Schedule 5 of the 1981 Wildlife and Countryside Act.

In addition to nature conservation, the common also represents an important area for public recreation, being one of several important localities of public open space within the Borough (mostly also common land). In order to fully address the various management needs for the site, a detailed management plan has been prepared. This outlines in the first instance, the need to instigate an effective ecological monitoring programme for the common, by which the progress of the various management activities can be addressed.

The second priority is the need to establish an appopriate management regime for the grassland areas. These are quite extensively used for informal recreation, predominantly walking and excercising dogs, and this obviously imposes some constraints on what can be achieved. Up until 1988, this vegetation was maintained through cattle grazing by a local farmer. 

At present an annual hay crop is taken in late July or August and there is no grazing. The only other form of management is the more frequent cutting of paths through the grassland sward throughout the summer, plus some larger pieces kept open for amenity purposes - such as the area to the SE adjacent to the factory. It may be possible to enhance these swards by reducing the frequency of mowing, or cutting the sward at a higher level of 25cm to create a "wildlflower lawn".

The main area of grassland would benefit from a more varied pattern of management. For example, this would help to create taller areas of grassland, which would increase the habitat potential for invertebrates and small mammals. Ultimately the ideal form of management would be to follow-up the hay cut with grazing. For this, a suggestion has been made that the entire site should be grazed by a herd of cattle between October and April. 

To reintroduce grazing would require investment in terms of stockproofing the site and the control of dogs. Stock could be conveniently brought-in from the Surrey Heathland Project, who are in need of suitable sites on which to keep stock during the winter months.

Use of fertiliser will not be permitted, as this would cause a further deterioration in the diversity of sward. There may be occasional cause to use herbicide, such as to treat extensive stands of nettles (and thistles), although patches of these should be retained to maintain the foodplant of butterflies such as peacock, red admiral, comma and small tortoiseshell, whose adults also depend on nectar from thistles in late summer.

A further issue of great importance is the management of the various waterways and other aquatic habitats on the common. These add considerably to the nature conservation value of the site and of particular note is the presence of crested newt in one of the ponds, in addition to a number of notable plant species. Suitable management would aim to achieve a wide variety of structural habitat features; for example the retention of areas of shallow open water grading into marginal vegetation and adjacent scrub, but with areas of deeper water to provide areas safe from freezing. A balance needs to be achieved between the beneficial effects of shade cast by overhanging trees in reducing the rate of aquatic vegetation growth and the input of leaf litter which will cause silting of the water bodies.

During 1993, a major volunteer effort was organised which was able to successfully clear the majority of the slow-flowing western and northern channels of {\it Glyceria maxima}. It is hoped that an annual programme of maintenance will help to keep these ditches open. Locally, shading by trees, with consequent leaf litter input is a major problem and these will require thinning. Elsewhere, planting of trees may produce shade which would help to reduce vegetation growth. A further important factor relating to the management of ditches is the potential impact on the hydrology of the adjacent land. For example, this may include the construction of sluices to manage water levels. In addition, it is also suggested that nettle beds adjacent to some of the ditches are cut annually to improve the value of this habitat for butterflies and other invertebrates and reduce the risk of encroachment onto the remainder of the common.

The pond to the south of the common was created in 1989 and now has a well-developed community of aquatic and marginal vegetation, supports healthy populations of dragonflies and damselflies and often a resident pair of swans. This pond too needs an annual programme of selective vegetation thinning to retain open water habitat. Such material could be translocated to other, poorly vegetated ponds within the borough, but otherwise dumped quite close to the pond to allow fauna to find its way back to the pond.  

The northern pond requires especial care in management due to the the presence of great crested newts. This means that any management should be carried-out between November to January to minimise disturbance to the newts, at a time when they are away from the pond in adjacent terrestrial habitat. In fact it is important to stress the importance of the terrestrial phase of the newts life cycle (Macgregor, 1995). The adults leave the pond at any time after mid-July and do not return again to breed until late March or early April. In addition, newts leaving the pond as new metamorphs towards the end of their first summer, will not return to water until they are nearly fully grown - which may take as long as four years. Thus the newts spend the majority of their life on land, feeding and gaining body weight and only return to water to breed. Thus it is vitally important that the management of adjacent habitat is also taken into consideration. In general, newts prefer relatively undisturbed terrestrial habitat that offers a range of opportunities for sheltering in damp, shady places. 

Finally, this pond has steep sides and quite deep water. A reduction of the steepness of some of the banks here would be beneficial for marginal plants and consequently invertebrates.

Other conservation management issues raised by the management plan include the maintenance of marginal hedges and the policy on tree planting, in addition to the management of silt mounds resulting from dredging in 1988.

There are also management needs in relation to the landscape character of the site and the regulation of recreational use. Such issues cannot be considered in isolation from those of nature conservation. A particular area of conflict is that of dog fouling which, in addition to being unpleasant and an acknowledged risk to health, represents a considerable nutrient input problem, poses problems for hay-making and subsequent marketing, prevents enjoyment of other recreational use (e.g. children playing and picnicking) and may have implications for future plans to reintroduce grazing. The way foward on this issue would be to provide suitable bins for the disposal of dog waste and encourage owners to make use of them.

For a more comprehensive consideration of these issues, please consult the Woking BC management plan for the site.

A major objective is to encourage greater community involvement in the management of the site, through the participation of various voluntary groups and to make greater educational use of the site. As such, discussions are currrently under way toward the designation of the common as a Local Nature Reserve. This would complement two other nearby LNRs in the nearby Hoe Valley (neither of which are common land).


FAUNA:
Noted during the site visit were: blue tit, nuthatch, grey squirrel, large white butterfly.

VEG:
The common lies adjacent to a minor road in the village of Send (Guildford district).

The common comprises a small block of rather open, secondary broadleaved woodland in what appears to be a disused quarry. The southern edge has a steep face, while much of the site has an undulating topography suggestive of spoil heaps. There is also a steep bank leading down from the road adjoining the NW side.

The main canopy tree is {\it Quercus robur}, with a number of well-spaced and structured mature individuals across the site. Abundant epiphytic growth of {\it Hedera helix}. Little signs of any regeneration. Two dead standing {\it Q. robur} trees noted. One tree of {\it Salix fragilis} present in what appears to be a damp hollow.

The shrub layer comprises locally frequent {\it Ilex aquifolium}, locally occasional {\it Sambucus nigra, Crataegus monogyna, Salix cinerea, Ulex europaeus} and {\it Sorbus aucuparia} plus rare small trees of {\it Acer pseudoplatanus} and {\it Aesculus hippocastanum}.

The field layer has locally abundant {\it Rubus fruticosus} agg., locally frequent {\it Stellaria holostea, Geranium robertianum, Hedera helix} and {\it Agrostis capillaris}, plus locally occasional {\it Festuca gigantea}.

Locally, the woodland is more open in character, in the northern corner for example, where there is a large stand of {\it Urtica dioica} due to dumping of garden and other rubbish. Garden escapes noted were {\it Symphoricarpos albus, Lamiastrum galeobdolon} subsp. {\it argentatum} and {\it Spiraea} sp.

Other areas with an open canopy tend to be dominated by {\it R. fruticosus} agg. and {\it Pteridium aquilinum}. Also noted was one open glade with scattered mature trees of {\it Q. robur}, beneath which is a species-poor neutral grassland sward dominated by {\it Agrostis capillaris}.

MANAGE:
The common is unmanaged. Although only of small size, the woodland has a population of quite well-developed oak trees, but there are few signs of any regeneration taking place. There are very few areas of woodland in the surrounding area and the site is of potential value to local wildlife, birds in particular. 

However, there is severe disturbance to the site due to the presence of adjacent residential housing. The common is suffering from high levels of dumping of garden rubbish, despite the erection of signs prohibiting this by the County Council. This has led to the growth of some large stands of nettles and the introduction of several non-native species to the site. In addition, there is severe trampling in addition to excessive fouling by the local dog population. A dumped old motorcyle was also noted.

The most urgent management need is that of trying to reduce the amount of rubbish tipped on the common. It may be possible to clear-up the site through the co-operation of the local residents. Perhaps it could be adopted as a nature reserve by the adjacent school and bins could be provided for dog refuse. Planting of oak trees (grown from locally collected acorns) in the more open areas, would encourage regeneration.


VEG:
This common lies in Guildford district, at the eastern edge of Guildford itself. Most of the common has been covered under a survey undertaken by the Surrey Wildlife Trust as part of the SNCI project (see map). This includes a general description of the site which has been consulted for the purposes of this project. All of this land has subsequently been selected as SNCI. Additional information was gathered during the course of the present survey.

The common comprises several parcels of land, all of them supporting a secondary, broadleaved woodland. This has a canopy comprising mainly {\it Quercus robur}, locally also with {\it Fraxinus excelsior}. Most of the oaks are quite large, generally open-grown trees, with one standing dead specimen noted. Undershrubs include {\it Crataegus monogyna, Acer campestre, Sambucus nigra, Fraxinus excelsior} (saplings), {\it Ilex aquifolium, Rosa} spp., {\it Lonicera periclymenum, Prunus laurocerasus, Corylus avellana} (some as coppice re-growth) and, rarely, {\it Symphoricarpos albus}. 

The field layer is quite varied and includes {\it Melica nutans, Brachypodium sylvaticum, Geum rivale, Hedera helix, Stellaria holostea, Holcus lanatus, Hyacinthoides non-scripta, Silene dioica, Rumex sanguineus, Circaea lutetiana, Rubus fruticosus} agg., {\it Carex sylvatica, Arum maculatum} and {\it Geranium robertianum}.

The woodland floor has fairly abundant leaf litter and a variety of fallen small branches etc.

MANAGE:
The woodland of the common is unmanaged. However, a section of the ground flora opposite one of the adjacent properties has been cut/mown by the owner. Parts appear to have an understorey of old hazel coppice. 

The main nature conservation interest appears to be the potential for woodland birds and possibly some invertebrates. However, the site is generally quite disturbed due to it lying close to a residential area.


VEG:
The common lies along the northern edge of the Merrow Downs (Guildford district). A major part of the site lies within the bounds of a golf course. For an overall account of the habitats present here, please refer to the much larger surrounding CL 3. To the north of the common, the Surrey Phase 1 (aerial photograph) survey suggests an area of semi-natural broadleaved woodland. 

In the context of the Common Land Project as a whole and of Surrey Commons in particular, there was insufficient time to visit this relatively small site during the single field season allowed to cover all of the county's common land!

MANAGE:
The greater portion of the common is managed as part of a golf course.


FAUNA:
Noted during the site visit were: Magpie, wood pigeon, collared dove, blue tit, yellowhammer, wren, chiff chaff, green woodpecker, greenfinch, linnet, starling, nuthatch, willow warbler.

Butterflies: comma, meadow brown, small tortoiseshell, small skipper, ringlet, large white, painted lady, clouded yellow.

Various odonata. Rabbits, grey squirrel. Mole hills seen locally in grassland.

VEG:
The common lies on the western edge of Guildford and forms a major element of a swathe of common land running eastwards from the edge of the city towards Wanborough. A significant part of this complex, including much of this particular common, lies within a site which has been surveyed by the Surrey Wildlife Trust as part of the SNCI project and subsequently selected as SNCI. This includes a general description which has been consulted for the purposes of the common land survey. Additional target notes were made during a field visit to the site.

The common includes areas of secondary broadleaved woodland and a range of different grassland communities. There are smaller areas of dense scrub/trees etc. with at least three small ponds present, together with various streams. The site as a whole is particularly noted for the extent and diversity of the various grassland communities.

Secondary woodland generally has a canopy dominated by {\it Quercus robur} and/or {\it Betula pendula} with locally occasional {\it Fraxinus excelsior}. Large ? pollarded oak tree noted at Bushy Hill, some crown die-back - possibly a remnant of former wood pasture. 

The shrub layer includes {\it Corylus avellana} (sometimes as overstood coppice), {\it Acer campestre, Crataegus monogyna, Salix cinerea, Ilex aquifolium, Prunus spinosa, Malus sylvestris} and, less commonly, {\it Viburnum opulus, Frangula alnus} and {\it Euonymus europaeus}.

Field layer dominants are generally {\it Hedera helix, Pteridium aquilinum} and {\it Rubus fruticosus} agg. Other associates include {\it Urtica dioica, Lonicera periclymenum, Deschampsia cespitosa, Stachys sylvatica, Circaea lutetiana, Stellaria holostea, Geranium robertainum, Alliaria petiolata, Geum urbanum, Galium aparine, Rumex sanguineus, Filipendula ulmaria, Lapsana communis, Mercurialis perennis, Brachypodium sylvaticum, Viola riviniana} and {\it Festuca gigantea}. 

Small amounts of fallen branches/twigs etc. Locally abundant leaf litter.

Areas of scrub/trees occur throughout the site, sometimes transitional with either woodland or open grassland habitats. Species present include {\it Salix cinerea, S. fragilis, S. capraea, Prunus spinosa, Rosa} sp., {\it Crataegus monogyna, Fraxinus excelsior, Quercus robur, Betula pendula, Rubus fruticosus} agg., {\it Malus sylvestris} and, less commonly, {\it Salix alba} and {\it Acer pseudoplatanus}. 

Grassland communities on the common are generally neutral in character, with localised areas showing an acidic and/or damp influence.

The most common dominants are {\it Festuca rubra, Agrostis capillaris} and {\it Holcus lanatus}, with, less commonly, {\it Deschampsia cespitosa} (dominant especially in swards to the east of the common). Some {\it Anthoxanthum odoratum}. Coarser/taller swards tend to be dominated by {\it Arrhenatherum elatius} and/or {\it Dactylis glomerata}. A diverse range of herbs are to be found across the site. These include {\it Achillea millefolium, A. ptarmica, Trifolium repens, T. pratense, Vicia cracca, Ranunculus repens, Cirsium arvense, Heracleum sphondylium, Lotus corniculatus, Ranunculus repens, Rumex acetosa, Agrimonia eupatoria, Solidago gigantea, Sonchus arvensis, Prunella vulgaris, Centaurea nigra, Odontites vernus, Potentilla reptans} and {\it Stellaria graminea}. Occasional clumps/individuals of {\it Genista tinctoria} noted in one part of the common.  

Damp/acidic areas also include {\it Galium saxatile, Potentilla anserina, Potentilla erecta, Cirsium palustre, Lotus pedunculatus, Juncus} spp. (incl. {\it J. inflexus}), {\it Carex hirta, Pulicaria dysenterica, Mentha} sp., {\it Filipendula ulmaria, Silaum silaus} and {\it Ranunculus flammula}.  One individual of {\it Dactylorhiza fuchsii} noted. 

Various areas of mown amenity grassland along northern fringe of the site.

There are a number of small ponds present on the common. Species recorded from these include: {\it Lycopus europaeus, Myosotis} sp., {\it Alisma plantago-aquatica, Glyceria fluitans, Typha latifolia, Sparganium erectum, Eleocharis palustris, Juncus effusus, Apium nodiflorum, Carex otrubae} and {\it Potamogeton natans}. The pond at Pink's Hill (1 - Map 2) has a stand of {\it Cyperus longus}. This is a nationally scarce (NS) species, occurring in 16 - 100 ten km squares of the Ordnance Survey Grid (JNCC, 1994).

Noted along stream elsewhere: {\it Carex otrubae, Epilobium hirsutum, Mentha} sp. (? {\it M. aquatica}), {\it Juncus inflexus} and {\it Stachys palustris}.

MANAGE:
The common is managed by Surrey County Council primarily for amenity purposes. The site contains a diverse mosaic of habitats which, taken as a whole, appear to be of nature conservation interest at a local level. Ideal management would be aimed at maintaining this structural habitat diversity, with areas of open grassland undergoing a gradual transition into scrub and woodland. 

In order to maintain the botanical diversity of the grassland, active management is required, ideally in the form of grazing of some kind. Elsewhere within the SNCI, localised experimental grazing by horses has been introduced, employing temporary electric fencing for this purpose. Evidence of casual grazing by tethered horses was observed on parts of CL 46 during the site visit. Grazing by rabbits appears also to be locally significant. 

Mowing would be an alternative to grazing. This should be undertaken twice a year, with the first cut being in late summer - thereby allowing plants to set seed. Cut material should be removed to prevent eutrophication of the sward. A rotational cut may allow a continuity of habitat for invertebrates/small mammals etc. Taller/uncut areas could be allowed to develop adjacent to scrubby margins to optimise the range of microhabitats available for invertebrate populations. In addition, scrubby woodland margins will further enhance the structural diversity of the habitat, with an overall aim of achieveing a gradual transition through open grassland, through a scrub zone and eventually to a closed woodland canopy. There are good examples of such an ecotone already to be found on this common.

Potential UK BAP "Priority Habitats": "Lowland acidic grassland", "Lowland wood pasture and parkland", "Mesotrophic" and "Eutrophic standing waters".

Various areas of grassland mown for amenity use.


FAUNA:
No fauna noted specifically on this common.

VEG:
The common lies on the north-western edge of the Whitmoor Common complex (Guildford district). The site is coincident with an area which has been surveyed by Surrey Wildlife Trust as part of the SNCI project and subsequently selected as SNCI. This includes a general description which has been consulted for the purposes of the common land survey...... 

The site is underlain the Bracklesham Beds and supports stagnogleyic-podzol soils. The area is "dominated by various immature stands of oak-birch, birch and pine woodland. Small fragments of relict wet heath are present toward the north-east of the site with a tiny pond in the far west.

The most interesting part of the site occurs in the north-east. Here the relict stands of wet heath support characteristic communities of purple moor-grass dominated vegetation, with heather, cross-leaved heath and dwarf gorse. However, these stands are small and fragmented, and the area is dominated by juvenile birch with secondary stands of Scots pine, pedunculate oak and birch".

Target notes from present survey.....

(1). This area largely has a canopy of secondary {\it Betula} spp. with locally occasional {\it Quercus robur}. One area noted with scattered trees of {\it Pinus sylvestris}. To NE the wood is relatively dry with a shrub layer of {\it Ilex aquifolium} and occasional {\it Corylus avellana}. Field layer includes {\it Lonicera periclymenum, Rubus fruticosus} agg. and {\it Agrostis canina} with locally occasional {\it Molinia caerulea, Luzula multiflora, Deschampsia flexuosa} and {\it Holcus lanatus}.

Small heathy remnants as per SNCI general description with {\it Molinia caerulea, Erica tetralix} and {\it Calluna vulgaris}. One small burnt area noted, with rare plants of {\it Salix repens}. 

Wet woodland in vicinity of stream with canopy of frequent/abundant {\it Alnus glutinosa. Oenanthe crocata} frequent/abundant along stream. Field layer of {\it D. cespitosa, Carex remota} and {\it Lonicera periclymenum}.

Note large stands of {\it Rhododendron ponticum} alongside either edge of the drive running along the eastern edge of this area.

(2). Woodland to east of common is drier with a canopy comprising mature standards of {\it Q. robur} with secondary {\it B. pendula}. Undershrubs include {\it Salix cinerea, Malus} sp., {\it Crataegus monogyna, Prunus spinosa, Ilex aquifolium} and {\it Frangula alnus}. Field layer under closed canopy areas of {\it Molinia caerulea, R. fruticosus} agg., {\it P. aquilinum} and {\it Lonicera periclymenum}. More open areas dominated by {\it P. aquilinum}. Some of the {\it Q. robur} trees have a significant development of dead branches.

Note area to north comprising a mixed canopy of {\it B. pendula/P. sylvestris}.

MANAGE:
The common appears unmanaged at present. Occasional clearance of trees beneath a power cable and posssibly elswehere on common. 

The site is significant in that it contains small remants of wet heath vegetation. This, (i.e. 'lowland heathland'), in addition to 'wet woodlands' are among the "Priority Habitats" of the UK Biodiversity Action Plan.

Ideally it may be appropriate to undertake some clearance of scrub and trees to encourage regeneration of the wet heath remnants.

Small burnt area possibly accidental.


FAUNA:
Noted during the site visit were: rabbit, red deer, blue tit, yellowhammer, wren, green woodpecker and nuthatch plus gatekeeper and small skipper butterflies. Mallard family on small pond (GR TQ 104 551).

VEG:
The common comprises two separate blocks of land. The larger one, i.e. Effingham Common, lies on the north-eastern edge of East Horsley, while the smaller Bank's Common, lies a little way to the east, at the edge of Little Bookham Common. A small part of the latter area is coincident with a site surveyed by Surrey Wildlife Trust as part of the SNCI project, though none of this was subsequently selected as SNCI. The following description is based on target notes made during a visit to the sites, with some mapping done by reference to the Surrey Phase 1 (aerial photograph Survey).

A. Effingham Common.

Contains a diverse mixture of habitats which include broadleaved woodland (possibly former wood pasture), scrub and trees, plus a variety of grassland habitats including a fairly species-rich neutral grassland sward (see 9), in addition to a larger area of ploughed and re-seeded agricultural grassland.  

(1). Secondary broadleaved woodland. Canopy dominated by maturing, largely tall and thin trees of {\it Quercus robur} (c. 35cm DBH). However a number of well-developed mature, open-grown specimen trees are also present, suggesting wood pasture as the origin. Locally occasional individuals of {\it Fraxinus excelsior} and some areas with {\it Betula pendula}. 

The shrub layer includes {\it Crataegus monogyna} (dense in some areas/large multi-stemmed trees), plus {\it Corylus avellana, Ilex aquifolium} and sapling {\it F. excelsior}. The field layer appears quite varied with locally abundant/frequent {\it Brachypodium sylvaticum, Rubus fruticosus} agg., {\it Lonicera periclymenum, Circaea lutetiana, Geranium robertianum, Dryopteris filix-mas, Stellaria holostea, Viola} sp. and {\it Prunella vuglaris}. Elsewhere the field layer is rather sparse. Abundant leaf litter and small fallen timber. Woodland bryophytes noted: {\it Eurynchium praelongum, Hypnum cupressiforme, Mnium hornum} and {\it Atrichum undulatum}.

(2). Strip of dense scrub along edge of wood ajoining a track. Dominated by {\it Salix cinerea, C. monogyna} and {\it Ulmus procera}. Field layer includes {\it Hedera helix, Geranium robertianum, R. fruticosus} agg., {\it Circaea lutetiana, Glechoma hederacea, Geum urbanum} and {\it Viola} sp. Single individual of {\it Epipactis helleborine} noted.

Stand of {\it Urtica dioica} with {\it Galega officinalis}. Dumped stable litter here.

(3). Species-poor neutral grassland dominated by {\it Holcus lanatus} and {\it Agrostis capillaris} with locally frequent {\it Arrhenatherum elatius, Dactylis glomerata} and {\it Cirsium arvense}. Occasional/frequent {\it Ranunculus acris} and {\it Stellaria graminea}; locally occasional {\it Centaurea nigra} and {\it Lotus corniculatus}. Adjacent area of mown amenity grassland.

(4). Small pond with surrounding trees: {\it Salix fragilis, S. cinerea, Cornus sanguniea} and {\it Crataegus monogyna}. Band of {\it Urtica dioica} and {\it R. fruticosus} agg. Ditch leading from road to pond includes {\it Epilobium hirsutum, Juncus inflexus, Filipendula ulmaria} and {\it Deschampsia cespitosa}.

(5). Southern section comprising narrow road verges. Mainly mown grassland with scrub and trees. Most interesting is ditch along south-western edge. Trees/shrubs include {\it Salix alba} (including three large trees at GR TQ 109 551), plus {\it S. fragilis, Quercus robur, Sambucus nigra, Fraxinus excelsior} and {\it Acer campestre}.

Ditch overgrown with tall herbs/ruderals (swamp-like in places): {\it E. hirsutum, Heracleum sphondylium, Cirsium arvense, Urtica dioica, Rumex obtusifolius, Dipsacus fullonum, Calystegia sepium, Filipendula ulmaria, Lathyrus pratensis, Vicia cracca, Lotus pedunculatus, Juncus inflexus, Scrophularia aquatica, Pulicaria dysenterica, Iris pseudacorus} and {\it Oenenthe crocata}. Several piles of dumped grass clippings next to road. 

Overgrown hedge of {\it C. monogyna} to rear (i.e. along S.W. boundary).

(6). Rather overgrown area with a mosaic of scrub and trees: {\it C. monogyna, P. spinosa, Malus} sp., {\it Q. robur, F. excelsior, Salix cinerea, S. capraea} and {\it Betula} sp., with coarse neutral grassland and tall ruderals: {\it A. elatius, Torilis japonica, Cirsium arvense, H. sphondylium, Calystegia sepium, Lathyrus pratensis, E. hirsutum, R. fruticosus} agg., {\it Dipsacus fullonum}, ? {\it Senecio} sp. (garden escape), {\it Convolvulus arvensis} and {\it Lamium album}. Further dumped lawn clippings.

Adjacent cricket ground is fenced, with occasional trees/shrubs along the edge: {\it Salix fragilis, C. monogyna, Tilia} sp., {\it Quercus robur} and {\it Salix cinerea}.

(7). Small pond, home to a family of mallard. Small island in centre with {\it E. hirsutum} and {\it Juncus effusus}. Quite muddy at margins with locally occasional {\it Mentha} sp., {\it Typha latifolia, Alopecurus geniculatus, Juncus acutiflorus, E. hirsutum, Iris pseudacorus, Potentilla reptans} and {\it Solanum dulcamara}.

(8). Two small islands of scrub-trees, now set within an area of ploughed and re-seeded grassland (i.e. arable), probably representing two old ponds which were too wet to "improve". Species present include {\it Quercus robur, Populus tremula, C. monogyna, Salix cinerea, Acer campestre} and {\it Betula pendula}. Also note scrubby strip along drain to north.

(9). Un-ploughed and unimproved neutral grassland with a diverse species composition: frequent/abundant {\it Holcus lanatus}, locally abundant {\it Agrostis capillaris} and {\it A. stolonifera}, locally frequent {\it Festuca rubra, Anthoxanthum odoratum, Phleum bertolonii, Stellaria graminea, Centaurea nigra, Lotus corniculatus, Rumex acetosa, Deschampsia cespitosa} and {\it Galium uliginosum}, locally occasional {\it Lathyrus pratensis, Rumex obtusifolius, Cirsium arvense, Angelica sylvestris, Dactylis glomerata, Achillea ptarmica, Pulicaria dysenterica, Silaum silaus, Juncus inflexus} and rare {\it Filipendula ulmaria}.

(10). Block of very well-developed/dense scrub and trees: {\it C. monogyna, Salix cinerea, P. spinosa, Rosa canina, Quercus robur} and {\it Betula} sp.

(11). Further area of un-ploughed grassland. Not quite as diverse as (9). Grazed by tethered horses at time of site visit. Areas recently grazed with short turf. Taller grass elsewhere dominated by {\it Holcus lanatus} and {\it Agrostis stolonifera} with frequent/abundant {\it Ranunculus repens}, occasional/frequent {\it Cirsium arvense} and {\it Stellaria graminea}, plus locally occasional {\it A. elatius} and {\it Rumex obtusifolius}. Several dense patches of {\it Cirsium arvense}.  

B. Bank's Common.

The main part of this area had just been cut for silage prior to the site visit. Appears to be improved grassland. Former boundary line running north-south across this portion has now gone.

To the north, east and south-east is a band of dense scrub and trees - {\it Prunus spinosa, Rosa canina, Crataegus monogyna} and {\it Quercus robur}. Note small area of open neutral grassland (and tall ruderals) along path to north - {\it Arrhenatherum elatius, Heracleum sphondylium, Dipsacus fullonum, Filipendula ulmaria, Cirsium arvense, Urtica dioica} and {\it Torilis japonica}.

To the south of Bank's Farm is a larger area of coarse neutral grassland and tall ruderals (plus scattered trees/scrub). Dominated by {\it A. elatius} and {\it Urtica dioica}. Generally quite species-poor but with locally frequent {\it Holcus lanatus, Agrimonia eupatoria, Torilis japonica, Galeopsis tetrahit, Cirsium arvense,  Rumex obtusifolius, Arctium minus, Deschampsia cespitosa, Senecio jacobaea} and {\it Rubus fruticosus} agg.

Along the track to the south of the field is a narrow strip of scrub/woodland comprising {\it Crataegus monogyna} and {\it Quercus robur}. Several of the latter have well-developed open-grown crowns. Field layer of {\it Holcus lanatus} beneath. To the west this gaves way to a mosaic of dense {\it Pteridium aquilinum} with patches of scrub and trees.

MANAGE:
The wooded and scrubby portions of the common appear unmanaged at present. The major block of woodland (1) is of note for the scattered large open-grown oaks, possibly originating from wood pasture. Ideally the surrounding trees should be thinned to gradually restore an open aspect to these important features. Survey of the invertebrate populations associated with these trees is recommended. Note that "Lowland wood pasture and parkland" is one of the "Priority Habitats" of the UK Biodiversity Action Plan.

The more open parts of the common are subject to a variety of management regimes. Large expanses have been ploughed, re-seeded and sown with an agricultural grass sward. Presumably this is cut for silage. It is of no nature conservation interest and note that ploughing is not allowed under the definitions of the Commons Registration Act, 1965.

However, there still remain several stands of relatively diverse neutral grassland, most notably the quite species-rich sward at (9) and the horse-grazed area at (11). Such grazing would appear to be an appropriate management tool for this vegetation, although there are signs that levels of grazing in certain areas has been too high in the past (i.e. stands of {\it Cirsium}). This grazing appears to be happening on a casual basis rather than as a deliberate form of management for nature conservation - ideally the stock should be moved more often. However, a structurally diverse sward increases the potential diversity of invertebrate habitats - so grazing levels should not be even across the whole area.

The precise management of the more species-rich sward was not clear. Certainly, there were no signs of recent grazing. Continued management, either by grazing or a carefully regulated programme of rotational mowing is essential to retain the species diversity of this sward. A wide track has developed across this area from use by farm machinery.

There may be scope to allow a scrubby transition to develop between adjacent scrub/woodland and open grassland habitats - again this would increase the structural diversity of the habitat.

Clearly a site with significant local nature conservation value. Further survey and continued monitoring are necessary, in conjunction with attempts to secure more appropriate management of the site.


FAUNA:
Fauna noted in Penny Anderson's Survey include: 

Mammals: fox (droppings and scent), grey squirrel, common shrew, rabbit.

Amphibians and reptiles: adder, common lizard, viviparous lizard, common frog, grass snake.

Birds: garden warbler, willow warbler, chiff chaff, robin, chaffinch, great tit, blue tit, willow tit, cuckoo, wren, blackbird, jay, magpie, great spotted woodpecker, green woodpecker, wood pigeon, treecreeper and tree pipit, plus two "Priority Species" of the UK BAP, namely linnet and songthrush.

Butterflies and moths: speckled wood, brimstone, small skipper, Essex skipper, large skipper, green-veined white, common blue, meadow brown, ringlet.

Other invertebrates: bog-bush cricket {\it Metrioptera brachyptera}. 

The Colony Bog and Bagshot Heath SSSI forms part of the Thames Basin Heaths proposed Special protection Area (pSPA), put forward under the EC Directive 79/409 on the Conservation of Wild Birds (the Birds Directive). In particular, these heaths are important for breeding nightjar. This species has been declining in Britain for many years, mainly due to loss of suitable heathland habitat. The bird is listed in Annexe 1 of the Birds Directive and has also been highlighted as a "Priority Species" of the UK Biodiversity Action Plan. The Thames Basin Heaths as a whole support an estimated 9.0 per cent of the British breeding population of nightjar.

VEG:
The common is situated to the west of Woking Borough, close to Brookwood Village. The site was covered by the 1987 survey of Woking Commons undertaken by Penny Anderson Associates. More recently (1996) there has been a detailed survey of the site by Surrey Wildlife Trust on behalf of Woking Borough Council. Almost all of the common lies within the Colony Bog to Bagshot Heath SSSI, itself a component element of the Thames Basin Heaths proposed Special Area of Conservation (pSAC).

The site lies over Barton and Bracklesham Beds, having Stagnogley-poszol soils and compsises a mosaic of heathland habitats, upon which have developed areas of secondary broadleaved and mixed woodland.

Dry heath is characterised by abundant {\it Calluna vulgaris}. Other occasional or frequent associates include {\it Erica tetralix, Ulex minor, Deschampsia flexuosa, Molinia caerulea, Hypnum jutlandicum} and {\it Festuca ovina} (the latter species present along path sides). There are also patches of locally frequent {\it Pteridium aquilinum}.

Wet heath is characterised by an abundance of {\it E. tetralix} and {\it M. caerulea}, with {\it Calluna} much less abundant. Other associates include {\it Trichophorum cespitosum, Sphagnum compactum, S. tenellum} and {\it Cladonia portentosa}.

Transitional dry/wet heath communities also occur. Some recently burnt patches.

The heath communities have varying abundance of tree and shrub cover, ranging from relatively open heath with very few scattered tree saplings, to more continuous scrub-woodland. Other scrub species include {\it Ulex europaeus, Rubus fruticosus} agg., {\it Populus tremula, Rosa canina, Corylus avellana, Sambucus nigra, Crataegus monogyna} and {\it Salix cinerea}.

Locally within the heath are areas of acidic grassland, associated with areas burnt in the past or cleared of trees. These areas also have a variable cover of regenerating heathland. This grassland is generally dominated by {\it Deschampsia flexuosa}, although {\it M. caerulea} occurs locally (i.e. B5 - marshy grassland). Other species noted from such areas include {\it Cuscuta epithymum} and {\it Rumex acetosella}. Again, varying amounts of tree cover.

Locally, {\it D. flexuosa} is associated with small stands of bracken {\it P. aquilinum}, with {\it Carex pilulifera} being recorded from and area of bracken underscrub. 

Fringing the areas of heath, scrub grades into secondary woodland. Most of this is broadleaved in character and dominated by {\it Betula pendula} and {\it Quercus robur}. Other local associates include {\it Fagus sylvatica, Sorbus aucuparia, Betula pubescens} and {\it Salix cinerea}. Mixed woodlands also occur, where the dominant trees are accompanied by locally frequent {\it Pinus sylvestris}.

The shrub layer is fairly sparse under the closed canopy and includes {\it Ilex aquifolium, C. monogyna, Salix cinerea} and {\it Frangula alnus}. Also recorded from certain parts of the common are the introduced species {\it Prunus laurocerasus, Amelanchier lamarckii} and {\it Rhododendron ponticum}. 

The field layer is typically acidic with {\it D. flexuosa} and {\it P. aquilinum}. In one locality to the north-east, {\it Melampyrum pratense} has also been recorded. Locally there is a more neutral flora with {\it Hedera helix, Rubus fruticosus} agg., {\it Lonicera periclymenum, Urtica dioica, Hypnum cupressiforme, Carex hirta, Brachypodium sylvaticum, Stellaria holostea} and {\it Dryopteris filix-mas}.  One area of disturbed ground is noted for the presence of the basophilous {\it Primula vulgaris} and {\it Fragaria vesca}. 

Although too small to show individually on the habitat map, the common also supports several stands of mesotrophic grassland. Recorded from these swards are {\it Agrostis capillaris, Holcus lanatus, Carex hirta, Plantago lanceolata, Achillea millefolium, Senecio jacobaea, Juncus tenuis, Prunella vulgaris, Leontodon autumnalis, L. saxatilis, Sagina procumbens, Cirsium arvense, C. vulgare, Veronica officinalis, Potentilla reptans, Pulicaria dysenterica, Hypericum perforatum} and {\it Stellaria graminea}.  

The survey by Penny Anderson Associates identified several species not recorded during the SWT survey, partly because the former was performed at a more suitable time of year, and possibly due to different pressures on the site at that time (e.g. rutting of tracks by army vehicles and motorbikes). For example, {\it Drosera rotundifolia} occurs in such a situation. Other notable species noted by the earlier survey were: {\it Rhynchospora alba, Eleocharis multicaulis, Eriophorum angustifolium, Drosera intermedia, Succisa pratensis, Narthecium ossifragum, Corydalis claviculata} and {\it Pyrola minor}. The last-named species occurs at only a few sites in Surrey. There is also an old record for {\it Dactylorhiza maculata}, a species not re-found in either survey.

The SWT survey did note the presnce on the site of {\it Erica vagans}. This "uncommon" species in Surrey is a native of the Lizard Peninsula in Cornwall. There is the possibility that it was introduced either as a result of army movements (there are also military areas on the Lizard), or as a deliberate planting.

MANAGE:
The common is of significant nature conservation importance in that it encompasses an area of lowland dry heath, a habitat which formerly covered extensive parts of southern England, including Surrey. There have been many accounts of the decline of the habitat, with the suggestion that some 85 per cent of Surrey's Heathlands have disappeared over the last two hundred years. In addition, a further 16 per cent decline has taken place between 1975 and 1985 (NCC/Surrey County Council, 1988). In addition, it is estimated that the UK contains around one fifth of Europe's remaining lowland heathland. 

The causes of this decline include a cessation of traditional grazing (leading to scrub, bracken and ultimately, succession to woodland), plus intensification of agriculture, forestry, afforestation, land enclosures and, more recently, building, especially of housing. Military use of the heaths in this north-western part of Surrey have resisted these pressures and the habitat still occupies relatively large areas here.

These heaths support a distinctive assemblage of flora and fauna which is severely at risk due to the decline in the extent of the habitat. The importance of the habitat has been widely recognised, with the preparation of an inventory of remaining heathland sites in the county and the preparation by English Nature of a strategy for the conservation of the habitat in the county (English Nature/SCC, 1988). More recently, "Lowland heathland" (and "Lowland acidic grassland") have been highlighted among the "Priority Habitats" of the UK Biodiversity Actin Plan.

The common is managed under a Countryside Stewardship Agreement (1993). The main activities in the past have been scrub and woodland clearance aimed at heathland regeneration, together with maximising the nature conservation value of other habitats. SWT have suggested locations for fixed-point photography stations to allow monitoring of this work. A detailed management plan (1994) sets out aims and actions for the management of all the habitats present, as well as covering other issues such as landscape and recreation. More recently, the site is due to be fenced under English Nature's "Wildlife Enhancement Scheme" and this will allow the reintroduction of grazing from the summer of 1999 onwards.

In the past, the site was heavily influenced by the MOD training area adjacent to the site, notably involving the digging of holes and trenches and the use of heavy lorries, particularly between May and September.

The SWT survey notes the presence of only a few areas of gorse {\it Ulex europaeus} scrub on the site. Such habitat should be retained as it is valuable for birds such as Dartford Warbler.


FAUNA:
Noted during the site visit were: robin, wood pigeon, chiff chaff, blue tit, moorhen, green woodpecker, carrion crow, swallow and nuthatch.

The Colony Bog and Bagshot Heath SSSI forms part of the Thames Basin Heaths proposed Special protection Area (pSPA), put forward under the EC Directive 79/409 on the Conservation of Wild Birds (the Birds Directive). In particular, these heaths are important for breeding nightjar. This species has been declining in Britain for many years, mainly due to loss of suitable heathland habitat. The bird is listed in Annexe 1 of the Birds Directive and has also been highlighted as a "Priority Species" of the UK Biodiversity Action Plan. The Thames Basin Heaths as a whole support an estimated 9.0 per cent of the British breeding population of nightjar.

VEG:
The common comprises several parcels of land around the village of Bisley in the north-west of the county (Surrey Heath District). Included within the site are areas of lowland heathland that lie within the boundary of the Colony Bog and Bagshot Heath SSSI. 

The small strip of woodland known as Miles Green was surveyed by Surrey Wildlife Trust as part of the SNCI project, although the site was not in fact considered for selection as SNCI. This survey includes a general description which has been consulted for the purposes of the common land survey. Most of the remaining target notes have come from the site visit.

Map 1 includes the portion coincident with the SSSI. Note however, that the Bisley Green Recreation Ground to the north, does not form a part of the SSSI. The heath vegetation is all wet in character and is sub-divided into several separate blocks by roads that dissect this part of the common. There is a well-developed, even-aged (30-50cm) cover of {\it Calluna vulgaris} (80 per cent), which is accompanied by frequent/abundant {\it Erica tetralix}, frequent/occasional {\it Molinia caerulea}, locally abundant {\it Hypnum jutlandicum} and locally occasional {\it Ulex minor}. Occurring more locally are patches of {\it Sphagnum} (? {\it S. compactum}), plus {\it Drosera rotundifolia} and {\it Polytrichum juniperinum} (on bare peat). Species noted only rarely are {\it Trichophorum cespitosum, Juncus squarrosus} and {\it Nardus stricta}. Locally frequent alongside some of the roadsides was a species of {\it Hieracium} (? {\it H.} sect. {\it Sabauda}).

Much of the heath seems to have been cleared of trees in recent years, although scattered throughout are small colonising trees of {\it Betula} spp., ({\it B. pendula} and {\it B. pubescens}) and {\it Pinus sylvestris}, with locally occasional bushes of {\it Ulex europaeus}. 

Fringing the areas of heath is a marginal zone of scrubby secondary woodland comprising {\it Betula} spp. and {\it Salix cinerea} with occasional {\it Quercus robur}. There is quite an abrupt open heath/woodland interface, consistent with active tree clearance on the heath.

The Bisley Green area to the north (1) is formally managed as open public space and has the appearance of a village green. Mown amenity grassland with scattered (mostly roadside avenues) of ornamental trees. These include {\it Quercus rubur, Fraxinus excelsior, Tilia} sp., {\it Prunus} sp., {\it Populus} sp., {\it Betula pendula} and {\it Viburnum opulus}. The small rectangular area to the north (2) is a fenced 5-a-side football pitch.

(3). Roadside strip of scrubby broadleaved woodland with {\it Q. robur, Crataegus monogyna, Salix cinerea, Rubus fruticosus} agg., {\it F. excelsior, Betula pendula, Acer platanoides, Frangula alnus, Corylus avellana, Glechoma hederacea, Hedera helix} and {\it Dryopteris filix-mas}, plus abundant {\it Urtica dioica} due to tipping of garden waste.

(4). Small ornamental pond set just at the edge of the amenity grassland area. Narrow marginal strip of uncut grass at edge. Occasional bushes of {\it Salix cinerea}. Narrow band of marginal vegetation includes {\it Juncus effusus, J. articulatus, Typha latifolia, Equisetum arvense, Agrostis stolonifera, Sparganium erectum, Glyceria} sp., {\it Epilobium hirsutum, Potentilla anserina} and {\it Lotus pedunculatus}, plus an introduced (variegated) species of grass.

Map 2.

The larger portion comprises a strip of secondary broadleaved woodland known as Miles Green (5) that was surveyed by SWT. This lies over Bracklesham Beds with typical Stagnogley soils. The canopy is dominated by {\it Betula} spp., with occasional {\it Quercus} sp. (locally frequent in one area). Other associates are {\it Sorbus aucuparia, Salix cinerea} and {\it S. fragilis}. The shrub layer is poorly-developed, although {\it Ilex aquifolium, C. avellana} and {\it Frangula alnus} occur. The field layer is dominated for the most part by {\it Rubus fruticosus} agg., but {\it M. caerulea} is locally abundant. In addition, {\it Pteridium aquilinum} and {\it Lonicera periclymenum} also occur, along with {\it Melampyrum pratense}. In one area, {\it Salix repens} was noted, indicating a more open (heatland?) site in the past.

(6). Kiln Lane. This comprises a green lane passing through pleasant countryside. For the most part it essentially exists as a narrow strip of woodland beneath which the track runs. The main canopy trees are {\it Q. robur} (of which there are some well-developed boundary/pollard? trees) plus {\it F. excelsior}. The shrub layer includes {\it C. avellana} (including some overgrown coppice stools), {\it Sambucus nigra, Ilex aquifolium} (also including some large trees), {\it Rubus fruticosus} agg., {\it V. opulus, C. monogyna} and {\it Ulmus procera}. 

There is also a well-developed woodland field layer that contains locally abundant {\it Hedera helix} and {\it Glechoma hederacea}, locally frequent {\it Geranium robertianum, Circaea lutetiana, Stellaria holostea} and {\it Pteridium aquilinum}, plus locally occasional {\it Geum urbanum, Rumex sanguineus, Brachypodium sylvaticum, Heracleum sphondylium} and {\it Bromopsis ramosa}.

(7). The southern part of Kiln Lane is more open and comprises a mosaic of scrub/trees: {\it U. procera, R. fruticosus} agg., {\it Salix cinerea, S. capraea, I. aquifolium, Sambucus nigra, Hedera helix} and areas of tall grass/ruderals etc. - {\it Urtica dioica, Arrhenatherum elatius, Dactylis glomerata, Holcus lanatus, Equisetum arvense, Dryopteris filix-mas, Juncus effusus, Bryonia dioica} and {\it Calystegia sepium}.

MANAGE:
The common includes a number of features of nature conservation interest. Of particular note is the presence of lowland heathland, one of the "Priority Habitats" of the UK Biodiversity Action Plan. All heatland on this particular common is situated within the Colony Bog and Bagshot Heaths SSSI, which is a component part of the "Thames Basin Heaths" proposed Special Protection Area (pSPA) under EC legislation for the conservation of wild birds and their habitats. This SSSI has also been highlighted in the Surrey Inventory of Lowland Heathland. 

The heathland habitat on the common appears to have been cleared of trees in the past decade, although frequent saplings and small trees of birch and pine are once again colonising the site. The heather is relatively even-aged, a situation which may be the result of a past fire. 

For a more detailed account of the ecology and ideal management of lowland heathlands in Surrey, please consult the site descriptions for some of the other lowland heathland commons in the county, such as CL 100, Horsell Common, CL 158, Whitmoor Common and CL 326, Chobham Common.

Bisley Green is managed for formal public recreation and although of limited conservation interest, forms an important area of open space for the village.

Kiln Lane (Map 2) forms an attractive and quiet green lane, probably a landscape feature of some antiquity, and represents an important linear wildlife habitat ("wildlife corridor"). Note in particular the presence of some mature/old boundary oak trees.

Miles green (Map 2) is managed for public access and there has been some planting of native tree and shrub species.


FAUNA:
Noted during the site visit were: robin, wood pigeon, chiff chaff, blue tit, moorhen, green woodpecker, carrion crow, swallow and nuthatch. 

Other notable birds recorded include linnet (UK BAP "Priority Species") and whitethroat. The site may also provide habitat for birds such as nightjar and woodlark (both UK BAP "Priority Species") and, with suitable management, nightingale and Dartford warbler.

An entomological survey during 1995 provided records for single individuals of purple and green hairstreak in addition to white admiral and grayling, together with a colony of silver-studded blue (another UK BAP "Priority Species"), although this was considered unlikely to be viable. Specialist heathland moths include horse-chestnut, narrow-winged pug, true-lovers knot and neglected rustic. Others include barred chestnut ("very local in SE England"), common heath ("infrequent"), rosy marbled (confined to the SE) and silvery arches (a species sometimes frequent on Surrey Heaths, but which is largely absent from those in Hampshire and Dorset).

VEG:
The common lies to the south of the village of Bisley. Most is situated within Surrey Heath district, although a portion to the east lies within Woking Borough. The majority of the area situated within Surrey Heath district and all of that within Woking Borough was surveyed by Surrey Wildlife Trust as part of the SNCI project. Subsequently, all the surveyed area coincident with the common was selected as SNCI. The 'general description' for the SNCI has been consulted for the purposes of the common land survey. 

In addition, the land within Woking borough was covered by a survey of this borough's commons by Penny Anderson Associates during 1987. Further brief target notes were made during a visit to the site.

The site comprises several separate parcels of land dissected by roads. In general each comprises a central area of open heathland and scrub/heath surrounded by a fringe of secondary woodland.

The heath is wet in character and dominated by {\it Calluna vulgaris} and {\it Molinia caerulea}. Other associates include frequent {\it Deschampsia flexuosa} and {\it Festuca ovina}, locally frequent {\it Ulex minor} and {\it Erica tetralix}, locally occasional {\it Erica cinerea} and rare {\it Erica tetralix}. A consistent feature is the presence of varying degrees of scrub and tree colonisation

Other species of rare occurrence are {\it Succisa pratensis} (recorded during site visit), plus {\it Salix repens, Genista anglica, Carex nigra, Solidago virgaurea, Nardus stricta, Trichophorum cespitosum, Agrostis curtisii, Campanula rotundifolia, Dactylorhiza maculata, Drosera rotundifolia, Drosera intermedia, Polygala serpyllifolia, Rhinanthus minor} and {\it Serratula tinctoria}.

A significant area on the larger block (1) was noted to have been burnt (1996?), possibly accidentally. At the time of the site visit, regeneration of the dwarf shrubs on this area appeared poor. Elswehere, stands of {\it Calluna} are all fairly young (building phase) and even-aged, also consistent with a history of burning. Occasional stands of {\it Pteridium aquilinum} present.

Scrub/trees to the north of the larger block, comprises {\it Betula pubescens, Populus tremula, Quercus robur, Ulex europaeus, Rubus fruticosus} agg., {\it Crataegus monogyna, Frangula alnus} and {\it Salix cinerea}.

(2). This is a further expanse of heath, where the frequency of colonising trees and scrub is perhaps greater than at (1). However, this area also includes a further burn site, at present with re-growth mainly comprising {\it Molinia caerulea} and {\it Ulex minor} and sparse dwarf shrubs. Locally abundant {\it Polytrichum juniperinum} on bare peat created by burn.

The marginal woodland is largely dominated by {\it Betula} spp., with small trees of {\it Quercus robur}, plus a shrub layer that incudes {\it Sambucus nigra, Prunus} sp., {\it Populus tremula, Ilex aquifolium, Corylus avellana, F. alnus, R. fruticosus} agg., and {\it Ulex europaeus}. Noted in field layer were {\it Lonicera periclymenum, Aegopodium podagraria, Hedera helix, Stellaria holostea, P. aquilinum} and {\it Viola} sp.

(3). Staffordlake is a small pond with marginal vegetation that includes {\it Iris pseudacorus, Ranunculus lingua, Mentha aquatica, Angelica sylvestris, Alisma plantago-aquatica, Oenenthe crocata, Epilobium hirsutum} and {\it Juncus effusus}.

Adjacent to Staffordlake is a large stand of {\it Solidago canadensis} (garden escape), with further stands of this plant also noted at various other points along Stafford Lane.

Reidon Hill Portion....... 

This is the triangular section to the east of the A322, most of which lies within Woking district. Some wet heath remains, although at the time of the 1987 survey, much of this had progressed to scrub, following burns around the mid-1970s. At this time, however, there was one remaining area of open heath to the south, with {\it Calluna} and {\it Erica tetralix}. Also recorded here were {\it M. caerulea, T. cespitosum, Ulex europaeus} and {\it U. minor}. 

A wide path-track runs along the southern edge and, being described as "regularly mown", has been placed in the J12 - amenity grassland category. Dominated by {\it Lolium perenne, Dactylis glomerata, Arrhenatherum elatius, Poa trivialis} and {\it P. annua}, with some patches of {\it Urtica dioica}. Further south-west the sward is more diverse (semi-improved acidic), with {\it Festuca ovina, F. rubra, Anthoxanthum odoratum, Potentilla erecta} and {\it Galium saxatile}.

This portion of the common includes a small, peaty, overgrown pond, surrounded by {\it Salix} sp. scrub. The present condition of this feature is not known. Pond flora included {\it Glyceria fluitans, Ranunculus repens, Cardamine pratensis, Iris pseudacorus} and {\it Solanum dulcamara}.

MANAGE:
The common is a small, but notable remnant of lowland heathland, one of the "Priority Habitats" of the UK Biodiversity Action Plan. This is reflected in the greater part of the common now being designated as SNCI. This site has also been highlighted in the Surrey Inventory of Lowland Heathland. The site was not scheduled as SSSI due to its relatively small size and isolation from other heathland habitat, as opposed to the quality of habitat, which was regarded as high at this time.

The site has subsequently been partially degraded through invasion by scrub, although it is still botanically quite interesting and could be of potential importance for birds, especially as a buffer-zone to the nearby Colony Bog to Bagshot Heath SSSI. In its present condition, restoration to better-quality heath may still be possible. However, there are signs of fairly frequent accidental fires affecting the common, apparently due to the close proximity to residential areas. This, coupled with the impact of high numbers of dogs - possible eutrophication of the soil and disturbance of birds, may represent a challenge to the effective future management of the common for nature conservation.

Since Penny Anderson's Survey of the Woking portion during 1987, this area is now being managed under a Countryside Stewardship Scheme.    

For a more detailed account of the ecology and ideal management of lowland heathlands in Surrey, please consult the site descriptions for some of the other lowland heathland commons in the county, such as CL 100, Horsell Common, CL 158, Whitmoor Common and CL 326, Chobham Common.

Additional UK BAP "Priority Habitat": Lowland dry acidic grassland.


FAUNA:
Coot nest in {\it Salix} sp. scrub surrounding a drying-up pond/marsh within a wooded portion of the common. Other birds recorded from the common include treecreeper and great spotted woodpecker.

VEG:
The common lies on the NW outskirts of Woking (i.e. Woking Borough). The site was covered by Penny Anderson's 1987 Survey of Woking Commons and in view of time constraints, the site was not visited as part of the current survey. Based on the above source, the site has been selected as SNCI.

Most of the common comprises secondary broadleaved woodland with a canopy dominated by {\it Betula pendula} and {\it Quercus robur}. Within the woodland are a number of wet depressions that contain drying-up or ephemeral ponds with associated wetland communities.

The shrub layer includes {\it Crataegus monogyna, Corylus avellana, Salix capraea, Ilex aquifolium, Ulmus} spp., {\it Sorbus aucuparia, Frangula alnus} plus sapling {\it Quercus} sp. and {\it Betula} sp. The field layer contains {\it Rubus fruticosus} agg., {\it Hedera helix, Deschampsia flexuosa, Lonicera periclymenum, Holcus mollis, Galium aparine, Pteridium aquilinum, Aegopodium podagraria} and {\it Stellaria holostea}. Areas with damp soils also include {\it Molinia caerulea, Ranunculus repens} and {\it Solanum dulcamara}. 

The main wetland areas are three depressions within the woodland which comprise drying pools and shaded "marshy" areas - the latter have been translated as Phase 1 'F1' - swamp. These features are encircled by scrub of {\it Salix} spp. and there is often a deep layer of litter in the open water that remains. Species of the swamp include {\it Eleocharis palustris, Juncus bulbosus, J. effusus, Agrostis canina, Glyceria fluitans, Ranunculus flammula, Hydrocotyle vulgaris, Carex nigra, Salix repens} and extensive patches of {\it Sphagnum} spp. The open water contains {\it Nymphaea alba}.

A small pond at the NE edge of the common has an area of mown grassland to the north. Elsewhere the margins are vegetated with {\it Glyceria fluitans}, {\it Ranunculus repens} and {\it Solanum dulcamara}. Shaded by tall {\it Quercus} sp. trees at the E. side, which deposit much leaf litter into the pond.

A number of small areas of open grassland occur, mainly adjacent to houses or alongside road verges. A majority appear to be regularly mown (and occasionally adopted as gardens) and these swards have all been placed into the amenity grassland category. Dominant species include {\it Festuca rubra, Cynosurus cristatus, Anthoxanthum odoratum, Agrostis capillaris, Dactylis glomerata} and {\it Lolium perenne}. Common herbs include {\it Medicago lupulina, Trifolium} spp., {\it Achillea millefolium, Bellis perennis, Leucanthemum vulgare} and {\it Prunella vulgaris}. Of more local occurrence are {\it Lotus corniculatus, Erodium circutaurium, Plantago coronopus, Geranium molle} and {\it Rumex acetosa}. Bare areas in such situations have resulted from the parking of cars on the common. In localities where some disturbance has taken place, species such as {\it Hordeum murinum} occur.

Localised areas of unmanaged grassland are characterised by {\it Arrhenatherum elatius, Dactylis glomerata} and {\it Holcus lanatus}, accompanied by {\it Heracleum sphondylium, Centaurea nigra} and {\it Urtica dioica}.

MANAGE:
Apart from the mowing of some areas of grassland, the majority of the common appeared unmanaged at the time of the 1987 survey. Several management suggestions were made for enhancing the nature conservation interest of the site.

Some of the ponds/swampy depressions would benefit from excavation to extend-restore further areas of open water. Surrounding, shading scrub could be thinned. This would reduce dead leaf input, which accelerates drying-up and would also improve light penetration for aquatic plant growth. Careful account should be taken of the need to minimise disturbance of colonies of {\it Sphagnum} spp. and {\it Hydrocotyle vulgaris}. 

Some of the {\it Betula} sp.- dominated woodland and also possibly a number of large trees of {\it Corylus avellana} along the western edge may benefit from rotational coppicing. This may help to enhance the structural diversity of the woodland habitat for birds. Selective removal of {\it Acer pseudoplatanus} from the woodland also suggested.

Wet woodland, along with various types of standing water are among the 38 "Key Habitats" identified by the UK Steering Group on Biodiversity for the preparation of costed action plans under the UK Biodiversity Action Plan.


FAUNA:
Recorded birds from the Penny Anderson survey were: blackbird and jay.

VEG:
The common forms the southern part of Coxhill Green (Woking district). The northern portion is formed by part of the contiguous CL 318 (Surrey Heath District). i.e. At this point the district boundary marks the division of the two commons.

As such, CL 102 was included in Penny Anderson's 1987 survey of Woking commons. In fact, there is no physical boundary between the two commons and, as they therefore form part of the same land management unit, the CL 318 portion of Coxhill Green was also included in this survey, although it does not actually lie within Woking Borough. 

As part of Surrey Wildlife Trust's SNCI project, the Penny Anderson survey was used to consider Coxhill Green for designation as SNCI, although in fact the area has not been thus selected.

The following description is based on the Penny Anderson survey and this site was not visited during the course of the present project.

This side of Coxhill Green comprises a secondary broadleaved woodland. The south-western "arm" has a canopy dominated by {\it Quercus robur}. The shrub layer is of variable density and contains {\it Ilex aquifolium, Salix capraea, Ulmus} sp., {\it Sambucus nigra} and {\it Crataegus monogyna}. Saplings of {\it Acer pseudoplatanus} are colonising. Local regeneration of {\it Betula pendula} and {\it Q. robur}. Some old coppice of {\it Corylus avellana} in the northern part.

The field layer is generally sparse with {\it Stellaria holostea, Dryopteris dilatata, Poa nemoralis} and {\it Corydalis claviculata}, plus occasional {\it Holcus mollis} and {\it Hyacinthoides non-scripta}, with {\it Urtica dioica} and {\it Hedera helix} along the track. The southern part of this area has a more undulating topography, with a series of connecting depressions which may be seasonally wet. These contain stands of {\it Urtica dioica, Salix} spp. and {\it Sambucus nigra}.

Ornamental {\it Prunus} spp. planted along the track at its southern end. In addition, ornamental shrubs have been planted on a bank to the north, apparently by the adjacent nursery. 

The remaining woodland is dominated by {\it Betula} spp. The shrub layer is sparse but includes sapling {\it Q. robur} plus {\it Frangula alnus, Corylus avellana} and {\it Ilex aquifolium}. The central area has much {\it P. aquilinum} as a field layer, elsewhere with locally dominant {\it Rubus fruticosus} agg. and/or {\it Lonicera periclymenum}, plus {\it Holcus mollis, Stellaria holostea, C. claviculata} and {\it Hyacinthoides non-scripta}.

MANAGE:
At present, the common appears to have little or no active management.

Recommendations include selective thinning of the south-western woodland area to encourage a better-developed shrub layer. It may also be worth investigating the possibility of excavating the wet depressions in this area to create a pond.

The remaining woodland may benefit from the introduction of a long coppice cycle to enhance the structural diversity of the canopy. 

The presence of {\it Corydalis claviculata} in this part of the county was considered quite noteworthy, although it is unclear whether it represents an "ancient woodland indicator" in this particular locality.


FAUNA:
No fauna noted specifically on this particular common during the brief site visit.

VEG:
The site lies at the periphery of Horsell Common and is situated quite close to the centre of Woking. It forms an amenity area and comprises open mown grassland with various uses which include a cricket pitch and a small fenced childrens play area.

The grassland is heavily-used and typically contains {\it Lolium perenne, Agrostis} spp., {\it Poa} spp., {\it Plantago major, P. lanceolata} and {\it Trifolium repens}.

Along the south-western and south-eastern edges, the common is open to roads and these edges have tall ornamental trees which include {\it Tilia} sp. and {\it Acer} sp. The north-western edge has some tall boundary trees of {\it Quercus} sp. and in the northernmost corner is a small block of broadleaved woodland. The canopy comprises {\it Quercus robur} with occasional {\it Betula} sp. The shrub layer contains {\it Corylus avellana} (old coppice) with {\it Ilex aquifolium} and occasional {\it Sorbus aucuparia}. Field layer dominated by {\it Rubus fruticosus} agg. and {\it Hedera helix}. 

On the opposite, southern side, is a further narrow, wooded strip which includes {\it Acer pseudoplatanus, Betula pendula, Q. robur, Salix cinerea, R. fruticosus} agg., {\it I. aquifolium, Crataegus monogyna, Populus tremula, S. aucuparia} and {\it Carex pendula}. Dumping of garden rubbish was noted here.

MANAGE:
As already outlined, the common is managed as a formal amenity area and does not appear to be of any significant nature conservation interest. However, it does help to form a buffer zone between the adjacent built-up area and this part of Horsell Common (CL 100).


FAUNA:
Notable fauna: great spotted woodpecker.

VEG:
The common lies in Woking. The site was surveyed by Penny Anderson Associates during 1987 as part of the Woking Commons survey. The following description has been based on this source and the site was not visited during the course of the present survey.

The site comprises a central area comprising a mosaic of heath, scrub and bracken, surrounded by a fringe of secondary broadleaved woodland.

The majority of this has a canopy co-dominated by {\it Quercus robur} and {\it Betula pendula}. The shrub layer includes {\it Ilex aquifolium, Sorbus aucuparia, Frangula alnus} and sapling {\it Q. robur}, with occasional {\it Malus sylvestris, Taxus baccata} and sapling {\it Fagus sylvatica}. The field layer is dominated by {\it Rubus fruticosus} agg. and {\it Hedera helix}, with {\it Ranunculus ficaria} and {\it Pteridium aquilinum}.

The north-eastern arm has a broadly similar composition, with a canopy comprising young to mature {\it Q. robur}. Occasional trees of {\it Aesculus hippocastanum}, occasional stands of {\it Ulmus} sp. and some colonisation by {\it Acer pseudoplatanus}. Additional field layer associates are {\it Aegopodium podagraria, Urtica dioica} and {\it Anthriscus sylvestris}. The survey report also notes the presence here of a large tree of {\it Populus} sp. near a footpath, with dangerously overhanging branches.

The central portion of the common has discrete areas of scrub/broadleaved trees and grass/heath mosaic, with varying degrees of colonisation by {\it P. aquilinum} and scrub.

The dense scrub is dominated by tall, leggy {\it Ulex europaeus}, with some {\it Betula} sp. and {\it F. alnus}. Beneath is a field layer of {\it P. aquilinum} and {\it Molinia caerulea}. There are localised small remnants of a heathland flora in the form of {\it Calluna vulgaris} and {\it Erica cinerea}.

The more heathy areas have around 20 per cent cover of dwarf shrubs in the form of senescent {\it Calluna} and {\it E. cinerea}, as a mosaic with {\it P. aquilinum} and {\it Molinia caerulea}. There is also occasional {\it Ulex minor}, plus scattered scrub in the form of {\it Ulex europaeus}. Some areas affected by (accidental?) burning.

To the SW of the common is a small marshy area associated with an old pond heavily shaded by surrounding trees of {\it Salix fragilis}. Vestiges of a wetland flora remain, dominated by {\it Glyceria fluitans}, plus {\it Solanum dulcamara, Iris pseudacorus} and {\it Juncus effusus}.

Notable flora: {\it Crepis biennis}.

MANAGE:
The common is notable for the presence of lowland heathland vegetation, one of the "Priority Habitats" of the UK Biodiversity Action Plan. However, the extent of such vegetation is very small and the site is not highlighted within the Surrey Lowland Heathland Inventory. Of the 8 heathland sites identified on Woking Commons by Penny Anderson's survey, this particular common was considered to be the least important. 

However, the site does serve as a refuge to wildlife in a local context, forming one of a number of closely-associated small parcels of common land that have escaped development. Being situated in a built-up area of Woking, the site is also of enormous amenity value.

The old pond is a potentially valuable wildlife habitat, which could be used, for example, for school ecology projects. Some of the {\it S. fragilis} trees have collapsed and others look "dangerous". Suitable management would include coppicing of the adjoining scrub/trees and excavation to restore an increased area of open water.

Within the woodland compartment, the wildlife value may be increased by removal of {\it A. pseudoplatanus} trees from the canopy. Dumped garden rubbish also needs clearing.

It may be possible to restore dwarf shrub vegetation to the central area, although this would require extensive removal of the scrub and other surface vegetation, followed by seeding.


VEG:
The common comprises two narrow strips of land running alongside the Basingstoke Canal at Woking. To the east lies a strip of heavily-used amenity grassland, with a row of ornamental {\it Populus} sp. trees alongside the road adjoining the SE boundary. Fenced childrens play area. 

To the west of this portion, there are three bounded, mulched plots, which have quite recently been planted with a variety of trees/shrubs which include {\it Prunus} spp., {\it Corylus avellana, Sorbus} sp., {\it Betula pubescens, Acer campestre, Salix} sp., {\it Alnus} sp., {\it Sorbus torminalis} and {\it Crataegus monogyna}. 

Where Chertsey Road crosses the canal, the bridge embankment lies on the common. This supports a small area of scrub/trees: {\it Salix capraea, Quercus} sp., {\it Prunus laurocerasus, Rubus fruticosus} agg., {\it Betula pendula, Crataegus monogyna} and {\it Tilia} sp. Row of tall ornamental {\it Tilia} sp. trees alongside Chertsey Road.

The western portion of the common lies on the opposite side of Chertsey Road and again adjacent to the canal. A wide band of scrub/trees runs alongside the edge of the towing path. This comprises {\it Q. robur, B. pendula, R. fruticosus} agg., {\it Salix cinerea, S. fragilis, Alnus glutinosa, Ilex aquifolium, Hedera helix, Acer campestre, Sorbus aucuparia} and {\it Prunus} sp. Tall, coarse grassland/ruderals here are dominated by {\it Dactylis glomerata, Chamerion angustifolium, Urtica dioica} and {\it Calystegia sepium}.

The other side of this part of the common comprises a further area of amenity grassland. However, the frequency of mowing appears lower that that on the other half and it is not so heavily trampled. As a consequence, the sward is more diverse. Dominant/abundant {\it Holcus lanatus} with locally frequent/abundant {\it Plantago lanceolata, Achillea millefolium, Taraxacum officinale} agg., {\it Trifolium repens} and {\it Leontodon autumnalis}. Additional species noted here during the 1987 survey were: {\it Ranunculus acris, Rumex acetosa, Trifolium pratense} and occasional {\it Centaurea nigra}.

Narrow wooded strip to the south around the edge of a roundabout - {\it Acer pseudoplatanus, Corylus avellana, Acer campestre, Q. robur} and {\it Prunus} sp.

MANAGE:
The common lies close to the centre of Woking and is primarily important as a formal amenity area. The eastern portion of the common in particular, is heavily-used by the public, with a fenced childrens play area and slides constructed for use by skateboarders.

Despite the heavy recreational use, the common probably helps to protect this stretch of the Basingstoke Canal from the impact of the adjacent built-up area.

The western portion in particular, has a linear strip of scrub running alongside the canal. This adds further to the conservation interest of this "wildlife corridor" and provides a refuge for a range of birds and small mammals etc. The adjacent grassland may benefit from less-frequent mowing and from allowing a more gradual transition to develop between the scrub and grassland habitat.


VEG:
The common comprises three small parcels of land in Woking. The largest of these is mainly secondary broadleaved woodland with a canopy of {\it Betula pendula} plus locally occasional individuals of {\it Quercus robur}. Alongside the road adjoining the northern edge of the common is a row of mature trees of {\it Tilia} sp. There is quite a dense shrub layer which includes {\it Corylus avellana, Ilex aquifolium, Salix cinerea, Crataegus monogyna, Betula pubescens, Frangula alnus} plus saplings of {\it Acer pseudoplatanus} and {\it Fagus sylvatica}. The field layer contains {\it Pteridium aquilinum, Hedera helix} and {\it Rubus fruticosus} agg. Abundant leaf litter and fallen twigs etc. To the western end of this strip, the wood narrows and becomes more scrubby in character; {\it Q. robur} here being the dominant canopy tree, with {\it B. pendula} and {\it Populus nigra} var. {\it italica} being occasional. Also noted here was a clump of a bamboo (genus unknown).

Along the southern edge lies a strip of open amenity grassland. Abundant {\it R. fruticosus} agg. along the woodland margin.

The adjacent, smaller block has a somewhat similar pattern of habitats, with woodland one side and amenity grassland on the other. The woodland is similar to that above, with a canopy of {\it Q. robur}, but narrows into little more than a line of single trees at the western end. Shrub layer of {\it C. monogyna, I. aquifolium}, sapling {\it A. pseudoplatanus, Sambucus nigra} and {\it Corylus avellana}. Field layer dominated by {\it R. fruticosus} agg. and {\it Urtica dioica}. Abundant epiphytic {\it Hedera helix}. The strip of grassland has, at its western end, a small fenced childrens play area, with at the edge, a large ornamental tree of {\it Salix} sp. ('weeping' variety).

The final, smaller and most westerly portion largely comprises part of a metalled road, although there is a narrow mown verge along its northern edge. A post and wire mesh fence marks the boundary with the adjacent playing field. This boundary also has trees which include {\it Betula pendula, Q. robur, C. monogyna, I. aquifolium} and {\it Populus nigra} var. {\it italica}. However, at the eastern end is a bare ground area used for car parking by the adjacent factory.

MANAGE:
The grassland areas of the common are managed for amenity purposes and the site as a whole forms a valuable area of open space in this part of Woking. They illustrate the benefit of Common Land Registration in such a situation, as this land would surely have succumbed to building, to the detriment of the local environment, but for this protection.

The larger block of woodland appears largely unmanaged. Although of small extent, given its particular geographical situation, taken in conjunction with the adjacent CL 104, it represents a refuge for local wildlife.


FAUNA:
Fauna recorded from the common are as follows:

Birds: songthrush and reed bunting (UK BAP "Priority Species"), plus mallard (with ducklings, along canal), robin, willow warbler, magpie, great tit, green woodpecker, great spotted woodpecker, kingfisher (along canal), jay, blackbird, nuthatch, chiff chaff, mistle thrush, blue tit, long-tailed tit, treecreeper, wren, chaffinch, house sparrow, starling, carrion crow, kestrel, wood pigeon, fieldfare, redwing and goldcrest.

Mammals: grey squirrel.

Butterflies: large skipper, speckled wood, brimstone, white admiral.

Fish: 3-spined stickleback.

Dragonfly: {\it Libellula depressa}.

VEG:
The common lies in the south-western part of Woking. The southern edge is marked by a railway line, while the Basingstoke Canal delineates much of the north-western boundary. The site is a remnant of the much larger body of lowland heathland known as Hook Heath, which lies to the south of the railway line.

The common was covered by Penny Anderson's 1987 survey of Woking Commons. This refers also to a survey of the site at around the same time by Surrey Wildlife Trust. Subsequently, the greater part of the site has been selected as SNCI. In view of the site being well-documented, and there being severe constraints on field time, the decision was made not to visit this particular site during the course of the present survey.

The central part of the site supports a mosaic of wet heath and marshy grassland characterised by {\it Molinia caerulea} and {\it Calluna vulgaris} with some {\it Erica tetralix}. Locally frequent are {\it Agrostis capillaris, Drosera rotundifolia, D. intermedia} and {\it Ulex minor}, along with patches of {\it Ulex europaeus} scrub. Other notable associates include {\it Genista anglica, Serratula tinctoria} and {\it Pedicularis sylvatica}. Parts of this area have been burnt in the past. Also present are scattered colonising trees of {\it Betula} sp. Locally there has been some colonisation by bracken {\it Pteridium aquilinum}.

In addition, there is one small area dominated by {\it Juncus effusus}, with a variety of wetland species including {\it Filipendula ulmaria, Iris pseudacorus, Phalaris arundinacea} and {\it Glyceria maxima} (this appears to be transitional marshy grassland/swamp). 

The site supports several areas of formally managed amenity grassland - cricket pitch, football pitch etc. This vegetation is dominated by {\it Lolium perenne, Poa} spp., {\it Agrostis} spp. and {\it Festuca} spp. Most is species-poor and contains herbs such as {\it Bellis perennis, Plantago lanceolata} and {\it Trifolium repens}.

However, at the western and northern sides of the football pitch are areas of unimproved, generally acidic grassland that contain {\it Stachys officinalis, Serratula tinctoria, Succisa pratensis, Danthonia decumbens, Potentilla erecta, Galium saxatile, Hypochaeris radicata} and {\it Hypericum pulchrum}. 

The surrounding woodland is all secondary in character. That to the west has a canopy dominated by {\it Betula} sp., while to the east a more mature canopy is characterised by {\it Quercus robur}.

The banks of a drain at (1) support a reasonably rich flora, with woodland herbs such as {\it Oxalis acetosella, Stellaria holostea, Veronica montana} and {\it Epipactis helleborine}. Wetter soils here also support {\it Solanum dulcamara} among dense scrub.

Along the edge of the Basingstoke Canal is a strip of a damp, tall herb community containing {\it Urtica dioica, Chamerion angustifolium, Iris pseudacorus} and {\it Glyceria} sp. Probably derived from dredgings from the canal.

The site contains a number of drains and ditches, although the majority are species-poor. Locally recorded are {\it Oenenthe crocata} and {\it Epilobium hirsutum}.

Other "notable" flora recorded from the site: {\it Petasites hybridus, Trichophorum cespitosum} and {\it Carex panicea}.

MANAGE:
At the time of the 1987 surveys, there was grazing on part of the site by cattle as allowed by the registered rights of common. This apparently created some conflict of interest with the public use of the site, as the landowner is reported to have taken a number of measures to discourage public access onto his grazing area. These included fencing-off areas of the common, the creation of large mounds to retain stock, drainage of some areas, preventing gates from opening and not repairing, or removing foot bridges. Such activity raises the issue of the legal situation in relation to the 1965 Commons Registration Act, and also the legal right of public access applicable to all "Urban Commons", such as this, under the 1925 Law of Property Act.

However, grazing is probably the most beneficial method for maintaining the nature conservation value of the heathland areas. The site represents one of several within Woking Borough that retain areas of lowland heathland vegetation, although the total extent is quite modest. This habitat is one of the "Priority Habitats" of the UK Biodiversity Action Plan. Interestingly, however, this particular site does not appear in the Surrey Inventory of Lowland Heathland (English Nature, 1993).

The major Woking Borough lowland heathland site is CL 100, Horsell Common. Please refer to this site for a more detailed account of the nature conservation importance of this habitat. Proposed management of the heathland areas has concentrated on the need to control the spread of bracken and birch. 

Lowland dry acidic grassland is a further UK BAP "Priotity Habitat". That present adjacent to the football pitch would benefit by allowing a marginal zone adjacent to the edge of the pitch itself to be mown on a less frequent basis.

In addition to the lowland heathland, the site also supports a number of "notable" plant species, as already outlined.

Work done by SWT in the late 1980s included clearance of drains, creation of a new pond and some clearance of rubbish.


VEG:
The common lies alongside the A281 in the village of Gosden (Guildford district). A tiny part of the site (1) lies within an area surveyed by the SWT as part of the SNCI project, although this area was not subsequently selected as SNCI.

(1). Narrow verge. Mown grassland next to road. Behind is a strip of tall grass/ruderal vegetation which includes {\it Urtica dioica, Heracleum sphondylium, Galium aparine, Anthriscus sylvestris, Hedera helix, Glechoma hederacea, Arrhenetherum elatius, Rubus fruticosus} agg., {\it Calystegia sepium, Atriplex hastata} and {\it Cirsium arvense}. Also scattered broadleaved trees: {\it Acer pseudoplatanus, Ulmus} sp., {\it Quercus robur}.

(2). This main part of the common mainly comprises mown amenity grassland, used as a cricket pitch. There are small sapling planted broadleaved trees: {\it Tilia} sp. and {\it Aesculus hippocastanum} (some have died). Coarse grassland/tall ruderal vegetation alongside the roads. At the southern tip of this block lies an area of semi-improved neutral grassland upon which are situated three ornamental trees of {\it Acer platanoides} and one of {\it Crataegus monogyna}.

To the east of Tanyard Road lie further parcels of the common, regularly mown by the householders. Note to the extreme NE, one tree of {\it Quercus rubra}, around 7m tall.

(3). This area of grassland is not regularly cut. There is a coarse neutral grassland sward mainly dominated by {\it Holcus lanatus} and {\it Festuca rubra} with locally abundant {\it Dactylis glomerata, Agrostis capillaris} and {\it Arrhenetherum elatius}. Associated forbs include locally occasional {\it Heracleum sphondylium, Centaurea nigra, Ranunculus acris, Vicia sativa, Hypochaeris radicata, Rumex acetosa, Veronica chamaedrys, Plantago lanceolata, Tragopogon pratensis, Stellaria graminea, Achillea millefolium} and {\it Trifolium pratense}. This appears to be a transitional MG1/MG5 sward.

MANAGE:
The site is mainly managed as a mown amenity area. No significant nature conservation interest.


FAUNA:
Noted during the site visit were: chiff chaff, blue tit, chaffinch, robin.

VEG:
The two portions of this common lie on the southern outskirts of Farnham (Waverley district).

1. Larger portion (GR SU 840 446):

This occupies a north-facing hillside. The greater part comprises a coniferous woodland. The canopy is made-up of widely-spaced, mature trees of {\it Pinus sylvestris}. It is not clear whether these are of planted origin or not. Most of the woodland floor is un-vegetated, with a layer of pine needle litter, plus very occasional scattered, etiolated bushes of {\it Ulex europaeus}. Occasional large fallen dead trees of {\it P. sylvestris} were noted. Within the canopy are localised open areas with developing secondary growth of {\it Betula pendula}. Also associated with these areas are {\it Pteridium aquilinum, Rubus fruticosus} agg. and {\it Pleurozium schreberi}, plus bushes of {\it Ilex aquifolium} and, locally, plants of {\it Vaccinium myrtillus, Geranium robertianum, Digitalis purpurea} and {\it Deschampsia flexuosa}, plus saplings of {\it Castanea sativa} and {\it Sorbus aucuparia}.  

The southern portion of the common lies at the top of the hill, still with a canopy of tall {\it P. sylvestris}. Scattered understorey trees include {\it Quercus robur, Betula pendula} and {\it Ilex aquifolium}, plus some stands of {\it Vaccinium myrtillus}. Canopy gaps due to fallen {\it P. sylvestris} appear more obvious here, again being colonised by {\it B. pendula} etc. One bush of {\it Prunus laurocerasus} also noted.

In the northern portion, towards the road, the wood is of a much more mixed character, occupying a strip of 10-20m wide. Trees/shrubs which have colonised the wood include {\it B. pendula, Quercus robur, Ilex aquifolium, S. aucuparia, Acer pseudoplatanus, Fagus sylvatica} and {\it Corylus avellana}, while the field layer includes {\it Rubus fruticosus} agg., {\it Vaccinium myrtillus, Hedera helix, Dyropteris filix-mas, D. dilatata, Teucrium scorodonia, Polytrichum} sp., {\it Dicranum scoparium, Deschampsia flexuosa, Galium saxatile, Pleurozium schreberi} and {\it Stellaria holostea}.

Several large (boundary) trees of {\it Quercus robur} along the roadside.

2. Smaller portion (GR SU 836 446):

This comprises a block of semi-natural broadleaved woodland with a canopy of {\it Quercus robur}, plus an occasional {\it Betula pendula} and past-coppiced individuals of {\it Corylus avellana}. One clump noted of around 6 closely-spaced mature trees of {\it Pinus sylvestris}. In the central portion there is no other vegetation beneath the trees, as this area is frequented by children. However, the surrounding marginal parts have a well-developed shrub layer, mainly of {\it Ilex aquifolium}, plus occasional saplings of {\it Betula pendula} and locally abundant {\it Rubus fruticosus} agg. The field layer contains locally frequent {\it Pteridium aquilinum, Agrostis capillaris, Hedera helix, Urtica dioica, Galium aparine, Heracleum sphondylium} and {\it Stellaria holostea}, plus one small area with frequent {\it Hyacinthoides non-scripta}.

Along the western edge there has been some tipping of garden rubbish, with growth of {\it Urtica dioica} as a result.

MANAGE:
The common appears to be unmanaged at present. The larger portion at least, appears to be of nature conservation importance at a local level. The two plots form a part of a series of small areas of semi-natural vegetation within the framework of housing development which has occurred in these southern suburbs of Farnham. 

A policy of non-intervention is probably the best management strategy for these relatively small parcels of land. The larger section is gaining a more mixed character due to windthrow of some mature {\it P. sylvestris}. The smaller portion is badly degraded through excessive use by local children, plus dumping of garden refuse.


FAUNA:
Note during the site visit were: songthrush (UK BAP "Priority Species"), house sparrow, blackbird, pheasant, goldfinch, blue tit, greenfinch, robin, blackcap, housemartin, chiff chaff, plus common blue butterfly.

VEG:
The common lies in the extreme west of the county, adjacent to the hamlet of Dockenfield (Waverley district). A number of differemt habitat types are present.

A significant part of the site comprises a small block of rather scrubby broadleaved woodland. The main canopy tree is {\it Quercus robur}, with a shrub layer which includes {\it Corylus avellana, Ilex aquifolium, Ulex europaeus} and {\it Crataegus monogyna}. The field layer has frequent/abundant {\it Pteridium aquilinum, Rubus fruticosus} agg., {\it Lonicera periclymenum, Teucrium scorodonia, Hedera helix} and {\it Stellaria holostea}.

Immediately to the east of here is a sward of relatively unimproved neutral grassland with scattered patches of scrub and individual broadleaved trees. The grassland is locally dominated by {\it Festuca rubra}, developing elsewhere to a coarser sward of {\it Dactylic glomerata, Holcus lanatus} and {\it Alopecurus pratensis}. Forbs present include occasional/frequent {\it Heracleum sphondylium, Ranunculus acris, Centaurea nigra, Stellaria graminea, Rumex acetosa, Silaum silaus, Plantago lanceolata, Juncus effusus} and {\it Conopodium majus}. Locally frequent {\it Lotus corniculatus} noted in some of the shorter turf. The patches of trees/scrub are scattered across the area and include {\it Quercus robur, Sambucus nigra, Crataegus monogyna} and {\it Fraxinus excelsior}, sometimes with growth of {\it Rubus fruticosus} agg., {\it Pteridium aquilinum} and {\it Rosa canina} around them.

Moving further eastwards, the common narrows to almost the width of the road, and it then opens out again, with a small pond lying close to the road. This pond has little open water. Noted from here were: {\it Potamogeton natans, Glyceria fluitans, Typha latifolia, Lemna minor, Cardamine} sp. (? {\it C. amara}), and {\it Veronica beccabunga}, plus a species of water crowfoot ({\it Ranunculus} sp.). Fringing the pond were {\it Epilobium hirsutum} and {\it Urtica dioica}. Adjacent to the road at this point is an area of periodically cut grassland, while behind the pond is an area of scrub/broadleaved woodland.

To the east of the now metalled road lies a triangular plot of coarse neutral grassland, with small areas of developing scrub/trees. This grassland is dominated by tall {\it Alopecurus pratensis} with frequent {\it Holcus lanatus} and {\it Poa trivialis}, plus occasional {\it Arrhenetherum elatius}. Forbs/tall ruderals present include {\it Centaurea nigra, Rumex} spp. (incl. {\it R. acetosa, R.} ? {\it crispus, R. obtusifolius}), {\it Urtica dioica, Anthriscus sylvestris, Trifolium repens, Stellaria graminea, Ranunculus repens, Aegopodium podagraria} and {\it Armoracia rusticana}. The scrubby element includes a large patch of well-developed {\it Prunus spinosa} with an understorey of {\it Sambucus nigra} and {\it Rosa canina}, plus {\it Galium aparine} and {\it Urtica dioica} around the base. One large specimen tree of {\it Quercus robur} noted here also, while the margins also have trees of {\it Q. robur, Crataegus monogyna} and {\it Prunus spinosa}, again often with dense growth of {\it Urtica dioica} at their bases.

There is a small outlying portion to the common at its western end. Part of this is a coarse neutral grassland with {\it A. elatius, Poa pratensis, Poa trivialis, D. glomerata, Lolium perenne, Alopecurus pratensis} and {\it Festuca rubra}, with locally frequent {\it Heracleum sphondylium, Rumex obtusifolius, R. acetosa, Plantago lanceolata, Achillea millefolium, Hypochaearis radicata, Taraxacum officinale} agg. and {\it Cerastium fontanum}, plus locally occasional {\it Ranunculus acris, Anthriscus sylvestris, Stellaria graminea, Leucanthemum vulgare, Vicia sativa} and {\it Veronica chamaedrys}. Adjacent to here lies a small plot of mown amenity grassland with a specimen tree of {\it Fraxinus excelsior}.

MANAGE:
The common appears largely unmanaged at the present time, apart from the occasional mowing of small areas of grassland. For a relatively small site, there is a good structural diversity of habitats present, especially with scrub and trees occurring in a mosaic with the various grassland communities. This will provide cover for birds, while the tall grassland may provide a refuge for a variety of small mammals and invertebrates. 

The majority of the grassland appears to be very infrequently cut, if at all. This may account for the general dominance of coarse grass species, colonisation by tall ruderals and the relatively poor species-diversity of the swards. However, some indicators of a more species-rich sward remain (eg. {\it Silaum silaus} and {\it Conopodium majus}). Ideally the more diverse areas of grassland should be cut and raked in the late summer. This should be done on a rotational basis over a period of several weeks to retain a continuous availability of habitats for those invertebrates that may depend on the longer grassland sward. Without appropriate management, there may be a continued deterioration in the species diversity of the grassland and a general encroachment of scrub.

The pond is overgrown, with hardly any open water present and is in urgent need of clearing out.


FAUNA:
Noted during the site visit were: chiff chaff, blue tit, blackcap, blackbird.

VEG:
The common lies alongisde the A283 at Milford (Waverley district). Most of the site comprises a rather open and scrubby secondary broadleaved woodland with a canopy of even-aged {\it Quercus robur} and {\it Fraxinus excelsior}. Rare tree of {\it Pinus sylvestris}. The field layer is generally poorly-developed, although locally, in more open areas, there is abundant {\it Rubus fruticosus} agg., tending to {\it Hedera helix} in the shaded sections. Other associates include locally abundant {\it Holcus lanatus} and {\it H. mollis}, locally frequent {\it Glechoma hederacea} and {\it Urtica dioica}, locally occasional {\it Stellaria holostea, Veronica chamaedrys, Geum urbanum, Dryopteris dilatata, D. filix-mas} and {\it Silene dioica} plus rare {\it Scrophularia nodosa}. Quite abundant leaf litter.

Occasional planted trees were also noted (with plastic tree guards); these include {\it Prunus} sp., {\it F. excelsior} and {\it Q. robur}. Also present are several old, overstood coppice stools of {\it C. avellana}.

Alongside the roads are verges of open grassland. Rabbit-grazed parts have a sward dominated by {\it Agrostis capillaris} with locally frequent {\it Cirsium arvense, Senecio jacobaea, Potentilla reptans, Carex hirta} and {\it Vulpia mysuros}. Taller grassland of the verges is dominated by {\it Arrhenatherum elatius} and {\it Dactylis glomerata}. In addition, in places the woodland field layer is quite open and grassy, and there is also a wide grassy path across the centre of the wood.

Occasional gaps in the woodland canopy show regeneration of sapling trees/scrub etc. - {\it Q. robur, Q. cerris, Corylus avellana, Sorbus aucuparia, Crataegus monogyna, Ulex europaeus, Ilex aquifolium, Fagus sylvatica} ('copper' variety), {\it Betula pendula, Acer pseudoplatanus, F. excelsior} and {\it Lonicera periclymenum}. These gaps may have resulted from the removal of {\it Acer pseudoplatanus} as part of deliberate management.

In the north-western part of the common is a shallow depression cleared of vegetation, possibly the site for a new pond (this area is quite wet anyway). Close to the road there is a small stand of emergent vegetation dominated by {\it Cyperus eragrostis} with frequent {\it Juncus} spp. Surrounding is a mixture of dense scrub ({\it Salix} spp. and {\it R. fruticosus} agg.), tall ruderals ({\it Urtica dioica}) and scattered broadleaved trees.

MANAGE:
The wooded portion appears to have been cleared of some mature trees, possibly sycamore, in recent years. Some regrowth noted from cut stumps. In places replacement trees of cherry, oak and ash have been planted, being protected by plastic tree guards. Some of these have died, although there are a number of survivors.

Within the centre of the wood are several old coppice stools of hazel. 

Alongside the road margins are grassland verges. These are mown immediately next to the road. Adjacent are areas of short, rabbit-grazed grassland, plus taller, ungrazed swards.

To the NW of the common a shallow scrape has recently been created in a damp part of the common, possibly to form a new pond.


FAUNA:
Noted during the site visit were: blackbird, wren, swallow, plus meadow brown, painted lady and large white butterflies.

VEG:
The common comprises six parcels of land which lie along the flood plain of the River Wey in Godalming (Waverley district).

The the greater portion of the common has been surveyed by Surrey Wildlife Trust as part of the SNCI project. Subsequently, all of this area, with the exception of the site known as "Catteshall Carr" (GR 980 443), has been selected as SNCI. The surveys include a general description and these have been consulted for the purposes of the common land survey. Additional notes were made during a visit to the site, largely concentrating on the sections with no biological information available, but also walking most of the site. 

Lying along the floodplain of the River Wey, the river in fact marks the southern boundary for much of the common which, as a consequence, largely lies upon alluvial beds. A minor stream channel, the Hell Ditch runs across the northern side of the river valley, creating in between, a series of meadows which are frequently subject to winter flooding. As a result, there is a prominent presence of partially gleyed soils which are only freely-drained at certain times of year. However, marginally elevated areas - flood plain benches and other surface undulations - have more free-draining soils tending towards loamy sands.  

The bulk of the site lying in between the Hell Ditch and the River Wey is traditionally used as permanent pasture. This area now supports a somewhat species-poor and agriculturally improved grassland vegetation, generally associated with the flood plain benches and other slightly elevated areas.  This vegetation is dominated by species such as {\it Lolium perenne, Holcus lanatus, Agrostis capillaris, Festuca rubra}, with abundant {\it Anthoxanthum odoratum, Phleum pratense, Alopecurus pratensis, Cynosurus cristatus} and, less frequently, {\it Hordeum secalinum}. Associated herbs etc. are generally at a low frequency, eg. {\it Centaurea nigra, Trifolium repens, Lathyrus pratensis, Rumex crispus} and {\it Cirsium arvense} (mostly conforming to NVC type MG6)

The southern side of the valley is prone to seasonal flooding, and in consequence sees the presence of gleyed soils. Grassland swards here are floristically more diverse, although still extensively grazed, and a number of different communities are represented across the site (MG9/MG10/MG13). Associated species include {\it Holcus lanatus, Alopecurus pratensis, Deschampsia cespitosa, Carex acutiformis, Glyceria} spp., {\it Juncus effusus, J. acutiflorus} and {\it J. articulatus}, plus a variety of riparian and wet meadow species such as {\it Caltha palustris, Senecio aquaticus, Filipendula ulmaria} and {\it Iris pseudacorus}: In addition, {\it Lythrum portula} is associated with a fairly large ephemeral pool in 'plot 1' of the SWT survey.

In contrast, land to the north of the Hell Ditch is not grazed. Along SWT Plot 1 is a coarse grassland sward with a range of tall herbs/ruderals. Species present include {\it Urtica dioica, Filipendula ulmaria, Epilobium hirsutum, Anthriscus sylvestris, Dipsacus fullonum, Cirsium} spp. and {\it Rubus fruticosus} agg. Occasional small bushes/trees also present: {\it Alnus glutinosa, Crataegus monogyna} and {\it Salix cinerea}. Tall trees along the roadside are of {\it Tilia} sp. and {\it Fraxinus excelsior}, plus some {\it C. monogyna} bushes. Occasional tree of {\it Salix fragilis} noted along Hell Ditch.

SWT Plot 2:  This strip of land is largely used for vegetable gardens. The course of the Hell Ditch along here is fenced and has tall trees of {\it A. glutinosa} plus occasional {\it Salix fragilis, Populus} sp., {\it Sambucus nigra} and {\it Betula pendula}. The unmanaged vegetation around the trees is rank with dense {\it Urtica dioica} plus {\it Tanacetum vulgare, Impatiens glandulifera, Anthriscus sylvestris} and {\it Cirsium arvense} also noted.

Along SWT Plot 3, Hell Ditch and the banks of the R. Wey are flanked with trees which include {\it Alnus glutinosa, Salix alba, S. cinerea} and the occasional {\it Fraxinus excelsior}.

Finally there are two remaining small portions of land not covered by SWT surveys.

(4). Northern part is amenity grassland with occasional ornamental broadleaved trees: {\it Acer saccharinum, A. platanoides, Fagus sylvatica} ('copper' variety) and {\it Tilia} sp. A ditch runs at the base of the railway embankment and also crosses the southern tip. Vegetation here is uncut. The water of the ditch has locally abundant {\it Glyceria maxima}, while the adjacent vegetation tends to be dominated by {\it Urtica dioica}, with locally frequent {\it Epilobium hirsutum, Oenenthe crocata, Aegopodium podagraria, Rumex obtusifloius, Impatiens glandulifera}, locally occasional {\it Scrophularia aquatica, Arctium minus, Symphitum} sp., {\it Heracleum sphondylium, Cirsium arvense} and {\it Senecio jacobaea}. Broadleaved trees along the ditch are of {\it Salix fragilis} and {\it Alnus glutinosa}, with {\it Acer pseudoplatanus} growing along the sides of the railway embankment. In the most extreme southern corner are a few broadleaved trees of possible planted origin: a variety of {\it Populus nigra} plus {\it Carpinus betulus}.

(5). Small plot along northern side of Chalk Road. Main portion is a dense canopy comprising trees of a species of {\it Prunus}, plus one individual of {\it Robinia pseudoacacia}. Other associates include {\it Crataegus monogyna, Sambucus nigra, Betula pendula} and {\it A. pseudoplatanus}. The main trees here appear planted or have possibly grown/colonised from an abandoned garden.

MANAGE:
The main part of the common - i.e. the flood plain in between Hell Ditch and the river Wey is still grazed traditionally by cattle. Grazing levels on this part of the common appear to be generally fairly high, with a consequent poor overall species diversity of the permanent pasture. Note that there are no pasture rights registered for this common.

Note that "Coastal and Floodplain Grazing Marsh" is one of the "Priority Habitats" of the UK Biodiversity Action Plan. Therefore continued traditional grazing is essential to maintain the habitat, although the overall botanical interest could probably be enhanced by an amelioration of current grazing levels. On an aesthetic note, the site is visually very attractive and given its long historical continuity should be seen as an extremely important landscape feature for Godalming and the surrounding area.

As already noted, a strecth of the floodplain to the north of Hell Ditch is unmanaged, while elsewhere, a similar narrow strip is managed as allotment-style gardens. A small portion north of Chalk Road appears largely to comprise an abandoned private garden, although a small portion is still managed as such. The north-western plot mainly comprises an area of mown amenity grassland/ornamental trees.

The area to the south-east known as Catteshall Carr comprises coarse unmanaged grassland vegetation turning to scrub/trees.


FAUNA:
Noted during the site visit were: 

Birds: housemartin, wren, blackcap, chiff chaff, blackbird, jay, blue tit, robin, lesser whitethroat, grey heron, coot, little grebe, goldfinches.

Other vertebrates: Roe deer, grey squirrel, rabbits. In one of the ponds: numerous koi carp!

Invertebrates: Butterflies - small tortoiseshell, speckled wood, small heath.

Various Odonata including: emperor dragonfly {\it Anax imperator}, broad-bodied chaser {\it Libellula depressa}.

VEG:
The common comprises an extensive complex of linear habitats along Dunsfold Common Road through and radiating from the village, which is situated in the extreme south of the county (Waverley district). 

The great majority of this common has been covered under surveys undertaken by Surrey Wildlife Trust as part of the SNCI project and the greater part of this area has subsequently been selected as SNCI. These sources include a general description which has been consulted for the purposes of this project. Additional notes were made during a visit to the site as part of the present work. Some habitat mapping, has been done with the aid of the county Phase 1 (aerial photograph) survey.

The site encompasses a mosaic of grassland, scrub, broadleaved woodland and pond habitats. 

The grassland areas are mainly situated in the central part of the village and are described as "a moderate to highly improved mesotrophic sward". Dominant species include {\it Festuca rubra, Agrostis capillaris, Arrhenatherum elatius, Holcus lanatus, Poa pratensis, Dactylis glomerata} and {\it Alopecurus pratensis}, with locally frequent {\it Lolium perenne, Bromus mollis} and {\it Anthoxanthum odoratum}. Herbs are somewhat sparsely distributed but may include any of: {\it Achillea millefolium, Ranunculus acris, R. repens, Luzula campestris, Centaurea nigra, Plantago lanceolata, Lotus corniculatus, Hypochaeris radicata, Stellaria graminea, Cerastium fontanum, Rumex acetosa, Heracleum sphondylium, Trifolium pratense, T. repens, Vicia sepium} and {\it Cardamine} sp. Noted rarely during the present survey were {\it Allium} sp., {\it Conopodium majus} and {\it Tragopogon pratensis}. Thus, the overall species-diversity, of some areas at least, is not that poor. Perhaps a thorough Phase 2 survey may reveal remnants of unimproved grassland swards.

(1). Also noted within grassland along the south-western side of the common were areas where the sward has some acidic-type indicators in the form of locally frequent {\it Rumex acetosella}, locally occasional {\it Potentilla erecta}, plus small patches with {\it Galium saxatile} and the moss {\it Rhytidiadelphus squarrosus} abundant. 

Note in addition an avenue of tall ornamental trees of {\it Aesculus hippocastanum} running northwards along the eastern side of the road in this part of the common (and also elsewhere). 

The cricket ground has intensively mown amenity grassland, as do other small areas near to adjoining properties. 

Small pockets of fairly recent secondary broadleaved woodland occur frequently along the verges, these being of fairly recent origin and typically comprise {\it Quercus robur, Crataegus monogyna} and {\it Rubus fruticosus} agg. 

However, to the south of the common lies a much larger block of woodland, parts of which appear to be of much older origin (although it is not indicated as 'ancient' on the Surrey Ancient Woodland Inventory). Again the canopy comprises {\it Q. robur} with occasional individuals of {\it Betula pendula}. There are some notably quite large and open-grown trees of {\it Q. robur} present, suggesting an origin from former wood pasture (a feature consistent with a history of grazing on the adjacent grassland). 

The shrub layer is quite well-developed and includes {\it Sambucus nigra, Crataegus monogyna, Sorbus aucuparia, Ilex aquifolium, Prunus spinosa} and {\it Viburnum opulus}. The field layer includes {\it R. fruticosus} agg., {\it Galium aparine, Lonicera periclymenum, Glechoma hederacea, Mercurialis perennis, Hyacinthoides non-scripta}, and {\it Dryopteris dilatata}. In addition, SWT have recorded a number of ancient woodland 'indicator species'. {\it Isothecium myosuroides} noted on a large tree of {\it C. monogyna}.

A significant feature of the common is an extensive series of ponds (i.e. at least six noted). In many ways, each has unique characteristics and a wide diversity of species were noted from these during the present survey: {\it Eleocharis palustris, Iris pseudacorus, Alisma plantago-aquatica, Typha latifolia, Juncus effusus, Glyceria fluitans, Sparganium erectum, Cardamine armara, Epilobium hirsutum, Lycopus europaeus, Alopecurus geniculatus, Carex otrubae, C. vesicaria, C. acutiformis, Potentilla anserina, Phragmites austrails, Galium palustre, Oenanthe crocata, Potamogeton natans, Juncus effusus, J. inflexus, Nymphaea alba, Lysimachia nummularia, Ranunculus flammula, Mentha aquatica, Veronica scutellata, Apium inundatum, Myosotis scorpioides, Pulicaria dysenterica}, water crowfoot ({\it Ranunculus} spp.), plus in one drying-out pond, carpets of the moss {\it Drepanocladus aduncus}. Various marginal trees of {\it Salix} spp., including {\it S.} ? x {\it rubens}.

MANAGE:
The common appears to have a history of management as communal grazing land, now long since defunct (n.b. no pasture rights registered). 

The remaining grassland on the common is mown, mostly by Waverley Borough Council, generally at a frequency of once or twice per year. This management is primarily cosmetic, aimed at maintaining the amenity/village green charcter of the common. Although this vegetation is relatively species-poor and largely dominated by coarser species, there remain a low frequency of common neutral grassland herbs. Indeed there are localised areas which appear to be of a higher overall species-richness than the remainder.  The small area with indicators of an acidic sward adds further interest. It is therefore important that this vegetation should be managed sympathetically to maintain/enhance its botanical diversity.

In the absence of grazing, a regime of mowing is the only other option for managing this type of habitat. Ideally there should be two cuts, with the first delayed until after the peak of flowering in late spring/early summer. It is extremely important that the cut material is removed to prevent eutrophication of the sward. If this is not done, the species diversity will decline and coarse grasses will start to take-over - a scenario precisely fitting the picture which we can see on this particular common. In addition, the cut should be done on a rotation to maintain a continuity of tall grass habitat for invertebrate and small mammal populations. 

The woodland, as discussed earlier, appears to have originated from a wood pasture system and still contains some open-grown oaks. These ideally need a full survey to evaluate their true nature conservation value (e.g. dead wood/invertebrates etc.). Some parts of the wooded areas appear to have some on-going coppicing (reason not clear) and clearance of storm damage. It may be worth extending this management to open-up the canopy around some of the older oaks. Ideally, as much fallen timber as possible should be left in-situ. 

Some of the ponds on the common appear to be managed for their nature conservation interest, with clearance work recorded. One pond is interesting in that it appears to be managed in a more ornamental way and has a large population of Koi carp. The total number of ponds greatly exceeds the number recorded, on any other single common in the county of comparable size, during the course of this project. 

Whilst none of the habitats on the common are rare or uncommon, taken as a whole, they are clearly a significant widlife resource in a local context. The value of the site could be further enhanced by a programme of appropriate management. More detailed survey of this site (as suggested above) and continued monitoring are recommended.


FAUNA:
Noted during the site visit were: skylark and songthrush (UK BAP "Priority Species") plus blue tit, wren, greenfinch, yellowhammer, chiff chaff.

VEG:
This common comprises a series or roadside verges and other blocks of land associated with the A281 running southwards from the village of Bramley (Waverley district). A significant portion of the common has been surveyed by Surrey Wildlife Trust as part of the SNCI project, although none of this land has been subsequently selected as SNCI. This includes a general description which has been consulted for the purposes of the Common Land Survey. This area includes the main triangular block of Rushett Common, bounded along its western edge by the A281 and a minor road along the north-eastern side. Additional notes were made during the current survey, with some habitat mapping done with the aid of the aerial photograph survey.

Rushett Common lies over exposed Weald Clay, with the resulting soil mainly being of the Stagnogley type. The major part of the common comprises a secondary broadleaved canopy of sub-mature {\it Quercus robur} with occasional/frequent {\it Betula pendula}. Occasional {\it Fraxinus excelsior} to south-west. The shrub layer is sparse with rare individuals of {\it Crataegus monogyna, Corylus avellena, Frangula alnus} and {\it Sambucus nigra} plus sapling {\it Q. robur} and {\it B. pendula}. Damp areas also have {\it Salix capraea}. The field layer is similarly of species-poor character, with locally frequent, {\it Rubus fruticosus} agg., {\it Lonicera periclymenum, Pteridium aquilinum, Hedera helix} and occasionally, {\it Dryopteris dilatata, D. filix-mas, Holcus lanatus, H. mollis, Urtica dioica} and {\it Galium aparine}. Locally abundant leaf litter. Note mown cricket ground the the west and adjacent neutral grassland which appears semi-improved.

Woodland at (2), outside the pSNCI has a canopy of {\it Q. robur} and {\it F. excelsior} with a sparse understorey of {\it C. avellana}, which has been coppiced at some time in the past. Also present: locally occasional {\it C. monogyna, Viburnum opulus} and {\it Sambucus nigra}. Frequent saplings of {\it F. excelsior} in canopy gaps. Field layer with {\it R. fruticosus} agg., {\it Glechoma hederacea, Hedera helix, Silene dioica, Galium aparine, Geranium robertianum, Pteridium aquilinum} and {\it Circaea lutetiana}.

(3). Small pond with adjacent trees/shrubs of {\it Salix cinerea} (some recently cut/thinned), plus one large individual of {\it Salix fragilis}. Pond itself almost dried-up, with what appears to be a bonfire site from burning the cut scrub. Small area with abundant {\it Hydrocotyle vulgaris} plus frequent {\it Galium palustre, Ranunculus flammula} and {\it R. repens}. 

(4). This is a more open area in front of several cottages. Mosaic of cut amenity grassland plus taller grass/ruderals. Various bare ground drives to properties. Pond in this area has open water with a small island in the centre. Fringed with species which include {\it Phalaris arundinacea, Sparganium erectum, Epilobium hirsutum, Oenenthe crocata, Juncus effusus, Alisma plantago-aquatica} and {\it Mentha} sp.

(5). Running north the common narrows into grassland verges either side of the A281. This grass had just been cut prior to the site visit, possibly for silage. The western boundary at this point is marked by a discontinuous hedge/trees: {\it Q. robur, F. excelsior, C. monogyna} and {\it C. avellana}.

(6). Birtley Green. Most of this area is overgrown with rank grass and tall ruderals: {\it Arrhenetherum elatius, Agrostis capillaris, Holcus lanatus, Dactylis glomerata, Urtica dioica} (the latter in locally dense stands), {\it Cirsium arvense, Glechoma hederacea, Hypericum tetrapterum, Angelica sylvestris, Galium aparine, Ranunculus repens, Potentilla anserina, Senecio jacobaea, Epilobium hirsutum} (along ditch). Scattered trees of {\it Q. robur}. Locally heavy rabbit-grazing. Part of this area also appears to lie within private gardens.

Running north from Birtley Green the common appears to be mainly a narrow pavement on the eastern side of the A281 only. To the south of Rushett Common, the site again forms verges to the A281, mainly broadleaved woodland (with {\it Alnus glutinosa} and {\it Salix fragilis} noted locally along drains/ditches).

MANAGE:
The main part of Rushett Common is managed by Waverley Borough Council, either directly, or through the Waverley Countryside team. However, the wooded area is generally unmanaged, although some local thinning has taken place. The cricket pitch and adjacent grassland are mown, as are sections of the road verges further to the north, possibly for silage by an adjacent farmer. Heavy grazing by rabbits on part of Birtley Green.

Although the woodland of the common is not generally of high overall botanical diversity, it appears to form part of a complex of local wildlife corridors. Careful management of the grassland communities, ensuring that cut grass is removed, may help to retain and enhance their nature conservation value. Selective thinning of small areas of the wood to open-up grassy glades and areas of scrub would increase the overall structural diversity of habitats present.


FAUNA:
Noted during the site visit were: songthrush and skylark (UK BAP "Priority Species") plus yellowhammer, blue tit, wren, chiff chaff, blackbird.

VEG:
The common lies in the Wey Valley around 3-4km north-west of Cranleigh (Waverley district). The greater part of a site encompasses an area surveyed by Surrey Wildlife Trust as part of the SNCI project, although none of this land has subsequently been selected as SNCI. This includes a general description, which has been consulted for the purposes of the common land survey.

To the north of Run Common Road the site was formerly grazed. Following the cessation of grazing, there has been extensive colonisation of the grassland by bracken, scrub and trees. Smaller marginal areas of hazel coppice/oak standards woodland, with secondary broadleaved developing on the eastern portion.

To the south of the road the land was probably too wet to allow grazing and was probably formerly a mixture of mixed hazel coppice with oak standards, plus areas of wet alder coppice.

The site is also crossed by and includes sections of the Wey and Arun Junction Canal.

A. Land North of Run Common Road.

Secondary broadleaved woodland and former CWS to the east and along the northern edge has a canopy comprising {\it Quercus robur} and {\it Betula pendula}. Shrub layer is sparse and includes some overstood former coppice stools of {\it Corylus avellana}, plus scattered individuals of {\it Salix capraea, Crataegus monogyna, Sambucus nigra, Prunus spinosa, Ilex aquifolium} and {\it Ulmus procera}. The field layer is also sparse and includes {\it Rubus fruticosus} agg., {\it Holcus lanatus, H. mollis, Deschampsia flexuosa, Glechoma hederacea} and {\it Dryopteris dilatata}.

The western part is largely dominated by dense bracken {\it Pterdium aquilinum}, with scattered scrub/trees: {\it Ulex europaeus, Crataegus monogyna, Quercus} sp. and {\it Betula} sp. To the south of the canal there appears to have been extensive clearance of the bracken, giving rise to areas of species-poor acidic/neutral grassland. One area, opposite a house appears to be regularly mown for amenity purposes.

The section of the canal on this part of the common is dry at present. The base has dense growth of {\it Glyceria maxima} plus locally frequent {\it Typha latifolia} and occasional {\it Rumex hydrolapathum, Galium palustre, Lycopus europaeus} and {\it Lythrum salicaria}. Neutral grassland towing path along eastern side. 

To the extreme north is a track crossing the common which has much bare ground with areas of improved grassland and ephemeral/short perennial species: {\it Persicaria maculosa} frequent/abundant. 

B. South of Run Common Road.

Most of this area is broadleaved woodland, again formerly managed as hazel coppice with oak standards. In places, {\it Betula pendula} trees are maturing amongst the oak standards, with {\it Fraxinus excelsior} occurring locally, plus {\it Alnus glutinosa} dominating in wet areas. The shrub layer has scattered abandoned coppice stools of {\it C. avellana}, plus {\it Sambucus nigra} and {\it C. monogyna}. Field layer characterised by {\it P. aquilinum} and {\it R. fruticosus} agg. plus locally frequent {\it Corydalis claviculata, Lonicera periclymenum, Hedera helix, Dryopteris dilatata} and occasional {\it D. filix-mas}. Abundant leaf litter.

The canal on this portion of the common contains water at present. There is little in the way of aquatic vegetation - locally abundant {\it Glyceria fluitans} and {\it Lemna} sp. noted. The margins of the water include locally occasional {\it Lycopus europaeus, Juncus effusus, Alisma plantago-aquatica, Scutellaria galericulata} and {\it Carex remota}. Abundant {\it Rubus fruticosus} agg. along canal banks. 

N.B. This particular stretch of the canal was excluded from the surveyed pSNCI area.

The woodland to the south of the canal also contains two ponds, the larger of which appears to have been created in fairly recent times. Marginal and aquatic species noted from these features inclide {\it Rorippa amphibia, Alisma plantago-aquatica, Sparganium erectum, Lycopus europaeus, Juncus effusus, Equisetum fluviatile, Rumex hydrolapathum, Epilobium palustre, Galium palustre, Solanum dulcamara} and {\it Typha latifolia}. Also noted in the open water; a species of water crowfoot ({\it Ranunculus} sp.), {\it Potamogeton} sp. (? {\it P. natans}) and a clump of {\it Nuphar lutea}.

MANAGE:
The wooded portions of the site appear largely unmanaged at present. As outlined earlier, parts of these woods have arisen from former coppice-with-standards, with other sections developing on abandoned grazing. In a part of the former grassland now dominated by a mixture of bracken, scrub and broadleaved trees, there have been attempts to control the bracken, giving rise to small areas where species-poor grassland swards have been reinstated. One area is more regularly mown and now supports a discrete area of (amenity?) grassland.

Note the creation of a pond in the wet woodland to the south. These features, in addition to both the drained and water-containing sections of the Wey and Arun Canal further increase the diversity of habitats present on the common.

Future beneficial management might include the reinstatement of some coppice, plus management of the bracken/woodland interface to encourage a scrub-zone, thereby enhancing overall structural diversity of habitat.

Note additional habitat potential in the form of occasional standing dead oak standards (dead wood invertebrates/fungi/woodpeckers etc.), plus the bare/disturbed ground along the track to the north (burrowing invertebrates etc.).

The site contains several of the "Priority Habitats" of the UK Biodiversity Action Plan. These are: "Wet woodlands" and "Lowland acidic grassland". In addition, the water of the ponds/canal probably falls within either "Mesotrophic standing waters" or "Eutrophic standing waters".


FAUNA:
Noted during the site visit were: blackbird, blue tit, greenfinch, chiff chaff, meadow brown butterfly. Locally frequent molehills noted in grassland at (2).

VEG:
The common lies alongside the B2128 to the western side of Cranleigh (Waverley district). A section of the common incorporates a wooded area surveyed by the Surrey Wildlife Trust as part of the SNCI project (see map). This includes a general description which has been consulted for the purposes of the common land survey. However, none of this area has subsequently been selected as SNCI.

The remainder of the common comprises open grassland, with major portions having the appearance of a formal village green. The site is particularly notable for several impressive roadside avenues of mature planted broadleaved trees. There are also several small ponds.

The area of woodland surveyed by SWT (1) has a canopy dominated by (\it Quercus robur} with occasional {\it Betula pendula} and {\it Fraxinus excelsior}. The shrub layer includes {\it Salix cinerea, S. capraea, Sambucus nigra, Corylus avellana} and {\it Crataegus monogyna}, with a thicket of {\it Prunus spinosa} to the south. Here the field layer is sparse with {\it Rubus fruticosus} agg. and {\it Lonicera periclymenum}. Further north the field layer comprises {\it R. fruticosus} agg., {\it Mercurialis perennis, Stellaria holostea, Holcus mollis, Rumex sanguineus, Geum urbanum, Geranium robertianum, Bromus ramosus, Juncus effusus, Carex remota, Galeopsis tetrahit, Galium aparine, Urtica dioica, Hedera helix} and {\it Arrhenatherum elatius}. Abundant leaf litter, fallen small branches, plus occasional fallen trees present.

Adjacent to this is an area of open, tall grassland (2) dominated by {\it Festuca rubra} and {\it Agrostis capillaris} with locally occasional {\it Holcus lanatus}. Other locally occasional associates include {\it Ranunculus repens, Rumex acetosa} and {\it Luzula campestris}, plus rare {\it Lotus corniculatus}. The moss {\it Rhytidiadelphus squarrosus} is also locally frequent amongst the grassland turf.

At the northern end of this area the grassland appears to have a greater species diversity, here being dominated by {\it A. capillaris} and {\it H. lanatus} with frequent {\it Anthoxanthum odoratum}. Forbs include occasional/frequent {\it Ranunculus repens, Carex ovalis} plus locally occasional {\it L. corniculatus, Juncus effusus} and {\it Stellaria graminea}. In addition, there are localised areas with elements of an acidic grassland flora in the form of frequent/abundant {\it Galium saxatile} and {\it Potentilla erecta}. 

On the verge further north (4) there is a rank neutral grassland/tall ruderal sward dominated by {\it A. elatius, Dactylis glomerata} and {\it Elytrigia repens}, with {\it Cirsium vulgare, C. arvense, Heracleum sphondylium, Urtica dioica, Rumex obtusifolius} and {\it Galium aparine}.

Grassland on the opposite side of Guildford Road is mown by the adjacent householders. There are scattered specimen trees here: {\it Aesculus hippocastanum, Fraxinus excelsior} and {\it Salix} sp. ('weeping' variety).

(5) A small pond in the above grassland verge. Fringed by several fairly large bushes of {\it Salix cinerea}, plus an adjacent large tree of {\it A. hippocastanum}. Marginal and aquatic species of the pond include {\it Juncus effusus, Typha latifolia, Nymphaea alba, Alisma plantago-aquatica, Sparganium erectum, Glyceria} sp., {\it Caltha palustris, Solanum dulcamara} and {\it Potentilla anserina}.

(6). Fairly short amenity grassland with avenue of mature trees of {\it Acer platanoides} alonside Elmbridge Road.

The remainder of the common is also amenity grassland, with the main area being that used as a cricket pitch. This section and also the verge running eastwards alongside the B2128 have impressive roadside avenues of mature trees - {\it Tilia} sp. and {\it Acer platanoides}.

(7). A further small pond with several planted trees of {\it Salix} sp. (weeping variety) around the edges. The pond itself has very little open water and the margins are surrounded by frequent/abundant {\it Crassula helmsii}. Other species include locally frequent {\it Juncus articulatus, Alopecurus geniculatus, Lycopus europaeus, Ranunculus flammula, Sparganium erectum, Glyceria} sp., {\it Potentilla anserina, Salix} sp. (seedlings) plus locally occasional {\it A. plantago-aquatica, Mentha aquatica, Carex ovalis, Juncus inflexus, J. effusus, Oenenthe crocata, Iris pseudacorus, Lysimachia nummularia, Epilobium palustre} and {\it Lotus pedunculatus}. The open water in the centre has locally abundant plants of {\it Nymphaea alba}.

(8). A final pond, with an adjacent patch of {\it Salix cinerea} scrub. There is some open water with {\it N. alba}. Elsewhere there is abundant {\it C. helmsii} plus locally frequent {\it Typha latifolia, P. anserina, Ranunculus flammula} and {\it Equisetum arvense}, with locally occasional {\it Iris pseudacorus, Juncus inflexus, Oenenthe crocata, A. plantago-aquatica, Carex ovalis, Lychnis flos-cuculi, Hypericum tetrapterum, Juncus articulatus, Lysimachia nummularia, Lotus pedunculatus} and {\it Mentha aquatica}.  

N.B. The moss {\it Amblystegium riparium} was identified within a specimen of {\it C. helmsii} collected from one of the ponds.

MANAGE:
Wooded portion and adjacent grassland appear unmanaged. Cricket ground and verge to the east  is managed for formal amenity use.


FAUNA:
Noted during the site visit were: greenfinch, wren, blue tit.

VEG:
The common lies in the north-eastern part of Cranleigh (Waverley district). Most of the site comprises metalled road surfaces (B2127 and various other minor roads), plus associated areas of mown amenity grassland. 

A steep, narrow, wooded valley, with associated small stream runs to the south of the B2127. This has a canopy which includes {\it Salix fragilis, Alnus glutinosa, Quercus robur, Fraxinus excelsior, Populus x canescens} and {\it Acer campestre}. The shrub layer includes {\it Crataegus monogyna, Sambucus nigra, Aesculus hippocastanum} (sapling), {\it F. escelsior} (saplings), {\it Prunus laurocerasus, P. spinosa} and {\it Corulus avellana}. The field layer has frequent/abundant {\it Rubus fruticosus} agg., {\it Hedera helix, Galium aparine, Urtica dioica}, occasional {\it Geranium robertianum, Bromus ramosus, Brachypodium sylvaticum, Geum urbanum} and locally frequent {\it Stellaria holostea}. Much {\it Hedera helix} growing on trees.

One verge to the north has a small pond with associated dense scrub/broadleaved trees - the latter comprising {\it F. excelsior, Salix cinerea, S. fragilis, C. monogyna} and {\it Prunus} sp. (?. {\it P. lusitanica}). Alongside the road is a strip of tall ruderal etc. species - {\it Urtica dioica, Aegopodium podagraria, R. fruticosus} agg. and {\it Heracleum sphondylium}. The small pond has a dense marginal stand of {\it Iris pseudacorus}. Occasional {\it Glyceria fluitans} and locally occasional clumps of {\it Carex remota}. Locally abundant {\it Callitriche} sp. in the open water.

MANAGE:
As already outlined, much of the common comprises roads and associated grassland verges, maintained by the highway/local authority. The narrow wooded strip to the south is unmanaged. Some trees here are non-native and may include individuals of both planted and self-seeded origin.

The site does not appear to have any features of nature conservation importance.


FAUNA:
Noted during the site visit were: robin, green woodpecker, swallows, plus gatekeeper and common blue butterflies. Near pond: darter dragonfly (probably common darter {\it Sympetrum striolatum}).

VEG:
The common comprises what appear to be a series of former grazing verges at Ewhurst Green. Most of the site now comprises a sward of relatively species-poor neutral grassland. This is mainly dominated by {\it Agrostis} spp. ({\it A. capillaris} and {\it A. stolonifera}), with locally frequent/abundant {\it Festuca rubra, Holcus lanatus, Elytrigia repens, Arrhenetherum elatius, Dactylis glomerata, Anthoxanthum odoratum, Festuca arundinacea}, locally frequent {\it Lolium perenne}, plus locally occasional {\it Deschampsia cespitosa, Hordeum} sp. (? {\it H. secalinum}). Associated forbs are few over much of the area but include locally frequent {\it Centaurea nigra, Trifolium pratense, Leontodon autumnalis, Plantago lanceolata}, locally occasional {\it Lotus pedunculatus, L. corniculatus, Achillea ptarmica, A. millefolium, Ranunculus repens, Juncus articulatus} and {\it Heracleum sphondylium}. Rare {\it Senecio jacobaea}.

A small cricket pitch comprises regularly-mown amenity grassland. Just to the north of here lies a rather overgrown pond with no open water present at the time of the visit. This has frequent/abundant {\it Sparganium erectum}, occasional/frequent {\it Alisma plantago-aquatica, Mentha} sp., {\it Juncus articulatus, Typha latifolia, Eleocharis palustris} and {\it Ranunculus flammula}. The pond also has occasional marginal willow trees: {\it Salix cinerea, S. fragilis}, plus a 'weeping' variety.

The main north-south road along the common has a row of mature marginal trees along its western side. These are mainly of {\it Tilia} sp. with occasional {\it Acer platanoides}.

MANAGE:
The grassland of the common is probably mown periodically. It is not known if any cut grass is removed, or if it is left {\it in-situ}. The sward is generally species-poor, with a fairly restricted distrubution of herbaceous species. The site was probably used in the past for grazing and for hay production. 

This picture appears consistent with a deteriorating sward that is becoming dominated by coarse grass species following the cessation of more traditional management. In its present condition, the grassland does not appear to of significant botanical merit. However, further deterioration of the sward composition might be slowed if bi-annual mowing were undertaken, followed by careful removal of cut grass. This said, the extensive use and disturbance of the site by dog walkers and horseriders probably means that there are levels of eutrophication which would override any alteration of the management regime.

The small pond appears to be in urgent need of clearing out.


FAUNA:
Noted during the site visit were: robin, wood pigeon, blue tit, jackdaw, starling, nuthatch, wren, green woodpecker, plus gatekeeper and speckled wood butterflies.

VEG:
The common forms a series of narrow roadside vegres running northwards and eastwards from the hamlet of Ellen's Green (Waverley district).

1. Area of mown amenity grassland, forming in effect a small village green. There is a large ornamental tree of {\it Aesculus hippocastanum}.

2. Immediately to the north is a small strip of broadleaved woodland. This has a canopy comprising {\it Quercus robur} and {\it Fraxinus excelsior}. The shrub layer includes {\it Crataegus monogyna, Acer campestre, Rosa} sp., {\it Corylus avellana, F. excelsior} (saplings), {\it Prunus spinosa, Sambucus nigra} and {\it Ilex aquifolium}. Also noted: one individual of {\it Euonymus europaeus}, occasional trees of {\it Malus} sp. and several large clumps of {\it Prunus laurocerasus}. The field layer has locally dominant {\it Rubus fruticosus} agg., locally abundant {\it Glechoma hederacea}, locally frequent {\it Urtica dioica, Hedera helix, Brachypodium sylvaticum}, plus locally occasional {\it Hyacinthoides non-scripta, Prunella vulgaris, Mercurialis perennis, Rumex sanguineus} and {\it Circaea lutetiana}, plus {\it Tamus communis} (on trees).

3. A further block of broadleaved woodland, once again with {\it Q. robur} as the main canopy tree and generally similar to that above. Rare individual trees of {\it Pinus sylvestris} and {\it Larix decidua}. Adjacent to the road, {\it Euonymus europaeus} is locally abundant.

4. Mown grassland with a well-developed, open-grown tree of {\it Quercus robur}.

5. Moving onto the northern portions: A further strip of {\it Q. robur/F. excelsior} woodland. Shrub layer here includes {\it Prunus spinosa, Salix capraea, Corylus avellana} (several as multi-stemmed specimens) and {\it Ilex aquifolium}, plus one well-developed tree of {\it Carpinus betulus}. Field layer contains: {\it R. fruticosus} agg., {\it Glechoma hederacea, Hedera helix, Mentha} sp., {\it Urtica dioica, Mercurialis perennis, Geranium robertainum, Carex remota, C. pendula, Brachypodium sylvaticum, Circaea lutetiana, Geum urbanum} and {\it Solanum dulcamara. Tamus communis} growing epiphytically.

6. Broadleaved woodland to rear, with open area of recently mown vegetation next to the road. This area appeared to comprise a mixture of neutral grassland and woodland field layer species. Locally frequent {\it Melica uniflora} noted in the woodland field layer. One small infestation of {\it  Fallopia japonica}.

7. Broader, open roadside verge with neutral grassland. This has abundant/frequent {\it Arrhenatherum elatius, Dactylis glomerata, Plantago lanceolata, Lathyrus pratensis, Trifolium pratense, Pulicaria dysenterica, Centaurea nigra, Festuca rubra, Holcus lanatus, Potentilla reptans, Vicia cracca, Ranunculus acris}, plus {\it Stachys} sp. (possibly hybrid of {\it S. palustris} and {\it S. sylvatica}). Also present, locally occasional: {\it Calystegia sepium, Epilobium hirsutum, Achillea millefolium, A. ptarmica, Agrimonia eupatoria, Cirsium arvense, Heracleum sphondylium, Lotus corniculatus, Silaum silaus} and {\it Stachys officinalis}. This grassland appears to be a fairly species-rich variety of NVC type MG1. {\it Lolium perenne} is locally abundant next to the road. To the rear is a well-clipped hedge, mainly of {\it Salix} sp. Other species include {\it Carpinus betulus} and {\it Corylus avellana}, plus occasional "boundary trees" of {\it Q. robur}.

8. A strip of scrubby broadleaved woodland: {\it Q. robur} and {\it Corylus avellana} plus quite frequent {\it C. betulus}. The shrub layer includes: {\it P. spinosa, Acer campestre, C. monogyna} and {\it Rosa canina.}

9. Narrow neutral grassland verge backed by a well-cut hedge: {\it F. excelsior}, (occasional mature tree), {\it C. monogyna, C. avellana, Rosa canina, Cornus sanguinea, P. spinosa} and {\it Lonicera periclymenum}. Grassland verge contains some woodland field layer species: {\it Brachypodium sylvaticum, Geum urbanum, Melica uniflora}. Most of the common east of the road here lies within a larger field which is being managed as a grass ley.

MANAGE:
A significant portion of the common, including the wooded sections, are largely unmanaged. There has been cutting-back of some trees adjacent to the roads. 

Certain areas of grassland are mown with varying frequency (mainly by adjacent property owners). Hedges generally appear to be frequently trimmed. 

The most significant feature on the common, in terms of nature conservation, is the grassland verge at (7). This has a diverse range of neutral grassland species. Ideally this should be cut twice a year following mid-summer, perhaps on a rotational basis in order to maintain structural diversity for any invertebrate populations. The cut grass should be raked-off to prevent eutrophication.


FAUNA:
Noted during the site visit were: blue tit, carrion crow, jay, chiff chaff, moorhen, Canada geese, mallard, housemartin.

VEG:
The common comprises several parcels of land lying to the south of Banstead (Reigate and Banstead district). One of these is situated some way to the south of the main common (see Map 1).

The greater part of the site has been covered under surveys done by the Surrey Wildlife Trust as part of the SNCI project. The general description of this has been consulted for the purposes of the common land survey. Subsequently, the larger component only of the common has been selected as SNCI.

Additional target notes were made during a visit to the common and mapping of habitats has been done with reference to the Phase 1 (aerial photograph) survey of the county.

The majority of the common comprises semi-natural broadleaved woodland which in places gives way to a complex mosaic of scrub, bracken, scattered broadleaved trees and grassland. There is one large and three smaller ponds.

The closed woodland canopy comprises {\it Betula pendula} and {\it Quercus robur} with, to the east of the A217, {\it Fagus sylvatica}. Other trees/shrubs include {\it Fraxinus excelsior, Sorbus aucuparia, Crataegus monogyna, Ilex aquifolium, Sambucus nigra, Ulmus procera, Ulex europaeus, Acer pseudoplatanus} and {\it Rubus fruticosus} agg.

The woodland field layer is dominated by {\it Hedera helix} and {\it Pteridium aquilinum} with {\it R. fruticosus} agg., {\it Dryopteris filix-mas, Stachys sylvatica, Urtica dioica, Geum urbanum} and {\it Glechoma hederacea}.

The woodland to the east of the A217, although not of ancient origin, has a total of ten recorded ancient woodland indicator species. The most frequently-occurring of these are: {\it Hyacinthoides non-scripta, Ilex aquifolium, Festuca gigantea} and {\it Carex pendula}.

(1). Open grassland here is mainly a rather coarse semi-improved neutral sward with {\it Agrostis capillaris, Holcus lanatus, Arrhenatherum elatius, Dactylis glomerata, Stellaria graminea} and {\it Hypochaeris radicata}. Scattered scrub, broadleaved trees and fronds of {\it P. aquilinum} also present.

(2). Appears to be a transitional neutral/acidic sward with dominant/abundant {\it A. capillaris}, locally abundant {\it Rumex acetosella, R. acetosa, Galium saxatile} and {\it Holcus lanatus}, locally frequent {\it Potentilla erecta, Luzula campestris, Achillea millefolium} and {\it Centaurea nigra}, locally occasional {\it Hypochaeris radicata}, plus rare {\it Campanula rotundifolia} and {\it Lotus corniculatus}.

(3). Pond with marginal vegetation which includes {\it Juncus effusus, J. articulatus, Lycopus europaeus, Mentha aquatica, Ranunculus flammula, Eleocharis palustris, Bidens tripartita, Iris pseudacorus, Crassula helmsii, Typha latifolia} and {\it Glyceria} sp. Species noted within the open water were {\it Menyanthes trifoliata} and {\it Nymphaea} sp. (introduced variety). Sections of bare ground around lake margins caused by erosion from waterfowl/geese. Path around lake dominated by {\it Lolium perenne}.

There are a further three, much smaller ponds present on the common.

The small southern portion (Map 1) is one of three distinct fields at the eastern edge of CL 109. These are delineated by a series of defunct hedge-lines, represented by individual bushes/trees of {\it Crataegus monogyna} and {\it Salix capraea}. The grassland of the field is dominated mainly by {\it Arrhenatherum elatius} accompanied by species such as {\it Holcus mollis, Agrostis stolonifera} and {\it Dactylis glomerata}. These appear to be a series of old hay fields, possibly not cut for several years, and with no obvious signs of any grazing.

MANAGE:
The common is managed by the Banstead Commons Conservators. 

The common represents a valuable area of secondary woodland and scrub etc. in a rather built-up area. The more open scrub/grassland areas provide further local habitat diversity, the site as a whole having potential for a range of birds of woodland/scrub, small mammals and invertebrates. 

The site would benefit from a programme of selective scrub and bracken clearance to maintain the structural diversity of habitats. Ideally there should be a gradual transition from open grassland, through a band of scrub into the adjacent woodland.

Annual mowing of the grassland areas would also help to maintain and enhance the botanical diversity of the sward. However, areas of taller grassland should remain. Other grassland areas sould be cut once or twice a year, with the first cut in late summer to allow plants to set seed. Cut material should be raked off to prevent eutrophication of the sward and the cutting should be done on a rotational basis to maintain a continuity of taller grassland which is important for small mammals and invertebrate populations. The botanical composition of the grassland area may be suffering through eutrophication by dogs.

The main pond at present has plenty of open water and may have been cleared in fairly recent times. The presence of the introduced alien, {\it Crassula helmsii} is an unfortunate, although not uncommon feature of the ponds on Surrey's commons. 

UK Biodiversity Action Plan "Priority Habitats": "Lowland dry acidic grassland", plus certain types of standing water.


VEG:
This small common lies a little way to the north of the M23/M25 interchange in the district of Reigate and Banstead. The common has been covered under a survey undertaken by Surrey Wildlife Trust as part of the SNCI project, although the site was not subsequently selected as SNCI. This survey includes a general description of the site which is reproduced below. There was insufficient time to visit the common during the course of the present survey.

SNCI SURVEY GENERAL DESCRIPTION: "This site supports semi-natural broadleaved woodland with a canopy of oak, silver birch and occasional ash. The understorey includes frequent elder and hawthorn, with goat willow, hazel and holly. The ground flora includes bramble, rosebay willowherb and dog's mercury. Some clearance of storm-damaged oak has been carried-out. To the south-west, the site is more scrubby. There are fewer oaks in the canopy and elder, willow and hawthorns are more dense. Adjacent to Dean Lane, in the south of the site, there is a grassland area with abundant Yorkshire Fog and black knapweed. Creeping thistle, hogweed, agrimony and tufted vetch are also present".

MANAGE:
The only form of management appears to be the clearance of storm-damaged oak trees.


FAUNA:
Noted during the site visit were: robin, green woodpecker, nuthatch, wood pigeon.

VEG:
The common lies in the extreme north-eastern part of the county (Tandridge district). The major portion of the site has been surveyed by the SWT as part of the SNCI project and the greater part of this area has subsequently been selected as SNCI. This includes a general description which has been consulted for the purposes of the present survey. Various target notes were made while visiting the site. The northern tip of the common lies outside the pSNCI boundary, stretching southwards for 150m along the road to a point just to the south of the northernmost of two small ponds (approx grid ref. TQ 364 603). The area excluded from selection as SNCI comprises the eastern road verge to the south of here.

The common supports a variety of semi-improved neutral and acidic grasslands, but often the sward is of a transitional character. Neutral swards belong mainly within NVC type MG6 and have the dominant grasses: {\it Agrostis capillaris, Holcus lanatus} and {\it Festuca rubra}, plus locally frequent {\it Dactylis glomerata, Lolium perenne} and {\it Arrhenatherum elatius}. A range of forbs includes locally frequent {\it Rumex acetosa, Ranunculus repens, R. acris, Achillea millefolium, Leontodon autumnalis, Taraxacum officinale} agg., {\it Hypochaeris radicata} and {\it Trifolium pratense}, locally occasional {\it Lotus corniculatus, Heracleum sphondylium, Leucanthemum vulgare, Plantago lanceolata, Ornithogalum} sp., {\it Tragopogon pratensis} and {\it Pimpinella saxifraga} and rarely, {\it Odontites vernus}.  
 
The more acidic swards are characterised by the grasses {\it Agrostis capillaris, Festuca rubra} and {\it F. ovina}. Other associates include locally abundant {\it Galium saxatile}, plus the mosses {\it Rhytidiadelphus squarrosus} and {\it Pseudoscleropodium purum}, locally frequent {\it Campanula rotundifolia, Luzula campestris, Rumex acetosella} and {\it Potentilla erecta} and rarely, {\it Stachys officinalis}. This vegetation appears to be moving more towards a sward of NVC type U4. In one area, rare suppressed/very short plants of {\it Calluna vulgaris} were noted. Occasionally, small fronds of bracken {\it Pteridium aquilinum} were noted sprouting.

The open grasslands of the common have a number of scattered trees present: {\it Crataegus monogyna} (possibly naturally occurring) plus {\it Sorbus aucuparia, Prunus} sp. and {\it Acer pseudoplatanus} (possibly planted).

Grasslands further north on the common tend to be more-intensively cut amenity grassland.

The boundary of the common is generally formed by a hedge with trees. This includes trees/shrubs of {\it Crataegus monogyna, Quercus robur, Fraxinus excelsior, Ilex aquifolium, Populus tremula, Acer campestre} and {\it Corylus avellana}, The base of the hedge-line tends to have tall grassland also with locally abundant {\it Rubus fruticosus} agg. and {\it Pteridium aquilinum}. The trees of the hedgerow have to some extent colonised onto the edge of the open common, locally forming small blocks of scrub.

To the south-east lies a narrow strip of broadleaved woodland. The canopy comprises trees of {\it Quercus robur} and {\it Betula pendula} (with occasional large trees of {\it Fagus sylvatica} on the boundary-line). Much of the ground beneath the trees has been mown, but locally there is an extant shrub/field layer with {\it Rubus fruticosus} agg., {\it Ilex aquifolium, Pteridium aquilinum} and {\it Hyacinthoides non-scripta}.  

There are two small ponds on the common. The more southerly is shaded by three fairly large pollarded trees of {\it Populus x canadensis}. The open water has abundant {\it Lemna minor}, while the margins have locally abundant {\it Typha latifolia} and {\it Glyceria fluitans} plus locally occasional {\it Alisma plantago-aquatica, Juncus effusus} and {\it Iris pseudacorus}.

The northernmost pond has marginal vegetation that includes abundant {\it Menyanthes trifoliata}, locally abundant {\it Juncus inflexus} plus locally occasional {\it Iris pseudacorus, Typha latifolia} and {\it S. angustifolia}. Within the open water are locally abundant {\it Elodea canadensis} and rare {\it Myriophyllum} sp. Grassland on the banks of the pond has been closely mown and, next to the road, appears to be influenced by a calcareous substrate. Noted here were {\it Daucus carota, Poterium sanguisorba, Ononis} sp. (? {\it O. repens}), Anthyllis vulneraria} and {\it Centaurea scabiosa}.

MANAGE:
The common appears to have been formerly managed as open grazing land. The present management invlolves mowing of the grassland, although the precise cutting regime used is not known. Ideally, the cut grass should be raked-off. If it were left in-situ, the decaying plant remains would cause eutrophication of the soil and a consequent decline in species-diversity. In fact, the present semi-improved condition of the grassland is compatible with such a situation.

The grassland communities present, despite some degree of modification, are the main feature of nature conservation interest of the common. In particular, the occurrence of an acidic grassland away from the Weald is very unusual in the South-east of England. "Lowland acidic grassland" is one of the "Priority Habitats" of the UK Biodiversity Action Plan. As a consequence, management should be aimed at conserving this aspect of the common's vegetation. Overall, it may also be of benefit to encourage a more gradual transition from woodland/scrub areas to the open grassland in order to increase the structural diversity of habitats present.

Some of the trees present on the common are of planted origin and it is doubtful whether these can be viewed as an appropriate element of the grassland habitats. However, the hawthorns appear to have developed naturally after the cessation of grazing but before the current mowing regime.

Grassland areas to the north of the common tend to be cut more frequently by adjacent property-owners, with some areas having the appearance of formal lawns.


FAUNA:
Note during the site visit were: blue tit, wood pigeon, large white butterfly.

VEG:
The common lies in the extreme north-eastern portion of the county (Tandridge district). The whole site has been surveyed by Surrey Wildlife Trust as part of the SNCI project, although none of this area has subsequently been selected as SNCI. This includes a general description which has been consulted for the purposes of the present survey. Additional notes were made while visiting the site.

The common lies over Clay-with-flints which give rise to paleo-argillic brown earth soils. The main part of the common comprises a mosaic of generally species-poor neutral grassland, scattered bracken {\it Pteridium aquilinum}, scattered scrub and broadleaved trees.

This grassland appears to be periodically cut and is dominated by {\it Holcus lanatus} and {\it Agrostis capillaris}. Other associates include locally frequent {\it Rumex acetosa, Ranunculus repens, Trifolium repens, Lolium perenne, Dactylis glomerata} and {\it Arrhenetherum elatius}, locally occasional  {\it Heracleum sphondylium, Hypochaeris radicata, Plantago lanceolata} and {\it Lotus corniculatus}. Species of more localised or rare occurrence include {\it Achillea millefolium, Centaurea nigra, Tragopogon pratensis, Pimpinella saxifraga, Leontodon autumnalis, Campanula rotundifolia, Stachys officinalis, Galium saxatile, Odontites vernus} and {\it Medicago lupulina}. 

Alongside some of the rides were locally frequent/abundant {\it Lolium perenne, Plantago major, Polygonum aviculare} and {\it Matricaria matricarioides}. Locally there are patches of {\it Chamerion angustifolium}, particularly to the extreme north of the common. This vegetation appears to belong mainly within NVC type MG6.

The scattered scrub/trees include {\it Betula pendula, Quercus robur, Crataegus monogyna, Sambucus nigra, Fraxinus excelsior, Populus tremula, Prunus} sp., {\it Salix capraea} and rarely, {\it Salix alba}. Individual trees have been planted ({\it Alnus glutinosa, Fraxinus excelsior, Populus tremula, Quercus} sp. and {\it Acer pseudoplatanus}).

Further north the scrub/trees appear to be progressing to a woodland canopy of {\it Quercus robur} and {\it Betula pendula} over an undershrub layer of {\it Sambucus nigra, Crataegus monogyna, Rubus fruticosus} agg. and {\it Salix cinerea}.

The area to the south of the road is basically similar. Noted from grassland to the south-east: {\it Dactylis glomerata, Agrostis capillaris, Arrhenatherum elatius, Plantago lanceolata, Odontites vernus, Centaurea nigra, Polygonum aviculare, M. matricarioides, Rumex obtusifolius, Heracleum sphondylium, Cirsium arvense, Ranunculus repens, Trifolium pratense, Stellaria graminea} and {\it Artemisia vulgaris}. 

Grassland to the south-west of the car parking area is mainly dominated by {\it Agrostis capillaris} and {\it Festuca rubra} with {\it Hypochearis radicata} and {\it Rumex acetosella}.

A variety of hedgerows/marginal trees surround the common. Species noted include {\it C. monogyna, Fraxinus excelsior} (trees), {\it Sambucus nigra, Ulmus procera, Corylus avellana, Prunus spinosa} and {\it Quercus robur}.

MANAGE:
The common is thought to have been used for temporary grazing in the past. At present, the site appears to be managed by periodic mowing of the grassland, probably by the local authority. It is not known if the cut grass is raked-off, or if it is left in-situ. It may be that the latter situation exists, as this would account for the low species diversity and coarse structure of the grassland sward. 

To maximise the nature conservation potential of the site, cut grass should ideally be removed, as in making a hay crop, otherwise the grass litter will decompose and cause nutrient enrichment (ie. improvement) of the soil, with consequent decline in species diversity. However, it would be better if the cutting was spread over a period of a few weeks and if some areas were cut less frequently to allow areas of longer grass and scrub to persist. This would encourage the greatest possible structural diversity of the habitat, with an intricate mosaic of short and tall grass, grading to scrub/scattered trees and small areas of true woodland. 

There has been a natural encroachment of scrub and trees onto the site since the cessation of grazing - this process being accelerated by the apparent additional planting of trees on the common!


FAUNA:
Noted during the site visit were: robin, blue tit, green woodpecker, magpie, wood pigeon.

VEG:
The common comprises a small block of broadleaved woodland lying to the east of Warlingham (ie. Tandridge district). The site has been surveyed by Surrey Wildlife Trust as part of the SNCI project, although it was not subsequently selected as SNCI. This information includes a general description which has been consulted for the purposes of the common land survey. Additional target notes were made during a visit to the site.

The greater part of the common has a tree canopy dominated by {\it Quercus robur} (which include some large, mature trees), with occasional individuals of {\it Fraxinus excelsior} and, locally, {\it Prunus} sp. (these latter may be of planted origin and are possibly {\it P. avium}). To the north of the site the planted {\it Prunus} sp. trees are locally abundant, marking small areas of largely planted woodland. A well-developed shrub layer is present over most of the common and includes {\it Sambucus nigra, Corylus avellana, Crataegus monogyna} and {\it Ilex aquifolium}. Locally, to the north, were also noted saplings of {\it Acer pseudoplatanus}, occasional smallish trees of {\it Taxus baccata} and {\it Aesculus hippocastanum} with, elsewhere in the wood, undershrubs/saplings of {\it Sorbus aucuparia} and {\it Fagus sylvatica}. Locally the tree canopy appears to have been thinned by wind-throw and in these areas the shrub layer has become dense and well-developed.

The field layer of the wood contains locally abundant {\it Rubus fruticosus} agg., {\it Lonicera periclymenum} and {\it Pteridium aquilinum}. Other associates include: {\it Stachys sylvatica, Urtica dioica, Dryopteris filix-mas, Glechoma hederacea, Silene dioica, Galeopsis tetrahit, Chamerion angustifolium, Hyacinthoides non-scripta, Geranium robertianum, Stellaria holostea} and the moss {\it Atrichum undulatum}.

The woodland floor has abundant leaf litter and fallen branches of various sizes, plus occasional whole fallen/wind-thrown trees. 

Probable woodland type: NVC W10.

MANAGE:
The greater part of the common appears to have had no recent management. To the north, however, the canopy is locally formed from planted cherry trees. The purpose of this planting is not clear. Ideally, these should be thinned to encourage regeneration of native species. At the time of the site visit, some areas of the shrub layer, along the edge of the bridleway in the northern section of the common, had been recently cleared/thinned and a section surfaced with clinker.

Elsewhere, a number of wind-thrown trees which have fallen across paths have been cut-up and removed to the side (thus keeping the source of dead wood on-site, a potential habitat resource for fungi, dead-wood invertebrates and woodpeckers etc.). This natural process of thinning, possibly during the 1987 storms, has introduced an element of structural diversity to the woodland canopy, which may need to be maintained in the future by active management.

Although the site does not appear to be of particular botanical merit, it may form a refuge for some local wildlife and forms one element in a number of blocks of broadleaved woodland in the general locality.


FAUNA:
Noted during the site visit were: green woodpecker, grey squirrel, blackbird, robin, magpie.

VEG:
This common lies within the hamlet of Chelsham, lying to the east of Warlingham (Tandridge district).

Although the site is relatively small, it has an extremely complex mosaic of habitat types. The more open, central portions of the common support a diversity of grassland habitats. Toward the edges of the roads and elsewhere there is a rather impoverished/improved sward dominated variously by {\it Agrostis capillaris, A. stolonifera, Holcus lanatus} and {\it Lolium perenne}, plus, locally, {\it Dactylis glomerata}. Locally frequent/occasional forbs occurring in the more diverse areas include {\it Hypochaeris radicata, Plantago lanceolata, Ranunculus repens, Trifolium repens, Taraxacum officinale} agg., {\it Cerastium fontanum, Stellaria graminea} and {\it Centaurea nigra}.

Elsewhere there appears to be an acidic component to the grassland. These swards tend to be dominated by {\it A. capillaris} and {\it Festuca rubra} with locally frequent/abundant {\it Galium saxatile, Rumex acetosa, R. acetosella, H. radicata} and {\it Potentilla erecta}, locally occasional {\it Campanula rotundifolia} and {\it Luzula campestris}. Also noted: rare short plants of {\it Calluna vulgaris} (ie. very suppressed plants). 

Running south-westwards from the public house is a path which has tallish neutral grassland to either side. This comprises {\it Arrhenatherum elatius, Dactylis glomerata, Elytrigia repens, Festuca rubra, A. millefolium, Centaurea nigra, Cirsium arvense, Stellaria graminea, Heracleum sphondylium, Ranunculus repens, Trifolium pratense} and {\it Potentilla reptans}.

To the eastern end of the main triangle lies a small pond partially shaded by adjacent woodland. This has marginal stands of {\it Typha latifolia}, with locally abundant {\it Bidens cernua, Alopecurus geniculatus} and {\it Glyceria fluitans}, plus one small clump of {\it Iris pseudacorus}. The open water has locally frequent {\it Callitriche stagnalis} and {\it Elodea canadensis}, plus locally occasional {\it Myriophyllum} sp.  

There are several small blocks of broadleaved woodland. Canopy trees are mainly {\it Quercus robur}. The block adjacent to the pond also has occasional trees of {\it Acer pseudoplatanus} and {\it Betula pendula}. Undershrubs here include {\it Ilex aquifolium, Corylus avellana} and {\it Crataegus monogyna}, while the field layer includes {\it Rubus fruticosus} agg., {\it Lonicera periclymenum, Hedera helix} and {\it Agrostis stolonifera}.

MANAGE:
The open grassland of the common is probably managed by periodic mowing (local authority?). As already mentioned, much of the grassland is improved/semi-improved and of poor botanical diversity. The causes of this are likely to be eutrophication from dogs and the failure to remove cut grass.

Although in a rather semi-improved/suppressed state the occurrence of acidic grassland is of particular note. "Lowland acidic grassland" is one of the "Priority Habitats" of the UK Biodiversity Action Plan. It is unlikely that there would be any real possiblity of modifying the management or recreational regime to be more compatible with conserving/enhancing the grassland communities.

A small part of the grassland was, at the time of the site visit, being grazed by a tethered pony.

Small area of grassland, adjacent to a house, intensively mown (presumably by householder).  

The pond has seats provided next to it and is probably cleared of vegetation periodically to maintain open water.


FAUNA:
Noted during the site visit were: magpie, blue tit, robin, wood pigeon, blackbird, jay, green woodpecker and 7-spot ladybird {\it Coccinella 7-punctata}.

VEG:
The common lies to the east of Warlingham (Tandridge district). 

To the south of the B269 lie a number of enclosed fields (1) which support a mixture of semi-improved neutral grassland and tall ruderal species. Viewed from the road, the dominant grass appeared to be {\it Arrhenatherum elatius} with some {\it Holcus lanatus}. Ruderals noted include {\it Fallopia japonica, Urtica dioica, Cirsium} spp., {\it Rumex obtusifolius, Calystegia sepium, Reseda} sp. ({\it luteola/lutea}) and {\it Armoracia rusticana}. 

Along the southern edge of the road (2) runs a defunct hedge with trees, with a narrow verge of coarse neutral grassland/tall ruderals. The hedge includes {\it Acer pseudoplatanus, Crataegus monogyna, Quercus robur, Fagus sylvatica, Fraxinus excelsior, Salix capraea} and {\it Sambucus nigra}. 

To the west of here (3) lies an area of land which essentially forms a part of the gardens to Derwent House. A wooded strip lies toward the edge of the road, with several planted ornamental conifers present on the boundary.

On the other side of the road (4) from here lies a small block of broadleaved woodland with a canopy of {\it Acer pseudoplatanus} and {\it Fraxinus excelsior} (many multi-stemmed individuals), plus occasional {\it Fagus sylvatica, Quercus robur} and {\it Betula pendula}, and dominated elsewhere by {\it Q. robur}. The shrub layer includes {\it Crataegus monogyna} and {\it Sambucus nigra}, plus saplings of {\it Acer pseudoplatanus} and {\it F. excelsior}. The field layer contains {\it Hedera helix, Urtica dioica, Rubus fruticosus} agg. {\it Pteridium aquilinum} and locally, {\it Mercurialis perennis}. There is a fairly abundant layer of leaf litter, with small fallen twigs/branches, plus quite a number of fallen trees.

Further north lies another broadleaved woodland block (5), here dominated largely by {\it Fagus sylvatica} and {\it Q. robur} with occasional {\it Betula pendula}. The shrub layer appears to be dominated by {\it Corylus avellana, Crateagus monogyna, Sambucus nigra} and saplings of {\it A. pseudoplatanus}.

The remainder of the common appears to have been used as a rubbish tip in the fairly recent past. The least disturbed area is the narrow southern triangle (6). This supports a mosaic of dense bracken {\it Pteridium aquilinum} with scattered scrub and trees. Noted here were: frequent/abundant {\it Rubus fruticosus} agg., {\it Quercus robur, Crataegus monogyna, Betula pendula, Sorbus aucuparia, Corylus avellana, Malus} sp., {\it Acer campestre, Salix capraea, A. pseudoplatanus, Rubus fruticosus} agg., plus occasional/frequent {\it Chamerion angustifolium}, locally frequent {\it Urtica dioica} and, beneath some trees, locally occasional {\it Hyacinthoides non-scripta} and {\it Silene dioica}.

To the north of here (7) lies a more open area with only scattered bushes of {\it C. monogyna} and {\it Salix} spp.  This area effectively comprises a sward of coarse neutral grassland and tall ruderals. These include frequent/abundant {\it Agrostis capillaris}, locally abundant {\it Chamerion angustifolium, Fallopia japonica, Rubus fruticosus} agg. and {\it Melilotus altissima}, plus locally frequent {\it Epilobium hirsutum, Trifolium repens, Odontites vernus, Pastinaca sativa, Lotus corniculatus, Tussilago farfara, Leucanthemum vulgare, Achillea millefolium, Armoracia rusticana, Potentilla reptans, Convolvolus arvensis} and {\it Symphitum} sp. (? {\it S. x uplandicum}), plus locally occasional {\it Hypericum hirsutum, Medicago lupulina, Senecio jacobaea} and {\it Dipsacus fullonum}.

The area to the north of here appears to be the most-recently tipped-on (8), and is partly fenced from the remainder of the site. The mix of species is somewhat similar to (7), but without the scattered scrub. {\it Arrhenatherum elatius} is locally abundant. Other forbs noted include {\it Lathyrus latifolius} and {\it Galega officinalis}.

MANAGE:
A significant portion of the common has been used as landfill in the recent past. This area has probably been capped with topsoil (and seeded?), and now supports a fairly diverse vegetation sward, with several species which were only infrequently encountered on other Surrey commons.

The blocks of broadleaved woodland appear generally to be unmanaged. However, it has already been noted that the small block in front of Derwent House, effectively forms a part of the private gardens to this property.

The enclosed fields to the south of the B269 are deliniated by internal boundaries which probably pre-date the registration of common land. There is periodic grazing by horses on some parts.

The site is worth further detailed botanical survey as it may support other weed/ephemeral/ruderal species.

Note that there is a burnt-out car standing near to the path on the north-eastern edge of the common. There is quite a lot of dumped rubbish (including garden waste) along the minor road to the north of the common. Indeed, during the site visit, a car was observed to pull into a small lay-by, from where the occupant got out and threw a load of waste cardboard onto the common!


FAUNA:
Noted during the site visit were: robin, green woodpecker.

VEG:
The common lies in the district of Tandridge and forms the verges of a short stretch of the B269. These verges support a mosaic of habitats which include coarse neutral grassland, tall ruderal species, plus scrub and regenerating broadleaved trees - turning to true broadleaved woodland in places.

The grassland/ruderals contain: {\it Arrhenatherum elatius, Holcus lanatus, Urtica dioica, Cirsium arvense, Sonchus} spp., {\it Hercaleum sphondylium, Cirsium vulgare, Lamium album, Rumex obtusifolius, Centaurea nigra, Dactylis glomerata, Matricaria matricarioides, Potentilla anserina, Plantago lanceolata, Achillea millefolium, Sisymbrium officinale, Alliaria petiolata, Polygonum aviculare, Chenopodium} sp., {\it Sonchus oleraceus, S. asper, S. arvensis, Lapsana communis} and {\it Glechoma hederacea}.

The scrub/woodland includes: {\it Quercus robur, Crateagus monogyna, Prunus spinosa, Fagus sylvatica} (rare), {\it Fraxinus excelsior, Corylus avellana, Acer pseudoplatanus, Betula pendula, Ilex aquifolium} and {\it Sambucus nigra}. The field layer of these habitats tends to be dominated by {\it Rubus fruticosus} agg., {\it Glechoma hederacea, Urtica dioica} and, locally, {\it Pteridium aquilinum}.

MANAGE:
The common appears largely unmanaged at present. There may be periodic clearance of scrub/trees to maintain visibility for drivers along the road.


FAUNA:
Noted during the site visit were: wren, blue tit, robin and rabbit.

VEG:
The common comprises a small block of secodary broadleaved woodland lying to the east of Warlingham (Tandridge district). Most of the common lies within a larger area which has been surveyed by Surrey Wildlife Trust as part of the SNCI project, although none of this has subsequently been selected as SNCI. This includes a general description which has been consulted for the purposes of the common land survey. The following account is based on fieldwork undertaken during the course of the present survey, viewing the common from along the footpath to the east and the marginal roads.

The woodland canopy is generally dominated by {\it Betula pendula}, with occasional trees of {\it Quercus robur} and rarely, {\it Fraxinus excelsior} and {\it Fagus sylvatica}. In the south-eastern corner, {\it Acer pseudoplatanus} is the canopy dominant. The undershrub layer includes {\it Crataegus monogyna}, saplings of {\it Acer pseudoplatanus, Corylus avellana, Sambucus nigra} and, less commonly, {\it Acer campestre, Ilex aquifolium} and {\it Sorbus aucuparia}. The field layer is characterised by {\it Hedera helix, Rubus fruticosus} agg. and {\it Lonicera periclymenum}, with locally frequent {\it Urtica dioica, Pteridium aquilinum} and {\it Mercurialis perennis}, plus locally occasional {\it Dryopteris filix-mas, Hyacinthoides non-scripta} and {\it Geranium robertianum}.

The northern edge of the common has a scrubby margin to the woodland. This area is characterised by a mixture of {\it Crataegus monogyna, Quercus robur, Betula pendula, Sambucus nigra, Corylus avellana, Acer pseudoplatanus, Urtica dioica, Rubus fruticosus} agg., {\it Heracleum sphondylium, Pteridium aquilinum} and {\it Chamerion angustifolium}

There is a well-developed leaf litter layer on the woodland floor, with quite abundant fallen timber/branches of various sizes, including whole trees of {\it B. pendula}.

Note two small areas of amenity grassland at the edge of the common, mown by the owners of adjacent properties.

MANAGE:
The common appears unmanaged at present. There may have been some woodland clearence along the northern section in the recent past.

Forms one of a mosaic of blocks of broadleaved woodland in this part of the county.


VEG:
The common lies in Tandridge district on the outskirts of the village of Tatsfield. Most of the common has the appearance of a village green, comprising a sward of mown amenity grassland and planted ornamental trees at varying stages of maturity - mainly in roadside avenues. These include {\it Castanea sativa, Acer pseudoplatanus, Tilia} sp., {\it Betula} sp., {\it Prunus} sp. and {\it Acer platanoides}.

Along the south-western boundary of the common lies a somewhat defunct hedge with mature trees ({\it Q. robur}) at the edge of the road. Other trees/shrubs include {\it Fraxinus excelsior, Corylus avellana, Rosa canina, Prunus spinosa, Rubus fruticosus} agg., {\it Crataegus monogyna, Acer campestre} and {\it Ilex aquifolium}. Species noted along the base of the hedge were: {\it Pteridium aquilinum, Solanum dulcamara, Heracleum sphondylium, Lamium album, Glechoma hederacea, Elytrigia repens, Dactylis glomerata, Polygonum aviculare, Agrostis stolonifera, Taraxacum officinale} agg., {\it Holcus lanatus} and {\it Picris echioides}.   

There is a small pond on the common which is frequented by feral ducks. This is sparsely-vegetated as a consequence. There are several large clumps of {\it Iris pseudacorus} and a vegetative {\it Carex} sp. (? {\it C. acutiformis}), occasional stands of {\it Juncus inflexus} and rare plants of {\it Typha latifolia} and {\it Alisma plantago-aquatica}.

On the other side of the road from here is a small triangular plot which has ornamental flower beds.

MANAGE:
The common is managed as a formal mown amenity area, presumably by the local authority. The site appears to have no nature conservation interest.


FAUNA:
Noted during the site visit were: wood pigeon, plus speckled wood and large white butterflies.

VEG:
The common comprises several parcels of land on the edge of the village of Tatsfield, situated in the extrene north-eastern part of the county (Tandridge district).

Much of the common comprises amenity grassland mown with varying frequency. The two larger southernmost blocks have marginal avenues of planted ornamental trees of varying maturity: {\it Tilia} sp., {\it Acer pseudoplatanus, Platanus x hispanica} and {\it Aesculus hippocastanum}.

A narrow strip of the common runs along Rag Hill Road. At its western end this comprises a narrow strip of planted broadleaved woodland (ie. {\it Tilia} sp.) with other, probably self-sown trees/undershrubs: {\it Acer pseudoplatanus, Corylus avellana, Sambucus nigra, Prunus spinosa} and {\it Crataegus monogyna}. To the east this gives way to a rather defunct hedge with tall trees of {\it Quercus robur} accompanied by {\it C. monogyna, Ilex aquifolium} and {\it C. avellana}.

The final significant habitat area is a block of broadleaved woodland which lies on a steep west-facing slope. The majority of this is rather open in character, probably due to wind-throw of canopy trees in the past. The exisiting canopy comprises tall trees of {\it Fraxinus excelsior} and {\it Fagus sylvatica}, with an occasional individual of {\it Quercus robur}. The wood is even more open further to the south, with locally abundant regenerating saplings of {\it Fraxinus excelsior} and {\it Betula pendula}. The undershrub layer elsewhere contains {\it Corylus avellana} (incl. some which have been infrequently coppiced), {\it Ilex aquifolium, Sambucus nigra, Lonicera periclymenum, Rubus fruticosus} agg., {\it Crataegus monogyna}, plus regenerating trees of {\it Acer pseudoplatanus} and {\it F. excelsior}. The field layer includes {\it Urtica dioica, Ranunculus repens, Stachys sylvatica, Geum urbanum, Hedera helix, Melica uniflora, Geranium robertianum, Hyacinthoides non-scripta} and {\it Festuca gigantea}.

MANAGE:
The common is largely managed as a public open space. Various parts are mown with varying frequency.

The block of woodland appears to have some potential for nature conservation, although the extensive network of paths/rides may be causing disturbance/eutrophication. There is also some dumping of garden rubbish within this area and elsewhere on the common.


FAUNA:
Noted during the site visit were: blackbird, wood pigeon, blue tit, grey squirrel.

VEG:
The common has the character of a village green, situated at Hurst Green in the eastern part of the county (Tandridge district).

Most of the site comprises areas of formally mown amenity grassland. These have been dissected into several parcels by the roads that cross the site (mainly excluded from the registration). A number of established broadleaved trees occur on various parts of the common. This includes one portion with several large trees of {\it Crataegus monogyna} plus, elsewhere, {\it Acer campestre, Acer} sp., {\it Quercus robur, Ilex aquifolium} and {\it Aesculus hippocastanum} plus, in one area, {\it Pinus sylvestris}.

In the north-east is an area of scrub and trees. This includes {\it Crataegus monogyna, Prunus spinosa, Betula pendula, Acer pseudoplatanus, Carpinus betulus} (planted saplings), {\it Salix fragilis, S. cinerea, Sambucus nigra, Fraxinus excelsior, Rubus fruticosus} agg. and {\it Populus alba}.

Coarse grassland/tall ruderal vegetation adjacent to a dried-up pond includes {\it Arrhenatherum elatius, Dactylis glomerata, Polygonum aviculare, Holcus lanatus, Urtica dioica, Cirsium arvense, Symphitum} sp., {\it Elytrigia repens, Lotus pedunculatus, Epilobium hirsutum, E. parviflorum} and {\it Ranunculus repens}.

Base of former pond is wet in places and dominated by {\it Glyceria fluitans}.

MANAGE:
The common is maintained as if it were a village green, with regular mowing of amenity grassland. A number of ornamental trees are maintained, with some recent plantings noted. The stand of large hawthorns may pre-date the use of the common as an amenity area following extensive housing development in the locality.

The site has amenity/landscape value for the local comminity, but has no apparent value for nature conservation. Part is used as a railway station car park. Extensive dumping of garden rubbish in scrubby area.


FAUNA:
Noted during the sit visit were: nuthatch, wood pigeon.

VEG:
The common lies to the east of the county, south of Oxted (Tandridge district).

The site has the general appearance of a village green, primarily comprising mown amenity grassland. This appears to be of limited botanical interest and dominated by species such as {\it Holcus lanatus, Dactylis glomerata, Festuca rubra} and {\it Agrostis} spp. Common herbs include {\it Rumex acetosa, Heracleum sphondylium, Achillea millefolium, Centaurea nigra, Hypochaeris radicata} plus, in one area, {\it Pimpinella saxifraga} and {\it Ranunculus acris}.

Locally there are areas of uncut grassland, for example at the margins of the site, and also running along ditches at the roadside edges. These include additional grasses and herbs such as {\it Arrhenatherum elatius, Deschampsia cespitosa, Plantago lanceolata, Leontodon autumnalis, Potentilla anserina, Trifolium pratense, Rumex obtusifolius, Urtica dioica, Senecio jacobaea} and {\it Calystegia sepium}.

Occasional scattered trees across the common include {\it Quercus robur, Crataegus monogyna} and {\it Fraxinus exelsior}. These are especially frequent in the north-western portion of the common, suggesting that this area may have formerly been woodland. 

Adjacent to the western edge is an area of dense scrub/trees and tall ruderals etc. which includes {\it Populus} sp., {\it Salix fragilis, Rosa canina, C. monogyna, F. excelsior, Castanea sativa, Corylus avellana, Aesculus hippocastanum, Sambucus nigra, Calystegia sepium, Urtica dioica, Epilobium hirsutum, Hedera helix} and {\it Heracleum sphondylium}.

The eastern arm of the common is fringed by overgrown hedges with trees. These include several large mature trees of {\it Salix fragilis}, plus {\it F. excelsior, C. monogyna} and {\it Quercus robur}.

MANAGE:
The common is maintained by mowing of the grassland, with the cut material being left {\it in situ}. In order to maintain, or possibly enhance the botanical interest of the grassland, cut grass should be removed to counteract eutrophication of the sward. It may also be feasible to cut some areas less frequently to create a more diverse array of sward heights. Suitable areas may include ditches, the site margins, adjacent to the area of scrub and beneath the area with frequent trees. 

There are a number of mature trees of various types on the common and these represent further local nature conservation potential.


FAUNA:
Noted during the site visit were: nuthatch, blue tit, wood pigeon.

VEG:
The common lies in the far-eastern part of the county, to the south of Limpsfield (Tandridge district). Most of the common is coincident with a site which has been surveyed by Surrey Wildlife Trust as part of the SNCI project. This includes a general description which has been consulted for the purposes of the common land survey. All of this area has subsequently been selected as SNCI. Target notes made during a visit to the site.

The common is largely wooded, with that to the west of Merle Common Road being shown in the Surrey Ancient Woodland Inventory.

(1). Narrow strip of broadleaved woodland with a canopy of {\it Quercus robur} plus occasional individuals of {\it Betula} sp., {\it Fagus sylvatica, Fraxinus excelsior} and {\it Castanea sativa}. Shrub layer includes {\it F. excelsior, Ilex aquifolium, Lonicera periclymenum, Populus tremula, Carpinus betulus, Salix cinerea, Corylus avellana} and {\it C. sativa}. Field layer includes {\it Rubus fruticosus} agg., {\it Glechoma haderacea, Pteridium aquilinum} and {\it Hedera helix}.

(2). Main block of ancient woodland. Central area comprises mature canopy of {\it Fagus sylvatica} (some multi-stemmed). Occasional individuals of {\it Carpinus betulus, Quercus robur} and rare {\it Betula pendula}. Shrub layer sparse with {\it Corylus avellana, F. sylvatica} (saplings), {\it Ilex aquifolium, C. betulus} and rare {\it Taxus baccata}. Field layer fairly sparse with {\it R. fruticosus} agg., {\it Hedera helix, Hyacinthoides non-scripta} and abundant leaf litter.

Small area to north with regenerating {\it Acer pseudoplatanus}. Locally frequent {\it Impatiens parviflora, Circaea lutetiana} and {\it Urtica dioica}.

(3). Main area of Merle Common has a secondary woodland stand. The canopy is largely dominated by {\it Quercus robur} with occasional and locally abundant {\it Carpinus betulus}, plus occasional {\it Betula pendula} and {\it Fagus sylvatica}. The shrub layer is generally well-developed and includes {\it Ilex aquifolium} and {\it Crataegus monogyna}, plus rare {\it T. baccata} and {\it Crataegus} sp. ({\it C. laevigata} or the hybrid with {\it C. monogyna}). Field layer with {\it R. fruticosus} agg., {\it Hedera helix, Hyacinthoides non-scripta, Lonicera periclymenum} and {\it Pteridium aquilinum} plus occasional {\it Dryopteris filix-mas, Circaea lutetiana, Urtica dioica, Stachys sylvatica, Geum urbanum, Glechoma hederacea, Carex sylvatica} and {\it Geranium robertianum}.

To the extreme south of this area is a canopy of mature {\it Fagus sylvatica} with occasional {\it Quercus robur, F. excelsior} and {\it C. betulus}. Shrub layer of frequent {\it Ilex aquifolium}. Woodland bryophytes noted: {\it Atrichum undulatum, Mnium hornum} and {\it Eurynchium praelongum}.

(4). Open area with mown grassland. Dominated by {\it Agrostis capillaris} with frequent {\it Festuca rubra}, locally frequent {\it Holcus lanatus} and occasional {\it Dactylis glomerata}. Associated herbs include locally frequent {\it Achillea millefolium, Hypochaeris radicata, Centaurea nigra, Leontodon autumnalis, Ranunculus repens} and {\it Trifolium repens}, locally occasional {\it Heracleum sphondylium, Pimpinella saxifraga} and ? {\it Ornithogalum} sp.

Tiny pond with dense stand of {\it Typha latifolia}.

(5). Small triangular road island. Part is wooded: {\it Q. robur} canopy with shrub layer of {\it C. betulus}. Field layer includes {\it Hedera helix, Brachypodium sylvaticum, Sanicula europaea, Stachys sylvatica, Geum urbanum, Euphorbia} sp., {\it Stellaria holostea, Viola riviniana, Fragaria vesca} and {\it Solidago virgaurea}. This adjoins periodically mown neutral grassland with quite a diversity of species: {\it Holcus lanatus, Stachys officinalis, Silene dioica, Lotus corniculatus, Plantago lanceolata, Ranunculus acris, Centaurea nigra, Cirsium palustre, Heracleum sphondylium} and {\it Juncus effusus}.

MANAGE:
The woodland upon most of this site is probably of secondary origin over former open grazing land. There are no signs of current woodland management. Woodland to the west of Merle Common Road forms part of the Little and Great Earls Wood complex (Woodland Trust).

The area of open grassland is periodically mown. This appears to retain quite a diverse species composition. Ideally mowing of this vegetation should only be done once or twice a year, after mid-summer (to allow seed dispersal) and the cut grass removed to present eutrophication of the sward. The small road island appears also to be botanically quite diverse.

It may be appropriate to manage the secondary woodland area to encourage a more structurally diverse mosaic of woodland, scrub and grassland habitat. This would optimise the range of habitat niches available to birds, small mammals and invertebrates and should incorporate unmanaged nuclei of more mature blocks of woodland. Possibly some clearance of sycamore if this is considered appropriate.

The pond needs clearing of some of the {\it Typha}, although it is probably too small to have any significant nature conservation potential.


FAUNA:
Noted during the site visit were: semi-domesticated ducks on the pond.

VEG:
This common lies in the village of Godstone (Tandridge district). The main portion, together with the two adjacent smaller portions are all managed as open public space and have the appearance of a village green. At the edges of the mown grassland are marginal avenues of ornamental trees of varying age (some apparently planted to replace individuals lost during the 1897 storm). Tree species present are {\it Aesculus hippocastanum} and {\it Tilia} sp.

A small pond in the south-eastern corner is of no botanical interest. This is badly eutrophicated, as it is home to numerous semi-domesticated ducks (with accommodation provided on a small island, which also supports a tree of {\it Salix} sp. - "weeping variety"). The edge of the pond itself is brick-lined, needing a ramp to allow the ducks to get out. The open water has locally abundant {\it Lemna minor}. There is very little marginal vegetation, with one area of {\it Persicaria maculosa} noted, plus a weedy clump of {\it Iris pseudacorus}.

Most of the main portion of the common has been designated as SNCI. This is due to the presence of plant species considered to be county rarities, occurring on the cricket outfield (identified by Surrey Flora Recorder).

MANAGE:
The common is managed by the local authority and the site clearly forms an important local recreational facility. Several trees lost during the 1987 storms have been replaced, while one of the stumps of a fallen horse chestnut tree has been carved into a seat. The common has no conservation value.


FAUNA:
Noted during the site visit were: wren, green woodpecker, wood pigeon, jay, magpie.

VEG:
The common lies south of Godstone, in the eastern part of the county (Tandridge District). Most of the site comprises secondary broadleaved woodland. This is quite varied in structure, with a canopy dominated primarily by {\it Quercus robur} and {\it Betula pendula}. Also present are occasional trees of {\it Acer pseudoplatanus} (locally dominant), {\it Fagus sylvatica, Taxus baccata} and {\it Castanea sativa}. The shrub layer is locally well-developed and includes {\it Corylus avellana, Prunus laurocerasus, Sorbus aucuparia, Sorbus aria, Sambucus nigra, Ilex aquifolium, Frangula alnus, Crataegus monogyna} and saplings of {\it Populus tremula}. 

The field layer supports locally abundant {\it Pteridium aquilinum, Rubus fruticosus} agg., {\it Lonicera periclymenum} locally frequent {\it Teucrium scorodonia, Circaea lutetiana, Hedera helix} and, in one area, {\it Mercurialis perennis} plus, locally occasional {\it Hyacinthoides non-scripta, Dryopteris dilatata, D. filix-mas} and {\it Scrophularia nodosa}. Brypohytes noted: locally abundant {\it Atrichum undulatum, Dicranum scoparium} and {\it Hypnum cupressiforme}. In addition, locally frequent fallen dead trees of {\it B. pendula} were noted, plus a general abundance of leaf litter.

Some parts of the wood appear to have a rather open canopy with only scattered mature {\it Q. robur} and {\it B. pendula} trees remaining. These may date to the 1987 storm. Often these areas are dominated by {\it P. aquilinum/R. fruticosus} agg. etc. often also with sapling {\it B. pendula/B. pubescens}. Seedling {\it Calluna vulgaris} was also noted in one such area. These clearings appear to have had most of the larger fallen timber cleared-up and removed, but still retain abundant small-sized material. Most of the woodland on this common appears to have affinities with NVC type W10.

To the south of the common, adjacent to the road, lies a small disued quarry. Here lies a small stand of (? planted) mature {\it Pinus sylvestris} and one individual of {\it Aesculus hippocastanum}. The main tree on the old quarry faces and adjacent slopes is {\it A. pseudoplatanus}, with occasional {\it F. excelsior, C. sativa} and {\it F. sylvatica}. The shrub/field layer includes {\it Sambucus nigra, C. monogyna, Ilex aquifolium, R. fruticosus} agg., {\it S. aucuparia} and {\it Urtica dioica}.

To the north-east of the common lies an area of abandoned industrial workings. This is now overgrown with abundant {\it Buddleja} sp., {\it Sambucus nigra, Salix} spp., sapling {\it Acer pseudoplatanus} and {\it Betula} spp. Beneath this is a dense growth of {\it Urtica dioica, Impatiens parviflora} and {\it Pteridium aquilinum}.

MANAGE:
The greater part of the site appears to have a very low level of management. There may have been some clearance of windthrown trees following the 1987 storm. A policy of non-intervention is probably the best management strategy.

Land to the north of the common, adjacent to the houses lying within the excluded portion, is 'managed' by the householders. This includes some gardening (including a small 'allotment'), ornamental shrubs (including {\it Prunus laurocerasus}), with odd corners used for tipping garden rubbish and sprouting dense stands of tall ruderal species.

Adjacent to one of the roads: tipping of old chippings/plastic rubbish etc.


FAUNA:
Noted during the site visit were: green woodpecker, blue tit, magpie, robin, large white and gatekeeper butterflies plus a fox.

The common is situated within a much larger site, known as the "Holmthorpe Sandpits Complex", which has been designated SNCI. This is a series of former Fullers Earth workings that have a well-recorded avifauna.

VEG:
The common lies to the south of Merstham in the district of Tandridge. The greater part of the site comprises a sward of rather semi-improved neutral grassland of various types.

To the north-east of the road crossing the common (1) there is a mixture of a short turf grazed by tethered horses, with a coarser, taller sward elsewhere. This latter comprises around 25 per cent of the total and is dominated by {\it Arrhenatherum elatius} with frequent {\it Cirsium arvense} and {\it Cirsium vulgare}, locally frequent {\it Agrostis capillaris, A. stolonifera, Plantago lanceolata, Ranunculus acris, Achillea millefolium, Dactylis glomerata} and {\it Heracleum sphondylium}, plus locally occasional {\it Senecio jacobaea} and {\it Rubus fruticosus} agg. (NVC type MG1). 

The shorter, grazed sward (i.e. 75 per cent) is dominated by {\it Agrostis capillaris} with frequent/abundant {\it Festuca rubra} and {\it Holcus lanatus}, locally abundant {\it Rhytidiadelphus squarrosus}, plus occasional/frequent {\it Senecio jacobaea, Achillea millefolium, Centaurea nigra, Cerastium fontanum, Plantago lanceolata, Rumex acetosa, Luzula campestris} and {\it Carex hirta} (NVC type MG5/MG6?). Locally this turf is quite heavily rabbit-grazed and is looking rather bare. Some of the shortest turf has locally abundant {\it Pilosella officinarum} and {\it Hypochaeris radicata}, plus locally frequent {\it Plantago major}. 

To the north of this area runs a drain, although this is not an obvious feature. A new hedge has been planted along the boundary against the country park, comprising {\it Fraxinus excelsior, Crataegus monogyna, Crataegus sp. (? {\it C. laevigata} or hybrid), {\it Acer campestre, Corylus avellana} and {\it Ulmus} sp.

A further drain crosses the centre of this north-eastern section. This is fringed with the taller grassland. Also noted were occasional bushes of {\it Prunus spinosa} plus individuals of {\it Sonchus asper} and {\it Artemisia vulgaris}. 

The main body of grassland to the south-west of the road (2) also comprises a mixture of the short horse-grazed turf (90 per cent) and tall (10 per cent) grassland types (this mostly at the edges). The mosses {\it Pseudoscleropodium purum} and {\it Rhytidiadelphus squarrosus} are both locally abundant. The path running from the road to the cottages in the south-western corner is severely flattened by vehicles which are regularly driven across the common. 

Along the western edge of here runs a band of coarser grassland and tall ruderals (mainly {\it Urtica dioica}). This boundary comprises a well-maintained hedge of {\it Crataegus monogyna} and {\it Prunus spinosa} with some boundary trees - mainly {\it Quercus} sp., plus occasional {\it Fraxinus excelsior}.

To the north of the drain (3) lies an ungrazed, overgrown area which has a mosaic of coarse neutral grassland, tall ruderals and scattered scrub. This includes {\it A. elatius, Urtica dioica, Heracleum sphondylium, Cirsium} spp., {\it Chamerion angustifolium, Lamium album, Crataegus monogyna, Sambucus nigra, Salix} sp. and {\it Senecio jacobaea}. Noted along overgrown drain: {\it Mentha} sp.

A band of tall ruderals (mostly dense {\it Urtica dioica}) continues along the southern edge of the common, with scattered scrub of {\it Crataegus monogyna} and {\it Rubus fruticosus} agg.

In the south-eastern corner of the common lies an interesting small pond. This has marginal species which include {\it Sparganium erectum, Iris pseudacorus, Alisma plantago-aquatica, Epilobium hirsutum, Lysimachia nummularia, Ranunculus flammula, Stachys palustris, Sagittaria sagittifolia, Myosotis} sp., {\it Juncus articulatus, Glyceria} sp., {\it Mimulus} sp., {\it Menyanthes trifoliata, Eleocharis palustris, Typha angustifolia} and, in the open water itself, locally occasional {\it Nymphaea alba} and abundant {\it Elodea canadensis}. The pond is fringed with a band of overgrown neutral grass/tall ruderals, plus a variety of shrubs/trees which include: {\it Salix alba, S. fragilis, S. cinerea, S. viminalis, Populus x canadensis, Prunus} sp., {\it Alnus glutinosa} and {\it Acer campestre}.

MANAGE:
Parts of the grassland on the common are periodically grazed by tethered horses. Overall levels appear to be light-moderate and this activity is seen as beneficial as maintaining the grassland sward. However, this vegetation as a whole appears to be of relatively limited species-diversity. Some areas are also heavily-grazed by rabbits. The tall grassland may represent a potential habitat resource for small mammals, while the marginal hedges and trees may be locally important for some birds.

On the southern section there has been extensive flattening of the grassland by vehicles been driven across the common. This may represent a threat to the quality of the site.

The pond appears to be maintained by the public house and has quite a diverse flora. 

The cricket ground is still maintained as such, with a small pavilion present on the common.


FAUNA:
Noted during the site visit were: magpie, nuthatch, jackdaw, jay, robin, blue tit, wood pigeon, flock of goldfinches, carrion crow, grey squirrel.

VEG:
The common lies to the SE of Reigate and forms a part of the National Trust "Harewoods Estate" (Tandridge district). In addition, the greater part of the site has been selected as SNCI (see references).

Most of the common comprises semi-natural broadleaved woodland, the majority of which has been highlighted in the Surrey Ancient Woodland Inventory (NCC, 1988). A small area of woodland to the south of the cricket pitch is not so highlighted. The common also includes a variety of grassland habitats.

The woodland canopy is mainly dominated by trees of {\it Quercus robur} and {\it Fraxinus excelsior}, with local {\it Carpinus betulus}. The shrub layer includes {\it Crataegus monogyna} (with some tall specimens), {\it Ilex aquifolium, Acer campestre} and {\it Carpinus betulus} (some as coppice).  Also noted was a single tree of {\it Crataegus} sp. (fruit with single style, but leaves not deeply dissected - possibly {\it C. laevigata}).

The field layer is characterised by {\it Rubus fruticosus} agg. and {\it Hedera helix} with locally frequent {\it Lonicera periclymenum, Pteridium aquilinum, Circaea lutetiana, Dryopteris dilatata, D. filix-mas, Silene dioica, Glechoma hederacea, Mercurialis perennis, Geum urbanum, Urtica dioica} and {\it Geranium robertianum}.

Abundant leaf litter and fallen branches etc. Bryophytes noted: {\it Atrichum undulatum, Eurynchium praelongum} and {\it Minum hornum}.

The "ancient" woodland also has a number of large, mature, open-grown trees of {\it Q. robur} (several of these marked individually on the habitat map). Such trees appear to be absent from the "younger" woodland to the south of the cricket pitch, although several mature trees of {\it Aesculus hippocastanum} occur on the boundary of the common at this point.

At GR TQ 318 462 there is a large pond which has recently been cleared of vegetation and surrounding trees have been cut-back. The ground surrounding the pond is still very disturbed. Open water supports growth of {\it Lemna} sp., but there is as yet very little recovery of marginal vegetation - locally occasional {\it Scrophularia aquatica} noted.

To the north of here a ride has been cut beneath a power line and this vegetation of coarse grassland with scattered trees and scrub continues northwards along a woodland track. A further large oak tree stands adjacent to the track in this open area.

At the eastern end of the common lies a range of grassland communities. Part is regularly cut as amenity grassland, with further areas of less frequently-cut neutral grassland dominated by {\it Agrostis capillaris}. Other associates of this vegetation include occasional/frequent {\it Achillea millefolium} and {\it Centaurea nigra}, locally abundant {\it Lotus corniculatus} and {\it Holcus lanatus}, locally frequent {\it Ranunculus repens, Stellaria graminea, Pimpinella saxifraga, Potentilla reptans} and {\it Rumex acetosa}, locally occasional {\it Leontodon autumnalis, Hypochaeris radicata, Achillea ptarmica} and {\it Dactylis glomerata}. 


There is a further area of neutral grassland forming a verge (including a ditch) alongside Brickfield Road. Additional species noted from along here were:  {\it Prunella vulgaris, Plantago lanceolata, Festuca rubra, F. arundinacea, Agrimonia eupatoria, Trifolium pratense, Pulicaria dysenterica, Lysimachia nummularia, Senecio jacobaea, Juncus inflexus} and {\it Odontites vernus}.

Scrub and scattered trees present in this part of the site contain {\it Crataegus monogyna, Acer pseudoplatanus, Quercus robur, Sambucus nigra, Salix cinerea, Aesculus hippocastanum} (planted) and {\it Populus x canadensis}.

To the far western side of the common there is a further discrete area of open neutral grassland. This is again dominated by {\it A. capillaris} with locally abundant {\it Glechoma hederacea}, locally frequent {\it Pulicaria dysenterica} and {\it Odontites vernus}, occasional/frequent {\it Ranunculus repens, Centaurea nigra} and {\it Potentilla reptans}, locally frequent {\it Dactylis glomerata, Arrhenetherum elatius, Holcus lanatus, Pimpinella saxifraga, Ranunculus acris, Rumex acetosa, Stellaria graminea, R. fruticosus} agg. and {\it Cerastium fontanum} locally occasional {\it Cirsium vulgare, C. palustre, Agrimonia eupatoria, Medicago lupulina, Achillea millefolium, A. ptarmica, Senecio jacobaea} and {\it Lotus pedunculatus}, plus rare {\it Deschampsia cespitosa}.

The most diverse sward appears to be in the south-western part of this area, adjacent to the road junction. Elsewhere there are patches of {\it Urtica dioica} and {\it Cirsium arvense} developing, with scattered trees of {\it Q. robur} also present - including a row alongside the road.

To the north of this area lies a small pond surrounded by dense scrub of {\it Sambucus nigra, Salix cinerea, Ulmus} sp., {\it Prunus spinosa, Rosa canina} and {\it Acer pseudoplatanus}. The pond itself contains some emergent {\it Glyceria maxima}.

MANAGE:
The common is owned (and managed?) by the National Trust. 

The greater part of the woodland appears to be of "ancient" origin and is notable for a population of large, open-grown oak trees. In part, the woodland appears to have been largely managed on a coppice-with-standards cycle. 

The large oak trees represent considerable nature conservation potential (e.g. invertebrates) and should be a primary focus of the nature conservation management of the site. These trees should be retained, with the surrounding woodland selectively thinned to allow their continued crown development in an open situation. Dead branches should be allowed to remain on the tree as part of the natural decay cycle and should not be removed, apart from considerations of public safety. Similarly, any dead trees and fallen timber should remain in situ.

Coppice appears to be largely of hornbeam and there appears to have been recent re-cutting of some of this.

Also associated with the common are several areas of neutral grassland, some of which is quite diverse. To the east, some of this is cut regularly for amenity purposes and appears to be of little conservation interest. The taller grassland to the east appears to be under an appropriate management regime and is cut much less frequently. To maintain or enhance the species composition of such a sward, there should be a maximum of two cuts per year, with the first cut delayed until late summer, to allow plants to flower and set seed. In addition, the cut litter should generally be removed to prevent eutrophication of the grassland sward. The reintroduction of grazing (see rights section) is probably infeasible at this site.

Grassland to the west of the common seems to be developing a prominence of coarse grasses such as {\it A. elatius} and {\it D. glomerata} and ruderal species, with the most botanically diverse part limited to a small area in the south-west. Ideally this grassland needs cutting as above. However, in the interests of maximising the structural diversity of the habitat, there is some benefit in retaining areas of taller grassland and therefore a rotational cutting regime may be more appropriate here. It may also be valuable to enhance the extent of the grassland/scrub/woodland interface across the common. A small part of this grassland, adjacent to Stone House Farm, has been heavily grazed by geese and rabbits.

A large pond has been recently cleared and surrounding scrub cut-back, all consistent with maintaining viable communities of aquatic and marginal vegetation.


FAUNA:
Noted during the site visit were: blue tit, gatekeeper butterfly.

VEG:
The common lies within and to the north of Reigate (Reigate and Banstead district). The boundary of the common coincides almost exactly with that of a site surveyed by Surrey Wildlife Trust as part of the SNCI project, although none of this was subsequently selected as SNCI. This includes a general description which has been consulted for the purposes of the common land survey.

SNCI general description.......

The site mainly comprises "an area of mown amenity grassland with planted trees and an area of semi-natural broadleaved woodland to the south-east. The woodland canopy is mainly common oak and ash. There is an area of longer, apparently more species-rich grassland to the north of the wood. Across the road to the north there is damp grassland with sweet vernal grass, black knapweed, hairy sedge and glaucous sedge".

Target notes from present survey.......

(1). Most of site is amenity grassland. This largest portion includes scattered broadleaved trees: {\it Crataegus monogyna} (quite large, multi-stemmed bushes/trees), {\it Fraxinus excelsior, Acer campestre, Acer} sp. {\it Quercus robur} and {\it Aesculus hippocastanum}. There is one small clump of trees/scrub, with a tree of {\it F. excelsior} surrounded by several smaller bushes of {\it C. monogyna} and one small tree of {\it Taxus baccata}. The grassland is species-poor and dominated by {\it Lolium perenne} with locally frequent {\it Prunella vulgaris, Lotus corniculatus, Leontodon autumnalis, Plantago lanceolata, Dactylis glomerata, Trifolium repens, Bellis perennis} and {\it Taraxacum officinale} agg. 

Note strip of unmanaged coarse grassland/ruderals/scrub/trees to the south of this area: {\it Arrhenetherum elatius, Urtica dioica, Aegopodium podagraria, Heracleum sphondylium, Fraxinus excelsior, Acer campestre, Sambucus nigra, Salix cinerea}.

(2). Small block of semi-natural broadleaved woodland. Main canopy trees are multi-stemmed {\it Quercus robur} and {\it F. excelsior}. The shrub layer includes {\it C. monogyna, Sambucus nigra, Rosa} sp., {\it Corylus avellana} and {\it Acer campestre} with the field layer comprising frequent/abundant {\it Rubus fruticosus} agg., locally frequent {\it Circaea lutetiana} and {\it Urtica dioica}, locally occasional {\it Rumex sanguineus, Heracleum sphondylium, Bromus ramosus, D. glomerata, Stachys sylvatica, A. elatius, Glechoma hederacea, Viola} sp. {\it Ranunculus repens}. Abundant growth of {\it Hedera helix} on tree trunks.  

(3). Narrow verge of semi-improved neutral grassland dominated by {\it A. elatius}. Locally frequent {\it Convolvolus arvensis, Urtica dioica, Lolium perenne, Carex hirta}, plus occasional {\it Heracleum sphondylium}.

(4). Larger area of unmanaged neutral grassland. There appear to be two main communities present. 

i). Dominated by {\it Agrostis capillaris} with frequent {\it Festuca rubra} and {\it Holcus lanatus}, occasional {\it Deschampsia cespitosa} plus locally occasional {\it Dactylis glomerata} and {\it Hordeum} sp. (? {\it H. secalinum}). Associated herbs include locally frequent {\it Centaurea nigra, Lotus corniculatus, Potentilla reptans, Stellaria graminea, Ranunculus repens, Trifolium repens, Lathyrus pratensis} and locally occasional {\it Luzula campestris}. 

ii). A coarser, taller, less diverse sward with occasional/abundant {\it A. elatius}, occasional/frequent {\it Holcus lanatus, Agrostis capillaris, Festuca rubra} and locally occasional {\it Lathyrus pratensis, Vicia cracca} and {\it Ranunculus acris}.

Adjacent to the windmill is a small dried-up pond. The dry, muddy bed has abundant {\it Agrostis stolonifera} plus occasional clumps of {\it Juncus inflexus, Epilobium hirsutum} and {\it Iris pseudacorus}, plus one small isolated clump of {\it Carex pendula}. Also noted: {\it Atriplex} sp. (? {\it A. hastata}), {\it Lotus pedunculatus, Sonchus asper} and {\it Leontodon autumnalis}. Tiny area of remaining open water with {\it Persicaria maculosa}. Dried-up mat of {\it Crassula helmsii} elsewhere in base of pond. Adjacent trees, one each of {\it F. excelsior} and {\it Salix} sp. ('weeping' variety).

(5). Again obviously species-poor neutral grassland dominated by {\it A. elatius}. Locally frequent {\it Cirsium arvense} and {\it Achillea millefolium}.

(6). Once again, fairly species-poor, unmanaged neutral grassland. {\it A. elatius, Lolium perenne, Agrostis capillaris, Holcus lanatus} and {\it Hordeum secalinum}. Occasional broadleaved trees across this area: {\it F. excelsior, Acer platanoides, Salix alba, A. glutinosa, Populus nigra} var. {\it italica}.

(7). Small block of semi-natural broadleaved woodland. The main canopy tree here is {\it F. excelsior}, with locally occasional {\it Quercus robur}. The shrub layer has some quite large trees of {\it C. monogyna}, plus {\it A. campestre, Sambucus nigra} and, occasionally, {\it Cornus sanguinea, Salix cinerea} and {\it Crataegus laevigata}. Locally frequent small sapling trees include {\it Acer campestre, Aesculus hippocastanum, C. monogyna, Acer pseudoplatanus, Ilex aquifolium} and {\it Symphoricarpos albus}. Dense band of {\it Prunus spinosa} around margins. Field layer has locally abundant {\it Hedera helix} and {\it Rubus fruticosus} agg., with other associates which include {\it Heracleum sphondylium, Arum maculatum, Carex sylvatica, Urtica dioica, Festuca gigantea, Geum urbanum, Geranium robertianum, Lamiastrum galeobdolon, Dryopteris filix-mas, Circaea lutetiana, Moehringia trinervia} and {\it Mercurialis perennis}. Abundant leaf litter.

MANAGE:
The areas of amenity grassland are regularly mown and do not appear to be of any nature conservation value. However, it may be possible to increase the nature conservation interest by less-frequent mowing of some areas. For example, taller grass vegetation could be allowed to develop around an existing small clump of trees and also possibly around some of the larger hawthorn trees.

The semi-improved swards (4, 5 and 6) appear to be uncut, or at least cut very infrequently. While much of this vegetation is species-poor, there are some swards (4) for example, which are more diverse. These taller neutral grassland swards have a higher structural diversity and may therefore be of value to a range of invertebrates and small mammals. However, there is a danger that if left totally unmanaged, the overall species diversity will decline at the expense of the taller grass species. Ideally therefore, these areas of grassland should be, at least in part, cut in order to create a diversity of different sward heights. Obviously, the mowing should concentrate on those swards which at present contain the greatest diversity. It is important that any cut material is removed to prevent eutrophication of the sward.

The woodland area at (7) is not shown on the Surrey Ancient Woodland Inventory. However, it has relatively diverse shrub and field layers and includes some species which might be considered to be "ancient woodland indicators". The nature conservation value of the site could be enhanced if the margins of this woodland were allowed to develop into more extensive areas of scrub, grading into taller grassland and eventually into the adjacent shorter grassland. On the western side of this block in particular, the current mowing regime has a created a very abrupt and clearly defined edge to the woodland and adjacent short grassland.

Continued monitoring of the highlighted habitats of interest on this common is recommended with a view to establishing a more effective management regime.


